GMAT语法笔记--修饰ModifiersbySeven

GMAT语法笔记--修饰ModifiersbySeven
修饰Modifiers——现在分词、过去分词和介词短语
补Manhattan modifiers extra 部分
1.V-ing可修饰
（1）名词：the changing season
（2）动词及其主语：I lifted the weight, whistling
（3）整个从句，只要从句可变成名词形式并发出v-ing动作:Crime has recently decrease, leading to a rise in property values.
2.名词的修饰：
（1）n. 与n. modifier遵循Touch Rule.
Who从句还有where从句也最好与其修饰的主语贴上，不要有其它词在中间。

错：George, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, inspired a generation of comedians. (who就近修饰nation了) 改正：Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George，who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, inspired a generation of comedians.
（2）T ouch rule 的例外
a)次级modifier指代名词和首级的modifiers。

e.g. An ice sheet covers [ (80% of the surface of) Greenland], an area roughly
the size of Alaska.
b)太长的modifier放最后，中间插入其他。

例：A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing while increasing their accountability through the sue of public scorecards.
c)短的非限定（non-essential）插入并用逗号隔开，后面是限定
性的modifier. 例：Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that by population are over-represented in the Electoral College.
d)一系列modifiers平行，后面的也算符合touch rule.
（3）That不能指代人. This 和that单独存在很模糊，需要attach 到一个名词上。

（4）Where修饰具体的地方或东西，修饰抽象的东西用in which
（5）逗号加在非限定性（non-essential）从句中修饰(像插入语一样，不起决定作用，所以加逗号)
例：THIS mansion , which has been recently painted red, is owned by the Lees.
THE mansion that has been painted red is owned by the Lees.
（6）Y of X, X’s Y都正确，但X’s Y易造成指代不清。

Y of X’s 累赘.
GMAT避免复数所有格形式。

（7）修饰整体中的一部分
a)I ate many apples, some of which were recently picked. 从句，有working verb
b)I ate many apples, some of them recently picked. 独立主格
c)I ate many apples, some recently picked. 独立主格
e.g, Certain human’s parasites不好，换成Certain parasites IN human比较好。

3.现在分词作定语修饰名词与定语从句的区别：现在分词更简洁
（1）现在分词作定语时态要与主句的谓语动词一致！不一致只能用定语从句。

（2）含情态动词（can，may）等不能用现在分词替代定语从句，会丢失情态部分意思。

（3）持续性动作对该物体做限定性修饰（永久属性）用v-ing不用that从句！如法律规定the regulation banning smoking，自然规律the planet orbiting the Mars.
（4）现在分词多表主动进行，过去分词多表被动完成，不定式表将来
例：
●The study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience
some of the effects of a divorce that occurred when they were children.(不用occurring，时态不同)
●The Court awarded the CIA board discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the
public the identities of its sources of intelligence information. (现在分词作定语的例子，错误选项：for withholding disclosure to the public of成了目的状语)
●An attempt to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, begun almost 20 years ago, has been
unsuccessful despite efforts by many groups.(都做定语，不定式对attempt进行限定，
表目的，过去分词短语对attempt做时间上的修饰)
4.无依附结构dangling modifiers:现在分词或v-ed作状语（尤其句首），语法主语不是逻辑
主语就错。

思路：见到句首有v-ing, v=ed，立刻找主句主语，看是不是动作发出者。

例：
●Eaten in the Mediterranean countries, the tomato was viewed with suspicion by the
northern Europeans, who assumed that it had poisonous properties. 宾语从句that不能省
5.现在分词作伴随状语：适合表达从句的伴随方式或伴随结果
●Tom served as a recruiting agent, traveling through th e North and exhorting Black men to
join the army. 伴随方式
●After the Arab conquest of Egypt in A.D. 640, Arabic became the dominant language of the
Egyptians, replacing older language and writing systems. （replacing作主语动词become 的伴随结果）
6.介词短语：可以作定语修饰名词，也可以作状语修饰整个句子。

定语（Noun modifiers）用紧跟原则；状语是伴随，逻辑主语语法主语相符原则，状语的位置与意思变化规律。

●The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one that is registered to an individual
and that has a gross weight of less than 8000 pounds.
错项：The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8000 pounds. （with介词短语作定语就近修饰了individual造成歧义）
The science of economics is one that for four decades has been dominated by Keynesians.
（将for four decades 去掉就可以看出是定语从句而不是两套主谓）
错项：economics, for four decades, is one that was. （for four decades的位置在主谓之间，作economics的状语，而正确句子中它是做“被凯恩斯统治”的状语，意思不同；is也不对，应用完成时）
7.副词：修饰动词，若副词形式从句修饰到动作发出者，主语应保持一致。

例：To free my leg, I lifted the weight. The weight was lifted
to free my leg.
8.独立主格Absolute Phrases
由n. + n. modifier组成，一般不用修饰所touch的词，而是修饰主句。

独立主格中的主语往往不指代主句的主语，而指主句的一段话。

我们可以合法地用逗号或“——”连接两句，千万不能用which 这样做。

例句：His head held high, Owen walked out of the store.
对：Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world, SUGGUESTING the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.
对：result that suggest
错：which suggests 或and this suggests
独立主格主语不同，不含动词；不然就成了非限定性定语从句了状语从句的省略：
两点省略要求：
第一点是毫无疑问的：逻辑主语等于句子主语
第二点也是必须的：从句的谓语必需是be（没要求主句谓语也必需是be ！换句话说状语从句的省略可以看成是省略了一个be），且从句主语和谓语要么同省，要么同留。