Grammar and vocabulary语法

Unit 1
Grammar
重点语法
1、一般现在时
形式：
肯定句：主语＋ do/does
主语＋ be (am/is/are)
There be (is/are) + 主语＋其它成分.
否定句：主语＋do not / doesn’t do.
主语＋ be (am/is/are) not.
There be (is/are) not + 主语＋其它成分.
一般疑问句: Does/Do ＋主语＋动词原形？
Be (am/is/are) ＋主语＋其它成分？
Be (is/are) + there + 主语＋其它成分.?
特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ does/do＋主语＋动词原形？
疑问词＋ be (am/is/are) ＋主语＋其它成分？
疑问词＋ be (is/are) + there + 主语＋其它成分.?
概念：
A)现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。

B)经常性、习惯性动作。

C)客观事实和普遍真理。

(主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态，其宾语从句的谓语动词一般也需用过去时态，但若该从句说的是客观真理，其谓语动词仍用一般现在时)
D)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。

（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词）。

E)在时间和条件状语从句里。

(包括具有连词作用的副词immediately，the moment，the
time，directly等引导的状语从句) 在时间和条件状语从句里，用一般现在时表示将来。

强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。

例如:
She is always like that.
她总是那样。

He often helps others.
他经常帮助别人。

I knew the moon moves round the earth when I was a little child.
在我儿时，就知道月球围绕太阳转。

The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。

I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.
我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。

This baby seldom cries unless it is tired.
这个婴儿除非疲倦了，否则很少哭。

When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.
等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了大约3个小时了。

2、现在进行时
形式
肯定句: 主语＋ be（am/is/are）+ 现在分词
否定句: 主语＋ be（am/is/are）not + 现在分词
一般疑问句: Be（am/is/are）主语＋现在分词?
特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ be（am/is/are）+ 主语 + 现在分词?
概念：
A)表示说话人在说话时刻正在进行的动作，可与now, at present, at this moment, these days 等时间状语连用。

B)包括说话时刻在内的一段时间内正在进行的动作。

C)有时可用于与过去比较。

例如:
The telephone is ringing，would you answer it, please?
电话铃响了，请你接一下，好吗?
George is translating a book now.
乔治目前在翻译一本书。

We are eating more meat now.
我们现在肉吃得多了。

3、一般过去时
形式
肯定句：主语＋ did
主语＋ be (was/were)
There be (was/were) + 主语＋其它成分.
否定句：主语＋ be (was/were) not.
主语＋didn’t do.
There be (was/were) not + 主语＋其它成分..
一般疑问句: Did ＋主语＋动词原形？
Be (was/were) ＋主语＋其它成分？
Be (was/were) + there + 主语＋其它成分.?
特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ does/do＋主语＋动词原形？
疑问词＋ be (am/is/are) ＋主语＋其它成分？
疑问词＋ be (is/are) + there + 主语＋其它成分.?
概念：
A)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况，有明显的表示过去的时间状语，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等。

B)由would do/ used to do句型表示过去习惯性动作。

否定形式为used not to do / didn’t use to do，疑问形式为Used ＋主语＋to do / Did＋主语＋use to do。

4、used to + do 的否定句和疑问句
形式：
否定句: 主语＋didn’t use to ＋动词原形.
一般疑问句: Did＋主语＋use to ＋动词原形？
特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋did ＋主语＋use to ＋动词原形?
例如:
I decided to go to the library as soon as I finished what I was doing.
我决定一做完手头的工作就去图书馆。

The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.
老人会坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。

He used to visit his mother once a week.
他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。

5、过去进行时
形式
肯定句: 主语＋ be（was/were）+ 现在分词
否定句: 主语＋ be（was/were）not + 现在分词
一般疑问句: Be（was/were）主语＋现在分词?
特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ be（was/were）+ 主语 + 现在分词?
概念：
表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。

例如:
Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.
10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。

I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.
你敲前门时我正在洗头发。

6、连接词的用法
连接词的用法
with 的用法
代词的用法
who， that， where 的用法
Vocabulary
重点词汇
Activity 2 P16
send v.tr.To require or enable to go:派需要或有能力去
She sent her children to college.
她送孩子们上大学。

The judge sent the criminal to prison.
法官判罪犯入狱。

diagnose （as）v. To distinguish or identify (a disease, for example) by diagnosis.诊断，辨别或识别（如疾病）
The doctor diagnosed the illness as influenza.
医生诊断此病为流行感冒。

The teacher diagnosed the boy's reading difficulties
老师找出那孩子阅读上困难的原因。

( 比喻用法)
强调句型：It + is / was + 强调成分 + that / who + 从句
此句型可强调句子的主语；宾语；状语。

It was she who had been wrong.
是她错了。

（主语）
It was John and his brother that we met in the park last week.
上星期我们在公园遇见的是约翰和他的兄弟。

（宾语）
It was in your room that I left my bag.
是在你的房间里我放下了我的包。

（地点状语）
It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.
直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。

（时间状语）
take care of 照料
be good at 擅长
look after 照顾
in that way 在那方面
grow up 长大
get on 生活, 融洽相处
look like 和 take like 的区别
look like 像..., （外表特征）
be like 像…（性格特征）
take after 像..., 学…的样
like 喜欢 (做)… （练习 P23）
bring up v. To take care of and educate (a child); rear.抚养; 教育（小孩）
I was brought up by my aunt.
我是我姑姑抚养成人的。

He was brought up to be honest.
他从小就培养他要诚实。

grow up （自己）长大；成长
bring up （别人）抚养，养育
There the birds nest and bring up their young.
鸟在那里筑巢，养育他们的幼鸟。

He grew up and became a soldier.
他长大了，成长为一名战士。

remember v. To recall to the mind; think of again. 记得, 回想起
两种用法：
1) remember to do sth. 记住要做的事
2) remember doing sth 记得做过的事
Please remember to mail it for me.
请记住帮我把信寄掉。

I remember seeing her once.
我记得曾见过她一次。

.
tell off v. To express disapproval of, criticism of, or disappointment in (someone).责备，表达对（某人）的不赞成、批评或失望
I was ten minutes late and she told me off in front of everyone.
我迟到了十分钟，她当着大家的面申斥了我一番。

Activity11
in one’s early/late twenties 在某人二十几岁时
In one’s teens 在某人十几岁时
move to …v. To go from one residence or location to another; relocate.搬家, 从一个居住地或定居点搬到另一个
Mary just moved to this community last week.
玛丽上个星期才搬到这个社区。

marry vt. To give in marriage. 结婚，把…嫁给，为…娶亲
be married 表示已婚状态
Jean is going to marry Hubert
简爱打算和哈伯特结婚。

Are you married or single?
你是已婚，还是单身？
两种用法：
1) go on doing sth. 继续做某事
2) go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事
Don't go on talking.
不要继续讲了
After he returned from USA, he went on to teach in a university.
当他从美国回来之后，他继续在大学里教书。

call in v. To pay a short visit 短暂的拜访
We called in on our new neighbors last evening.
昨晚我们去拜访了新来的邻居。

either … (or) … conj. before the first of 2 or more choices which are expressed by like noun phrases or verb phrases, ect., separated by or : 或是…… 或是…..; / 不是…… 就是……（前后连接的成分一致）
Either Tom or his brothers have to shovel the snow.
是汤姆就是他的兄弟得去铲雪。

The books were either works on travel or detective novels.
这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。

Either you must improve your work, or I shall dismiss you.
你必须改进工作, 否则, 我将解雇你。

poke one's nose into v. to inquire with too much interest into other people’s business
窥探; 打听(别人的私事)
Don’t poke your nose into the affaires of others.
勿干涉别人的事务。

This is something I told you not to poke your nose into.
我说过这不是你要探究的事。

put up with v. to suffer or bear patiently忍受, 容忍
She makes so much noise and I can’t put up with her any longer.
她太闹了，我再也忍受不了。

I went to see my dentist because I couldn’t put up with the toothache.我再也忍受不住牙疼，就去看了牙医。

Whatever pron. 无论…，不管…
Whatever 引出让步状语从句
Whatever happens, the first important thing is to keep cool.
不管发生什么事,头等重要的是保持冷静。

Whatever you do, I won't tell you my secret.
不管你做什么，我都不会把我的秘密告诉你。