九年级英语下册Lesson10教材内容详解冀教版
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Lesson 10What Is DNA?
“Horkey”是什么?
◆课文英汉对照
THINK ABOUT IT! 想一想!
●Do you and the students near you look the same? What is the same? Are there differences 你和你周围的学生看起来相同吗?相同点是什么?你和他们之间有between you and them?
什么不同之处吗?
●What can scientists do with “DNA”?
科学家科们利用DNA做什么?
Your body and DNA
你的身体和DNA
Are you tall? Are your eyes black or brown? What size are your feet?
你个子高吗?你的眼睛是黑色的还是棕色的?你的脚是多大号的?
When you were a baby, your body already knew the answers to these questions.
当你还是一个婴儿时,你的身体就已经知道这些问题的答案了。
How? With DNA.
怎么知道的?用DNA。
DNA is like a blueprint. What’s a blueprint? Generally speaking, a blueprint is a drawing. DNA像一幅蓝图。
蓝图是什么?一般而言,蓝图就是一幅画。
You use it to build a house. A blueprint shows where to put all the parts of the house. It’s the 你使用它建造一座房子。
蓝图表明把房子的各部分放在哪里。
它就pattern you use to build the house.
是你用来建造房子的模式。
DNA is a pattern, too. Your body uses this pattern to build itself. DNA is the “blueprint of DNA也是一种模式。
你的身体用这种模式来建造自己。
DNA就是“生命蓝图”。
Learning Tips
学习小贴士
“Identical” means “the same.”
“Identical”的意思是“相同的”。
“Identify” means “to determine.”
“Identify”的意思是“鉴定”。
LET’S DO IT!
做一做!
What things about you show your parents’ DNA? With a partner, talk bout things that are the 你身上的什么地方能显出你父母的DNA?和你的一个同伴讨论一下你和你父母same between you and your parents. You can start like this:
之间的相同点。
你可以像这样开始:
Mom is tall. So am I .
妈妈个子高,我也高。
Dad’s eyes are not very big. Neither are mine.
爸爸的眼睛不是很大,我的眼睛也不是很大。
◆重点难点详解
1. Do you and the students near you look the same? 你和你周围的学生看起来相同吗?(1)you and the students near you在句中作主语。
在英语中如果出现多个人称代词同时
作主语或宾语时,通常人称代词排列的顺序是“你”、“他/她”、“我”,即you, he(him) / she(her)and I (me)。
如果是复数并列则按“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的顺序排列,即we(us), you and they(them)。
如果是责任,说话者则把I放在第一位。
●You ,she and I will get ready for the meeting.我,你和她将为会议作准备。
●Mike said he would e to visit you, him and me this evening迈克说今晚他将来拜访
你、他和我。
●We , you and they are all good students. 我们,你们和他们都是好学生。
●I and LiMing mistook the time when we would leave. 我和李明把出发的时间搞错了。
(2)the students near you是介词短语作定语,near you是介词短语,限定the students,介词短语作定语,放在所修饰的词后。
●There are many famous pictures on show in the art museum. 美术博物馆里展览着许多著名的画作。
●Please pass the book on the desk to me. 请把桌上的那本书递给我。
(3)look the same意为“看起来相同”。
它可以和look like“看起来像……”;the same as“和……一样”;be like“像……”互换。
●Lucy and Lily look the same.=Lucy looks like Lily.=Lucy is like Lily.=Lucy is the same as Lily. 露西看起来像莉莉。
2. Are there differences between you and them? 你和他们之间有什么不同之处。
between… and…意为“两者之间”,它可以连接名词、动名词、数词或代词,代词通常
是宾格形式的代词。
●He arrived between 6 and 7 last night.他昨晚6点到7点之间到的。
●It is something between a jug and a vase.这东西既象瓦罐又象花瓶。
●Between you and him, I can’t know whom I can ask.你和他之间,我不知道问谁。
3. What can scientists do with “DNA”? 科学家科们利用DNA做什么?
(1)can意为“能”“会”“可以”,could是can的过去式,它们否定式可能直接在can
和could后加not,也可缩略为can’t 和couldn’t。
can和could的用法:
1. 表示脑力或体力上的能力。
●I can speak English and a little French.我会说英语和一点法语。
●She could sing English songs when she was five years old. 当她五岁的时候就会唱英文歌曲。
2. 表示请求许可,当表示此意时,could可以代替can ,语气较can更为委婉。
回答Can/Could …也常用委婉的回答。
肯定回答:Sure/Of course/ Certainly, I’d love to。
否定回答:●Sorry/ I am sorry, I can’t. I have to…等。
●Can/ Could you e to my birthday party? Sure, I’d love to. 你能来参加我的生日聚会吗?当然,我太乐意了。
3. 表示推测,表推测时can用于否定句和疑问句中,可能性很大;could可用于各种句型,表示怀疑或可能性很小。
●That man can’t my brother, he has gone to Beijing. 那个人不可能是我的哥哥,他去了。
●I don’t know that man, I guess he could be Tony’s father.我不认识那个人,我猜想是托尼的爸爸。
(2)do with在句中动介短语,意为“利用,需要”。
4. When you were a baby, your body already knew the answers to these questions.当你还是一个婴儿时,你的身体就已经知道这些问题的答案了。
(1)此句是由when引导的时间状语从句,注意主从句的时态。
(2)knew是动词know的过去式,know的过去分词是known.在不规则动词表中,以ow或aw结尾的词,过去式是将o或a变为e, 过去分词是在原形后+n.,但show例外,show-showed-shown (展览)。
know-knew-known知道throw-threw-thrown扔grow-grew-grown生长draw-drew-drawn 画blow-blew-blown吹
(3)the answers to these questions意为“这些问题的答案”,它意味着一一对应的关系,可以将to译为“适于,属于”。
我们经常也会看到the answers of the questions 也意为“这些问题的答案”,of可以译为“关于”,也可以看作是名词的所有格。
当陈述一一对应时,只能用to,而不用of.
I need a key to this lock.我需要这把锁的钥匙。
(一一对应,只能用to)
When we were children, we read many stories of LeiFeng. 当我们是孩子的时候,我们读了很多关于雷锋的故事。
5. Generally speaking, a blueprint is a drawing. 一般而言,蓝图就是一幅画。
(1)generally speaking “一般而言”。
通常置于句首。
generally adv.“一般意义上地;广泛地,普遍地”,通常放在所修饰的动词之前,也可以放在句首用逗号隔开。
●It is generally believed that autumn is better than summer.普遍认为秋天比夏天更好。
●He generally keeps silent at a meeting .他通常在会上保持沉默。
●Generally, young women like it better than older women do.一般说来,青年妇女比起年长的妇女来更喜欢用Ms.。
(2)drawing在句中作名词,意为“图画”。
●I want to draw an interesting drawing. 我想画一幅有趣的画。
●Drawing is my favorite lesson. 绘画是我最喜爱的功课。
6. A blueprint shows where to put all the parts of the house. 蓝图表明把房子的各部分放在哪里。
(1)where to put all the parts of the house.是由疑问词接动词不定式作宾语的情况。
此句也可以转换为一个宾语从句:A blueprint shows where all the parts of the house should be
put. 通常情况下疑问词接动词不定式作宾语的情况,都可以转换成一个宾语从句,注意转换时,宾语从句的语序一定要用陈述句的语序。
●We want to know how get to the park.= We want to know how we can get to the park. 我们想知道怎样去公园。
●Can you tell me where to go this afternoon?= Can you tell me where you will go this afternoon.你能告诉我下午去哪儿吗?
(2)put 在句中意为“安置,放”,put的常用词汇:
1)put down“写下,记下”
●Put it down to my account, please. 请记在我的帐上。
2)put away “储存(钱),储存……备用,储蓄;把……收起来”
●The boy put the food away in the cupboard after he finished his dinner. 小男孩吃完晚饭后把食品在橱里放好。
●Li Lei, please put away your clothes on your bed.李雷,请把你床上的衣服收起来。
3)put on“表演,演出,上演(戏剧);穿上,戴上”
●Yesterday those students put on the Beijing Opera in the theater .昨天那些学生在剧院上演了京剧。
●It’s very cold outside, please put on your coat and scarf.外面很冷,请穿上大衣和戴上围巾。
4)put out “熄灭,关熄,扑灭”
●Please put out the light before you go to bed. 上床之前请把灯关掉.
5)put through“接通”
●Can you put me through to this number? 你能给我接通这个吗?
6)put up“举起,抬起;X贴,公布”
●If you can answer the question. Put your hands up!如果你你们能回答这个问题,请举手!
●Many people like to put up ads in public.许多人喜欢在公共场所X贴广告。
(3)all the parts of the house是名词的所有格。
7. Identical twins are two children that grew from the same egg. They have identical DNA. They are clones.完全相同的双胞胎是从同一个卵细胞中发育而成的两个孩子。
他们有相同的DNA。
他们是克隆人。
(1)identical twins意为“同卵双生”,identical adj.“同一的;同样的,完全相同的”。
●This is the identical hotel that we stayed in last year. 这就是我们去年住过的那家旅馆。
●Your appearance is identical to hers. 你的相貌和她的一模一样。
1)(be) identical with “和……完全相同的”
●These two designs are almost identical. 这两种式样几乎完全相同。
●My opinion is identical with his. 我的意见和他的意见相同。
2)(be)identical in“在……方面是相同的”
●My sister and I are identical in clothes. 我和我妹妹的衣服是相同的。
●She and her brother are identical in the height. 她和他哥哥的身高一样。
(2)twins是twin的复数。
(3)the same egg “同一个卵细胞”,the same意为“一样”。
same的用法:
1)adj. “同一的;相同的;无变化的;上述的”
●We have lived in the same house for fifty years. 我们50年来一直住在这栋房子里。
●Meet me at the same time tomorrow. 明天的这个时间和我见面。
●The two boys are about the same height. 这两个男孩差不多高。
2)pron.“(前面与the连用)同样的人;同一件事”
●I would do the same again. 我愿意重做一次。
●The same cannot be said about living on farms, however. 然而,生活在农场上就不能这样说了。
3)adv.the same“同样地,相同地”
●I think the same of him as you do.我对他的看法和你一样。
●I have the same haircut as she has.我和她有相同的发型。
4)the same常和as连用,意为“和……一样”。
●My mobile phone is the same as hers.我的手机和她的一样。
●You have made the same mistake as last time.你又犯了和上次同样的错误。
5)“the same+名词”后除了可以接由as引导的从句外,还常接由that引导的从句。
由as引导的从句通常表示它的内容与主句内容所讲的事物是相似的,即指不同事物。
由that引导的从句通常表示它的内容与主句内容所讲的事物是“同一的”,即指同一事物。
●This is the same motorbike as I have lost. 这辆摩托车跟我丢失的那辆一样。
(指同样的一种)●This is the same motorbike that I have lost.这是我丢的那辆摩托车。
(指同一辆车)
(4)clone在句中作名词,意为“克隆人”。
1)clone n. “克隆”
●This is a kind of clone rice. It’s better for our health.这是一种克隆大米,它对我们的健康更有利。
●Mike has a twin brother Jack. Jack is Mike’s clone.杰克有一个孪生兄弟杰克,杰克就是迈克的克隆人。
2)clone v. “克隆,无性繁殖”
●Can you clone animals or plants?你可以克隆动物或植物吗?
●Scientists cloned a sheep named Dolly a few year ago.几年前科学们克隆了绵羊多莉。
8. Except for identical twins, each living thing has its own unique DNA.除了完全相同的双
胞胎外,每个生物都有它自己唯一的DNA。
(1)except for 意为“除了……之外”。
(2)own在句中作形容词,意为“自己的,特有的”。
own的用法:1)adj. “自己的”,用在所有格后面,加强语气。
●Now ask the same questions about your own teachers.现在请向你自己的老师问同样的问题。
●She makes all her own plane models.她所有的飞机模型都是自己做的。
2)vt. “拥有,有”
●Who owns this pair of sunglasses? 这副太阳镜是谁的?
●When I grow up I want to own a big beautiful house with a garden.当我长大后,我想拥有
一座带花园的大房子。
9.From your DNA, scientists can identify not only you, but also people related to you. 从你的DNA里,科学家不仅能鉴别你,而且也能鉴别和你有关系的人。
(1)identify v. “确认;鉴别”
●The markings are so blurred that it is difficult to identify. 标记模糊不清,难以识别。
●I identified the jacket at once, it was my brother's. 我立即认出了那件外套,它是我兄弟的。
1)identif y…with,“认为……同一,把……和……等同起来”
●He identifies beauty with goodness. 他认为美与善是一致的。
●We can’t identify getting good grades with studying hard.我们不能把取得好成绩与努力学习等同起来。
2)identify with “与…有关系;同情;理解”
●That politician is too closely identified with the former government to bee a minister in ours. 那位政客被认为与上届政府关系过于密切,不能成为本届政府里的部长。
●She identified with foreign workers. 她同情并理解外籍工人。
(2)not only…but also…意为“不但……而且……”,它是个连词词组,它可以连接两个主语、两个谓语、两个宾语、两个表语等。
●He is good at not only Chinese but also English. 他不仅擅长语文而且擅长英语。
●Not only he but also you have lived there for three years. 不仅他而且你在那儿已经住了三年了。
●He not only went , but also came back.他不仅去了,而且回来了。
●She can play not only the flute but also the violin.她不仅能吹好长笛,而且也能弹好小提琴。
(3)related在句中作动词,是relate的过去式,relate to意为“涉及”。
●The story related to the Second World War.故事讲述的是第二次世界大战的事情。
●The accident related to many people.这个事故涉及很多人。
1)relate vt.“讲,叙述;使联系”
●The explorer related his adventures.探险者叙述他的冒险经历。
●I can't relate what he does with / to what he says.我没法把他做的和说的联系起来。
2)related adj.“相关的;有关系的;同种的”
●They are working in a related pany.他们正一个联营公司工作。
●You can find the related books to check it.你可以找相关的书籍核对一下。
3)be related to “与……有关”
●They are related to each other. 他们彼此之间有亲戚关系。
10. Your mother and father are related to you. So are their sisters, brothers and parents.你的
母亲和你父亲和你有关系,他们的姐妹、兄弟和父母也和你有关系。
S“so+助动词(be或情态动词)+主语”这一结构,表示前面的情况也适合他们的姐妹,
兄弟和父母。
(1)“so+助动词(be或情态动词)+主语”这一结构常用来说明前面据说的情况也同
样适用于后面的人或物,意为“某人或某物也一样”。
此结构中的助动词(be动词或情态动词)必须与前句的谓语动词以及后句的主语的人称和数保持一致,时态和前句也要保持一致。
●--My mother is a kind policewoman. --So am I .=--My mother is a kind policewoman.-- I am a kind policewoman ,too.我的妈妈是一个好心的女警察。
我也是一个好心的女警察。
●--Mike has gone to American. --So has John. =--Mike has gone to American. --John has gone to American as well. 迈克去了美国。
约翰也去了美国。
●--She will go abroad next month.-- So will her elder sister.=--She will go abroad next month. --Her elder sister will also go abroad.下个月她将出国。
她姐姐也将出国。
(2)如果前面的句子是否定句,则要用neither或nor,说明前句否定的情况也同样适用于后面的句子。
●---You didn’t go to a movie yesterday. --Neither/ Nor did I.=--You didn’t go to a movie yesterday.-- I didn’t go to a movie yesterday, either.昨天你没有去看电影,我也没有去。
●--I wouldn’t like to be a doctor. --Neither/ Nor would my sister.=--I wouldn’M y sister
11. Some health problems e from your family’s DNA. 一些健康问题来自你家人的DNA。
(1)health problems 意为“健康问题”,它是由名词health作定语,修饰problems。
当名词作定语时,不论被修饰的名词是单数形式还是复数形式,作定语的名词都用单数。
但是当man和woman作定语时,它们所修饰的名词是单数,则它们也用单数;如果它们所修饰的名词是复数,则它们也用复数。
●There are many apple trees on the hill.小山上有许多苹果树。
●There are forty men teachers and 24 women teachers in our school.我们学校有四十个男老师和二十四个女老师。
(2)problem通常被用作可数名词,指生活或工作中的“难题,困难,问题”,也可以指数学或物理方面的“习题,问题”。
当别人请求你给予帮助时,你可以说No, problem. 或That’“没问题”。
●I’m afraid we have a problem with this puter. 恐怕这台电脑出了问题。
●We are facing a big problem, that is, where to find a house to live in. 我们面临一个大问题,那就是,到哪去找房子住。
●--Could you help me look up a word in the dictionary?-- No problem.你能帮我在那本字典
(3)family在此句中意为“家人”,它是一个集合名词。
集合名词有class,team,family,group,nation,crew,government,作集合名词讲时,它们没有复数形式。
当它们作主语时,如果看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如果强调整体中的每个成员,谓语动词用复数。
●Our class looks like a big family. 我们班看起来像一个大家庭。
●My family are going to visit my grandparents tomorrow.我们全家明天去拜访我的祖父
12. Sometimes they can help you before you bee sick. 有时候它们能在你生病之前就帮助
你。
(1)这是一个由before引导的时间状语从句。
before引导的时间状语从句强调主句的
动作发生在从句的动作之前。
●She had been a waitress in a big restaurant before she found the job.在她找到这份工作前,
她在一个大型餐馆当过服务员。
●We should e back before it is dark.天黑前我们应该回来。
(2)bee 在句中是系动词,意为“变成、成为、变得”。
它的过去式t和过去分词分别
word
是became和bee,即:bee-became-bee. 当它当系动词讲时,其后只能接形容词或名词。
●She has bee a doctor. 她已经成了一名医生。
●The travelers became / got thirsty.旅客们渴了。
(3)sick在句中作形容词,意为“有病的,病态的,不舒服的”。
sick可以做定语和表语,但ill只能作表语不能作定语,如果作定语时,意为“坏的,恶劣的”。
sick和ill作表语时,两者可以互换。
sick前可以加the,构成the sick,表示“病人”,而ill没有此种用法。
●When she got up, she felt a little sick/ ill and took some medicine.她起来时感到有点不舒服,于是吃了些药。
●This is a sick panda, we should take good care of it.这是一只生病的熊猫,我们应该好好照顾它。
●We had to stay at home because of ill weather.因为恶劣的天气我们不得不呆在家里。
●(错)My father is an ill man.
(对)My father is a sick man.我爸爸是个病号。
21 / 21。