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Pollutant levels cannot legally be exceeded during specific time period in a specific geographical area
National Emission Standards
Limit amount or concentration of pollutant emitted from a source
• PM10 is a general term for tiny
airborne particles (under ten microns), e.g., dust, soot, smoke
Particulate Matter (PM10)
• Primary sources are fuel-burning plants and other industrial/ commercial processes
PM2.5
meteorological changes
Fundamentals of Air Pollution and Motor Vehicle Emissions John T. White, EPA
Health Effects of PM
Particles directly enter respiratory system Particles themselves may be toxic Particle may interfere with mechanisms
Major Provisions of 1970 CAAA
Established NAAQS Primary – allows adequate margin of safety to protect public health Secondary – protects public from effects of air pollution
which clear the respiratory tract Particle may act as carrier of absorbed toxic
substance
20 to 60% of particles between 1 and 2.5 µm breathed will penetrate into lungs
8 hr 3 months
Primary Standard 9 ppm 35 ppm 0.05 ppm 0.03 ppm 0.14 ppm None 50 g/m3
150 g/m3 15 g/m3
150 g/m3 0.12 ppm
0.08 ppm 1.5 g/m3
Secondary Standard Same Same None None None 0.5 ppm Same
(NESHAPS) applied to existing and new plants Required states to submit state implementation plans (SIPs)
Method to set AQ standards for air quality regions within state
Same Same
Same Same
Same same
Hydrocarbons
Result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or only partially burn
React in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog
• Enter deep tissue
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur trioxide
• This term is used for a number of compounds containing sulfur
• Primarily caused by burning of coal, oil and various industrial processes
What about GHGs, ozone, biological agents?
Air Quality Criteria
Based on levels to protect human health Sensitive members of the population
Developed based on relationship between exposure and short and long-term health and welfare effects
Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory problems
most widespread urban air pollution problem.
A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer.
• Some are formed in the air
• They irritate the respiratory system and may also carry metals, sulfates, nitrates, etc.
Also regulating • Some overall decreases seen but trends may be masked by
Helps maintain or improve existing air quality in a region to meet state or local standards
Based on what is achievable with current technology
Basis for Regional Standards
Definition of air pollution
“Air pollution maybe defined as the presence in the outdoor and/or indoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such duration as may be or may tend to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, or property of which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or conduct of business.
ambient concentrations) Accurate estimates of growth or decline in
industry or population
Criteria Air Pollutants
• Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Hydrocarbons • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) • Particulate Matter (PM10) • Lead (Pb)
• Plants, animals, visibility, public enjoyment of life & property
Set new source performance standards for new stationary sources National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Effects and Sources of Air Pollutants
CE 524 January 2019
Slides noted as AWMA are from: Understanding Air Quality from the Air and Waste Management Association Do not make copies of these slides for distribution
• They can affect the respiratory system
• They react in the atmosphere to form acids, sulfates and sulfites
• Substantial reductions due to controls at the sources and through use of low sulfur fuels
Source: EPA 400-F-92-007 August 1994 Fact Sheet OMS-5
Particulate matter
Dispersed airborne solid and liquid particles (specific size criteria in chapter)
Fundamentals of Air Pollution and Motor Vehicle Emissions John T. White, EPA
Current NAAQS
Pollutant CO
NO2 SO2
PM10
PM2.5
Added 2019
Ozone
Lead
Averaging Time 8 hr 1 hr Annual average Annual average 24 hr 3 hr Annual arithmetic mean 24 hr Annual arithmetic mean 24 hr 1 hr
Effects are expected to occur when pollutant levels exceed criteria for specified time period Short-term -- immediate protection Chronic exposure
Categories of air pollution
Outdoor Indoor Occupational Personal exposure
General classification of air pollutants
Particulate matter SOx NOx Organic compounds CO Halogen compounds Radioactive compounds Photochemical oxidants Other inorganic compounds
Settles out of air at rate which is function of size and weight (measured in micrometer µ = 10-4 cm)
Dust, water vapor, etc Affect health and visibility
Availability of technology Presence of monitoring stations Ability to enforce standards Understanding of synergistic effects of different
pollutants Preparation of
National Emission Standards
Limit amount or concentration of pollutant emitted from a source
• PM10 is a general term for tiny
airborne particles (under ten microns), e.g., dust, soot, smoke
Particulate Matter (PM10)
• Primary sources are fuel-burning plants and other industrial/ commercial processes
PM2.5
meteorological changes
Fundamentals of Air Pollution and Motor Vehicle Emissions John T. White, EPA
Health Effects of PM
Particles directly enter respiratory system Particles themselves may be toxic Particle may interfere with mechanisms
Major Provisions of 1970 CAAA
Established NAAQS Primary – allows adequate margin of safety to protect public health Secondary – protects public from effects of air pollution
which clear the respiratory tract Particle may act as carrier of absorbed toxic
substance
20 to 60% of particles between 1 and 2.5 µm breathed will penetrate into lungs
8 hr 3 months
Primary Standard 9 ppm 35 ppm 0.05 ppm 0.03 ppm 0.14 ppm None 50 g/m3
150 g/m3 15 g/m3
150 g/m3 0.12 ppm
0.08 ppm 1.5 g/m3
Secondary Standard Same Same None None None 0.5 ppm Same
(NESHAPS) applied to existing and new plants Required states to submit state implementation plans (SIPs)
Method to set AQ standards for air quality regions within state
Same Same
Same Same
Same same
Hydrocarbons
Result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or only partially burn
React in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog
• Enter deep tissue
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur trioxide
• This term is used for a number of compounds containing sulfur
• Primarily caused by burning of coal, oil and various industrial processes
What about GHGs, ozone, biological agents?
Air Quality Criteria
Based on levels to protect human health Sensitive members of the population
Developed based on relationship between exposure and short and long-term health and welfare effects
Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory problems
most widespread urban air pollution problem.
A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer.
• Some are formed in the air
• They irritate the respiratory system and may also carry metals, sulfates, nitrates, etc.
Also regulating • Some overall decreases seen but trends may be masked by
Helps maintain or improve existing air quality in a region to meet state or local standards
Based on what is achievable with current technology
Basis for Regional Standards
Definition of air pollution
“Air pollution maybe defined as the presence in the outdoor and/or indoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such duration as may be or may tend to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, or property of which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or conduct of business.
ambient concentrations) Accurate estimates of growth or decline in
industry or population
Criteria Air Pollutants
• Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Hydrocarbons • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) • Particulate Matter (PM10) • Lead (Pb)
• Plants, animals, visibility, public enjoyment of life & property
Set new source performance standards for new stationary sources National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Effects and Sources of Air Pollutants
CE 524 January 2019
Slides noted as AWMA are from: Understanding Air Quality from the Air and Waste Management Association Do not make copies of these slides for distribution
• They can affect the respiratory system
• They react in the atmosphere to form acids, sulfates and sulfites
• Substantial reductions due to controls at the sources and through use of low sulfur fuels
Source: EPA 400-F-92-007 August 1994 Fact Sheet OMS-5
Particulate matter
Dispersed airborne solid and liquid particles (specific size criteria in chapter)
Fundamentals of Air Pollution and Motor Vehicle Emissions John T. White, EPA
Current NAAQS
Pollutant CO
NO2 SO2
PM10
PM2.5
Added 2019
Ozone
Lead
Averaging Time 8 hr 1 hr Annual average Annual average 24 hr 3 hr Annual arithmetic mean 24 hr Annual arithmetic mean 24 hr 1 hr
Effects are expected to occur when pollutant levels exceed criteria for specified time period Short-term -- immediate protection Chronic exposure
Categories of air pollution
Outdoor Indoor Occupational Personal exposure
General classification of air pollutants
Particulate matter SOx NOx Organic compounds CO Halogen compounds Radioactive compounds Photochemical oxidants Other inorganic compounds
Settles out of air at rate which is function of size and weight (measured in micrometer µ = 10-4 cm)
Dust, water vapor, etc Affect health and visibility
Availability of technology Presence of monitoring stations Ability to enforce standards Understanding of synergistic effects of different
pollutants Preparation of