第九讲 克服汉语英语

第九讲克服汉语英语
从前几讲的一些例子中可以看出，汉译英在许多情况下不能直译，否则译文就会成为笑料。

但中国英语学习者在汉译英时，或由于直译，或由于不清楚一些英语单词、习语和句型的确切意思和用法，以至于写出（造出）一些汉语式的英语（Chinglish）。

本讲就把这些汉语英语分门别类，使各位引以为鉴。

一、汉语式用词
1.多余的名词与动词
（1）名词：其中多余名词的意思在例子中的其他用词中已有表达To accelerate the pace of economic reform
There have been good harvests in agriculture.
Living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to rise.
These hardships are temporary in nature.
(red in color; few in number)
The development of our economy in the future will, to a large extent, depends on …
We should adopt a series of measures to ensure that …
Following the realization of modernization and electrification of
agriculture …
It’s essential to strengthen the building of national defense
These constitute important conditions in striving for the fulfillment of the general task in the transitional period.
The key to the solution lies in the curtailment of expenditure.
范畴名词
A serious mistake in the work of planning
Promotion of the cause of peaceful reunification
Reform in the field of economy
To ensure a relationship of close cooperation between…
We must oppose the practice of extravagance.
These principles apply to all cases of relations between China and other countries.
This，coupled with the factor of price instability, caused …
（2）动词
1）多余动词+名词
It’s impossible to accomplish the transformation of the whole society overnight.
They should conduct a careful examination of …
Try to entice the Korean army to launch an attack against them
They must make up their minds to implement the reform of the current system.
To bring about a change in this state of affairs
Until China realizes industrial modernization
有时多余动词出现在被动结构中
Approval should be given to all these projects. (All these projects should be approved)
Solutions to these problems can be found only through…(These problems can only be solved through…)
Grain rationing was implemented. (Grain was rationed)
2）多余动词+多余名词+第三词
Our troops used the method of slow advance
Three garrison divisions were necessary to perform the task of guarding warehouses.
We adopted the policy of withdrawal.
In all matters we must assume the attitude of admitting what we do and what do not know
We should adopt the principle of combining solutions to people’s immediate difficulties with long-term development.
We need to achieve the objective of clarity in ideology
3) 官腔动词词组
It is especially necessary to make great efforts to assimilate the
achievements of other cultures
(try our best to, do our utmost to, do everything possible to, strive to, endeavor to, work hard to)
All enterprises must pay attention to promoting excellent workers. （pay heed to, lay stress on, attach importance to, stress, emphasize The principal task at present is to do a good job in disseminating and applying the results of scientific and technological research.
(make a success of, achieve success in, do successful work in, be good at )
2. 多余修饰语
（1）形容词：mutual cooperation positive guidance an unfortunate tragedy
financial revenue and expenditure all-round encirclement final completion
the broad masses of the people (the masses) favorable opportunity
a tiny handful of trouble-makers active efforts (actively promote …)
effective control of … (effectively control …)
actual effect (real, true) / truly, actually, really
副词：now the government is working hard to …
Previously we used to overemphasize …
Successfully accomplish / developed …
Further deepen reform
These practices should be totally abolished.
(thoroughly eliminated, completed smashed, totally destroyed) During the entire process of reform and opening, we must persistently oppose corruption. (combat)
(2) 陈词滥调
Resolutely enforce, clearly defined,
3. 成对词的重复
Help and assistance stir up and incite views and opinions prudent and cautious
Sentiments and feelings fair and equitable encourage and promote
firmly and resolutely discuss and debate ceaselessly and unremittingly
(1)二者意思基本一样，去除其中一个
Maintain extensive international contacts and dealings with all kinds of people
更多例子：
名词：experiences and lessons, discussions and deliberation, skills
and abilities, setbacks and defeats, errors and mistakes, practices and customs, troubles and problems, trials and test, paths and rountes, divisions and splits, functions and responsibilities, shortcomings and weaknesses, consciousness and awareness, forecasts and predictions, shrinkage and decrease, steps and measures, instructions and commands, plots and intrigues, complaints and dissatisfactions, disputes and dissension, restrictions and shackles, (political) system and structure, development and construction (plan)
动词：choosing and promoting (young carders), consider and study, endorse and support, (dike) give away and collapse, triumph and overcome, defeat and overthrow, flee and retreat, unmasked and revealed, absorbing and incorporating, following and putting into effect (advice)
形容词：strong and solid, weak and faint, upright and honest, irresolute and hesitant, major and important, short and brief
副词：correctly and properly, wholly and completely, conscientiously and painstakingly, vividly and dramatically, earnestly and sincerely
(2)其中一个此的意思包含另一个，去除意思窄的一个词Consider and work out ways to use such investment
More examples: accusations and attacks, corruptions and
degenerations, wise and sensible, appropriate and advisable,
firm and unshakable, precious and useful, necessary and
imperative, unprecedented and unique, forward-looking and
far-sighted, mentally and ideologically (confused)
（3）其中一个词的意思含糊，可换掉该词
The editorial calls for strengthening and building the party. (expanding)
4. 重复表达
（1）简单重述
We must practice economy and reduce unnecessary expenditure.
We must further strengthen the building of national defence in order to enhance our defense strength.
（2）不言自明的表述
We should reduce taxes on enterprises so as to allow them to retain more of their profits and thus increase their financial capacity.
China’s socialist system of law has now been basically established, so that the situation in which there were no laws has been changed.
（3）镜子似的反说
We should pay close attention to the formulation of annual plans and not neglect it.
We must maintain our vigilance and never be off guard.
5. 可以被简化或替代的重复
（1）可以被简化
This year we have issued one hundred million fen of government bonds, which has done much to withdraw currency from circulation and stabilized prices. However, we issued more government bonds than necessary.
For our part, we have already made a concession by putting forward the principle of “one country, two systems.” We believe that eventually our motherland will be reunified based on the principle of “one country, two systems.” (that principle)
（2）可以被替换
It is correct to carry out the reform and opening up…The reform and opening up will not be accomplished in a short period of time. （The two tasks will not be completed in a short time.）
（3）可以被替代
Why cannot these lines, principles, and policies be changed? Because the practice of the past twenty years has proved that these lines, principles, and principles are completely correct. (they)
二、汉语式句法结构
1.滥用名词或名词结构
名词或名词词组作主语或宾语一般见于正式文体，否则就是滥用，这
类似孔乙己在口语中用“之乎者也”。

纠正办法：
1）用相应动词替代
Adherence to Marxism is vital to China, and so is adherence to socialism.
It is vital for China to adhere to Marxism and socialism.
Reading of newly published materials is also important.
It is also important to read newly published materials.
2) 用动名词替代
Economic revitalization will be an arduous task.
Revitalizing the economy will be an arduous task.
3) 用形容词或副词代替
Facts will prove the correctness of the policies.
Facts will prove that the policies are correct.
We must guard against blindness in action.
We must guard against acting blindly.
2.代词与先行词
When the purchase of grain is mostly entrusted to state companies, and grain traders are allowed to carry no more than 50 jin with them, their regulating role is restricted. （the traders’）
If each enterprise goes it alone, they will never be able to improve the quality of their products.
3.词组和从句修饰语的位置（就近原则）
Inside the grand Dacheng Palace in the middle of the Confucius Temple, musicians will play tunes allegedly refined by Confucius, using antique instruments including the stringed guqin.
We should also review our experience frequently and make adjustments in light of the conditions when we find problems.
4.悬浮修饰语Dangling Modifiers
In recent years, China has introduced much technology and equipment from abroad, playing an important role in improving its petrochemical technology.
As leaders, it is necessary to get a clear picture of the problems and work out measures to solve them.
5.平行结构
Timber is needed for construction and to withstand floods. (provide) One-sidedness means thinking in terms of absolutes, that is, a metaphysical approach to problems. (taking)
6.逻辑连接词
We hold countless meetings, and our articles and speeches are too long and too repetitious, in both content and language. Reiteration in speech is needed, but one must be concise. (of course)
通过以上的例子可以看出，所谓的汉语英语主要是由于直译造成的。

为了克服汉语英语，英语学习者在平时的阅读或朗读时要充分注
意英语特殊的用词、搭配和句型，汉译英（或写英语作文时）要时刻想着这些特殊用法，大多数情况下切忌直译——如果自己译出（或写的）的英语搭配和句型自己好像在什么地方见过，那基本就是地道的英语；如果自己译的或写的的英语自己根本就没见过，那最好改掉：换一种同义搭配或句型！
Exercises:
1.For example, if some of them who live in the cities with their families
are not suited to work in the countryside, we should not force them to move, instead, allow them to remain in the cities.
2.The transfer of surplus labor force from rural areas to non-agricultural
trades or its rational flow from one place to another is an objective requirement and inevitable trend of economic development.
3.Revitalization and further development of agriculture production
represents the central task in our current efforts to adjust the national economy.
4.We have to pay attention to lowering the average age of members of
the leading bodies and selecting Marxists as leaders.
5.The focus of work for this year is to exert efforts to resolutely
overcome unhealthy practices and to push forward the building of clean and honest government.
Keys to Exercises:
1.For example, if some of them who live in the cities with their families
are not suited to work in the countryside, we should allow them to remain in the cities.
2.The transfer of surplus labor from farming to non-agricultural
occupations or its rational flow from one place to another is an objective requirement of economic development.
3.Revitalization and expansion of agriculture production is our central
task in adjusting the national economy.
4.We have to select as members of the leading bodies younger people
and Marxists.
5. The focus of work for this year is to overcome unhealthy practices
and to build clean and honest government。