名词从句讲解

名词性从句
一、定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句
二、名词性从句的功能：
相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。

三、类型
根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为：
1.主语从句
2.宾语从句
3.表语从句
4.同位语从句
四、特点：名词性从句的特点是从句都有关联词引导,从句的语序是陈述句语序。

五、连词
(1)连接词：that /Whether/if:不充当从句的任何成分
(2)连接代词：Who/whoever/Whom/whomever/whose /What/whatever /Which/whichever
既起连接一个句子的作用，同时在从句担当主语、宾语，表语。

(3)连接副词：Why/where/when /how:既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语
六、名词性从句引导词的用法：
1.that无具体意思，在从句中也不充当任何语法成分，只起连接作用
2.whether意为“是否”，在从句中不充当任何语法成分;引导及物动词的宾语从句时可与if互换；引导介词的宾语从句或引导主语、表语、同位语从句时，只用whether。

3. who意为“谁”，在从句中作主语。

4. whom意为“谁”，在从句中作宾语，但在口语中常用who代替whom。

5. whoever(=anyone who)意为“凡是……的人”，它的宾格形式是whomever （但在口语中常用whoever代替whomever）。

6. whose意为“谁的”，在从句中作定语。

7. what意为“什么”；whatever(=anything+that)意为“凡是……的物”。

what 和whatever都可
在从句中作主语、表语、宾语。

8. which意为“哪一个；哪些”；whichever意为“无论哪一个都”。

which 和whichever都可在
从句中作主语、宾语、表语。

9. where意为“在哪儿”，在从句中作地点状语；when意为“什么时候”，在从句中作时间状语；how意为“如何”，在从句中作方式状语；why意为“为什么”,在从句中作原因状语。

七、做题步骤：
一般采取“一分二划三看”三步法对名词性从句的题目加以分析，然后做出正确的选择。

“一分”即分清从句类型：
即分清从句是哪一种名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）
“二划”即划分出从句：
“三看”即看从句句意是否完整：
1. 句意不完整→缺连接代词：①指人时，用who, whoever（作主语）；whom, whomever（作宾语）;②指物时，用what, whatever（作主语、宾语）；which, whichever（作主语、宾语）
2. 句意完整→缺连接副词：①指时间时，when；②指地点时，用where, wherever；
③指原因时，用why；④指方式时，用how。

句意完整→缺不作成分的连词:①有含义的用if, whether（是否）；②无含义的用that。

找出以下句子的成分（主、谓、宾、表、定、状、补）
1. Mouse loves rice.
2. God is a girl.
3. I am Miss Chen, the head teacher of Class 1.
4(1) His job is important. (2) What he does is important.
5(1) This is his job. (2) This is what he does every day.
6(1) I don’t like his job. (2) I don’t like what he does every day.
7(1) I don’t know the man, Mr. White. (2) I don’t know the fact that he is a teacher.
判断名词性从句的种类
1.When we will start is not clear.
2.Mrs Black won’t believe that her son has become a thief.
3. My idea is that we should do it right now.
4.I had no idea that you were her friend.
（一）宾语从句
1.作动词的宾语
I want to know what he has told you.
I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
She told me( that) she would accept my invitation.
Do you know whose dictionary it is?
I don’t know where we are going to have the meeting.
注意：doubt后的宾语从句：
肯定句中：用whether/ if 引导名词性从句；
否定句或疑问句中：用that 引导名词性从句。

I doubt whether/if he will succeed.
I don’t do ubt that he can recite the poem.
Do you doubt he will win?
2.作介词的宾语
1)Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
2)He was interested in whether he saw her there.
3)He goes to the library every day except when it is raining.
4）I was surprised at what he said.
5）The teacher has found out why she was late
3.作形容词的宾语
I’m not sure what I ought to do.
I’m afraid (that) you don’t understand what I said.
I’m surprised (that) he passded his exams
注意：that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, determined, glad,proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, pleased, satisfied, content 等。

4.It作形式宾语的情况
在find, believe, think, consider, feel, make 等动词后，
常用It作形式宾语而把真正的宾语从句放在句末，此时that不能省。

We thought it strange tha t Tom didn’t come yesterday.
He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服
注意：有些动词如like ,hate, depend on ,see to等，一般不直接跟宾语从句，需要用it作形式宾语.
You may depend on it that I shall always support you.
I’ll see to it that your problem will be deal with at once我保证你的问题会立即得到处理.
5.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1）在动词insist(坚持,主张), order(命令), command(命令), suggest(建议), advise(建议) ,propose (建议), request(要求), require(要求,命令), demand(要求)，prefer(宁愿),等词后的宾语从句中, 谓语动词要用虚拟语气, 其构成是“should+动词原形”，其中should可省略
He suggested that more teachers (should) be sent there to help them.
Tom insisted that we (should) have a further discussion about the final decision.
6.宾语从句的时态
1)主句为一般现在时时,从句可根据需要选用任何时态
I think that the Green’s have left for Hawaii.
I want to know if/whether he will go surfing this afternoon.
2)主句用一般过去时时,从句用过去的某一时态。

但当宾语从句的内容表示客观真理或自然规律时,宾语从句的时态保持不变，仍用一般现在时。

Did you see the boys were playing football on the playground at that time?
Yesterday Tom said that the earth goes round the sun.
He said that he had lived in Beijing since 1990.
7.宾语从句的语序
宾语从句和其他名词性从句一样，必须用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。

1)I wonder what he likes.
2)Can you tell me how I can get to the station.
3)Mother asked the kid what was the matter with his toy car.
8、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。

但下面情况不能互换。

①用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。

Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）②介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。

whether 可与不定式连用，也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。

但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。

It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。

I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/if the report is true or not.
Exercises:
用whether 或if填空
1. The decision depends on __________ we can collect enough money
2. I do care __________ or not he is well.
3. If you don't know__________ your colleague is reliable or not, try to believe in him or her first.
4. We’re worried about ________ he is saf e.
改错：
1.I insised that she did her work alone.
2. The smile on his face suggested that he should pass the examination.
3.I don’t care about if you have money or not.
4. Everything depends on if we have enough money.
5 We believed that he has earned enough money to build a house.
6.The teacher told us that the sun rose in the east.
7.Can you tell me whose book is it.
8.I hate when people talk with their mouths full．
9. I feel it strange he should be so careless
10. I wonder what he is crying now .
主语从句
一、定义：在复合句中充当主语的从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而
本身放在句子末尾。

1.His job is important。

2.What he does is important
3. How the book will sell depends on its author.
4. That he is the best student in the class is obvious.
二、主语从句的结构：主语从句+谓语或it（形主）+that（真主）
1That he will come is certain.
2Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
3What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
4Which side will win is not clear.
5Why he did it remains a mystery.
6When they will start is not known yet.
7How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
8Who will take part in the meeting has not been decided.
9Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
10Where she is from is unknown.
三、It作形式主语的常用句型
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。

主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。

常用句型如下：
1.It + be + 形容词＋that从句
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
It’s certain that… 肯定…
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
It is obvious that… 很明显…
It is necessary \important \natural\... that… +(should) +do…有必要…/重要的是…/很自然…/ 2.It + be + 名词＋that从句
It is a pity/shame that..遗憾的是……
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…
It is a fact that……是事实
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that……是常识
It is no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑…
_______________ (很遗憾)we lost the match.
______________ (这是事实)he cheated in the exam.
3.It is ＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
It is believed tha t… 人们相信…
It is known to us/all that …. 众所周知…
It must be pointed out that… 需指出的是……
It is insisted/ suggested /advised/ordered/ requested/required/that + (should）do... 坚持/建议/ 命令/要求……
___________________(据报道)20 people were killed in the accident.
______________________(建议)we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise
It is known to us all that China is a developing country.
What is known to us all is that China is a developing country.
As is known to us all, China is a developing country(as 引导的前置定语从句)
Mark Twain is a great American writer.
2). is that Mark Twain is a great American writer.
3). , Mark Twain is a great American writer.
全世界都知道，马克.吐温是美国著名的作家。

4.It ＋不及物动词＋从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It appears that… 似乎…
It happened that... 碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起…
It seems to me that you object to the plan.
________________(刚好)I came into the office at that time.
____________________(我突然想起)I forget to sent the letter.
四、主语从句中的主谓一致
1.主语从句作主语,谓语动词一般用单数；
2.由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。

3.由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数；
4.What引导主语从句时，主句的谓语动词由表语决定。

1.That he will come is certain.
2.Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
3.What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
4.Which side will win is not clear.
5.Why he did it remains a mystery.
6.When they will start is not known yet.
7.What I need is your help.
8. What I need are some books.
9.When and where the meeting will be held hasn’t been decided.
10.What we will do next and how we do it are not decided.
注意的问题
1.主语从句必须有引导词。

2.that引导主语从句时不能省略。

3.if不能引导位于主句的主语从句，它可以引导带有形式主语it的主语从句。

4.what及wh-ever词引导主语从句时需亲自作主语。

5. 主语从句用陈述句语气。

Exercise:(R/W)
1.That she wants to know is which dress she should buy.
2. What you said is of great importance.
3.It is natural that they should like each other.
4.If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
5.It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.
6.How and why he did the experiment are unknown to all.
7. How he did the experiment and why he did the experiment is unknown to all.
8. When he did the experiment has not been decided yet.
9.It is not known yet if the meeting will be held in our school
10. Why was Lily late is not important.
11.He will give up his job surprises all of us.
12.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
13.That worried her a bit was that she couldn’t get in touch with her friend.
14.He is said he has gone to America.
表语从句
一、定义：表语从句就是从句在主句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后
常见的系动词分为三种：
A．表示特征和状态：be, look, sound, taste, smell, seem,appear等
B．表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：get, become, grow, turn, fall, go, come, 等
C．表示某种状态的：remain, keep, prove, rest, continue, stay等
1. what, which, who, whom, whose引导的表语从句
连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语。

Tom is no longer what he used to be.
The question is which of us should come first.
The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list.
2. where, when, why, how引导的表语从句
连接副词where, when, why, how除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。

That’s where I can’t agree with you.
This is why Sara was late for the meeting.
This is how they overcome the difficulties.
My strongest memory is when I attended an American wedding.
3. because/why引导表语从句通常只用于This/That/It is because/why…结构中。

My anger is because you haven’t written to me for a long time.
This is because he missed the first bus this morning.
That is why he was late for the meeting.
4. The reason why … is/was that…为什么……的原因就是……
此句中why引导定语从句，reason 做主语时，后面的表语从句只能由that引导，不用because/why。

The reason ______he was late for the meeting was ______he missed the first bus this morning. Exercise:
1.The reason why he was late was _____he missed the train by one minute this morning.
2.The question is ____________________________(我们是否能做好准备）in such a short time.
3.What I want to know is _________________ _________(我该买哪部词典）.
4.The point is __________________（你什么时候可以完成）
1. That’s ___ the Party called on us to do.
2. The reason is ___ he is unable to operate the machine.
3 .That is ___ they separated.
4.Jane is no longer ___ she was four years ago.
5. The problem is _______ he has enough time.
6. She looked _____he were ten years younger.
7. --- I fell sick!
--- I think it is_____ you are eating too much.
8. The trouble is __________we are short of tools.
9. America was __________was first called “India” by Columbus.
10. The energy is ________ makes the cells able to do their work.
同位语从句
一、概念：同位语从句一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为
同位关系。

同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，常常跟在fact, truth, news, message, order, hope, belief, idea, thought, opinion, promise, wish, answer, reply, report, remark, ability, patience, anxiety, decision, suggestion, advice, doubt, question, problem等名词后面。

Eg:
1.The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting.
2.Some people have the idea that you can cross Canada in less than five days, but they
forget the fact that Canada is 5,500 kilometers from coast to coast.
3.The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes
二、引导同位语从句的连词
（1）that ：只起连接作用，不作成分但不可省.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
The mother made a promise that she would buy the son a computer.
I had no idea that you were here.
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
（2）whether ,how ,where, when 等.
He often asks his girlfriend a question whether she loves him.
I have no idea where he has gone
I have no idea what he did
Have you got any idea where the meeting is to be held?
注意：在have no idea之后常用wh-引导同位语从句。

三、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在一些表示“建议，命令，要求”的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should + do sth 或should + be done形式.should常可省. 这些词有advice, suggestion, proposal, request, order等。

This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
He made the (suggestion) that we (should) go by train.
The doctor has given the advice that the patient (should) give up smoking.
四、that引导的同位语从句定语从句的区别
（1）从先行词看
同位语从句与名词之间在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的关系。

该名词是需要做特殊说明的抽象名词。

例如：
They were delighted at the news that their team had won.
The news was that their team had won.
(2)从引导词来看
引导词that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词意，that不可省略；that在定语从句中是关系代词，它在从句中充当一定成分——主语或宾语，有具体词意，作宾语时还可以省略。

The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.
The factory (that) we visited yesterday is a chemical one.
I have got some news that you may not have heard.
判断：The news that our team won the game excited us.
The news is that our team won the game
The news that we heard spread all over the school campus
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the school campus.
1.Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
2.I wonder what he likes.
3.His trouble is that he doesn’t know anybody in London.
4.The fact that ships can go there surprises many people.
1.———medicine works in a human body is a question _____ not everyone can understand fully.
A.How;that
B.That ;which
C.What;which
D.What;that
2.Is this the hospital _____he worked ten years ago? A.that B.where C.which D.the one
3. Is there any possibility____you could pick me up at the airport? -------No problem.
A.when
B.where
C.what
D.that
4.His success was because of ___he had been working hard.
A.that
B.the fact which
C.the fact that
D.the fact
5.We are living in an age ____many things are done on computer.
A.which
B.that.
C.whose
D.when
6.Tom came to the conclusion___by a computer.
A.that not all things can be done.
B.because of not all things be done.
C.being not all things can be done
D.because not all things can be done
7.I work in a business___almost everyone is waiting for a great chance
A.how
B.which
C.where
D.that
8.There is no obverous evidence______there is life on any other planet in the solar systerm.
A. which
B.that
C. how
D.where
9.The little girl who got lost decided to remain _______she was and wait for her mother.
A. where
B. what
C. how
D. who
10.It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as
B. which
C. whether
D. that
1.As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _____ suits you best.
A. whatever
B. whichever
C. whenever
D. wherever
2. It doesn’t matter _____ you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
A. how
B. whether
C. what
D. why
3.It suddenly occurred to him ___ he had left his keys in the office.
A. whether
B. where
C. which
D. that
4.Scientists study ____ human brains work to make computers.
A. when
B. how
C. that
D. whether
5.The shocking news mad me realize ________ terrible problems we would face.
A. what
B. how
C. that
D. why
6.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _____ others actually understand. A. why B. that C. which D. what
7.We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know______ she’ll accept it.
A. where
B. what
C. whether
D. which
8.Our teachers always tell us to believe in ________ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
A. why
B. how
C. what
D. which。