英汉词化程度对比 (second major)

Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday, last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshers lived. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. John watched the water lap at the steps…"rise slowly" Rain fell steadily that afternoon; gray clouds scudded in from the Gulf on the rising wind. The French doors in an upstairs room blew in with an explosive sound But the cars wouldn't start; the electrical systems had been killed by water. She peered nervously at her litter. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. At that moment, the wind tore out one wall and extinguished the lantern. A second wall moved, wavered, Charlie Hill tried to support it, but it toppled on him, injuring his back. The larger children sprawled on the floor, with the smaller ones in a layer on top of them, and the adults bent over all nine. The floor tilted. The Koshaks and their friends had survived.
பைடு நூலகம்
2.英汉词化程度对比
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2.1 derivative words 有前缀in-, inter-, en-, dis-, counter-等构成的派生词。 Inflame: 使燃烧；使交替 Interlace: 使交织；Enable Embarrass:使窘;使不好意思,使局促不安 Dispirit: 使气馁;使沮丧 Counterpoise: 使平衡 expound用例子说明, enlist谋取……的支持 disown否认同自己有关, disfigure毁损外形/容貌, · 有后缀–ize, -en, -fy, -ate等构成的派生词。 Dramatize 使……戏剧化；使惹人注目 Flatten 把……弄平；弄平；使失去光泽； Identify使等同于 isolate使孤立;使脱离
英汉词化对比 Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Lexicalization
• But if Foster sat in our living room and said, “we are all following each other down the sinister corridor in the image,” we would have enough reason to ask him to leave. • But if Foster sat in our living room and said, “we are all following each other down the sinister corridor in the image,” we would be justified in asking him to leave. • Strips of clothing decorated the standing trees as if with many festoons. • Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees. • All of them are thin and withered, looking like mummies. • All of them are mummified with age and sun…
• 2.3 单纯词 • A simple word is composed of a single morpheme. It is comparatively high in degree of lexicalization. • hit使认识;使明白, merge使合并，使结合, baffle使困惑；使挫 折，阻碍, flush使得意；使兴奋；使脸上发红, strike使人突然 想到, deprive是不能有, afflict使遭受极大的痛苦，折磨；annoy 使生气, puzzle使迷惑, dim使……看不清, fidget使坐立不安, • verbs for “talk, laugh, shout, see, motion” • exclaim大声说, guffaw大笑着说, blurt脱口而出；突然说出, stammer吞吞吐吐地说，结结巴巴地说, howl吼叫着说出, snap 厉声说；愤怒地说, bet打赌说, reiterate反复说, grasp气喘吁吁 地说, mumble含糊地说, whisper低声说, babble喋喋不休, ejaculate突然说出, flounder错乱地说出,支吾 hiss嘶嘶地说出; sneer轻蔑地笑, beam眉开眼笑, chortle哈哈大笑, titter嗤嗤地笑； 傻笑; brawl高声叫喊, clamor大声叫喊; stare目不转睛地看, blink惊愕地看; quiver微微颤抖, feast大吃大喝, grip紧紧抓住, buffet反复不断地撞击, accost走向前与之攀谈, slouch无精打采 地站, swish刷刷地甩动, nudge臂肘轻推促使某人注意, dangle 晃来晃去地吊着；悬垂着, dread极度的害怕
• 南容三复白圭。孔子以其兄之子妻之。
• “春风又绿江南岸” • Example:
驴不胜怒蹄之
汤武身之也
• John's father moved a small generator into the downstairs hallway, wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator. • Wind and rain now whipped the house. • Water inched its way up the steps as first- floor outside walls collapsed. • Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees. Household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. • Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, …
1. An introduction to Lexicalization
• It is the process of making a word to express a concept. Or it is the realization of a meaning in a single word or morpheme rather than in a grammatical construction. (词化是指一个短语或 句子在使用过程中逐渐凝固成一个词或词 项)According to Banczerowski, for the same concept or meaning, if it is expressed by a phrase, it is analytic expression (分析型表达法);if it is expressed by a word, it is synthetic expression (综合型表达法)。Obviously, synthetic expression is lexicalized expression.
To summarize, with abundance of simple words, derivative words, and converted words, English is highly lexicalized, and thus preferring synthetic expressions. In contrast, Chinese has lower degree of lexicalization, tending to use more analytic expressions. 3. 英汉词化差异对英语教学的影响 Turn the following analytic expressions into synthetic expressions. 1. Watching too much TV makes children unable to study well. 2. The lesson makes me never forget. 3. All the facts make me conclude that money doesn’t mean everything. 4. TV makes people have few chances to communicate each other. 5. In a sense the society makes women unable to enjoy the equal right. 6. TV makes us know about the outside world. 7. This failure makes them learn that careful preparation is always important.
• 2.2 converted words 转类词 • He raised his eyebrows, cocked his head, and regarded me as though measuring me for a suit. • · 形容词转使役性动词 • Empty 把……弄空，Perfect 使完美，Clear使明净 • · 具体名词转动词 • Plague 使染上瘟疫，Bog使陷入泥塘，Wrinkle使起皱纹， Powder把……弄成粉末，Frown皱眉表示反对，Hedge用树 篱笆围起来 • Spiral呈螺旋状上升，Diagram用图来表示，Shepherd向牧 羊人一样照料，Patent获得……的专利 • 这些官员只是在鱼肉百姓。 小朋友们很喜欢在舞台上秀自 己。