语言学单元hyponymy

Origin
Differentiation bt. P and h Rhetoric features Definition Absolute synonym Types Relative synonym Sources Discrimination contraries Types Characteristics complementaries uses conversives
Use of hyponyms in writing
• 3. Used to define ("is-a" relationship)
• An orthopedist整形外科医师is doctor a who specializes in bones. • A plover凤头麦鸡is a bird that lives on the shore. • A skylight is a window set in the roof of a building. • A clarinet is a single-reed having a • woodwind instrument cylindrical tube with a moderately flared bell (Webster's).9.5. yponymy 词的上下义关系
• (hypo---under) • Relationship of inclusion • is the relationship between the specific and the general meanings of the words. • The former is included in the latter. • e.g. "sheep" is included in "animal". • the former is subordinate
3. Develop a paragraph
• It is a beautiful park. • With streams and ponds shaded by willows and bamboos, and small, elegantly-furnished cottages behind piles of rocks, the park is quiet even when there are many visitors in it, and cool when it is hot summer outside.
Antonymy 反义关系 Hyponymy 上下义关系
– Likes and dislikes, gift, living environment
• Quasi-hyponymy • The superordinate does not have same grammatical class with its subordinate
– Taste: bitter, acid, sweet, hot, salty, spicy
Sense relations
sheep tiger animal Living thing plant Thing dog
guess…… ram (m) ewe (f) lamb(young)
Non-living thing
Sense relations
• Pseudo-hyponymy • The relationship of inclusion is just transient, not permanent.
• 中国的传统文化的特点之一就是讲究内敛、委婉， 追求朦胧含蓄之美，不主张直白，不强调逻辑， 崇尚文章的“凝练”，“言简意赅”，“惜墨如 金”，从而给读者留下更多想象的空间和再创造 的余地。 • 英美等西方国家最讲究的就是逻辑性、严密性、 精准性。他们的思维方式也是直线型的，喜欢直 截了当，注重前后意义的连贯一致。
Use of hyponyms in writing/reading
• 1. vivid, exact, concrete, and definite • Some bad students are talking in the lecture. • Some mischievous students are chatting in the lecture.
Polysemy 多义关系
Definition Significance Two approaches Two process Types
Radiation 词义辐射 Concatenation 链形发展 Perfect homonym Homophones Homographs
Homonymy 同形同音异义关系 Sense relations Synonymy 同义关系
Use of hyponyms in writing
• he has a big house with two-storey, four bedrooms, two living rooms, a dinging room and kitchen. • My job is horrible. • My job is horrible with its low payment, constant overwork, demanding boss, and complex interrelationship.
Use of hyponyms in writing
• 2. coherence条理性，连贯性 条理性， 条理性
• …the carriage dashed through streets and swept round corner, with women screaming before it, and men clutching each other and clutching children out of its way. At last, swooping at a street corner by a fountain. ---- Dickens • Drive
– (or specific term, hyponym, lower term下义词, 受支配词),
• the latter is superordinate
– (or general term, upper term 上义词, 支配词).
Sense relations
animal living •lily plant flower tree rice carnation •peony •tulip •daisy •daffodil
doctorbirdwindowwoodwindinstrument汉语中的汉语中的上义词文化上义词文化cartruckbicycletrainmotor寝室室友计划去徐家汇我问她打算怎么过去她说坐车去chineseculturewesternculture中国的传统文化的特点之一就是讲究内敛委婉追求朦胧含蓄之美不主张直白不强调逻辑崇尚文章的凝练言简意赅惜墨如金从而给读者留下更多想象的空间和再创造的余地
汉语中的“上义词文化” 汉语中的“上义词文化”
•车 • Car， truck， bicycle，train，motor • 在火车站台上，我们说：“车来了”， 车 • 在大学校园里，一个同学说：“我的车又丢 车 了”， • 寝室室友计划去徐家汇，我问她打算怎么过去， 她说“坐车去”， 车 • 汤姆丢了他的车。 汤姆丢了他的车 • Ambiguity in Chinese culture • Accuracy of western culture