高一英语寒假作业专题一学习语法规则word版本

专题一学习语法例则
英语基础知识
英语词类
名词 Nouns(n.)师，不行数名词如：：表示人或事物的名称。

名词分为可数名词如：pen 钢笔 teacher
idea' 想法， fire火，air空气。

可数名词的复数要在名词后加
老
s。

名词的全部格：表示有生命的东西和表示时间、距离等名称的名词能够加系，以 s 结尾复数名词只加' ，带这类词尾的名词称为该名词的全部格。

's 来表示所相关注音英语用“' ”
表示重读符号，用“" ”表示名词的全部格。

如my brother’ s book我弟弟的书，the students" chairs学生们的椅子。

形容词 Adjectives(a.)：表示人或事物的特点，如：bad, beautiful`
副词 Adverbs(adv.)：修饰动词，形容词或其余副词，如：very, quickly
动词 Verbs ： (vi. vt.)：表示动作或状态如：study, be
代词 Pronouns(pron.)：取代名词，数词等，如：they, one
数词 Numerals(num.)：表示数目或次序，如：five, tenth
冠词 Articles(art.)：限制名词的意义，只有 3 个：不定冠词a, an(在元音开头的名词前 ) ，主要用来表示不必定的“某一个或任何一个”，一般与单数可数名词联用。

定冠词 the, the (在元音开头的名词前) ，主要用来表示指定的人或事物，以差别同类中其余
的人或事物。

相当于汉语中的“那个，那些，这个这些”。

它既能够和单数名词，复数名词连用，又能够和不行数名词连用。

介词 Prepositions(prep.)：表示名词，代词和其余词的关系，如：in, for, of
连词 Conjunction(conj.)：连结词与词或句与句，如：and, because
叹息词 Interjection(interj.)：表示说话时的感情或口气，如：oh, hey
以上十类词中，前六类即名词，形容词，副词，动词，代词和数词都有实义，在句子
中能独立担当必定的句子成份，称为实词。

后四种即冠词，介词，联词和叹息词没有实义，
都不可以在句中独立担当任何成份，称为虚词。

句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

句子成分有主要成分和次要成
分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

（二）主语：主语是一个句子所表达的主体，一般位于句首。

但在there be 构造、疑问句
（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或神态动词后边。

主语可由名
词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

比如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）（不定式）
（数词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真实的主语为
后边的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或拥有的特点和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放
在主语以后。

谓语的组成以下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语组成。

如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由神态动词或其余助动词加动词原形组成。

如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（ 2）由系动词加表语组成。

如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特点和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）以后。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、
不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

比如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（喜好） is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后边。

比如：They went to see an exhibition（展览） yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think （ that ） he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（ 1）双宾语（间接宾语 +直接宾语），比如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语 +宾补），比如： They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语之外，还要有一个宾语补语，
才能使句子的意义完好。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make等+宾语 + 宾补）。

宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充任。

比如：
His father named him Jack. They painted their boat white.（名词）
（形容词）
Their boat was painted white.
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn ’ t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（此刻分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

定语可由以低等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）Do you know the man who is speaking on the stage?(定语从句)
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特点的句子成分，叫
做状语。

可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类以下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’ t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原由状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’ t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地址状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（陪伴状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（退步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
( 九 ) 同位语一个名词或代词后边有时可跟一个名词（或近似作用的其余东西），对前者作
进一步解说，说明它所指的是谁是什么等，叫做同位语。

名词作同位语最多。

别的，还能
够有形容词、数词、代词等做同位语。

The layout plan was completed within three months, half the usual time. (名词 )设计图在三个月内就达成了，仅用了往常的一半时间。

He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. (
形容词 ) You may leave it to us two. (数词)
They are both in favor of the plan.(代词)
有时同位语能够提到句子前部，放在主语前方，来给它以更突出的地点。

A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character.
Former a worker himself, he was now an engineer.
有形容词、过去分词等担当的同位语（或许说是非限制性定语）也常可提到前方，特别是
当主语是一人称代词时：
在某些词（如idea, fact, rumor, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等）后我们有时还能够用that或连结代（副）词指引同位语从句。

I ’ ve come from Mr. Lin with a message that he won’ t be able to see you this afternoon.
Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.
句子的种类
（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈说句、疑问句、祈使句和叹息句。

1）陈说句（ Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈说一种见解。

比如：Light travels faster than sound.光比声流传速度快。

（说明事实）
The film is rather boring.这部电影很无聊。

（说明见解）
He doesn’ t like playing the piano.
2）疑问句（ Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。

有以下四种：
a.一般疑问句（ General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time?你能准时达成工作吗？
b.特别疑问句（ Wh-Questions ）：
Where do you live?你住那边？
c.选择疑问句（ Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶仍是要咖啡？
d.反意疑问句（ Tag-Questions ）：
He doesn't know her, does he?他不认识她，对不对？
3）祈使句（ Imperative Sentences）：提出恳求，建议或发出命令。

比如：
Don't be nervous!别紧张！
4）叹息句（ Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人诧异、愉悦、愤慨等情绪。

比如：What good news it is!多好的信息啊！
How good the news is!
（二）句子按其构造能够分为以下三类：
1）简单句（ Simple Sentences）：只包括一个主谓构造句子叫简单句。

比如：
She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜爱集邮。

2）并列句（ Compound Sentences ）：包括两个或两个以上主谓构造的句子叫并列句，句
与句之间往常用并列连词或分号来连结。

比如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite.食品很精巧，但他却没什么胃口。

3）复合句（ Complex Sentences ）：包括一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从
句由附属连词指引。

比如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.我们抵达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。

（三）基本句型（ Basic Sentence Patterns ）：英语中变化多端的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
主 +系动 + 表（SVP）
比如： John is busy.约翰忙
主 +谓动（SV）(不及物动词)
比如： I work.我工作。

主 + 谓动 + 宾（SVO）
比如： She studies English.她学英语。

4）主+谓动+宾+补（SVOC）
比如：Time would prove me right.时间会证明我是对的。

5）主+谓动+间宾+直宾（SVOiOd）
比如：My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。

练习一
一、指出以下句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1.The students got on the school bus.
2.He handed me the newspaper.
3.I shall answer your question after class.
4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5.They went hunting together early in the morning.
6.His job is to train swimmers.
7.He took many photos of the palacesin Beijing.
8.There is going to bean American film tonight.
9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10.His wish is to become a scientist.
11.He managedto finish the work in time.
12.Tom came to ask me for advice.
13.He found it important to master English.
14.Do you have anything else to say?
15.To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16.Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19.He noticed a man enter the room.
20.The apples tasted sweet.
二、语法填空：
1.The man who ____(be) here will leave for Beijing.
2.He got up _____(lately) yesterday morning.
3.The actor _____(death) at the age of 80.
4.We were all very tired, but none of ____(we) would stop to have a rest.
5.He found the street much ______(crowd).
6.I think _____ necessary to learn English well.
7.I will never forget the day _____ I joined the club.
8.He looked _______(angry) at Tom.
9.They went on working _______ it was raining.
10.______(save) time, I took a taxi.
感觉文化背景
Crossing Your Fingers交错手指
There are several different situations in which Americans cross their fingers:
when they wish for good luck or wish to avoid bad luck and when they say something untrue, for which they don’ t want to be responsible. In the former situation,
Americans often say“ Keep your fingers crossed” along with the gesture.
In the later situation, Americans often say“ It doesn’t count(这个不用
考虑 ). I had my fingers crossed.” It is clear that there may be danger in both
these situations. As a result, people do this trying to protect themselves from
bad luck or from the punishment they may get for telling lies.
Why are the crossed fingers referred to as the sign of the cross---the
religious symbol. The early Christians believed that the crossed fingers served
the same function as the sigh of the cross and also the gesture would not attract
the attention of pagan(异教徒) eyes. Gradually the gesture is also taken up by
non-Christians and has lost its religious color. Nowadays, everyone can cross their fingers in the public happily.
Choose the best answer for each blank.
1. When saying“ Keep your fingers crossed” , Americans means that ______.
A. I’ m not serious
B. I wish you good luck
C. You are lying
D. I’ m only joking.
2. When you hear an American say“It doesn’ t count. I had my fingers crossed” , you know that ______.
A. he ’ s lying
B. he ’ s joking
C. he doesn’ t believe you
D. It’ s blessing you.
3. Nowadays _______ use the crossed fingers.
A. Christians
B. non-Christians
C. anyone
D. pagans
专题一
练习一：
一、 1、主语，定语； 2、间接宾语； 3、谓语，状语； 4、定语； 5、状语，状语； 6、定语，表语；
7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真实宾语； 14、宾语、定语； 15、插入语，状语； 16、宾语 ( 间宾 + 直宾 ) ； 17、状语，状语； 18、形式主语，表语，宾补； 19、宾补； 20、表语
二.1. is 2. late 3. died 4. us 5. crowded 6. it 7. when 8. angrily 9.
though 10. To save.
感觉背景文化DAB。