2023-2024初高中英语基础-词性成分基本句式学案

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高中英语必备知识1 词性、成分及五大基本句式英语词性10大类
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。

前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。

1.名词noun n. 学生
2.代词pronoun pron. you 你
3.形容词adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4.副词adverb adv. quickly 迅速地
5.动词verb v. cut 砍、割
6.数词numeral num. three 三
7.冠词article art. a一个
8.介词preposition prep. at 在...
9.连词conjunction conj. and 和
10.感叹词interjection interj. oh 哦
名词
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如∶a teacher's book。

名词所有格的规则如下∶
1)单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。

2)若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如∶the workers' struggle工人的斗争。

3)凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如∶the title of the song 歌的名字。

代词
代词pronoun简称pron是代替名词的一种词类。

大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。

英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为∶人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。

冠词
冠词是印欧语系和闪含语系的诸语中,位于名词或名词词组之前或之后,在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。

冠词是一种虚词。

表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

数词的用法
1)倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。

b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…)of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the mon.地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
2)分数表示法
构成∶基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。

分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数∶1/3 one-third ;3/37 three and three-sevenths
形容词
简称adj.或a,很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。

主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征。

形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏,与否。

形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。

但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如∶something nice
副词
adverb,简写为adv.是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。

副词是一种半虚半实的词。

副词可分为∶地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。

动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、
不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写'形式分别为vt.和vi.。

在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可以把动词分成两种:及物动词与不及物动词。

及物动词vt.字典里词后标有vi.的就是不及物动词。

不及物动词后不能直接跟有
动作的对象(即宾语)0若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to, of , at
后方可跟上宾语。

及物动词:又称“他动词"。

又称“外动词”。

动词的一种。


所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外的事物,如“吃”、“穿”、“读”、“写”等。

字典
里词后标有的就是及物动词。

及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语)•并且
可直接跟宾语。

连词
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起述接词与词,短语与短语以及句与旬的作用。

连词主要可分为两翼并列连词和从属连词。

并列连词用来连接平行的词' 词组和分&。

如:and, but,or, therefore, yet,
however, for, hence, as well as. both—and, not only—but
either-or, neither....nor, not only ....but also
not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原
其规律由不同词性决定。

形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。

还可与表数量的形容词连用, few. Much, little,
介词
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。

介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。

介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。

介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分,包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语和定语。

其中主语和谓语属于句子的主体成分;表语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语和定语属于句子的连带成分。

一、主语
1.主语表示某人(做某事),某物(怎么样),是谓语描述的对象。

2.主语一般位于句首。

3.名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语或句子来充当主语。

如:I study English. (I 是主语)
二、谓语
1.谓语表示(某人)做某事,(某物)怎么样,用于说明主语。

2.谓语一般位于主语之后。

3.谓语与主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。

4.动词或者动词短语来充当谓语。

如:I saw Andy yesterday. 我昨天看到安迪了。

(saw是谓语)
三、宾语
1.宾语表示的是动作、行为的对象。

2.宾语一般位于及物动词的后面。

3.由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语、句子来充当宾语。

如:Andy often helps his classmates. 安迪经常帮助他的同学。

(classmates是宾语)
说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。

介词后面的名词或
动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。

说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。

宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。

直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。

间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。

不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。

有的动词可以跟。

如:give, show(给……看),bring, pass, buy等。

如:(1)Our teacher tells us a story.
(2)The sun gives us light.
间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。

★间接宾语前加“to”的有:
give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等。

★间接宾语加“for”的有:
make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等
(1)I give him a book. 改成:
(2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。

)改成:
(3)He writes me a letter. 改成:
(4)He will buy me some books. 改成:
(5)She is making me a cake. 改成:
四、宾语补足语
1.宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语,使宾语的意思更完整。

2.宾语补足语一般位于宾语之后。

3.名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。

如:His blame made Andy cry. 他的责备让安迪哭了。

(Andy是宾语,cry是宾语补足语)
五、表语
1.表语表示是什么,怎么样,用于说明主语的特征,状态等。

2.表语位于系动词之后。

3.由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及名词或形容词短语来担任表语。

如:Andy and I are friends. 安迪和我是朋友。

(friends是表语)
※系动词:
①Be动词(am,is,are, was, were)
②表保持(keep, stay, remain)
③表改变(get,become,turn)
④感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell (闻起来))
六、定语
1.定语用来修饰名词或代词,用来说明名词的品质与特征。

2.定语大多前置,有时也可以后置。

3.形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。

如:Andy is an intelligent boy. 安迪是个聪明的男孩。

(intelligent是定语)
说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。

如:I tell him something interesting. (形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)
He has something to do. (to do为不定式作后置定语)
说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。

如:The boys in the room are in Class Four. (in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。


七、状语
1.状语表示行为发生的时间、地点、方式、程度、条件等。

2.状语可以位于句首,句中或句末。

3.一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来充当状语。

如:Andy did his homework carefully.
安迪认真地做家庭作业。

(carefully是状语)
II. 【五种基本句型】
A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓)
如:The sun rises. 太阳升起来。

The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。

rise和stop都是不及物动词,因此后边不必加宾语。

B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)
如:I love my country.
He helps me.
I like action movies.
I buy a book.
C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表)
如:Her brother is a driver.
We feel happy.(feel为系动词,表示感到……)
It gets dark.天黑了。

(get为系动词,表示变得)
Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。

(look为系动词,表示看上去,看起来)
D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)(主谓+直宾+间宾)
如:He gives Tom a present.(双宾语)他给汤姆一件礼物。

Mother make a new dress for me.(双宾语)妈妈为我做了一件衣服。

E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)
如:They call her Mary.(宾补)他们叫她Mary。

We make our classroom clean and tidy.(宾补)我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。

He always makes us laugh.(宾补)他总使我们笑。

真题演练
语法填词:(共10小题,每小题1.5分,满分15分)。

阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The best way to deal with sports injuries is to keep them from happening in the first place. Knowing the rules of the game you’re playing and using the right 52________________(equip) can go a long way toward preventing injuries. If you think you’ve got 53________________(injure), pull yourself out of the game or stop doing your activity or workout. Let a coach or parent know what 54_______________(happen) in case you need to see a doctor. Serious head and neck injuries occur most often in athletes 55_______________ play body-contact sports like football. Keep the injured person still with his or her head 56________________(hold) straight while someone calls for emergency 57________________(medicine) help. If the person 58________________(lie) on the ground, do not try to move him or her.
Your first question after a sport injury will 59________________(probable) be, “When can I play again?” T his depends on the injury and 60________________ your doctor tells you. Even if you can’t return to your sport right away, a doctor might have suggestions and advice on what you can do to stay fit. Always check with your doctor 61_____________ trying any activity following an injury.
答案:52 equipment 53injured 54 has happened 55 who/that 56 held 57 medical
58 lies/is lying 59 probably 60 what 61 before
第二节(共10小题;每小题分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?
In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio. It ___56___(be)unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it ___57___ (actual) caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of ___58___most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ___59___even a few months. It took years of work___60___(reduce ) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is___61___(clean) than ever.
Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you leave a habit ___62___is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation, don’t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?
While there are ___63___(amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us
the____64____(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be ____65____ (patience).
答案:56 was 57 actually 58 the 59 or 60 to reduce 61 cleaner 62 which/that
63 amazingly 64 changes 65 patient
第三节(共10小题;每小题分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

An old railway station and a collection of warehouses (仓库) once filled with clothing are symbols of an industrial age ____46____ has long gone. However, builders, designers and many business start-ups have breathed new life into the Dongba area of Beijing’s Chaoy ang district.
In 2018, a renewal (翻新) project took place at the old industrial site. Before the project, the renewal project developers considered ____47____ better to intervene (干预) as little as possible, taking the most advantage ____48____ what was left. In the end, the station ____49____ (design) as room to socialise, to gather, and for culture and ____50____(inspire).
Since then, it has been changed into a new cultural park for people like online influencers to check out in Beijing and created chances for new brands to be more ____51____(wide) recognised.
The park, known as Lang Yuan Station, covers nearly 140,000 square metres and has attracted more than 130 stores, companies and studios ____52____(set) up there. It has organised about 300
events annually since 2019. The warehouse of the ____53____(centre) railway station has changed into ____54____ place that can hold 2,000 people for such events as music festivals, fashion shows and markets. Libraries, film studios, high-tech companies, and design companies have crowded in the park, ____55____(bring) energy to this once forgotten site.
答案:46 which/that 47it 48 of 49 was designed 50 inspiration 51 widely 52to be set 53 central 54 a 55 bringing。

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