2.词汇学
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2)remove from eg.debug
3)dissolve eg.decompose
1.1.5.Prefixes Denoting Negative or Opposite Meaning表示否 定和相反意义的前缀
dis-(negative,apart from)表示“不”“非”“相反”“除去”“分离” eg.disaccord不和 il-,in-,im,ir-(not)表示“不”“没”
1)time eg:antenatal
2)place
eg:antechamber
ex-(time-out,former)表示“过期”，“从前的”
This prefix denotes two concepts:
1）time-out eg:expire
2) former
eg:ex-wife
post-(after)表示“……之后” pre-(before,in advance)表示“预先”、“前” syn-,sym-(at the same time)表示“同时”
贩卖 counter-(in the opposite direction)表示“反”，“方向” eg.counterattack反击 de-(away,from,down)表示“离去”“除去”“分离”“降低”“解除”
This prefix denotes three concepts:
1)reduced in rank or class eg,dehumanize
eg.advent 出现，到来
anti-(opposed to ,against)表示“反”“抗”“阻” eg.antibody 抗体
co-,col-,com-,con-,cor-(jointly ,together)表示“一起”“共同”“联合”
e-(electron ,electronic)表示“电子”“网上”
This prefix denotes 4 concepts: 1)beyond: eg:paranormal 2）near eg:paratyphoid 3)abnormal eg:paraplegia 4)subsidiary eg:paraprofessional
semi-(half,partly)表示“半”，“一定程度上” eg:semicircle 半圆形 sub-(secondary,under)表示“次等”，“下级”，“下面”
பைடு நூலகம்
1.1.4.Prefixes Denoting Conditions and Position表示状态和方 位的前缀
ab-,abs-,a-(away from)表示“离开”“走开”“离去”“分离” eg.avoid 避免 circum-(around) 表示“环绕” eg.circumstance 环境 contra-(against,opposite)表示“反对”“相反”“相对” eg,contraband 走私，非法
per-（through,completely,[chemistry],maximum,proportion）表示“穿过”，“穿透”，“【化】 高……，过……”
This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）through or completely eg:presue 2)chemically having the maximum proportion eg:perxide
eg.e-commerce 电子商务
mis-(wrong ,bad)表示“错”“坏”“误”
eg.miscalculate 误算
ob-(toward,against)表示“倾向”“阻止”
eg.obtain 获得。得到
re-(again,once,more,anew)表示“再次”“重新” eg.refine 精炼，提炼
en-(indicating a state)表示“使……处于……状态”。常附在名词或形容词前面，
构成新的的动词。
eg.enable 使能够
Suffixation
Prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.
Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base, but only modify its meaning.
1.1.6.Prefixs Denoting Modes and Manner表示形式和方式的前 缀
ad-(toward,near,add)表示“方向”“接近”“添加”
This prefix has several variants:ac-.af-,ag-,ap-,as-,and at-,which are used respectively berore letters c,f,g,l,p,s,t
This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）secondary in level or degree eg.subdivision 2) undera level eg.subsoil under-(less,below,beneath) 表示“在……之下”“低于” This prefix denotes three concepts: 1)less in degree eg.understimated 2)below in position eg.underground 3)inferior in rank eg.undersecretary ultr-(to an extreme degree)表示“超”，“超越” eg.untramarine 深蓝色
be-(including a state)表示“使……处于……状态”。常附在名词或形容词前面， 使这些词成为动词。如果用在动词前，则表示强调 eg.becalm 使安静
em-（indicating a state）表示“使……处于……状态”。常附在名词或形容词前 面，使这些词成为动词。 eg.empower授权，使能够
trans-(across,through,change)表示“横跨”，“跨越”，“穿过”，“转化” This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）across eg:transfusion 2)change eg:translate
1.1.3.Prefixes Denoting Degree and Levels表示级别和程度的前 缀
1.1lexical prefixes实义前缀
1.Prefixes Denoting Time and Sequence表示时间和顺序的前缀 2.Prefixes Denoting Space and Distance表示空间、距离的前缀 3.Prefixes Denoting Degree and Levels表示级别和程度的前缀 4.Prefixes Denoting Conditions and Position表示状态和方位的前缀 5.Prefixes Denoting Negative or Opposite Meaning表示否定和相反意义的前
use il- before the letter l,such as illegal;
use im-before a labial such as impossible;
use ir-before the letter r,such as irresponsible non-(not)表示“无”“非”“不”，常用在形容词和名词前表示否定 non+adj eg.nontoxic 无毒的 non+noun eg.nonsense 胡说，废话 un-(not)表示“无”“难以”“不”常用在形容词前表否定 eg.unacceptable 无法接受 的
Prefixation
Definition: prefix + base = new word Process of making new words by adding prefixes
to bases Classification: Prefixes are classified according to meaning.
缀 6.Prefixs Denoting Modes and Manner表示形式和方式的前缀
1.1.1Prefixes Denoting Time and Sequence表示时间和顺序的 前缀
ante-(before)表示“在什么之前”
This prefix denotes two concepts:
prefixationnewwordmakingnewwordsaddingprefixesclassifiedaccordingmeaning11lexicalprefixes1prefixesdenotingtimesequence表示实实和实序的前实2prefixesdenotingspacedistance表示空实距3prefixesdenotingdegreelevels表示实实和程度的前实4prefixesdenotingconditionsposition表示5prefixesdenotingnegativeoppositemeaning表示否定和相反意实的前实6prefixsdenotingmodesmanner表示形式和方式的前实111prefixesdenotingtimeantebefore表示在什实之前prefixdenotestwoconcepts
1.2 Grammatical prefixes语法前缀
① a-(indicating a state)表示“使……处于……状态”，常在动词前面变为形容词和 副词，这样的词用作表语 eg.afloat 漂浮着
② a-(giving the original word an intensive force )也可用于其他词前面，起加强 效果作用 eg.alike 相同的
ex-(out of,excessive)表示“超过”，“向外” This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）extent eg:exceptional 2)outward eg:express extra-(outside,beyond)表示“在……之外”,"超出“ eg:extraordinary 非凡的 hyper-(over,beyond,above)表示“超出”、“过于”、“极度” eg:hyperlink 超链接 out-(to the point of supassing or exceeding)表示“超过” eg:outdate 使过时 over-(excessively,outer)表示“过度的”“过多的”“外部的” eg:overcover完全覆盖 para-(beyond,near,abnormal,assistant)表示“超过”，“近乎”，“异常”，“辅助的”
eg:postnatal 出生后的 eg:predict 预知 eg:synchronize 同步
1.1.2.Prefixes Denoting Space and Distance表示空间、距离的 前缀
inter-（between,among,mutual）表示“在……之中”，“相互”，“在……之间” This prefix denotes two concepts: 1)between or among eg:international 2)mutual eg:interchange
What is affixation? affixes + bases = new words the process of making new words by
adding affixes to bases affixes = prefixes + suffixes Characteristics: Prefixes change meaning. Suffixes change part of speech.
WORD FORMATION VIA AFFIXATION
Contents:
1.1lexical prefixes实义前缀 1.2 Grammatical prefixes语法前缀 1.3 Lexical Suffixes实义后缀 1.4 Grammatical suffixes 语法后缀
Affixation
Affixation: the formation of words by adding wordforming or derivational affixes to bases.
Two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation
Affixation
3)dissolve eg.decompose
1.1.5.Prefixes Denoting Negative or Opposite Meaning表示否 定和相反意义的前缀
dis-(negative,apart from)表示“不”“非”“相反”“除去”“分离” eg.disaccord不和 il-,in-,im,ir-(not)表示“不”“没”
1)time eg:antenatal
2)place
eg:antechamber
ex-(time-out,former)表示“过期”，“从前的”
This prefix denotes two concepts:
1）time-out eg:expire
2) former
eg:ex-wife
post-(after)表示“……之后” pre-(before,in advance)表示“预先”、“前” syn-,sym-(at the same time)表示“同时”
贩卖 counter-(in the opposite direction)表示“反”，“方向” eg.counterattack反击 de-(away,from,down)表示“离去”“除去”“分离”“降低”“解除”
This prefix denotes three concepts:
1)reduced in rank or class eg,dehumanize
eg.advent 出现，到来
anti-(opposed to ,against)表示“反”“抗”“阻” eg.antibody 抗体
co-,col-,com-,con-,cor-(jointly ,together)表示“一起”“共同”“联合”
e-(electron ,electronic)表示“电子”“网上”
This prefix denotes 4 concepts: 1)beyond: eg:paranormal 2）near eg:paratyphoid 3)abnormal eg:paraplegia 4)subsidiary eg:paraprofessional
semi-(half,partly)表示“半”，“一定程度上” eg:semicircle 半圆形 sub-(secondary,under)表示“次等”，“下级”，“下面”
பைடு நூலகம்
1.1.4.Prefixes Denoting Conditions and Position表示状态和方 位的前缀
ab-,abs-,a-(away from)表示“离开”“走开”“离去”“分离” eg.avoid 避免 circum-(around) 表示“环绕” eg.circumstance 环境 contra-(against,opposite)表示“反对”“相反”“相对” eg,contraband 走私，非法
per-（through,completely,[chemistry],maximum,proportion）表示“穿过”，“穿透”，“【化】 高……，过……”
This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）through or completely eg:presue 2)chemically having the maximum proportion eg:perxide
eg.e-commerce 电子商务
mis-(wrong ,bad)表示“错”“坏”“误”
eg.miscalculate 误算
ob-(toward,against)表示“倾向”“阻止”
eg.obtain 获得。得到
re-(again,once,more,anew)表示“再次”“重新” eg.refine 精炼，提炼
en-(indicating a state)表示“使……处于……状态”。常附在名词或形容词前面，
构成新的的动词。
eg.enable 使能够
Suffixation
Prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.
Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base, but only modify its meaning.
1.1.6.Prefixs Denoting Modes and Manner表示形式和方式的前 缀
ad-(toward,near,add)表示“方向”“接近”“添加”
This prefix has several variants:ac-.af-,ag-,ap-,as-,and at-,which are used respectively berore letters c,f,g,l,p,s,t
This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）secondary in level or degree eg.subdivision 2) undera level eg.subsoil under-(less,below,beneath) 表示“在……之下”“低于” This prefix denotes three concepts: 1)less in degree eg.understimated 2)below in position eg.underground 3)inferior in rank eg.undersecretary ultr-(to an extreme degree)表示“超”，“超越” eg.untramarine 深蓝色
be-(including a state)表示“使……处于……状态”。常附在名词或形容词前面， 使这些词成为动词。如果用在动词前，则表示强调 eg.becalm 使安静
em-（indicating a state）表示“使……处于……状态”。常附在名词或形容词前 面，使这些词成为动词。 eg.empower授权，使能够
trans-(across,through,change)表示“横跨”，“跨越”，“穿过”，“转化” This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）across eg:transfusion 2)change eg:translate
1.1.3.Prefixes Denoting Degree and Levels表示级别和程度的前 缀
1.1lexical prefixes实义前缀
1.Prefixes Denoting Time and Sequence表示时间和顺序的前缀 2.Prefixes Denoting Space and Distance表示空间、距离的前缀 3.Prefixes Denoting Degree and Levels表示级别和程度的前缀 4.Prefixes Denoting Conditions and Position表示状态和方位的前缀 5.Prefixes Denoting Negative or Opposite Meaning表示否定和相反意义的前
use il- before the letter l,such as illegal;
use im-before a labial such as impossible;
use ir-before the letter r,such as irresponsible non-(not)表示“无”“非”“不”，常用在形容词和名词前表示否定 non+adj eg.nontoxic 无毒的 non+noun eg.nonsense 胡说，废话 un-(not)表示“无”“难以”“不”常用在形容词前表否定 eg.unacceptable 无法接受 的
Prefixation
Definition: prefix + base = new word Process of making new words by adding prefixes
to bases Classification: Prefixes are classified according to meaning.
缀 6.Prefixs Denoting Modes and Manner表示形式和方式的前缀
1.1.1Prefixes Denoting Time and Sequence表示时间和顺序的 前缀
ante-(before)表示“在什么之前”
This prefix denotes two concepts:
prefixationnewwordmakingnewwordsaddingprefixesclassifiedaccordingmeaning11lexicalprefixes1prefixesdenotingtimesequence表示实实和实序的前实2prefixesdenotingspacedistance表示空实距3prefixesdenotingdegreelevels表示实实和程度的前实4prefixesdenotingconditionsposition表示5prefixesdenotingnegativeoppositemeaning表示否定和相反意实的前实6prefixsdenotingmodesmanner表示形式和方式的前实111prefixesdenotingtimeantebefore表示在什实之前prefixdenotestwoconcepts
1.2 Grammatical prefixes语法前缀
① a-(indicating a state)表示“使……处于……状态”，常在动词前面变为形容词和 副词，这样的词用作表语 eg.afloat 漂浮着
② a-(giving the original word an intensive force )也可用于其他词前面，起加强 效果作用 eg.alike 相同的
ex-(out of,excessive)表示“超过”，“向外” This prefix denotes two concepts: 1）extent eg:exceptional 2)outward eg:express extra-(outside,beyond)表示“在……之外”,"超出“ eg:extraordinary 非凡的 hyper-(over,beyond,above)表示“超出”、“过于”、“极度” eg:hyperlink 超链接 out-(to the point of supassing or exceeding)表示“超过” eg:outdate 使过时 over-(excessively,outer)表示“过度的”“过多的”“外部的” eg:overcover完全覆盖 para-(beyond,near,abnormal,assistant)表示“超过”，“近乎”，“异常”，“辅助的”
eg:postnatal 出生后的 eg:predict 预知 eg:synchronize 同步
1.1.2.Prefixes Denoting Space and Distance表示空间、距离的 前缀
inter-（between,among,mutual）表示“在……之中”，“相互”，“在……之间” This prefix denotes two concepts: 1)between or among eg:international 2)mutual eg:interchange
What is affixation? affixes + bases = new words the process of making new words by
adding affixes to bases affixes = prefixes + suffixes Characteristics: Prefixes change meaning. Suffixes change part of speech.
WORD FORMATION VIA AFFIXATION
Contents:
1.1lexical prefixes实义前缀 1.2 Grammatical prefixes语法前缀 1.3 Lexical Suffixes实义后缀 1.4 Grammatical suffixes 语法后缀
Affixation
Affixation: the formation of words by adding wordforming or derivational affixes to bases.
Two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation
Affixation