经济学导论case study讲解
商法导论case study
Case Study 1Samir is walking down Princes Street one Saturday morning when he notices a very eye-catching display of sets of golf clubs in the window of Fairways, a well-known Edinburgh sports retailer. As Samir is a very keen golfer, he stops to pay more attention to the window display. Samir immediately notices that a set of golf clubs (by Japanese master craftsman Matsumoto) is priced at an incredible £150. He is astonished at the low price for the golf clubs and he immediately rushes into the shop where he heads straight for the cash desk so that he can purchase the goods. On reaching the cash desk, Samir is incredibly annoyed to be told by the (somewhat superior) sales assistant that some sort of mistake has obviously occurred. There is no way that the store would sell a set of Matsumoto golf clubs for a mere £150. The goods have been incorrectly priced and if Samir wishes to purchase the clubs he must pay £1,500 for them. Samir insists that Fairways has made him a definite offer and that he has now accepted that offer —there is a legally enforceable contract between him and the store. The sales assistant is absolutely unimpressed by Samir‟s line of argument. Admittedly, it is often the case that Fairways will give customers goods which are wrongly priced for the price as it is marked on the ticket, but thisis purely a gesture of goodwill. In this situation, the sales assistant is absolutely certain that her supervisor would be most unhappy if Samir was able to obtain the goods for the ridiculous price of £150. Samir begins to lose his temper and the other customers in the store are beginning to stop and stare at the disturbance. However, the sales assistant still refuses to sell the golf clubs to Samir for £150.Question 1Does Samir have a legally enforceable contract with Fairways for the purchase of the Matsumoto golf clubs for £150?In support of the above answer, candidates should be able to cite at least one of the following decisions:♦Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Co [1893]♦Harvey v Facey [1893] ♦Jaeger Brothers v J & A McMorland [1902] ♦Fenwick v Macdonald, Fraser & Co Ltd [1904]♦Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists [1953] ♦Fisher v Bell [1961]On storming out of Fairways, Samir runs into an old friend, Susan, whom he agrees to meet for a meal at 7 o‟clock that evening at Shanghai Surprise restaurant. Susan rushes off to her favourite designer clothing store, Tiffany‟s Boutique, in order to purchase an outfit for her night out with Samir. Susanspends nearly a £1,000 on her outfit from Tiffany‟s. As things later turn out, Samir will conveniently forget that he made arrangements to go out with Susan that evening. Susan is now determined to sue him for the cost of her new outfit, her taxi and the disappointment caused.Question2What are the chances of Susan being successful if she goes ahead and sues Samir for the cost of her new designer outfit, the cost of her taxi fare and the disappointment caused?♦Jon es v Vernon’s Pools [1938]♦Robertson v Balfour [1938]♦Spellman v Spellman [1961]♦Ferguson v Littlewoods Pools Ltd [1997]On arriving home just before lunch-time, Samir plays back his telephone answer machine and hears a message from Dougie Campbell, the builder withdrawing his earlier offer to build a conservatory and patio for £10,000. Samir had e-mailed his acceptance of Campbell‟s offer several days previously. However, unknown to Samir, he mistyped Campbell‟s e-mail address and his acceptance never arrived at its intended destination.Question 3Is Dougie Campbell entitled to cancel its offer to build a conservatory and patio for Samir?♦Verdin Brothers v Robertson [1871]♦Entores Ltd v Miles Far Eastern Corpn [1955]♦Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl [1982]Later on Saturday afternoon, Samir receives a call on his mobile from Stuart who offers to sell him his car for £4,500. Samir is very anxious to purchase the car, but in response to the offer he says to Stuart …I‟ll give you £4,000 for the car.‟ Stuart refuses to bargain with Samir and tells him bluntly that the price is £4,500 if he wants the car. An hour later, Samir phones Stuart agreeing to pay £4,500, but he is somewhat shocked to be told by Stuart that he is no longer interested in dealing with him and that someone else is coming over to look at the car.Question 4Can Samir insist that Stuart sell the car to him for £4,500?♦Hyde v Wrench [1840]♦Wolf & Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd [1984]♦Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corpn (England) Ltd [1979]Case Study 2Robert, a sales person at Marvellous Motors, approachesChristine who is looking at a car sitting on the dea lership‟s forecourt. Robert says to Christine: “You‟ve obviously got an eye for a bargain. Let me give you the vehicle‟s background. You‟re looking at a fantastic deal for a five year old car. The price is £3,999 and I think we‟re really going the extra mi le here for our customers —excuse the pun I couldn‟t resist it! The car has only had one previous owner — an elderly lady, who kept it in immaculate condition. The previous owner was getting too old to drive and she had to get rid of the car. I can guarantee you that this is one of the best buys you will ever make!”Christine is by now very interested in buying the car. It would appear from a reading of the milometer that the car has only covered 10,000 miles. After giving matters some thought, Christine decides to go ahead and purchase the car. After a mere four weeks of driving the car, however, the engine completely seizes up. Christine gets one of her friends, Jutinder, who is a motor mechanic to examine the car and he informs her that the engine has suffered irreparable damage as a result of being involved in a serious collision with another vehicle. Furthermore, Jutinder suspects that the mileage of the car is much higher —the true reading should, in his opinion, be somewhere in the region of 200,000 miles.Questions1 How would you classify Robert‟s statement to Christi ne in relation to the condition of the car?♦Attwood v Small [1838]♦Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co [1878]♦Smith v Chadwick [1884]♦Derry v Peek [1889]♦Boyd & Forrest v Glasgow & South-Western Railway Co [1915] ♦Smith v Sim [1954]♦Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1963]2 What is the status of the contract between Christine and Marvellous Motors?♦Attwood v Small [1838]♦Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co [1878]♦Smith v Chadwick [1884]♦Derry v Peek [1889]♦Boyd & Forrest v Glasgow & South-Western Railway Co [1915] 3 What legal remedies are available to Christine in this situation?♦Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co [1878]♦Boyd & Forrest v Glasgow & South-Western Railway Co [1915] ♦Smith v Sim [1954]Case Study 3Alasdair had entered a contract to purchase a valuable painting by the famous Galashiels portrait artist, Ishbel Whistler. When he arrived at the antique dealer‟s premises, he was informed by the sales assistant that his employer had changed her mind about selling the Whistler painting to him. Apparently, the antiques dealer has now received a much better offer from a prospective buyer in the United States.Questions1 List the legal remedies available to an innocent party who has suffered a breach of contract.2 What is the most appropriate remedy that Alasdair should seek from the courts in this situation?♦Anderson v Pringle of Scotland [1998]Case Study 4Karen runs a business which imports cheap cigarettes into Scotland from the remote Central Asian Republic of Waziristan. These products have proved very popular with Scottish smokers at a time when tobacco prices have risen sharply. Karen is shocked to be informed that the Scottish Parliament has nowbrought in legislation (The Regulation of Foreign Tobacco Products (Scotland) Act 2005), after medical studies showed that people who smoked these Waziri cigarettes were on average 100 times more likely to develop cancer when compared to smokers of other tobacco products.As a result of the new legislation, it is a now a criminal offence to offer to sell or supply these products. Karen has huge consignment of cigarettes presently sitting in her warehouse waiting to be delivered to her business customers. Many of these business customers have now cancelled their orders as a result of the introduction of the new legislation.Question 1What is the status of Karen‟s contract with her business customers?♦Stevenson & Sons Ltd v AG fur Cartonnagen Industries [1918] ♦James B Fraser & Co Ltd v Denny, Mott & Dickson Ltd [1944]。
经济学导论英语知识点总结
经济学导论英语知识点总结Economics is the study of how individuals, firms, and societies allocate their limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. It is a social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Here are some key points to understand about economics:1. Scarcity and ChoiceScarcity is the fundamental economic problem. It means that resources are limited, while human wants and needs are unlimited. As a result, individuals, firms, and societies must make choices about how to allocate their scarce resources to satisfy their wants and needs. This leads to the concept of opportunity cost, which is the value of the next best alternative that is given up when a choice is made.2. Types of EconomicsThere are two main types of economics: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics focuses on the behavior of individual agents, such as consumers, firms, and workers, and how they make decisions about the allocation of resources. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the economy as a whole, considering factors such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.3. Supply and DemandSupply and demand are the forces that drive the market. The law of demand states that, all else being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa. The law of supply states that, all else being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied increases, and vice versa. The intersection of the supply and demand curves gives us the equilibrium price and quantity for a particular good or service.4. ElasticityElasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to a change in price. If the quantity demanded or supplied is very responsive to a change in price, we say that it is elastic. If it is not very responsive, we say that it is inelastic. Elasticity is important for understanding how changes in price affect consumer and producer behavior.5. Market StructuresThere are different types of market structures, each with its own characteristics. These include perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Perfect competition is a market structure with many small firms, identical products, and no barriers to entry or exit. Monopoly is a market structure with a single seller and no close substitutes. Monopolistic competition is a market structure with many firms selling similar but notidentical products. Oligopoly is a market structure with a few large firms that dominate the market.6. Economic SystemsThere are different types of economic systems, each with its own way of allocating resources. These include traditional, command, market, and mixed economies. In a traditional economy, economic decisions are based on customs and traditions. In a command economy, economic decisions are made by the government. In a market economy, economic decisions are made by individuals and firms acting in their own self-interest. In a mixed economy, economic decisions are made by a combination of government and private individuals and firms.7. Factors of ProductionThe factors of production are the resources used to produce goods and services. They include land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Land refers to all natural resources, such as water, minerals, and forests. Labor refers to the physical and mental effort of human beings. Capital refers to the tools, equipment, and machinery used in production. Entrepreneurship refers to the ability to organize and manage the other factors of production.8. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)GDP is one of the most important indicators of the health of an economy. It measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period of time. GDP can be calculated using three different approaches: the production approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach. It can also be adjusted for inflation to give us real GDP, which measures the value of goods and services produced in constant prices.9. Fiscal PolicyFiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Expansionary fiscal policy involves increasing government spending or reducing taxes to stimulate economic growth. Contractionary fiscal policy involves reducing government spending or increasing taxes to slow down economic growth. Fiscal policy is a powerful tool for stabilizing the economy and is often used in combination with monetary policy.10. Monetary PolicyMonetary policy is the use of interest rates and money supply to influence the economy. Expansionary monetary policy involves lowering interest rates or increasing the money supply to stimulate economic growth. Contractionary monetary policy involves raising interest rates or reducing the money supply to slow down economic growth. Monetary policy is the responsibility of the central bank in most countries and is often used in combination with fiscal policy.11. International TradeInternational trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage and then trade with other countries to obtain goods and services in which they do not have a comparative advantage. International trade can increase economic efficiency and lead to higher standards of living for all trading partners.12. Economic GrowthEconomic growth is the increase in the production of goods and services over time. It is measured by the growth rate of GDP. Economic growth is important because it leads to higher standards of living, lower unemployment, and greater economic opportunity. Factors that contribute to economic growth include improvements in technology, increases in the quantity and quality of the factors of production, and increases in human capital.In conclusion, economics is a complex and fascinating field of study that is essential for understanding how individuals, firms, and societies allocate their limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants and needs. By understanding the key points discussed in this article, you can gain a deeper appreciation for the forces that drive the economy and the tools that policymakers use to manage it. Whether you are a student, a business owner, or a policymaker, a solid understanding of economics is crucial for making informed decisions in the modern world.。
微观经济学 --- 第一章{导论} 参考答案
第一章部分参考答案一、名词解释（此处未列出的请大家自己写出答案）1．经济学(economics)是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置于相互竞争的用途之中以使人类欲望得到最大满足的科学。
经济学的目标是有效利用稀缺资源来生产商品和劳务，并在现在或将来把它们合理地分配给社会成员或集团以供消费之用。
2．资源的稀缺性(scarcity)是指人们的欲望总是超过了能用于满足欲望的资源时的状态。
3．微观经济学(microeconomics)是主要以单个经济主体(即作为消费者的单个家庭或个人、作为生产者的单个厂商或企业以及单个产品或要素市场)为研究对象，研究这些单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何选择以实现其最优配置的科学。
4．宏观经济学(macroeconomics)是以整个国民经济为研究对象，其主要着眼于对经济总量的研究，如国民生产总值的水平及其增长率、利率、失业，以及通货膨胀等。
宏观经济学研究的是总体经济行为与总量经济的关系。
5．实证分析(positive analysis)是描述经济现象“是什么”以及“社会经济问题实际上是如何解决的”等问题时所使用的方法。
这种方法旨在揭示有关经济变量之间的函数关系和因果关系，其局限在于仅对能证实的观点进行分析。
6．规范分析(normal analysis)是研究经济活动“应该是什么”以及“社会经济问题应该是怎样解决的”等问题时所使用的方法。
这种分析方法一般是以一定的价值判断为基础，突出某些准则作为经济理论的前提和指定政策的依据，并考察如何才能符合这些准则。
这种方法表达了对某一经济主题的个人的或集体的观点或价值判断，但难以通过事实证明是对是错。
7．均衡分析(equilibrium analysis)是指假定其他因素不变的条件下，研究经济主体决策时的各种变量能够达到均衡时应具备的条件的方法。
均衡分析可以分为局部均衡分析(partial equilibrium analysis)和一般均衡分析(general equilibrium analysis)。
第一讲 经济学导论PPT课件
2008.9
24
• “每一个人……既不打算促进公共的利益， 也不知道自己在什么程度上促进那种利 益， ……他们盘算的也只是他自己的利益。 在这种场合下，像在其他许多场合一样，他 受着一只看不见的手的指导，去尽力达到一 个并非他本意要达到的目的。 ……他追求自 己的利益，往往使他能比在真正出于本意的 情况下更有效地促进社会的利益。”
2008.9
30
精打细算几近抠门
• 她的办公室不足十平米，既无红木家具，也 无豪华摆设，复写纸多开了几张都会被她无 情地检查出来，请客吃饭连菜谱都要亲自过 问，生怕有人趁机铺张浪费。生活俭朴低调。
• 资源配置方式：计划配置和市场配置。
2008.9
20
计划经济与市场经济的区别
• 决策机制不同：
计划/中央集中决策；
市场/企业独立分散决策。
• 协调机制不同：
计划/垂直、权力协调；
市场/水平、价格协调。
• 激励机制不同：
计划/集体主义、精神激励；
市场/个人主义、物质激励。
2008.9
21
• 资源的有效配置：
在成本一定的情况下，收益达到最 大；或在收益一定的情况下，成本 降到最小。
• 从资源稀缺性假设得出经济学的研 究对象：
• 所以，经济学就是研究稀缺资源有 效配置问题的学问。
2008.9
22
经济学的效率原则
• 资源的有效配置问题，体现的就是效率原则。
• 效率：是指最有效地利用经济资源。
• 判断一项经济活动是否有效率的标准：如果 一项经济活动在不使任何人境况变坏的情况 下，能使至少一个人的境况变好，那么这项 经济活动是可取的。**如果某种状态的改变， 在不使任何人的境况变好的情况下，至少使 一个人的境况变坏，表明当前状态是最有效 率的，已经达到了效率最优。——这就是帕 累托标准。
Case Study Methodology 案例分析方法
▪ Legal certainty in China 法律确定性在中国
▪ Limits of legal certainty 法律确定性的局限
2020/8/9 SeSitei5te 5
《中华人民共和国宪法》第5条确定了法治
2020/8/9 SeSitei2te 2
I. Theoretical Background理论背景
3. Successful Implementation of Law 法律的执行 a) Importance of the Application of the Law 法律适用的重要性 b) Solutions for Violation of Laws and Disputes 违法行为与纠纷的解决
对于法律条文语言的不同理解
b. Advantages of a uniform method: 一个统一的适用方法的优点: ▪ Harmonization 统一 ▪ Transparency 透明 ▪ Efficiency 有效率 ▪ easier supervision 便于检查 ▪ simpler self-control 易于自我控制 ▪ unified reasoning schemes 统一推理结构 ▪ fights corruption 防止腐败
2020/8/9 SeSitei4te 4
I. Theoretical Background 理论背景
7. Legal Certainty as a Uniform Application’s Main Advantage 统一法律适用最主要的好处－法律具有确定性
经济学第讲经济学导论
四、市场经济的运行
1.经济学的市场循环流动模型
消费者的 产品需求
消费
行为 家庭
产品市场 产品的价格
决定
$
生产者的 产品供给
生产 行为
企业
消费者的 要素供给
要素的价格 决定
要素市场
劳动，土地， 资本，管理
❖ 经济学产生于资源的稀缺性及由此引起的选 择的需要。没有稀缺性就没有经济学。
❖ 1.资源的种类 ❖ （1）自由资源 ❖ （2）经济资源（劳动L 、资本 K、土地N 、企业家
才能 E）
❖ 2.经济资源的稀缺性 ❖ （1）欲望：不足之感，求足之愿。 ❖ （2）欲望的特点：多种多样，无穷无尽。
人的欲望（需求）是无限的
划分不同市场结构的依据是： 根据市场上竞争和垄断的程度
研究对象:是个别经济单位的经济行为。（居民户、厂商） 解决的问题:是资源配置。 中心理论:是价格理论。（看不见的手） 研究方法:是个量分析。研究经济变量的单项数值如何决定
（2）宏观经济学
宏观经济学： 研究对象是整个经济。（政府行为）
研究一个国家 整体经济的运 行
及政府运用经 济政策来影响 整体经济等宏 观经济问题。
❖ （2）生产可能性曲线
❖ 稀缺性导致选择，但选择是否有效，可用生 产可能性曲线来衡量。
大
炮
·C
A
· B
黄油
西方经济学的研究内容
经济学组成
微观经济学 宏观经济学 国际经济学
研究国内经济问题 国家之间的经济问题
（1）微观经济学 ：研究企业、家庭和单个市场等微观供求行 为与价格之间关系的经济科学。
《经济学概论》
在以市场机制为基础的前提下，国家干 预经济活动，或政府宏观调控。
编辑ppt
市场机制
市场机制[Market Mechanism] ——买者和卖者决定价格并交换物品或 劳务的机制。
价格机制[Price Mechanism] 在市场经济中，市场通过价格来协 调单个经济主体的决策。 自由放任[Laissez-Faire] ——“政府不对经济决策施加任何影响。”
编辑ppt
欲望无限，有诗为证
资源稀缺+欲望无穷 选择的必要 经济学的产生
编辑ppt
二、如何选择 ----经济学的研究对象
1、生产什么？[What is to be produced?] 2、如何生产？[How is to be produced?] 3、为谁生产？[Who does get the output]
R. J. Betts: Business Economics for Engineers
编辑ppt
四、均衡分析
均衡[Equilibrium] 均衡分析[Equilibrium Analysis] ——在一定的假设前提下，分析经济 均衡状态形成的条件、原因、过程及 其作用。 局部均衡[Partial Equilibrium] 一般均衡[General Equilibrium]
编辑ppt
生产可能性边界的含义
生产可能性边界
[Production Possibility Frontier，PPF]
——表示一定量资源所能生产出来的两种产 品或劳务的最大产量组合。
该边界之内为一定量资源可能生产的两 种产品或劳务的组合，该边界之外为一定量 资源不可能生产的两种产品或劳务的组合
经济学导论知识点讲义
《经济学导论》课程知识点第一章：经济学是什么一、经济学是什么⏹经济学是探索人类的选择行为，是一门选择的科学：地球资源的稀缺性和人类欲望的无穷无尽,无法满足的情况下，需要选择。
⏹经济学是一门社会科学，以个人、单位、企业、政府为研究对象。
⏹与人类有关的问题都可以用经济分析来思考。
⏹经济学是教别人挣钱，自己不挣钱的专业。
⏹经济学是关于资源配置的科学。
⏹经济学是关于国民财富的科学。
二、为什么学习经济学⏹学习经济学你可以知道，当你失业的时候，你知道你为什么失业.⏹当你没有资本,但你很想谈论资本和投资，那么你学习经济学可以很好地处理这个没钱谈钱的矛盾。
⏹虽然你自己不能挣钱，但你很想教别人挣钱时,你就可以学习经济学.⏹有助于了解你生活的世界.⏹更好地理解经济政策的潜力与局限性。
⏹对经济学的思考和遵循本身就是一种生活方式.三、微观经济学和宏观经济学⏹对产品市场、劳动市场和资本市场的具体研究称为微观经济学(microeconomics)。
微观经济学集中研究构成经济的个体单位——厂商、家庭和个人的——行为。
它研究个体单位如何作出决策以及影响这些决策的因素.⏹宏观经济学（macroeconomics）研究经济作为一个总体的行为，特别是诸如失业率、通货膨胀、经济增长和国际贸易平衡这类总量指标的变化.总量数字不能反映任何经济个体厂商或家庭的状况，而是告诉我们经济的总体或平均的状况。
⏹注意：这两种经济观察不过是看待同一事物的两种不同的方式。
微观经济学自下而上考察经济，宏观经济学则自上而下考察经济。
经济作为一个总体的行为依赖于组成总体的个体单位的行为。
总之，微观经济学是研究市场经济中单个经济主体-——居民与企业的经济行为以及相应的经济变量的决定，宏观经济学是研究整个国民经济活动以及各有关总量的决定和变化.第二章：供给需求原理第一节:市场无处不在一、什么是市场?⏹传统意义上的市场：市场就是买卖东西的地方。
对于买主来说，只要能够买到东西的地方就是市场。
经济学导论(ppt 519页)
在微观经济分析中为简化分析过程，大多 使用线形需求函数。
QD = a - bP
其中a,b是常数，且a，b>0，该函数对应的需 求曲线为一条直线。
第三节 供给和供给规律
一、供给 一种商品的供给是指生产者在一定时期内在
各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售该 种商品的数量。 供给规律：商品价格上升，生产者的供给量 增加；商品价格下降，供给量减少。
（5）通过市场价格的自发调节，资源 朝着相对价格高的用途上配置。
（二）计划经济
在这种经济体制中，所有与资源配 置有关的经济活动都由政府或通过 政府指令来进行。国家从三个层次 对资源进行配置。
1. 在现在消费和未来投资之间分配，通 过牺牲现在消费，把资源用于投资，以 提高经济增长速度。
2. 在微观经济层次上计划各行业以及各 企业的产量、所使用的生产技术、需要 的劳动力和其他资源。
（4） 一些公司的行为对社会是有害的。
（5） 私有企业不会生产一个对社会有 用但对自身无利的产品。
（6） 自由市场经济可能导致宏观经济 的不稳定。
从伦理学的意义上，自由市场经济从自 我利益出发，可能会鼓励自私、贪婪、 物质主义和权力至上的观念。
（二）对完全计划经济的评价
中央政府的计划就可以克服自由市场经济 的一些问题，使整个国家的资源配置符合 特定的国家目标。实践中，命令式的计划 经济为达到这些目标，却是以巨大的社会 和经济成本为代价的。
第一，投入品的价格变动。
第二，生产技术的变化。
第三，企业组织的变化。
第四，政府政策的变化。
2. 替代品的价格。
3.连带产品的价格。
4. 自然灾害和其他无法预期的事件
5. 生产者的目的。
6.对未来价格的预期。
hnd商法导论outcome3
Case Study 1◆Questions:1. List the main business organizations recognized by Scots Law.2. Given the fact that Lisa will be running the business herself and, for the time being, she is unlikely to be employing anyone, how would you classify her b usiness?3. Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the type of business organization run by Lisa.◆KeyQuestion 1The main business organizations recognized by Scots Law are:Sole trader, Partnership, Limited partnerships, Limited liability partnerships, Private companies, Public companies.Question 2①Lisa is running a very small business, so the most appropriate form oforganization is sole trader.②According to the Companies Regulation 1992, Lisa’s organization form does notfit for the condition of private company; such a private company is limited by shares or by guarantee and need only have on member.③As a result, we can judge that the organization form of Lisa’s company is soletrader.Question 3Advantages:①very basic legal requirements to comply with②Total control over his/her business and does not have to take into account the opinions of any shareholders.③It is the simplest form of business organization recognized by Scots Law④ A sole trader is to all intents and purposes to be regarded as a self-employed person.Disadvantages:① A sole trader may find it difficult to fund an expansion of the business because she/he can not offer shares to other parties in order to raise funds.(筹集资金)②If the business fail, the sole trader is said to have unlimited liability for any debts or obligations owed to third parties.③The inclusion of new partners would force a change in the nature of business, operation by converting it into a partnership or some other form of corporate body.④(in any case), A business expansion requiring a major injection of capital might entail a loss of control over the business because new members who are a source of new finance will almost certainly demand a say in the running of the business.以上优、缺点各选两个答即可Case Study 2Question 1What are the main differences between a traditional partnership and a limited liability partnership (LLP)?PartnershipUnincorporated bodyPartners have unlimited liability in respect of partnership debtsNo need to be registered with registrar of companies and no need to supply formal documentsRegulated by Partnership Act 1890LLPCorporate bodyMembers enjoy limited liability in respect of LLP debtsMust be registered with the registrar of companies and certain documents must be suppliedRegulated by LLP Act 2000Question 2◆What are the main advantages for an existing partnership when it changes to alimited liability partnership?①The reason why many traditional partnerships try to translate to LLP is that the members can enjoy the limited responsibilities.②Further more, under the conditions of losing of privacy and greatering external regulation for the members, lots of traditional partnerships definitely hope to translate to LLP.(because of LLP…)Question 3◆What is the nature of the legal relationship between partners in firm and membersof a LLP?①There exist a fiduciary relationship in law relationship between company and partners.②举例说明公司与成员之间的忠实关系Pillans Brothers v Pillans [1908]③According to Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000, section 6 regulations, there should be recognized to an agent’s relationship between members and LLP.④The general rule of the law agency that an agent (member) must always act in the best interest of his principal (LLP).⑤ A member is not an agent of his fellow members.Case Study 3Question 1◆What is a company’s objects clause?①Object clause 是存在于Memorandum of Association 之中的。
《经济学导论》课件
消费者愿意支付的价格与实际支付的价格之间的 差额。消费者剩余是消费者从购买商品或服务中 获得的净收益。
生产者行为与成本分析
生产者行为
生产者如何选择生产要素、调整生产规模以最大化利润。生产者行为理论可以帮助企业了解如 何降低成本、提高生产效率以及制定最佳的生产策略。
成本分析
对企业生产过程中产生的各种成本进行分析，包括固定成本、可变成本、平均成本、边际成本 等。成本分析可以帮助企业了解生产过程中的成本结构，从而制定更有效的成本控制策略。
财政政策实践
通过税收、政府支出等手段调节总需 求，实现经济稳定增长。
货币政策实践
财政政策与货币政策配合
通过财政政策和货币政策的协调配合 ，实现经济的稳定增长和就业的充分 就业。
通过调整货币供应量、利率等手段调 节总需求，实现经济稳定增长。
04
国际经济学内容
国际贸易理论及实践
01
02
03
自由贸易理论
国际货币体系
包括金本位制、布雷顿森林体系 和牙买加体系等，规定了货币的 兑换、汇率制度和国际支付体系
。
汇率制度
探讨汇率的决定因素、汇率制度的 类型（如固定汇率制、浮动汇率制 等）以及汇率变动对经济的影响。
国际金融市场
分析国际金融市场的运作机制、资 本流动和金融创新等方面，以及跨 国公司和金融机构在国际金融市场 中的地位和作用。
03
宏观经济学基础
国民收入核算与增长
01 国民收入定义
国民收入是一定时期内一个国家所有居民生产的 所有货物和服务的市场价值。
02 国民收入核算方法
通过统计调查和会计资料，对一个国家一定时期 内所有居民的生产活动成果进行统计核算。
经济学讲义科斯定理之1-3
经济学讲义科斯定理之1-32012-07-26 13:58:48| 分类：李俊慧|字号订阅经济学讲义－科斯定理（之一）从这一讲起，就从传统经济学领域进入新制度经济学的范畴。
传统的经济学着重于关注资源使用与收入分配，缺少了制度安排这重要的一环，这是因为忽略交易费用的存在——《交易费用》一讲已解释了广义的交易费用就是制度费用。
其实即使在前面的讲义中，交易费用已频频亮相，所以要把新制度经济学与传统经济学完全地割裂开来是不可能的，只是传统经济学一般将从这一讲开始的内容归入新制度经济学的范畴而已。
但另一方面，“现代”的经济学教科书往往都会在所谓的微观部分也涉及一些新制度经济学的内容，却是把它划入“福利经济学”之内。
《实证经济学与规范经济学》一讲的最后已经批判过福利经济学的问题所在，在后面的具体分析中还会再次提到。
此外，新制度经济学的名称来自于它关注制度安排，而所谓制度，说得更具体就是合约，因此所谓制度安排就是合约选择。
这样，广义地看，“合约经济学”与新制度经济学是同一回事。
同样广义地看交易费用就是制度费用，所以交易费用经济学也与新制度经济学是同一回事。
还有一个“产权经济学”的范畴，则是专注于产权界定与保护。
产权有足够清晰的界定，并得到足够有效保护时，就可以使用价格准则来决定竞争的胜负，可以消除租值消散所带来的交易费用增加。
当然，要界定与保护产权，也要付出交易费用的代价。
这样来看，“产权经济学”是新制度经济学或合约经济学或交易费用经济学的一个子集。
科斯定理的第一个版本新制度经济学的基础是交易费用的概念，而在交易费用概念的基础上建立起来的一个重要理论，是科斯定理。
科斯定理其实有三个版本，教科书通常教授的是第三个版本。
下面逐一介绍。
第一个版本，是科斯在《联邦传播委员会》（The Federal Communications Commission）的文章中提出的：权利界定是市场交易的必要前提。
（The delineation of right is an essential prelude to market transactions.）中国的经济学界在引入新制度经济学时曾有过一场争论：是先有产权界定、再有市场交易，还是先有市场交易、再有产权界定。
2. 经济学专业导论讲义 (20161214)
二、专业教学计划及人才培养方案介绍
（一）专业名称及专业代码
（4）上市(或欲上市)股份公司证券部、财务部等；
（二）专业相关证书：
（1）英语四六级（CET-4 & CET-6）
（2）黄金投资分析师
（3）保险从业资格证 （4）银行从业资格证
（5）期货从业资格证 （6）理财规划师
（7）经济分析师 （8）精算师
（9）证券从业资格证 （10）报关证
（三）校企合作形式-学生组织
总学时
理论
实践
经济法B
2
32
32
0
会计学
2
32
32
0
管理学
3
48
48
0
微观经济学
3
48
48
0
国际经济学
2
32
32
0
宏观经济学
3
48
48
0
统计学
3
48
48
0
政治经济学
2
32
32
0
货币银行学
2
32
32
0
计量经济学
2.5
48
32
16
国际金融
3
48
40
8
4、主干课、核心专业课介绍
放映2014版经济学专业人才培养方案电子档，说明相应课程开课时间和学分等
经济学教研室承担学院的主要负责课程包括：产业经济学、政治经济学、国际金融、货币银行学、区域经济学、财政学、计量经济学、个人理财、国际贸易实务和国际经济学等。这些专业课是经济学专业学生必须掌握的专业知识和专业技能必修的重要课程。同时根据社会经济对应用型、技术型人才的需求，为加强实践性、突出实用性、强化学生实践能力培养，开设了ERP沙盘实习、经济学课程设计、电子商务课程设计、应用经济英语强化、虚拟商业社会VBSE实习等实验实训课程。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Answer the following questions in relation to WJE1 Economics revolves around the nature of choice and the availability of Resources. With reference to WJE’s current situation, explain what is meant by the term ‘the basic (central) economic problem’.经济学围绕所选择的性质和资源的可用性。
参考Wje的现状，解释什么是“基本经济问题”。
回答：在这里涉及到基本经济问题中的两种，一种是稀缺资源，另一种是选择。
稀缺资源：定义（看书）+ 文章中的例子（金钱，材料等等具体说出来）；选择：定义（看书）+ 文中的例子（在introduce a new model和upgrade the Tiger2 at a modest cost中选一个）（对于公司和个人来说做选择的目的不一样）2 In relation to WJE’s current situation explain what is meant by the term opportunity cost. 在关系到Wje现状的解释什么是短期机会成本。
回答：机会成本的定义（书上）+联系例子（文中选择了introduce a new model，因此文中的机会成本便是upgrade the Tiger2 at a modest cost）3 Figure 1 shows the demand and supply curves for performance sports cars similar to those offered by WJE. The quantity demanded is illustrated by line D, and the quantity firms are prepared to supply is illustrated by line S.图1显示性能跑车所提供的类似的需求和供给曲线Wje。
需求量是由线D所示，和公司准备供给的数量说明是线S Figure 1 —World Market for Performance Sports Cars Quantity Demanded and Supplied(a) In figure 1 identify which curve would best depict the likely outcome for each of the following situations. 在图1中确定的曲线将最好的描述下列情况的可能的结果。
(i)New legislation significantly increases safety requirements,requiring a substantial and expensive redesign of sports cars. 新的立法，大大增加了安全性的要求，需要大量昂贵的跑车设计。
回答：S1原因：新的政策要求导致厂家重新生产，生产费用（成本）增加，对于现有的市场价格来说，利润降低，供应量会减少，因此供给降低为S1(ii)The launch of a successful television programmer which features performance sports cars. 一个成功的电视节目的功能性能跑车的推出。
回答：D1原因：一个成功的电视节目等于一个好的广告，这可以吸引更多的顾客，从而就是需求变大了(iii) A significant technological advancement in the manufacture ofcarbon fibre as used in WJE’s cars, which will reduce material costs by 25%. 在制造碳纤维用Wje汽车的一个重大的技术进步，这将减少25%的材料成本。
回答：S2原因：材料成本减少就是生产成本减少，这样会使厂家在同样的资金下生产出更多的车，对于现有的市场价格来说，利润增加，从而增加供给量(iii)Research uncovers greatly increased risks of serious injury in accidents involving sports cars. 研究发现的风险大大增加严重损伤涉及跑车事故。
回答：D2原因：因为许多人买车会把安全性放在第一位，这个调查一出会是很多人对买跑车犹豫，也会让跑车的替代品需求量增加，因此人们对跑车的总的需求量就减少了(b) For each situation in part (a), indicate whether your selected curve represents an increase or decrease in demand, or an increase or decrease in supply at every possible price in the market. 在每个部分的情况（一），说明您的选择的曲线表示需求的增加或减少，或增加或减少在供应市场中的所有可能的价格。
(I) Decrease in supply, the supply move to the left. (II) Increase in demand, the demand move to the right (III) Increase in supply, the supply move to the right (IV) Decrease in demand, the demand move to the left4 Using the demand and supply figures for the Puma contained in Table 1, construct a suitably labelled demand and supply diagram, and clearly identify the equilibrium price and quantity. 使用包含在需求和供应的数字构建一个适当标记的需求和供应的图，并清楚地确定均衡价格和数量。
均衡价格：£30000，数量为500 per year画图时供给和需求曲线要标注清楚，可以单独再图下方写D 表示的什么，S表示的是什么，均衡价格和数量分别是什么（可以带尺子方便画图）5 It has been forecast that, in future, insurance costs for sports cars will rise sharply. This will have an adverse effect on the demand for WJE’s Puma car with an estimated fall in sales of 100 Puma cars per year at each market price.据预测，在未来，运动汽车保险费用将急剧上升。
这将会有一个不利的影响在对wje的彪马汽车的需求随着销售预算下降，彪马汽车每年在每个市场的销售价格上下降100 个单位(a)D raw and label the new Demand Curve on the diagram thatyou have constructed in question 4.绘制和标注的新需求曲线图上，你在问题4中的构建。
（向左平移100的需求量）(b) Explain how market forces would act to return the market to a state of equilibrium at the new equilibrium position.解释市场自由运行将会用行动来回报市场的一个平衡状态，在新的平衡位置。
相对于以前的均衡点价格来说，存在什么问题。
比如是供大于求还是，供不应求。
这里是excess supply,因为是超额供给。
市场的力量会对价格有什么影响，对供给什么影响，直到出现新的平衡点在哪，新的均衡价格和均衡产量相较于以前有什么变化(c) Identify the new equilibrium price and quantity.确定新的均衡价格和数量。
均衡约为价格：£28500，数量为450 cars per year6 Using the demand figures in Table 1 in the case study calculate the price elasticity of demand for a Puma sports car if the price changed from £30,000 to £40,000.用表1中的需求数字在案例中计算为彪马运动车的需求价格弹性，如果价格从£30000到£40000。
公式写出来，有具体计算过程，下面是总结∴ED=1.2 所以它是富有弹性的，因为ED＞1。
7 Referring to your calculation in Question 6, explain the concept of ‘price elasticity of demand’and its relevance to WJE if market price were to change from £30,000 to £40,000 per car.在问题6中指你的计算，如果每车的市场价格从£30000到£40000，解释和Wje相关的“需求的价格弹性”的概念。
先给出需求价格弹性的概念，什么样叫有弹性什么样叫缺乏弹性（也就是弹性的种类）然后证明第六题的答案是有弹性的因为ED>1，所以它是富有弹性的。
（结合案例可用revenue证明），所以价格变动带来了total revenue的什么变化，代表了什么。
8 ‘The demand for WJE cars has, to date, proven to be relatively income elastic.’With reference to this statement, explain the concept of ‘income elasticity of demand’.对Wje汽车的需求，到目前为止，被证明是相对收入弹性。