生物工程专业英语
生物工程专业英语[整理版]
![生物工程专业英语[整理版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b4d231a0f46527d3250ce011.png)
生物工程专业英语[整理版]Specialized English in BiotechnologyThis material is dedicated to studentsmajoring in Biotechnology at Hefei University.All rights reservedContentsLesson 1 What isBiotechnology? ......................................................... ....................... 3 Lesson 2 Where Did BiotechnologyBegin? ................................................................4 Lesson 3 Brief History ofBiotechnology .......................................................... .......... 7 Lesson 4 Dogma, DNA, andEnzymes ...................................................................... 10 Lesson 5 Polymerase Chain Reaction - XeroxingDNA ............................................ 12 Lesson 6 Monoclonal AntibodyTechnology .............................................................14 Lesson 7 The Human GenomeProject ................................................................ ...... 16 Lesson 8 Whose Genome is It, Anyway?................................................................. .. 19 Lesson 9 Agriculture - AnOverview ............................................................... .......... 21 Lesson 10 Gene Gun Speeds Search for New OrchidColors .................................... 24 Lesson 11 Transforming Plants ................................................................. ................. 26 Lesson 12 Animals and AnimalHealth ................................................................. ..... 29 Lesson 13Biomining .............................................................. ................................... 31 Lesson 14Biofuel ................................................................ ...................................... 32 Lesson 15 New Foods and Food Producers ...............................................................34 Lesson 16 Blazing a Genetic Trail inMedicine (37)Readingmaterials .............................................................. . (39)Lesson 1 What is Biotechnology?Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished sinceprehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented into wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy bread rather than a firm, thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology.What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind many different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic drugs. Still others envision the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed.In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the humanenvironment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring.Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules. Cows can produce more milk for the same amount of feed. And we can synthesize therapeutic molecules that have never before existed.Lesson 2 Where Did Biotechnology Begin?With the BasicsCertain practices that we would now classify as applications of biotechnology have been in use since man's earliest days. Nearly 10,000 years ago, our ancestors were producing wine, beer, and bread by using fermentation, a natural process in which the biological activity of one-celled organisms plays a critical role.In fermentation, microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and molds are mixed with ingredients that provide them with food. As they digest this food, the organisms produce two critical by-products, carbondioxide gas and alcohol.In beer making, yeast cells break down starch and sugar (present in cereal grains) to form alcohol; the froth, or head, of the beer results from the carbon dioxide gas that the cells produce. In simple terms, the living cells rearrange chemical elements to form new products that they need to live and reproduce. By happy coincidence, in the process ofdoing so, they help make a popular beverage.Bread baking is also dependent on the action of yeast cells. Thebread dough contains nutrients that these cells digest for their own sustenance. The digestion process generates alcohol (which contributesto that wonderful aroma of baking bread) and carbon dioxide gas (which makes the dough rise and forms the honeycomb texture of the baked loaf).Discovery of the fermentation process allowed early peoples to produce foods by allowing live organisms to act on other ingredients.But our ancestors also found that, by manipulating the conditions under which the fermentation took place, they could improve both the quality and the yield of the ingredients themselves.Crop ImprovementAlthough plant science is a relatively modern discipline, its fundamental techniques have been applied throughout human history. When early man went through the crucial transition from nomadic hunter tosettled farmer, cultivated crops became vital for survival. These primitive farmers, although ignorant ofthe natural principles at work, found that they could increase the yield and improve the taste of crops by selecting seeds fromparticularly desirable plants.Farmers long ago noted that they could improve each succeedingyear's harvest by using seed from only the best plants of the current crop. Plants that, for example, gave the highest yield, stayed the healthiest during periods of drought or disease, or were easiest to harvest tended to produce future generations with these same characteristics. Through several years of careful seed selection, farmers could maintain and strengthen such desirable traits.The possibilities for improving plants expanded as a result of Gregor Mendel's investigations in the mid-1860s of hereditary traits in peas. Once the genetic basis of heredity was understood, the benefits of cross-breeding, or hybridization, became apparent: plants with different desirable traits could be used to cultivate a later generation that combined these characteristics.An understanding of the scientific principles behind fermentation and crop improvement practices has come only in the last hundred years. But the early, crude techniques, even without the benefit of sophisticated laboratories and automated equipment, were a true practice of biotechnology guiding natural processes to improve man's physical and economic well-being.Harnessing Microbes for HealthEvery student of chemistry knows the shape of a Buchner funnel, but they may be unaware that the distinguished German scientist it was named after made the vital discovery (in 1897) that enzymes extracted from yeast are effective in converting sugar into alcohol. Major outbreaks of disease in overcrowded industrial cities led eventually to the introduction, in the early years of the present century, of large-scale sewage purification systems based on microbial activity. By this time it had proved possible to generate certain key industrial chemicals (glycerol, acetone, and butanol) using bacteria.Another major beneficial legacy of early 20th century biotechnology was the discovery by Alexander Fleming (in 1928) of penicillin, an antibiotic derived from the mold Penicillium. Large-scale production of penicillin was achieved in the 1940s. However, the revolution in understanding the chemical basis of cell function that stemmed from the post-war emergence of molecular biology was stillto come. It was this exciting phase of bioscience that led to the recent explosive development ofbiotechnology.Lesson 3 Brief History of BiotechnologyBiotechnology seems to be leading a sudden new biological revolution. It has brought us to the brink of a world of "engineered" products that are based in the natural world rather than on chemical and industrial processes.Biotechnology has been described as "Janus-faced." This implies that there are two sides. On one, techniques allow DNA to be manipulated to move genes from one organism to another. On the other, it involves relatively new technologies whose consequences are untested and should be met with caution. The term "biotechnology" was coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky, an Hungarian engineer. At that time, the term meant all the lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living organisms. Ereky envisioned a biochemical age similar to the stone and iron ages.A common misconception among teachers is the thought that biotechnology includes only DNA and genetic engineering. To keep students abreast of current knowledge, teachers sometimes have emphasized the techniques of DNA science as the "end-and-all" of biotechnology. This trend has also led to a misunderstanding in the general population. Biotechnology is NOT new. Man has been manipulating living things to solve problems and improve his way of life for millennia. Early agriculture concentrated on producing food. Plants and animals were selectively bred, and microorganisms were used to make food items such as beverages, cheese, and bread.The late eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century saw the advent of vaccinations, crop rotation involving leguminous crops, and animal drawn machinery. The end of the nineteenth century was a milestone of biology. Microorganisms were discovered, Mendel's work on genetics was accomplished, and institutes forinvestigating fermentation and other microbial processes were established by Koch, Pasteur, and Lister.Biotechnology at the beginning of the twentieth century began to bring industry and agriculture together. During World War I, fermentation processes were developed that produced acetone from starch and paint solvents for the rapidly growing automobile industry. Work in the 1930s was geared toward using surplus agricultural products to supply industry instead of imports or petrochemicals. The advent of World War II brought the manufacture of penicillin. The biotechnical focus moved to pharmaceuticals.The "cold war" years were dominated by work with microorganisms in preparation for biological warfare, as well as antibiotics and fermentation processes.Biotechnology is currently being used in many areas including agriculture, bioremediation, food processing, and energy production. DNA fingerprinting is becoming a common practice in forensics. Similar techniques were used recently to identify the bones of the last Czar of Russia and several members of his family. Production of insulin and other medicines is accomplished through cloning of vectors that now carry the chosen gene. Immunoassays are used not only in medicine for drug level and pregnancy testing, but also by farmers to aid in detection of unsafe levels of pesticides, herbicides, and toxins on crops and in animal products. These assays also provide rapid fieldtests for industrial chemicals in ground water, sediment, and soil. Inagriculture, genetic engineering is being used to produce plants that are resistant to insects, weeds, and plant diseases.A current agricultural controversy involves the tomato. A recent article in the New Yorker magazine compared the discovery of the edible tomato that came about by early biotechnology with the new "Flavr-Savr" tomato brought about through modern techniques. In the very near future, you will be given the opportunity to bite into the Flavr-Savr tomato, the first food created by the use of recombinant DNA technology ever to go on sale.What will you think as you raise the tomato to your mouth? Will you hesitate? This moment may be for you as it was for Robert Gibbon Johnson in 1820 on the steps of the courthouse in Salem, New Jersey. Prior to this moment, the tomato was widely believed to be poisonous. As a large crowd watched, Johnson consumed two tomatoes and changed forever the human-tomato relationship. Since that time, man has sought to produce the supermarket tomato with that "backyard flavor." Americans also want that tomato available year-round.New biotechnological techniques have permitted scientists to manipulate desired traits. Prior to the advancement of the methods of recombinant DNA, scientists were limited to the techniques of their time - cross-pollination, selective breeding, pesticides, and herbicides. Today's biotechnology has its "roots" in chemistry, physics, andbiology . The explosion in techniques has resulted in three majorbranches of biotechnology: genetic engineering, diagnostic techniques, and cell/tissue techniques.Lesson 4 Dogma, DNA, and EnzymesThe Central DogmaThough it comes as no surprise that the composition of DNA between different organisms is different, it is not immediately obvious why the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells of any one particular vertebrate are so different in their structure and composition when the DNA of every one of their cells is identical. This is the key to one of the most exciting areas of modern cell biology. In different cell types, different sets of the total number of genes (genome) are expressed. In other words, different regions of the DNA are "active" in the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells.To understand how this difference in DNA activity can lead to differences in cell structure and composition, it is necessary to consider what is often known as the central dogma of molecular biology: "DNA makes RNA makes protein." In molecular terms, a gene is thatportion of DNA that encodes for a single protein. The dictum "one gene makes one protein" has required some modification with the discoverythat some proteins are composed of several different polypeptide chains, but the "one gene makes one polypeptide" rule does hold.DNA Contains the Blueprint for all Cell ProteinsMessenger RNA is a precise copy (transcript) of the coded sequenceof nucleic acid bases in DNA, and this message is translated into aunique protein molecule on specialist organelles (ribosomes) present in the cytoplasm of all cells. Proteins, which are largely made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (0), and nitrogen (N), are constructed from 20 different, common amino acids. The versatility of proteins, the workhorse molecules of the cell, stems from the immense variety of molecular shapes that can be created by linking amino acids together in different sequences. The smaller proteins consist of only a few dozen amino acids, whereas the larger ones may contain in excess of 200 amino acids, all linked together in a linear chain by peptide bonds.As the proteins are released from the ribosome, they fold intounique shapes, under the influence of chemical forces that depend on the particular sequence of amino acids. So the protein primary sequence, encoded in the gene and faithfully transcribed and translated into an amino acid chain, determines the three-dimensional structure of the emerging molecule. The human body possesses some 30,000 different kinds of proteins and several million copies of many of these. Each plays a specific role - for example, hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood, actin and myosin interact to generate muscle movement, and acetylcholine receptor molecules mediate chemical transmission between nerve and muscle cells.Enzymes - Protein BiocatalystsAn essential group of proteins - the enzymes - act as biological catalysts and regulate all aspects of cell metabolism. They enable breakdown of high-energy food molecules (carbohydrates) to provideenergy for biological reactions, and they control the synthetic pathways that result in the generation of lipids (e.g., fats, cholesterol, and other vital membrane components), carbohydrates (sugars, starch, and cellulose - the key components of plant cell walls), and many vital small biomolecules essential for cell function.Though grouped together for their capacity to speed up chemical reactions that would proceed only very slowly at room temperature, different classes of enzymes vary greatly in their structure and function. Most cells contain about a thousand different enzymes, each capable of catalyzing a unique chemical reaction.Lesson 5 Polymerase Chain Reaction - Xeroxing DNAWho would have thought a bacterium hanging out in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park would spark a revolutionary new laboratory technique? The polymerase chain reaction, now widely used in research laboratories and doctor's offices, relies on the ability of DNA-copying enzymes to remain stable at high temperatures. No problem for Thermus aquaticus, the sultry bacterium from Yellowstone thatnow helps scientists produce millions of copies of a single DNA segment in a matter of hours.In nature, most organisms copy their DNA in the same way. The PCR mimics this process, only it does it in a test tube. When any cell divides, enzymes called polymerases make a copy of all the DNA in each chromosome. The first step in this process is to "unzip" the two DNAchains of the double helix. As the two strands separate, DNA polymerase makes a copy using each strand as a template.The four nucleotide bases, the building blocks of every piece of DNA, are represented by the letters A, C, G, and T, which stand for their chemical names: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. The A on one strand always pairs with the T on the other, whereas C always pairs with G. The two strands are said to be complementary to each other.To copy DNA, polymerase requires two other components: a supply ofthe four nucleotide bases and something called a primer. DNA polymerases, whether from humans, bacteria, or viruses, cannot copy a chain of DNA without a short sequence of nucleotides to "prime" the process, or getit started. So the cell has another enzyme called a primase thatactually makes the first few nucleotides of the copy. This stretch of DNA is called a primer. Once the primer is made, the polymerase can take over making the rest of the new chain.A PCR vial contains all the necessary components for DNA duplication: a piece of DNA, large quantities of the four nucleotides, largequantities of the primer sequence, and DNA polymerase. The polymerase is the Taq polymerase, named for Thermus aquaticus, from which it was isolated.The three parts of the polymerase chain reaction are carried out in the same vial, but at different temperatures. The first part of the process separates the two DNA chains in the double helix. This is donesimply by heating the vial to 90-95 degrees centigrade (about 165 degrees Fahrenheit) for 30 seconds.But the primers cannot bind to the DNA strands at such a high temperature, so the vial is cooled to 55 degrees C (about 100 degrees F). At this temperature, the primers bind or "anneal" to the ends of the DNA strands. This takes about 20 seconds.The final step of the reaction is to make a complete copy of the templates. Since the Taq polymerase works best at around 75 degrees C (the temperature of the hot springs where the bacterium was discovered), the temperature of the vial is raised.The Taq polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the primer and eventually makes a complementary copy of the template. If the template contains an A nucleotide, the enzyme adds on a T nucleotide to the primer. If the template contains a G, it adds a C to the new chain, and so on to the end of the DNA strand. This completes one PCR cycle.The three steps in the polymerase chain reaction - the separation of the strands, annealing the primer to the template, and the synthesis of new strands - take less than two minutes. Each is carried out in the same vial. At the end of a cycle, each piece of DNA in the vial has been duplicated.But the cycle can be repeated 30 or more times. Each newlysynthesized DNA piece can act as a new template, so after 30 cycles, 1 billion copies of a single piece of DNA can be produced! Taking intoaccount the time it takes to change the temperature of the reaction vial, 1 million copies can be ready in about three hours.PCR is valuable to researchers because it allows them to multiply unique regions of DNA so that they can be detected in large genomes. Researchers in the Human Genome Project are using PCR to look for markers in cloned DNA segments and to order DNA fragments in libraries.Lesson 6 Monoclonal Antibody TechnologySubstances foreign to the body, such as disease-causing bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents, known as antigens, are recognizedby the body's immune system as invaders. Our natural defenses against these infectious agents are antibodies, proteins that seek out the antigens and help destroy them.Antibodies have two very useful characteristics. First, they are extremely specific; that is, each antibody binds to and attacks one particular antigen. Second, some antibodies, once activated by the occurrence of a disease, continue to confer resistance against that disease; classic examples are the antibodies to the childhood diseases chickenpox and measles.The second characteristic of antibodies makes it possible to develop vaccines. A vaccine is a preparation of killed or weakened bacteria or viruses that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the productionof antibodies against the antigens it contains.It is the first trait of antibodies, their specificity, that makes monoclonal antibody technology so valuable. Not only can antibodies beused therapeutically, to protect against disease; they can also help to diagnose a wide variety of illnesses, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the blood.Given such a diversity of uses for these disease-fighting substances, their production in pure quantities has long been the focus ofscientific investigation. The conventional method was to inject a laboratory animal with an antigen and then, after antibodies had been formed, collect those antibodies from the blood serum (antibody-containing blood serum is called antiserum). There are two problems with this method: It yields antiserum that contains undesired substances, and it provides a very small amount of usable antibody.Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large amounts of pure antibodies in the following way: We can obtain cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture. If we form a hybrid that combines the characteristic of "immortality" with the ability to produce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a factory toproduce antibodies that worked around the clock.In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a "hybridoma," which will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell, the hybridoma cell; antibodies producedby conventional methods, on the other hand, are derived from preparations containing many kinds of cells, and hence are called polyclonal. An example of how monoclonal antibodies are derived is described below.A myeloma is a tumor of the bone marrow that can be adapted to grow permanently in cell culture. When myeloma cells were fused withantibody-producing mammalian spleen cells, it was found that the resulting hybrid cells, or hybridomas, produced large amounts of monoclonal antibody. This product of cell fusion combined the desired qualities of the two different types of cells: the ability to grow continually, and the ability to produce large amounts of pure antibody.Because selected hybrid cells produce only one specific antibody, they are more pure than the polyclonal antibodies produced by conventional techniques. They are potentially more effective than conventional drugs in fighting disease, since drugs attack not only the foreign substance but the body's own cells as well, sometimes producing undesirable side effects such as nausea and allergic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies attack the target molecule and only the target molecule, with no or greatly diminished side effects.Lesson 7 The Human Genome ProjectSince the beginning of time, people have yearned to explore the unknown, chart where they have been, and contemplate what they have found. The maps we make of these treks enable the next explorers to push ever farther the boundaries of our knowledge - about the earth, the sea,the sky, and indeed, ourselves. On a new quest to chart the innermost reaches of the human cell, scientists have now set out on biology's most important mapping expedition: the Human Genome Project.Its mission is to identify the full set of genetic instructions contained inside our cells and to read the complete text written in the language of the hereditary chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). As part of this international project, biologists, chemists, engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians, and other scientists will work together to plot out several types of biological maps that will enable researchers to find their way through the labyrinth of molecules that define the physical traits of a human being.Packed tightly into nearly every one of the several trillion body cells is a complete copy of the human "genome" - all the genes that make up the master blueprint for building a man or woman. One hundred thousand or so genes sequestered inside the nucleus of each cell are parceled among the 46 sausage-shaped genetic structures known as chromosomes.New maps developed through the Human Genome Project will enable researchers to pinpoint specific genes on our chromosomes. The most detailed map will allow scientists to decipher the genetic instructions encoded in the estimated 3 billion base pairs of nucleotide bases that make up human DNA. Analysis of this information, likely to continue throughout much of the 21st century, will revolutionize our understanding of how genes control the functions of the human body. Thisknowledge will provide new strategies to diagnose, treat, and possibly prevent human diseases. It will help explain the mysteries of embryonic development and give us important insights into our evolutionary past.The development of gene-splicing techniques over the past 20 years has given scientists remarkable opportunities to understand the molecular basis of how a cell functions, not only in disease, but in everyday activities as well. Using these techniques, scientists have mapped out the genetic molecules, or genes, that control many life processes in common microorganisms. Continued improvement of these biotechniques has allowed researchers to begin to develop maps of human chromosomes, which containmany more times the amount of genetic information than those of microorganisms. Though still somewhat crude, these maps have led to the discovery of some important genes.By the mid-1980s, rapid advances in chromosome mapping and other DNA techniques led many scientists to consider mapping all 46 chromosomes in the very large human genome. Detailed, standardized maps of all human chromosomes and knowledge about the nucleotide sequence of human DNAwill enable scientists to find and study the genes involved in human diseases much more efficiently and rapidly than has ever been possible. This new effort - the Human Genome Project - is expected to take 15 years to complete and consists of two major components. The first - creating maps of the 23 pairs of chromosomes - should be completed in the first 5 to 10 years. The second component - sequencing the DNA。
生物工程专业英语ppt课件
acetic 【 ə‘sitɪk 】酸的，醋酸的
acetic acid 乙酸
butanol 【 ‘bjutə,nol 】丁醇
acetone【 ‘æsə,ton 】丙酮 contaminate【 kən‘tæmə,net 】污染、毒害
我们无法确定这些微生物生产过程的出现是源于 偶然还是主观实验，但其进一步不断发展的早期 实例证明了人类能够利用微生物的生命活动来满 足自己的需要。
reliant 【 rɪ‘laɪənt 】依赖、依靠 proportion 【 prə‘porʃən 】比例、比率
humble 【‘hʌmb! 】低下的、卑微的 origin【‘ɔrədʒɪn】起源
其他的微生物过程，如奶酪和酸奶等发酵 乳制品的生产，以及酱油和豆豉等各种东 方食品的生产，都同样有悠久的历史。
Of more rencent introduction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii-ta-ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.
formulate 【‘fɔ:mjuleit 】确切地阐述，
用公式表示
Anton van Leeuwenhoek安东尼·列文虎
克，荷兰博物学家，显微镜创造者
The recognition that these processes were being affected by living organisms, yeasts, was not formulated until the 17th century, by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
生物工程专业英语单词
糖
sugar
tRNA
transferRNA
酶
enzyme
溶酶体
lysosome
R基
R-Group
细胞核
nucleus
生物体
organism
胰腺
pancreas
小分子
micromolecule
专业的；特化
specialized
有机物
organic
大分子
macromolecule
细胞器
organelle
电子
electron
延长、拉长
elongate
染色
stain
原子核
nucleus
完全相同的
identical
瘫痪
paralysis
复制、折叠
replicate
外显子
exon
杂交
hybridization
藻类
algae
内含子
intron
合成
synthetic
流行病学
epidemiology
终止子
terminator
遗传
inheritance
密码子
codon
固氮
fix nitrogen
相互作用
interaction
三联密码子
triplet
酿
brewing
核苷酸碱基
nucleotidebases
内质网
endoplasmic reticulum
A
Adenine
氨基酸
amino acid
杂种
mule
T
Thymine
简并性
生物工程专业英语
acid酸acidify酸性actinomycete放线菌adapability适应性adjunct辅助剂adjunctive therapy辅助治疗adsorbeacid酸acidify酸性actinomycete放线菌adapability适应性adjunct辅助剂adjunctive therapy辅助治疗adsorbent吸附剂adsorption吸附aeration通气，通风agar琼脂agarose gel琼脂糖凝胶agitation搅动alcohol醇，乙醇alga海藻algae（复）藻类alkalinity碱性amio氨基的ammonium铵amply扩增amylase淀粉酶anaerobe厌氧的analog类似物analogue类似物antibiotic抗生素antibiotic resistance抗生素抗性antibody抗体antifoam消泡剂antigen抗原apparatus仪器，器械archeologist考古学家aseptic无菌的bacterial细菌的bacteriophage噬菌体base pair碱基对batch一次生产量biodegredable可降解的bioinformatics生物信息学biomolecule生物分子biosensor生物传感器botany植物学brew酿造broth肉汤，发酵液bubble column bioreacter鼓泡塔式反应器buffer缓冲液，缓冲calcium钙carbohydrate碳水化合物carbonate碳酸盐catabolic分解代谢的cellulase纤维素酶cellulose纤维素centrfugal离心的，离心机centrifugation离心法，离心centrifuge离心机chemostat恒化器chitin几丁质chloroplast叶绿体chromatography色谱chromosome染色体citric acid柠檬酸clarification澄清clone克隆clone library克隆文库cloning vector克隆载体coefficient系数colony菌落colorimeter比色计comparison比较，对照complementrary互补的component成分，组分composition组成compound化合物concentration浓缩，浓度conformation构象contamination污染，污染物crystallisation结晶化decomposition分解，腐烂decontaminate净化deficient缺乏的degrade降解，降级deplete使衰竭，耗尽deposite沉淀物，沉淀detoxification解毒devoid缺乏的dextran葡萄糖diameter直径digest消化，酶切diluent稀释的，稀释液dilute稀释dilution稀释disintegrant崩解剂disintegration瓦解dissociate解里，游离dissolve溶解double helix双螺旋double stranded双链的downcomer下流管，溢流管，液降duplicate使重复，复制electrophoresis电泳enzyme酶eradication根除eukaryote真核细胞exaggerate使增大，使夸大exceed超过，胜过expertise专门技术expression vector表达载体extracellular细胞外的fabricate虚构，制作，伪造feedback反馈fermentation发酵fermenter发酵罐filter过滤，过滤器filtration过滤flask烧瓶。
生物工程专业英语单词
生物降解
bioremediation
启动子
promoter
同时地
simultaneously
防腐剂
preservative
转录
transcription
噬菌体
bacteriophage
洗涤剂
detergent
翻译
translation
颗粒
particle
GMF
genetically modified food
遗传
inheritance
密码子
codon
固氮
fix nitrogen
相互作用
interaction
三联密码子
triplet
酿
brewing
核苷酸碱基
nucleotidebases
质网
endoplasmic reticulum
A
Adenine
氨基酸
amino acid
杂种
mule
T
Thymine
简并性
artificial ingredient
液态深层发酵罐
submerged fermentor
饮料
beverage
接种
inoculation
麦汁
wort
啤酒花
hop
不足的
deficient
探针
probe
酸
acid
碱
alkali
糖化
mashing
液态发酵LSF
liquid-state fermentation
derive
谷物
cereal
引物
primer
生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译
生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
生物工程专业英语期末复习资料
单词：metabolic 新陈代谢的，fossil fuel 化石燃料，degrade 降解，fiber 纤维，cotton 棉花，wool 羊毛，hygienic 卫生的detergent 清洁剂，antibiotics 抗生素，component 组分，biodegradability 生物可降解性，intrinsic 固有的，perturb 扰动，thermochemistry 热化学，Biocatalysis 生物催化，enzyme 酶，genetics 遗传学，methodology 方法学，cellular 细胞的，extracellular 胞外的，isotope 同位素，Biotin 生物素，antibiotic 抗生素，penicillin 青霉素,2-oxoglutarate a酮戊二酸，trigger 引发，Flux 通量，transformant 转化株，plasmid 质粒，homologous 同源的，heterologous 异源的deficient 缺陷的，strain 菌株，sensitivity 灵敏度，steady state 稳态，infinitesimal 无穷小的，activity 活力，，mechanism 机制，attenuation 衰减，perturbation紊乱，kinetic 动力学的，glutamate 谷氨酸，composition 组分，medium培养基，perculture 预培养，deionize 去除离子，vitamin 维生素，soybean大豆，protein蛋白质，hydrolysate 水解产物，cholramphenicol 氯霉素，Kanamaycin 卡那霉素，batch 间歇式，fermentor发酵罐，dissolve溶解，oxygen 氧，concerntration浓度，agitation搅拌，revolution 旋转，aeration通气，buffer缓冲液，Sonication 超声波破碎法，supernatant上层液，absorption光吸收值，Branch point 分支点，glucose 葡萄糖，normalize 规格化，consumption 消耗，growth phas 生长期，specific activity 比活力，coefficient 系数，upstream 上游的，lysine 赖氨酸，inoculate 接种，agar 琼脂，bacteriophage 噬菌体，facultative兼性的，assimilate 吸收，saccharide糖类，fructose 果糖，ethanol乙醇，methanol甲醇，glycerol甘油，urea尿素，peptone蛋白胨，copper铜，aqueous水的，eluent 洗脱液，Phosphate 磷酸盐，redox 氧化还原，，modification修饰，host寄主，intermediate 中间体，respiration呼吸，consumption消耗，kinase激酶，isomerase异构酶，bisphophate 二磷酸盐，mass balance质量平衡，genome基因组，genomic基因组的，glycolysis糖消解，high throughput高通量，sequence测序仪，evolutionary进化的，tag标记，transcription转录，transduction传导，array阵列，proteomice蛋白组学，affinity亲和力，counterpart 对照物，amino acid氨基酸，promoter启动子，ligate链接，vector载体，plasmid质粒，base pair碱基对，homology同源性，codon密码子，excise切割下，primer引物，region区段，amplificatio 扩增，transform转化，template模板，strand链，SDS-PAGE十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，ORF coding 开放阅读框架编码，polymer聚合物，sterilize消毒，inoculate接种，batch fermentation间歇式发酵，continuous fermentation连续是发酵，recombinant重组子，secretion分泌，variant变体，in situ 原地，in vivo体内，ribosome核糖体，interface界面，crosslinking交联，entrapment包埋，encapsulation胶囊化，residue残基，cationic阳离子的，culture broth培养液，stabilization 稳定，hydrolytic水解的，actone丙酮，aromatic芳香族的，sediment沉淀，chiral 手性，pesticide 杀虫剂，aseptic无菌的，impair削弱，atringent严厉，shelf life贮存期，continuous stirred tank reactor连续搅拌釜式反应器，vessel容器，foam breaker 消泡器，condensate冷凝水，cascade control级联控制，ratio control 比率控制，feed forward control 前馈控制，parameter参数，carbon dioxide二氧化碳，hydrophilic polymers亲水聚合物，aqueous水质的，tissue组织，carbohydrate碳水化合物，density 密度，solubility溶解度，extraction萃取，centrifugation离心，filtration过滤，solvent溶剂，solute溶质，membrane 膜，adsorption吸附，evaporation 蒸发，sublimation 升华，vaporisation气化，dehydration 脱水，distillation蒸馏，latent heat潜热，streamlined层流的，turbulent湍流的，hyperfiltration 超滤，dialysis透析，electrophoresis电泳，flocculation絮凝，flotation浮选，milling碾碎，lysis细胞裂解，lipophilic亲脂的，crystallization结晶，chromatographic层析法的，heterotrophic 异养的，lag phase迟滞期，exponential growth phase指数期，stationary phase稳定期，deathphase衰亡期，specific growth rate比生长速率课后习题：1.以间歇式操作方式培养大肠杆菌XN-1。
生物工程专业英语期末复习资料
单词:metabolic 新陈代谢的,fossil fuel 化石燃料,degrade 降解,fiber 纤维,cotton 棉花,wool 羊毛,hygienic 卫生的detergent 清洁剂,antibiotics 抗生素,component 组分, biodegradability 生物可降解性,intrinsic 固有的,perturb 扰动,thermochemistry 热化学, Biocatalysis 生物催化,enzyme酶,genetics 遗传学,methodology 方法学,cellular 细胞的,extracellular 胞外的,isotope 同位素,Biotin 生物素,antibiotic 抗生素,penicillin 青霉素,2-oxoglutarate a酮戊二酸,trigger 引发, Flux 通量,transformant 转化株,plasmid 质粒,homologous 同源的,heterologous 异源的deficient 缺陷的,strain 菌株,sensitivity 灵敏度,steady state 稳态,infinitesimal 无穷小的, activity 活力,,mechanism 机制,attenuation 衰减,perturbation紊乱,kinetic 动力学的, glutamate 谷氨酸,composition 组分,medium培养基,perculture 预培养,deionize 去除离子,vitamin 维生素,soybean大豆,protein蛋白质,hydrolysate 水解产物,cholramphenicol 氯霉素,Kanamaycin 卡那霉素,batch 间歇式,fermentor发酵罐,dissolve溶解,oxygen 氧,concerntration浓度,agitation搅拌,revolution 旋转,aeration通气,buffer缓冲液,Sonication超声波破碎法,supernatant上层液,absorption光吸收值,Branch point 分支点,glucose 葡萄糖,normalize 规格化,consumption 消耗,growth phas 生长期,specific activity 比活力, coefficient 系数,upstream 上游的,lysine 赖氨酸,inoculate 接种,agar 琼脂,bacteriophage 噬菌体,facultative兼性的,assimilate 吸收,saccharide糖类,fructose 果糖,ethanol乙醇, methanol甲醇,glycerol甘油,urea尿素,peptone蛋白胨,copper铜,aqueous水的,eluent洗脱液,Phosphate 磷酸盐,redox 氧化还原,,modification修饰,host寄主,intermediate 中间体,respiration呼吸,consumption消耗,kinase激酶,isomerase异构酶,bisphophate 二磷酸盐,mass balance质量平衡,genome基因组,genomic基因组的,glycolysis糖消解, high throughput高通量,sequence测序仪,evolutionary进化的,tag标记,transcription转录, transduction传导,array阵列,proteomice蛋白组学,affinity亲和力,counterpart 对照物, amino acid氨基酸,promoter启动子,ligate链接,vector载体,plasmid质粒,base pair碱基对,homology同源性,codon密码子,excise切割下,primer引物,region区段,amplificatio 扩增,transform转化,template模板,strand链,SDS-PAGE十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,ORF coding 开放阅读框架编码,polymer聚合物,sterilize消毒,inoculate接种, batch fermentation间歇式发酵,continuous fermentation连续是发酵,recombinant重组子, secretion分泌,variant变体,in situ 原地,in vivo体内,ribosome核糖体,interface界面, crosslinking交联,entrapment包埋,encapsulation胶囊化,residue残基,cationic阳离子的, culture broth培养液,stabilization 稳定,hydrolytic 水解的,actone丙酮,aromatic芳香族的, sediment沉淀,chiral 手性,pesticide 杀虫剂,aseptic无菌的,impair削弱,atringent严厉, shelf life贮存期,continuous stirred tank reactor连续搅拌釜式反应器,vessel容器,foam breaker 消泡器,condensate冷凝水,cascade control级联控制,ratio control 比率控制,feed forward control 前馈控制,parameter参数,carbon dioxide二氧化碳,hydrophilic polymers亲水聚合物,aqueous水质的,tissue组织,carbohydrate碳水化合物,density 密度,solubility溶解度, extraction萃取,centrifugation离心,filtration过滤,solvent溶剂,solute溶质,membrane 膜,adsorption吸附,evaporation 蒸发,sublimation 升华,vaporisation气化,dehydration 脱水,distillation蒸馏,latent heat潜热,streamlined层流的,turbulent湍流的,hyperfiltration 超滤,dialysis透析,electrophoresis电泳,flocculation絮凝,flotation浮选,milling碾碎, lysis细胞裂解,lipophilic亲脂的,crystallization结晶,chromatographic层析法的,heterotrophic 异养的,lag phase迟滞期,exponential growth phase指数期,stationary phase稳定期,deathphase衰亡期,specific growth rate比生长速率课后习题:1.以间歇式操作方式培养大肠杆菌XN-1。
生物工程专业英语单词
链球菌
streptoccus
原生质体
cytoplasm
微生物
Microbe(s)
杆菌
bacillus
细胞壁
cell wall
Microorganism
弧菌
vibrio
染色体
chromosome
肉眼
Unaided eye
螺旋杆菌
spirillum
核糖体
ribosome
生态系统
ecosystem
新陈代谢
synthesis
生物降解
bioremediation
启动子
promoter
同时地
simultaneously
防腐剂
preservative
转录
transcription
噬菌体
bacteriophage
洗涤剂
detergent
翻译
translation
颗粒
particle
GMF
genetically modified food
derive
谷物
cereal
引物
primer
表明；指出
indicate
豆类
legume
互补
complementary
分离
isolate
穗
panicle
序列
sequence
扩增
amplification
生理盐水
saline
单倍体
hyploid
载体
vector
胆固醇
chloesterol
双倍体
diploid
前体物
precursor
生物工程专业英语单词
precursor
裂解性噬菌体
lytic cycle
机制，机理
mechanism
膳食纤维
dietary fiber
溶源性噬菌体
lysogenic cycle
传统的
conventional
生物多样性
biodiversity
衣壳
capsid
合成，混合
compound
耕种
tillage
成熟
maturation
毒力
virulence
氯
chlorine
病原微生物
pathogen
稀释
attenuation
钠
sodium
肠道的
entero
消毒
sterilization
分裂
fission
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
硫酸
Sulfuricacid
TCA
Tricarboxylic acid
反转录PCR
reverse transcriptase PCR
最适条件
optimal condition
实时定量PCR
Realtime PCR
性状
trait
RNA剪切
RNA slicing
核酸
nucleic acid
遗传学
heredity/genetic
糖主链
sugar backbone
育种
breeding
synthesis
生物降解
bioremediation
启动子
promoter
生物工程专业英语整理
单词整理a- 不，非aseptic 无菌的；apolar 非极性的；asymmetercal 不对称的ab- 去，离开，脱离abnormal 反常的；abuse 滥用；abduct 外展神经aceto- 乙酰acetolactate 乙酰乳酸；acetyl 乙酰（基）；acetyl phosphate 乙酰磷酸actino- 光线，射线，放线菌acrinomycin 放线菌；actinometer 化学光度计acyl- 酰基acyltransferase 转酰基酶aden(o)- 腺adenovirus 腺病毒aer(o)- 空气的aerobic 需氧的；aeration 通气agro- 土壤；农业agrochemical 农用化学品；agronomical 农艺学的amidino- 脒基amidinotransferase 转脒基酶amylo- 淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉；amylose 直链淀粉；amyloplastid 造粉粒an- 不，非anaerobic 厌氧的；analgesic 止痛的；anapepsia 胃蛋白酶缺乏ane- 烷methane 甲烷anti- 反对，对抗，取消，抑制，解除antagonistic 对抗的；antibody 抗体；antigen 抗原angio- 血管angiogenin 血管生成素；angioma 血管瘤aut(o)- 自己的，自动的autotroptic 自养的；autonomous 自发的；autosensitization 自身致敏bio- 生物的biochemistry 生物化学；bioamine 生物胺；biocatalyst 生物催化剂bromo- 溴的5-bromouracil 5-溴尿嘧啶bis- 双，二bisexualism 雌雄异体；bisphenols 双酚类brady- 缓慢hradycardia 心动过缓；bradykinin 缓激肽carb(o)- 碳的carbodiimide 碳二亚胺；carbohydrate 碳水化合物carboxy(l) 羧基carboxy methylcellulose 羧甲基纤维素carcin(o)- 癌carcinogen 致癌物cardio- 心脏cardiotonic 强心的cent(i)- 一百的，百分之一的，厘century 世纪；centimeter 厘米；centimorgan 厘摩chemo- 化学chemoautotrophy 化能自养；chemosynthesis 化能合成；chemoattractant 化学引诱物chlor- 氯，绿chloramphenicol 氯霉素；chlorobenzene 氯苯；chloroplast 叶绿体chrom(o)- (chromat(o)-) 颜色chromatid 染色单体；chromosome 染色体；chromatography 色谱法cis- 顺cistrion 顺反子；cis regulation 顺式调节；cis-isomer 顺式异构体co- 一起，共同cooperate 合作；coincide 重合；cognate 同源的con- (col-,com-,cor-)连同，一起complexant 络合剂；concentrate 集中；combine 结合contra- 反对，相反contrast 对照；contrary 相反的；contrasuppression 反抑制counter- 反，逆couner-circulation 逆向循环；counter-ecolution 逆进化；counter receptor 反受体cryo- 寒冷，冷冻cryopreservation 冷冻保藏；cryogen 冷冻剂；cryophile 适寒性cyano- 青，蓝，氰cyanobacteria 蓝细菌；cyanocobalamin 氰钴胺素；cyanogen bromide 溴化氰de- 否定，除去，离开，降低，脱debug 排除故障；deceleration 降速；degeneration 退化deca- 十，葵decahedron 十面体；decane 葵烷；decamer 十聚体deoxy- 脱氧deoxycytosine 脱氧胞嘧啶di- 二，二倍，二重diploid 二倍体；dimer 二聚体；divinylbenzene 二乙烯苯dia- 横穿diameter 直径；dialysis 透析；diaphragm 隔膜dis- 否定，分离disintegration 破碎；disagree 不同意；dissemination 散播dodeca- 十二dodecahedron十二面体；dodecane 十二烷；dodecamer 十二聚体eco- 生态，居处，宿主ecogentics 生态遗传学；ecology 生态学；ecomone 生态信息素ectoblast 外胚层；ectohormone 外激素；ectodomain 胞外结构electr(o)- 电electrodialysis 电渗析en-(em-) 使成为，置于……中enable 能够；encode 编码；embed 包埋end(o)- 内endergonic 吸能的；endospore 内生孢子enol 烯醇phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸enter(o)- 肠enteroacteria 肠细菌；enterobactin 肠杆菌素；enterocyte 肠细胞epi- 表；变化epichlorohydrin 表氯醇；epimerase 差向异构体酶；epithelial cell 上皮细胞erythr(o)- 红，赤erythrose 赤藓糖；erythromycin 红霉素；erythrocyte 红细胞eu- 真正eukaryote 真核生物；eukaryocyte 真核细胞；eubacteria 真细菌e(x)- 向外，超出，完全，彻底explant 外植体；elongate 拉长；evaluate 评价ex(o)- 外，在外，产生exothermic 放热的；exergonic 放能的；exogenous gene 外源基因extra- 超出extracellular 胞外的；extract 抽提物；extracellular virus 胞外病毒ferri- 高铁ferricytochrome 高铁细胞色素；ferritin 铁蛋白；ferridoxin 铁氧还原蛋白ferro- 亚铁ferrocytochrome 亚铁细胞色素；ferroheme 血红素；ferrochelatase 亚铁螯合酶flavanol 黄烷酮；flavin 黄素；flavone 黄酮fluoro- 氟基，氟代，荧光fluorochrome 荧光染料；fluoroacetate 氟乙酸；fluorometer 荧光剂formyl- 甲酰formyltetrahydrofolate 甲酰四氢叶酸；formyl 甲酰基；formylation 甲酰化geo 土地geographical barrier 地理障碍；geographical isolation 地理隔离；geosmin 土腥味素glyc(o)- 糖glycoprotein 糖蛋白hem(o,a)-,haem(o,a)-,haemat(o)-血的hemoglobin 血红蛋白；haemagglutinin 血凝素；haem 血红素hemi- 半hemicellulase 半纤维素；hemizygote 半合子；hemiacetal 半缩醛heter(o)- 异，杂，异种heterogeneous 异质的，不均一的；heterotrophic 异养的；heteroantigen 异种抗原hepato- 肝hepatocarcinoma 肝癌；hepatocyte 肝细胞；hepatotoxin 肝脏毒素homeo- 同源，同祖homeotic gene 同源异形基因hom(o)- 相同homogeneous 同质的，均一的；homologous 同源的；homoeosis 同源异形hydr(o)- 水，液体，氢hydrocarbon 烃；hydrocolloid 水胶体；hydrobios 水生生物hydroxy(l) 羟基hydroxyapatite 羟磷灰石；hydroxylase 羟化酶hyper- 超出，过度hyperfiltration 反渗透；hypertension 高血压hypo- 低，（过）少sodium hypochlorite 次氯酸钠；hypoblast 下胚层；hypoimmunity 低免疫性imino- 亚胺基iminodiacetic acid 亚胺基二乙酸immuno- 免疫immunogenic 致免疫的；immunoassay 免疫分析in-(il-,im-,ir-)不，无；在内，入内insoluble 不能溶解的；insuperable 不能克服的；impermeable 不能渗透的infra- 下面，内部infrastructure 基础结构；infrared 红外线的inter- 相互，在……之间interact 相互作用；intergeneric 属间的；inter-particle 颗粒间的intra- 在内，向内intraspecific 种内的；intra-particle 颗粒内的；intravenous 进入静脉的iodo- 碘基，碘代iodometry 碘量法；iodouracil 碘尿嘧啶；iodoacetic acid 碘乙酸iso- 同，等，异isomer 同分异构体；isomerase 异构酶；isobutyl 异丁基kary(o)- 核，细胞核karyology 胞核学keto- 酮基ketohexulose 酮己酮糖；keto acid 酮酸；ketoamin 酮胺lacto- 乳lactobacillus 乳杆菌属；lactogen 催乳素；lactoglobulin 乳球蛋白leuco- 白，无色的leucocyte 白细胞lipo- 脂lipoprotein 脂蛋白；lipoxygenase 脂氧合酶lympho- 淋巴lymphocyte 淋巴细胞macro- 大的，宏观的macromolecule 大分子；macroporous 大孔的mal- 不当，不良malabsorption 吸收不良；malassimulation 同化不全；malnutrition 营养不良megal(o)- 巨大cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒mercapto- 巯基β-mercaptoethylamine β-巯基乙胺meso- 内消旋；中（间）meso inositol 内消旋肌醇；mesophilic 嗜温的meth- 甲基methacrylate 甲基丙烯酸methyl 甲基methyltroph 甲基营养菌micro- 微，微小的microscope 显微镜；microcarrier 微载体；microbe 微生物mono- 一，单，单一monoclonal 单克隆的；monolayer 单层multi- 多，多方面multistage 多级；multicellularity 多细胞性；myco- 真菌mycolytic 溶真菌的；mycotoxin 真菌毒素；mycoprotein 真菌蛋白myelo- 髓鞘，髓myeloblast 成髓细胞；myelocyte 髓细胞；myeloma 骨髓瘤myo- 肌myoalbumin 肌白蛋白；myoblast 成肌细胞；myocyte 肌细胞nano- 纳nanobacteria 微小细菌；nanosecond 纳秒；nanotechnology 纳米技术neo- 新neocarcinostatin 新制癌菌素；neocerebellum 新小脑；neomycin 新霉素neur(o)- 神经neural 神经的；neurotoxin 神经毒素nitro- 硝基nitrofuran 硝基呋喃；nitroalkane 硝基烷；nitrobacteria 硝化细菌nucle(o)- 核nucleoside 核苷；nucleophilic 亲核的non- 非，无，不non-newtonian fluid 非牛顿型流体；non-aqueous solution 非水溶液nor- 去甲，正noradrenalin 去甲肾上腺素；normal 正常，正交；normocyte 正红细胞over- 在上面，超过，过overshooting 过调节；overview 简明概述；overcooled 过冷的oligo- 寡oligosaccharide 寡糖，低聚糖onco- 肿瘤oncogene 致癌基因ovo- 卵ovocenter 卵中心体；ovorubin 卵红蛋白；ovum 卵细胞oxalo- 草酰，乙二酸-酰基oxalo acetate 草酰乙酸oxy- 氧；羟基deoxyguanosine 脱氧鸟苷；oxytetracycline 土霉素；oxyproline 羟脯氨酸path(o)- 病pathogen 病原菌para- 旁（位），对（位），副parabronchus 复支气管；parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺；paraoxon 对氧磷peri- 周，周围perimeter 周长；periplasmic space 周质间隙；periblast 胚周区per- 过peroxisome 过氧化质体phenyl 苯基phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸phospho- 磷酸基phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶phosphoryl- 磷酰基phosphorylation 磷酸化作用phyto- 植物phytoalexin 植物抗毒素；phytology 植物学；phytoplankton 浮游植物plasm(o)- 原生质，血浆plasmolemma 质膜pleio- 多pleiotropic 多效的；pleioxeny 多主寄生；pleiotropy 多效性poly- 多，聚polysaccharide 多糖；polystyrene 聚苯乙烯；polyacid 多酸post- 后post-transcriptional modification 转录后修饰作用；post-exponential growth phase 后对数生长期pre- 前，在前premature 过早的；precursor 前体；premise 前提pro- 原，前prokaryote 原核生物；prostate 前列腺proteo- 蛋白proteolipid 蛋白脂质；proteome 蛋白质组；proteolysis 蛋白酶解proto- 原始，初prototype 原型；protoplast 原生质体pseud(o)- 假的pseudo-plastic fluid 假塑性流体；psudodominance 假显性；pseudohypha 假菌丝pyro- 焦，火，热pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶；pyrogen 热源；progenic exotoxin 热源性外毒素quasi- 类似，准quasi-homogeneous 准均匀的radio- 辐射，放射autoradiography 放射自显影；radiotracer 放射性示踪物；radiology 放射学re- 再，重新，反复recirculation 循环；reversion 回复；reactivity 反应性retro- 后，向后，回复retrovirus 逆转录病毒ribo- 核糖riboflavin 核黄素；ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸；ribonucleotide 核糖核苷酸self- 自身的self-fertilization 自体受精semi- 半，部分semi-permeable membrane 半透膜；semi-synthetic 半合成的；semiconservative replication 半保留复制sero- 血清serological 血清学；seroconversion 血清转变soma- 体soma 体质，胞体；somatic cell 体细胞；somatization 体部分化somato- 生长somatocrinin 生长素释放肽；somatotroph 促生长素细胞；somatotropin 促生长素，生长激素sub- 下面，次于，近于subcellular 亚细胞的；subunit 亚基；subdivide 再分super- 上，上面，超，超级superior 上面的；supernatant 上清液的syn-(sym-) 共同，合synchronize 同步；symbiosis 共生现象；synergistic 协同作用的techn(o)- 技术，工艺technology 技术（学），工艺学；technique 技术therm(o)- 热thermistor 热敏电阻；themometer 温度计thi(o)- 硫，硫代thiamine 硫胺素；thioacylation 硫代酰化；thiokinase 硫激酶thym(o)- 胸腺thymosin 胸腺素toti- 全，全部，整个totipotency 全能性trans- 横穿，通过，转移transformation 转化；transcribe 转录；transposen 转位子tri- 三，三次，三级triplet 三联体；triangle 三角形；triacylglycerol 三酰甘油ultra- 超，极端，过分ultrasonic 超声波；ultracentrifugation 超离心un- 不，相反，出去unfold 展开under- 下面，低于，不足undergraduate 大学本科生；underpin 加固……的基础uni- 单，一，同一uninucleate 单核的；unique 独一无二的up- 向上，在上upstream 上游；upright 直立的uro- 尿urokinase 尿激酶vinyl- 乙烯基polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯后缀:-able(-ible) 可能的practicable 可行的；responsible 负责的-ability 能力acceptability 可接受性；permeability 渗透性-age 表示动作过程、量spillage 溢出；percentage 百分比-al 接在名词后形成形容词，接在动词后形成名词personal 个人的；exceptional 例外的；refusal 拒绝-aldehyde 醛glutaraldehyde 戊二醛-amin 胺methylamine 甲胺-ane 烷methane 甲烷-ant 动作者inactivant 失活剂；bioprotectant 生物保护剂-ase 酶protease 蛋白酶；polymerase 聚合酶-ate 盐，酯phosphate 磷酸盐；sebacate 奎二酸酯-cide 杀害，消灭suicide 自杀；bactericide 杀菌剂；amoebicide 抗阿米巴药-cyte 细胞leucocyte 白细胞-derm 皮，皮层blastoderm 胚层；dermadrone 内病性皮疹-ene 烯ethylene 乙烯-(e)ry 场所；一类事物bakery 面包房；circuitry 电路系统；poultry 家禽-fold 倍twofold 两倍-(i)fy 接名词或形容词后构成动词solidify 固化；simplify 简化-gen 原，剂antigen 抗原；mutagen 诱变剂；carcinogenic 致癌的-gram 图形；记录的东西chromatogram 色谱图；polarograph 极谱图-graphy 描绘、记录的方式、学科chromatography 色层分离法；autoradiography 放射自显影术-ic anhydride 酸酐sodium chloride 氯化钠-imine 亚胺iminodiacetic acid 亚胺基二乙胺-ish 略带一点的greyish 浅灰色的-ist ……的实行者，……专业人员（专家）scientist 科学家；geneticist 遗传学家-itis 炎，发炎hepatitis 肝炎；encephalitis 脑炎-ize(-ise) 使成为atomize 雾化；oxidize 使氧化-lactone 内酯β-propiolactone β-丙醇酸内酯-lemma 皮，壳，鞘膜basilemma 基底膜；lemmatoxin 鞘毒素-less 无，不，不能stainless 不锈的-like 如……样的sponge-like 海绵状的-(o)logy(-ological,形容词)学科biology 生物学；technology 技术学，工艺学；toxicology 毒理学的-lysis 分解作用，过程glycolysis 糖酵解作用；hydrolysis 水解作用；analysis 分析-lytic（形容词，分解的）-lyze(-lise)（动词，分解）-lysate（名词，分解液）hydrolytic 水解的；hydrolyze 水解；hydro-lysate 水解液-ment 在动词后构成名词development 发展；entrainment 夹带-meter 计，表spectormeter 发光剂；viscometer 粘度计-metric 测量的gravimetric （测定）重量的；volumetric （测定）体积的；potentiometric （测量）电位的-mycete 霉菌streptomycete 链霉菌-mycin 霉素，菌素mitomycin 丝裂霉素；actinomycin 放线菌素-nema 丝，线amphinema 偶线；chromonema 染色体；nemacicide 杀线虫剂-oid 类，似，……样、状的acidoid 似酸的；amyloid 淀粉样的；carotenoid 类胡萝卜素-ol 醇butanol 丁醇；inositol 肌醇-oma 瘤myeloma 骨髓瘤；hybridoma 杂交瘤-one 酮phenoxazinone 吩噁嗪酮-ory 构成形容词transitory 短暂的；respiratory 呼吸的；构成名词，表场所depository 储藏所-ose 糖heptose 庚糖；lactose 乳糖-oside 糖苷galactoside 半乳糖苷；cardiac glycoside 强心苷-osis 病，症；acalcicosis 缺钙症；hepatitis 肝炎-ous 构成形容词extraneous 外来的；rigorous 严格的-philic 亲……的lipophilic 亲脂性的；hydrophilic 亲水的-phobic 疏……的hydrophobic 疏水的-phoresis 移动electrophoresis 电泳-phil 亲，嗜，喜acidopil 嗜酸的；aerophil 好气的-plasm 血浆，原生质protoplasm 原生质-plast 原始细胞，（质）体，血浆centroplast 中心质体；hematoplast 成血细胞；plasmolemma 质膜-proof 耐……的flame-proof 耐火的；explosion-proof 防爆的-side 苷nucleside 核苷；glycoside 糖苷-sis 构成名词，表示作用，过程mutagenesis 诱变作用；mitosis 有丝分裂；meiosis 减速分裂-some 体，粒chromosome 染色体；idiosome 核旁体；ribosome 核糖体-stat 稳定装置chemostat 恒化器-taxis，tropism 趋向性aerotaxis 趋氧性；chemiotaxis 趋化性；lipotropism 亲脂性-tion(-ation,-ition,-sion) 构成名词instrumentation 仪表化；trypsinization 胰蛋白消化酶；adhesion 粘着-tide 甘酸，肽deoxyribotide 脱氧核苷酸；propeptide 前肽-troph ……营养生物，……营养型（-trophic 构成形容词）methanotroph 甲烷营养型；autotroph 自养生物；autotrophic 自养的-wise 接名词或形容词后构成副词batchwise 分批的；likewise 同样的。
生物工程专业英语单词
生物工程专业英语单词内生孢子Endospore 无菌的aseptic 氧oxygen 耐高渗Halotolerant 毒力virulence 氯chlorine 病原微生物pathogen 稀释attenuation 钠sodium 肠道的entero 消毒sterilization 分裂fission Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA Ribonucleic acidSulfuric acid TCA Tricarboxylic acid Polymerase chain reaction cfu Colony forming unit 黑曲霉Aspergillus niger 沙门氏菌Salmonella typhi大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 巴氏杀菌pesteurization human immunodeficiency virus 革兰氏阳/阴性Gram positive/negativeTube 烧杯Beaker 鞭毛flagellaFunnel 属genus 纤毛pili 培养皿Petri dishes 命名法nomenclature 荚膜capsule 移液枪Pipette 球菌coccus 细胞膜plasma membrane胰岛素insulin 制造业manufacture 益生元prebiotic 糖尿病diabete(s) 促进facilitate 抗生素antibiotic 极性共价键polar bond 共价键covalent bond 离子键ionic bond 氢键hydrogen bondatom 底物substrate 色素(photo)pigment electron 延长、拉长elongate 染色stainidentical 瘫痪paralysis 原子核nucleus 完全相同的复制、折叠replicate 外显子exon 杂交hybridization algae 内含子intron 合成synthetic流行病学epidemiology 终止子terminator synthesis生物降解bioremediation 启动子promoter 同时地simultaneously 防腐剂preservative 转录transcription 噬菌体bacteriophage 洗涤剂detergent 翻译translation 颗粒particleAdenine 氨基酸amino acid 杂种muleThymine 简并性degenerate 小麦wheatGuanine 调控regulate 大麦barleyCytocine 神经元neuron 玉米maze/cornUracil 成纤维细fibroblast 大豆soybean胞strand 肌肉细胞muscle cell 高粱sorghum orientation 源于；得自derive 谷物cereal primer 表明；指出indicate 豆类legume complementary 分离isolate 穗panicle sequence 扩增amplification 生理盐水saline单倍体hyploid 载体vector 胆固醇chloesterol 双倍体diploid 质粒plasmid 白灵药panacea 常染色体autosomal chromosomes 性染色体sex chromosome作业。
最新生物工程专业英语单词(1)
Adenine
氨基酸
amino acid
杂简并性
degenerate
小麦
wheat
G
Guanine
调控
regulate
大麦
barley
C
Cytocine
神经元
neuron
玉米
maze/corn
U
Uracil
成纤维细胞
fibroblast
大豆
soybean
链
strand
肌肉细胞
TCA
Tricarboxylic acid
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
cfu
Colony forming unit
黑曲霉
Aspergillus niger
沙门氏菌
Salmonella typhi
大肠杆菌
Escherichia coli
巴氏杀菌
pesteurization
HIV
muscle cell
高粱
sorghum
定位
orientation
源于；得自
derive
谷物
cereal
引物
primer
表明；指出
indicate
豆类
legume
互补
complementary
分离
isolate
穗
panicle
序列
sequence
扩增
amplification
生理盐水
saline
单倍体
球菌
coccus
细胞膜
plasma membrane
枪头
Tip
生物工程专业英语单词
solid-state fermentation
生物反应器
fermentor
bioreactor
甘油三酯
triglycerides
乳糖
lactose
希拉细胞
Hela cell
mRNA
messengerRNA
蔗糖
sucrose
蛋白质
protein
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
核糖
ribose
反转录PCR
reverse transcriptase PCR
最适条件
optimal condition
实时定量PCR
Realtime PCR
性状
trait
RNA剪切
RNA slicing
核酸
nucleic acid
遗传学
heredity/genetic
糖主链
sugar backbone
育种
breeding
革兰氏阳/阴性
Gram positive/negative
试管
Tube
烧杯
Beaker
鞭毛
flagella
漏斗
Funnel
属
genus
纤毛
pili
培养皿
Petri dishes
命名法
nomenclature
荚膜
capsule
移液枪
Pipette
球菌
coccus
细胞膜
plasma membrane
枪头
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
cfu
Colony forming unit
生物工程专业英语单词
cell
细胞学
cytology
合成
synthesis
组织
tissue
亲水的
hydrophilic
子单位
subunit
器官
organ
疏水的
hydrophobic
基团
group
多糖
polysaccharide
聚合物
polymer
羧基
carboxyl
缠绕
intertwine
分子
molecule
调节，控制
固态发酵SSF
solid-state fermentation
生物反应器
fermentor
bioreactor
作业
甘油三酯
triglycerides
乳糖
lactose
希拉细胞
Hela cell
mRNA
messengerRNA
蔗糖
sucrose
蛋白质
protein
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
核糖
ribose
糖
sugar
tRNA
transferRNA
酶
enzyme
溶酶体
lysosome
R基
R-Group
细胞核
nucleus
生物体
organism
胰腺
pancreas
小分子
micromolecule
专业的；特化
specialized
有机物
organic
大分子
macromolecule
细胞器
organelle
前体物
precursor
生物工程专业英语单词
生物工程专业英语单词嗜常温的Mesophilic 生源说Biogenesis 氢hydrogen 需氧的Aerobic 疫苗vaccine 碳carbon 厌氧的Anaerobic 培养cultivation 氮nitrogen 内生孢子Endospore 无菌的aseptic 氧oxygen 耐高渗Halotolerant 毒力virulence 氯chlorine 病原微生物pathogen 稀释attenuation 钠sodium 肠道的entero 消毒sterilization 分裂fission DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA Ribonucleic acid 硫酸Sulfuric acid TCA Tricarboxylic acid PCR Polymerase chain reaction cfu Colony forming unit 黑曲霉Aspergillus niger 沙门氏菌Salmonella typhi大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 巴氏杀菌pesteurization HIV human immunodeficiency virus 革兰氏阳/阴性Gram positive/negative 试管Tube 烧杯Beaker 鞭毛flagella 漏斗Funnel 属genus 纤毛pili 培养皿Petri dishes 命名法nomenclature 荚膜capsule 移液枪Pipette 球菌coccus 细胞膜plasma membrane 枪头Tip 链球菌streptoccus 原生质体cytoplasm 微生物Microbe(s) 杆菌bacillus 细胞壁cell wall Microorganism 弧菌vibrio 染色体chromosome 肉眼Unaided eye 螺旋杆菌spirillum 核糖体ribosome生态系统ecosystem 新陈代谢metabolism 叶绿体chloroplast相互作用interaction 三联密码triplet 酿brewing子核苷酸碱基nucleotide bases 内质网endoplasmic reticulumA Adenine 氨基酸amino acid 杂种muleT Thymine 简并性degenerate 小麦wheatG Guanine 调控regulate 大麦barleyC Cytocine 神经元neuron 玉米maze/cornU Uracil 成纤维细fibroblast 大豆soybean胞链strand 肌肉细胞muscle cell 高粱sorghum 定位orientation 源于；得自derive 谷物cereal 引物primer 表明；指出indicate 豆类legume 互补complementary 分离isolate 穗panicle 序列sequence 扩增amplification 生理盐水saline 单倍体hyploid 载体vector 胆固醇chloesterol 双倍体diploid 质粒plasmid 白灵药panacea 常染色体autosomal chromosomes 性染色体sex chromosome 红细胞red blood cell 生殖细胞germ cell端粒telomere 转化transformatio插入addingn精子sperm 提取extract 敲除removing 卵子egg 组织tissue 克隆clone 基因组genome 器官organ 花粉pollencDNA complementary DNA 探针probe 干预intervention 生物技术biotechnology 纯化purify 症状indication 生物学的biological 重组recombinant 前体物precursor 裂解性噬菌体lytic cycle 机制，机理mechanism 膳食纤维dietary fiberbiodiversity 溶源性噬菌体lysogenic cycle 传统的conventional 生物多样性衣壳capsid 合成，混合compound 耕种tillage 成熟maturation 标识，标签label 造假adulteration 基因差异表达differential gene expression 副作用adverse/side effect 计划生育birth control 水土流失soil erosion 胚胎embryo 改善，改良amelioration 过敏原allergen非天然添加剂artificial ingredient 液态深层发酵罐submerged fermentor 饮料beverage 接种inoculation 麦汁wort 啤酒花hop 不足的deficient 探针probe 酸acid 碱alkali 糖化mashing液态发酵LSF liquid-state fermentation 固态发酵SSF solid-state fermentation 生物反应器fermentorbioreactor作业甘油三酯triglycerides 乳糖lactose 希拉细胞Hela cellmRNA messengerRNA 蔗糖sucrose 蛋白质protein rRNA ribosomal RNA 核糖ribose 糖sugar tRNA transferRNA 酶enzyme 溶酶体lysosome R基R-Group 细胞核nucleus 生物体organism 胰腺pancreas 小分子micromolecule 专业的；特化specialized 有机物organic 大分子macromolecule 细胞器organelle 细胞cell 细胞学cytology 合成synthesis 组织tissue 亲水的hydrophilic 子单位subunit 器官organ 疏水的hydrophobic 基团group 多糖polysaccharide 聚合物polymer 羧基carboxyl 缠绕intertwine 分子molecule 调节，控制regulate 细胞的cellular 功能function 细胞系cell line 脂质lipid 二糖disaccharide 由...组成compose of 葡萄糖glucose 半乳糖galactose 果糖fructose分泌secrete 碳水化合物carbohydrate 消化液digestivefluids上皮的epithelial 转换conversion 指令instruction 折叠fold 多肽polypeptide 催化catalyze 核苷,核苷酸nucleotide 围绕enclose。
生物工程专业英语单词
克隆
clone
基因组
genome
器官
organ
花粉
pollen
cDNA
complementary DNA
探针
probe
干预
intervention
生物技术
biotechnology
纯化
purify
症状
indication
生物学的
biological
重组
recombinant
Tip
链球菌
streptoccus
原生质体
cytoplasm
微生物
Microbe(s)
杆菌
bacillus
细胞壁
cell wall
Microorganism
弧菌
vibrio
染色体
chromosome
肉眼
Unaided eye
螺旋杆菌
spirillum
核糖体
ribosome
生态系统
ecosystem
新陈代谢
氯
chlorine
病原微生物
pathogen
稀释
attenuation
钠
sodium
肠道的
entero
消毒
sterilization
分裂
fission
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
硫酸
Sulfuricacid
TCA
Tricarboxylic acid
insulin
制造业
manufacture
益生元
prebiotic