英语基础阶段测试题及答案

Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a（an） 1 for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it 2 a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the 3 of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. 4 by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly 5 themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the 6 of violence in the media and its 7 harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media 8 , such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, 9 television, 10 public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our young generation 11 by the media, is body image.12 forces can influence body image positively or negatively. 13 one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing 14 our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of 15 beauty fill magazines and newspapers, 16 from our televisions and entertain us 17 the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media 18 on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a 19 defined standard of attractiveness, a(n) 20 that carries unrealistic physical expectations.1. ［A］alternative ［B］preference ［C］substitute ［D］representative2. ［A］accomplishes ［B］fulfills ［C］provides ［D］suffices3. ［A］risk ［B］mercy ［C］height ［D］expense4. ［A］Absorbed ［B］Attracted ［C］Aroused ［D］Addicted5. ［A］identify ［B］recognize ［C］unify ［D］equate6. ［A］abundance ［B］incidence ［C］prevalence ［D］recurrence7. ［A］disposed ［B］hidden ［C］implicit ［D］potential8. ［A］merged ［B］emerged ［C］immerged ［D］submerged9. ［A］apart from ［B］much as ［C］but for ［D］along with10. ［A］promote ［B］propel ［C］prompt ［D］prosper11. ［A］inspired ［B］imposed ［C］delivered ［D］contributed12. ［A］External ［B］Exterior ［C］Explicit ［D］Exposed13. ［A］As ［B］At ［C］For ［D］In14. ［A］mark ［B］effect ［C］impact ［D］shock15. ［A］generalized ［B］regularized ［C］standardized［D］categorized16. ［A］boom ［B］bottom ［C］brim ［D］beam17. ［A］over ［B］with ［C］on ［D］at18. ［A］play ［B］take ［C］profit ［D］resort19. ［A］barely ［B］carefully ［C］narrowly ［D］subjectively20. ［A］ideal ［B］image ［C］stereotype ［D］criterionSectionⅡ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text 1The heat wave in Europe in early August 2003 was a catastrophe of heartbreaking proportions. With more than 3,500 dead in Paris alone, France suffered nearly 15, 000 fatalities from the heat wave. Another 7, 000 died in Germany, 8, 000 in Spain and Italy, and 2, 000 in the United Kingdom. Understandably, this event has become a psychologically powerful metaphor for the frightening vision of a warmer future and our immediate need to prevent it.For Europe as a whole, about 200,000 people die from excess heat each year. However, about 1.5 million Europeans die annually from excess cold. That is more than seven times the total number of heat deaths. Just in the past decade, Europe has lost about 15 million people to the cold, more than 400 times the iconic heat deaths from 2003. That we so easily neglect these deaths and so easily embrace those caused by global warming tells us of a breakdown in our sense of proportion.How will heat and cold deaths change over the coming century with global warming? Let us for the moment assume—very unrealistically—that we will not adapt at all to the future heat. Still, the biggest cross-European cold/heat study concludes that for an increase of 3. 6 degrees Fahrenheit in the a verage European temperatures, “our data suggest that any increases in mortality due to increased temperatures would be outweighed by much larger short-term declines in cold-related mortalities.” For Britain, it is estimated a 3.6°F increase will mean 2,000 more heat deaths but 20,000 fewer cold deaths. Likewise, another paper incorporating all studies on this issue and applying them to a broad variety of settings in both developed and developing countries found that “global warming may cause a decrease in m ortality rates, especially of cardiovascular diseases.”But of course, it seems very unrealistic and conservative to assume that we will not adapt to rising temperatures throughout the 21st century. Several recent studies have looked at adaptation in up to 28 of the biggest cities in the United States. Take Philadelphia. The optimal temperature seems to be about 80°F. In the 1960s, on days when it got significantly hotter than that (about 100°F) , the death rate increased sharply. Likewise, when the temperature dropped below freezing, deaths increased sharply.Yet something great happened in the decades following. Death rates in Philadelphia and around the country dropped in general because of better health care. But crucially, temperatures of 100°F today cause almost no excess deaths. However, people still die more because of cold weather. One of the main reasons for the lower heat susceptibility is most likely increased access to air-conditioning. Studies seem to indicate that over time and with sufficient resources, we actually learn to adapt to higher temperatures. Consequently we will experience fewer heat deaths even when temperatures rise.21. The death toll in several European countries is noted to show that ____.A. it was hotter in early August 2003 than ever beforeB. it is urgent to prevent the coming of a warmer futureC. the catastrophe in Europe in 2003 was heartbreakingD. Europe suffered from more heat deaths than anywhere else22. The author believes that _______.A. we have lost our sense of proportionB. it is irrational to embrace heat deathsC. cold deaths should claim due attentionD. the heat deaths in 2003 were only iconic23. In the author’s opinion, with global warming, ________A. mortality rates will remarkably decreaseB. there will be less cardiovascular diseasesC. people will surely adapt to the future heatD. temperature will rise 3. 6 degrees Fahrenheit24. The example of Philadelphia is used to illustrate that ______.A. rising temperatures will cause more deathsB. people still die more because of cold weatherC. rising temperatures will cause no excess deathsD. people will be less susceptible to ring temperatures25. The author argues that ________.A. all deaths should be treated with equal concernB. it is vital to avoid many more dying from coldC. heat waves will no longer cause excess deathsD. excess cold will cause more deaths in the futureText 2By the time most people realized that whales were not oversize fish but warm-blooded mammals with large brains, sophisticated social structures and an elaborate language of squeals, clicks and low moans, it was nearly too late. The orgy of unrestrained whale hunting, which began in the 1600s and became industrialized in the 19th century, had already sent many species into serious decline. Environmental groups, fearing that the whales would become extinct, lobbied hard to bring the hunting and killing to a halt. In 1986 they came very close: the International Whaling Commission (IWC) voted to prohibit whaling, allowing it only for scientific purposes or, in a handful of cases, such as among native peoples in Alaska and Greenland, to preserve ancient food-gathering practices.But the treaty has proved all too easy to get around. Japan, Iceland and Norway, in particular, have slaughtered tens of thousands of whales in the past 20 years. The first two countries claim they are doing it for science, although much of the meat they take ends up on dinner tables. Norway doesn’t even bother pretending. It openly flouts the IWC’s rules.Now Japan has upped the ante: at the annual meeting of the IWC last week in the Caribbean nation of St. Kitts and Nevis, the Japanese pushed through a resolution calling for a repeal of the whaling moratorium, declaring it “no longer necessary”.Fortunately for the wha1es, the resolution isn’t binding. The vote was 33 to 32 in favor, but it would have taken a 75% majority to overturn the ban. For whaling opponents, however, the vote was an ominous sign of Japan’s power over the IWC—and of its willingness to use strong-armtactics and not-so- subtle bribery to get its way. Japan has reportedly showered more than $ 100 million in aid in recent years on island nations that it has persuaded to back its pro-whaling positions.And though Japan’s allies don’t have the votes to overturn the whaling ban, it takes only a simple majority to make other changes—to take future votes on secret ballots, for example, so that nations can’t be held accountable for their positions, or to exclude antiwhaling groups from IWC meetings. Indeed, Japan last week sparred once again with Greenpeace—the organization that agitated hardest for the original ban—until Japan was pressured to back off.26. The author intends primarily to tell readers in the first paragraph that ________.A. unrestricted whaling will inevitably result in whales’ extinctionB. there has been some achievement in the protection of whalesC. the whales would become extinct in the foreseeable futureD. whales are warm-blooded mammals worth strict protecting27. The International Whaling Commission ______.A. is dedicated to the protection of ever-decreasing whalesB. allows scientists to slaughter whales for their researchC. is not powerful enough to prohibit unrestricted whalingD. tries its best to prohibit the hunting and killing of whales28. The resolution pushed through by the Japanese isn’t binding because _______.A. it exploits illegal tactics to accomplish its aimB. only a few nations back its pro-whaling positionC. its not-so-subtle bribery tactics has been revealedD. more votes are needed to overturn the whaling ban29. It is implied that _________.A. future votes will be taken on secret ballotsB. Greenpeace strongly supports the whaling banC. nations openly taking pro-whaling position are fewD. both Alaska and Greenland are against the whaling ban30. The text is mainly about ________.A. revenge of the whale huntersB. the protection of declining whalesC. Japan’s powerful command of the IWCD. the tactics used to overturn the whaling banText 3Ben Bernanke, Mr. Greenspan’ s successor, likes to explain America's current-account deficit as the inevitable consequence of a saving glut in the rest of the world. Yet a large part of the blame lies with the Fed’s own policies, which have allowed growth in domestic demand to outstrip supply for no less than ten years on the trot. Part of America’s current prosperity is based not on genuine gains in income, nor on high productivity growth, but on borrowing from the future. The words of Ludwig von Mises, an Austrian economist of the early 20th century, nicely sum up the illusion: "It may sometimes be expedient for a man to heat the stove with his furniture. But he should not delude himself by believing that he has discovered a wonderful new method of heating his premises."Handovers to a new Fed chairman are always tricky moments. They have often been followed by some sort of financial turmoil, such as the l987 stockmarket crash, only two months after Mr. Greenspan took over. This handover takes place with the economy in an unusually vulnerable state, thanks to its imbalances. The interest rates that Mr. Bernanke will inherit will be close to neutral, neither restraining nor stimulating the economy. But America's domestic demand needs to grow more slowly in order to bring the saving rate and the current-account deficit back to sustainable levels. If demand fails to slow, he will need to push rates higher. This will be risky, given households’ heavy debts. After 13 increases in interest rates, the tide of easy money is now flowing out, and many American households are going to be shockingly exposed. In the words of Warren Buffett, "It’s only when the tide goes out that you can see who’s swimming naked."How should Mr. Bernanke respond to falling house prices and a sharp economic slowdown when they come? While he is even more opposed than Mr. Greenspan to the idea of restraining asset-price bubbles, he seems just as keen to slash interest rates when bubbles burst to prevent a downturn. He is likely to continue the current asymmetric policy of never raising interest rates to curb rising asset prices, but always cutting rates after prices fall. This is dangerous as it encourages excessive risk taking and allows the imbalances to grow ever larger, making the eventual correction even worse. If the imbalances are to unwind, America needs to accept a period in which domestic demand grows more slowly than output.The big question is whether the rest of the world will slow too. The good news is that growth is becoming more broadly based, as demand in the euro area and Japan has been picking up, and fears about an imminent hard landing in China have faded. America kept the world going during troubled times. But now it is time for others to take the lead.31. America’s current prosperity can be attributed to ______.A. high productivity growthB. increased incomes of most AmericansC. far too much saving in the rest of the worldD. its extravagant lifestyle at the expense of future32. Which of the following is compared to “heating one’s premises with his furniture”?A. America’ s domestic demand grows much fas ter than supply.B. America’ s domestic demand grows much slower than supply.C. America’s job creation is obviously weaker than usual.D. American incomes have increased much more slowly than ever before.33. The imbalances of American economy _________.A. result from the current-account deficitB. result from the Federal Reserve’s policiesC. coincide with the handover to a new Fed chairmanD. are often followed by some sort of financial turmoil34. It can be inferred from the text that in America ______.A. the saving rate should be increasedB. the current-account deficit is sustainableC. the current interest rates can help stimulate its economyD. investors are eager to finance the current-account deficit35. Mr. Bernanke will probably manage to ______.A. restrain asset-price bubblesB. low households’ heavy debtsC. maintain the current imbalancesD. unwind the current imbalancesText 4The unhappy history of Ukraine, Russia and gas is the story of energy security in miniature. When it comes to hydrocarbons, geopolitics and geology are inextricable. That is a problem for most countries in eastern Europe, which wou1d love to get their energy from allies, and feel understandably twitchy about having their former master as big supplier.Russia sees it differently. It wants to use its energy riches to the maximum effect in the world market. It sees former communist satellite countries as nuisances, which scrounge subsidised gas, pay late if at all, and jeopardise sales to western Europe by brinkmanship about transit fees.It is easy to understand why Ukraine and other Russian neighbours are exasperating Gazprom, Russia’s huge gas monopoly. Its gas has long been siphoned off in vast quantities and Ukraine, like Georgia, has a dreadful record of falling behind with its payments. The main power station that supplies Moldova doesn't pay its bills at all. In 2005 Ukraine paid only $ 50 per 1,000 cubic metres of Russian gas, compared with the $ 240 paid by the EU. Now Gazprom says it wants to sell to these countries on a purely commercial basis.That seems fair enough, but there is another dimension. Formally, at least, the $ 50 price is part of a framework that is supposed to last until 2009. Moreover, Gazprom is not asking for the same i ncrease from each of Russia’s neighbours. The independent Baltic states have two years to adjust. Georgia, which like Ukraine has an independent streak, faces a doubling of prices. Belarus, still friendly and dependable, is keeping its price and giving away part of the control of the pipeline to Russia instead. Gazprom and its chairman, Dmitry Medvedev, who moonlights as the head of Vladimir Putin’ s presidential administration, decided which deal is presented to which country. And Russia’s way of pressing its case was an example of energy politics of the most brutal sort.On January 1st, when Russia kept gas out of the “Brotherhood” pipeline crossing Ukraine, it also stopped gas from Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, big suppliers to the country, from flowing through its pipes. Although enough was left for the rest of Europe, Ukraine simply tapped off some gas for itself as usual. “Theft”, Gazprom called it; though the Ukrainians asserted they were taking only the Turkmen and Kazakh gas that was due to them. For European consumers, the argument was academic. All that mattered was their shortages of gas: Italy experienced a fall of one-quarter; France, one-third; it was worse in countries such as Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic, which get more of their supplies from Russia.36. The author tells us that ________.A. Ukraine has a long unhappy historyB. energy security is closely related to geopoliticsC. energy security depends heavily on geologyD. most countries in eastern Europe are allies37. According to the text, Russia ________A. manages to make the best use of its energy richesB. holds its former satellite countries in high esteemC. feels somewhat twitchy about being a big gas supplierD. jeopardises its sales to countries in eastern Europe38. That ________ is enraging Gazprom.A. gas is sold on a purely commercial basisB. subsidized gas is sold to some former alliesC. gas has to be sold at an unreasonably low priceD. the price paid by EU is much higher than by Ukraine39. Which of the following can account for Russia’s brutal energy politics?A. Gazprom is Russia’s huge gas monopoly.B. Gazprom requires the same increase from each of its consumers.C. The chairman of Gazprom is highly regarded by Vladimir Putin.D. The extreme unfairness in the way Russia uses to make a deal.40. According to the author, what matters most is that ________.A. many countries depend on Russia for their energy supplyB. Russia cut gas supplies to Ukraine, thus causing a turmoilC. Gazprom decides which deal is presented to which countryD. some countries unexpectedly steal gas from Russia’s pipelinesPart BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main Characteristics: it won’t stay Amer ican. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it’s soon at home elsewhere in the world .There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal．One theory is that is has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. (41)______. They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “the spirit of America.” (42) _______.The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. (43)________Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation late, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly—look their own．Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer SO: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. (44) _____.The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while stillshowing its rather American roots, it has become SO well established. Rock “n” roll and all its variations, country ＆western music. All have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well as being “low—class” and then as “a danger to our nation’s youth.” (45) _______. And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.[A]As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. “happy birthday toyou,” for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, SO to speak, is not remembered．[B]But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are sopopular in themselves．[C]American in origin, informal clothing has become the world’s first truly universal style.[D] The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.[E] American food has become popular around the world too.[F]This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informaland disrespectful.[G]It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the their culture. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists.First of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. (46)He firmly believed as he put it, that “there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe,” and through painstaking work, explained many of the phenomena thought to be “incomprehensible” in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts proved his theories wrong.Second, Einstein’s contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. (47)Although he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led to many of the scientific advances which have shaped modern technology.Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must have a moral and social consciousness. In this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the Communist movement.(48)Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a “genius” whose theories are so complicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand them. But he himself rejected the efforts to put him in a position far above other people. (49)He was well known for his humble manner and often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived.A ctually, Einstein’s theory of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. (50)But beyond learning Einstein’s theories, his overall attitude towards science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.Part A51. Directions:You read an advertisement in China Daily, in which a foreign company is looking for a secretary. Write a letter to the personnel department of the company telling them about1) your educational background,2) your work experienceWrite your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its implications,3) give your comments.You should write 160 – 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1. C2. B3. D4. B5. A6. C7. D8. B9.D 10. C11. B 12.A 13. C 14. C 15. C16. A 17. D 18. A 19.C 20.ASectionⅡ Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 B, C, C, D, A26-30 B, C, D, B, A31-35 D, A, B, A, C36-40 B, A, C, D, APart B41. B 42. F 43. A 44. C 45. D Part C46.正如他所说的，他坚信“关于宇宙没有东西是不可知的，”并经过艰苦的劳动，了许多在他那个时代被认为是“不可知”的种种现象。