2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—医学Passage 11Sleep is a funny thing. We're taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke--probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn't have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person's motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don't think twice about operating without enough sleep."I could tell you horror stories," says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. "I was operating after being up for over 36 hours," one writes. "I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.""Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work," writes another. "I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a 'Jersey barrier' on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h." "Your own patients have become the enemy," writes a third, because they are "the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep."Agrawal's organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State's regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit.Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes "doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government."The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you're worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.注(1)：本文选自Time;3/11/2002, p73, 3/4p, 1c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、2题分别模仿1999年真题text4的第1题和text2的第2题;第3题模仿1998年真题text3的第2题;第4、5题分别模仿2004年真题text2的第3题和text3的第5题;1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ____________.[A] people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness[B] poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder[C] stroke is often associated with sleep[D] too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep2. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face, the author implies that ________________.[A] doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic[B] doctors’sleep is deprived by residents[C] doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems[D] sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated3. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to ____________.[A] entertain the audience with some anecdotes[B] discuss the cause of doctors’sleep problems[C] show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients[D] exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep4. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government”(line 6, paragraph 5), Dr. Charles Binkley means that ____________.[A] doctors should not abide by government’s regulations[B] the government is interfering too much[C] the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific[D] law can not force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] Patients should control the hours of their doctors.[B] Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors’.[C] Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequately-rested.[D] People concerned have the right to remove their doctors from their positions.答案：B C D B C篇章剖析：本篇文章采用提出问题-分析问题-解决问题的模式指出了医生睡眠不足会带来的危害以及解决办法。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P24—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P24—医学Passage 24There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction”.There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way —then, even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring one’s own self too much) inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a “moral”factor, a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty, he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.1. According to the author, some unusual patients would[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician.[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt.[C] respond against the physician’s expectation.[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician.2. For the patients the author describes,[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result.[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms.[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness.[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness.3. The author’s study of this syndrome leads him to think that[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis.[B] patients’sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well.[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness.[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness.4. It can be inferred from the text that[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way.[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery.[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty.[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious.5. The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physician’s authority.[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors.[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness.[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt.词汇注释defiance 蔑视therapeutic 治疗的dreaded 令人担心的narcissistic 自我陶醉的inaccessibility 不易接近的难句讲解1. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better.[简析] 本句话的主干是“Every partial solution produces in them an intensification, they get worse…”。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P12—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P12—医学Passage 12Watching a child struggle to breathe during an asthma attack is frightening for any parent. So it is only natural that most moms and dads will try just about anything--including spending a lot of money--to keep an attack at bay. Trouble is, more than half of parents are trying strategies that simply don't work and wasting hundreds of dollars in the process, according to a study published last week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.The report, based on interviews with the parents of 896 asthmatic children in 10 different cities, contained some good news. Eighty percent of parents had a handle on at least one of the triggers that worsened their children's asthma. After that, however, many parents seemed to go astray, taking precautions that weren't helpful "and made little sense," according to Dr. Michael Cabana, a pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, who led the study.One of the most common mistakes was to buy a mattress cover to protect against dust mites for a child whose asthma was exacerbated instead by plant pollen. Many of those parents then neglected to do what would have helped a lot more: shut the windows to keep pollen out. Another was using a humidifier for a child who was allergic to dust mites; a humidifier tends to be a place where dust mites like to breed. With those allergies, a dehumidifier works better.Worst of all was the number of smokers with asthmatic children who didn't even try to quit or at least limit themselves to smoking outdoors rather than just moving to another room or the garage. Second-hand smoke has been proved, over and over again, to be a major trigger of asthma attacks. Many smoking parents purchased expensive air filters that have what Cabana called "questionable utility."Part of the problem, Dr. Cabana and his colleagues believe, is that parents are bombarded by television ads that encourage them to buy products such as air and carpet fresheners, ionizers and other remedies that are often expensive but medically unnecessary. And doctors may not always take the time, or have the time, to explain to parents what will and won't work in their child's particular case. For example, allergies are usually a problem for older children with asthma, while kids 5 and younger more frequently have trouble with viral respiratory infections. So make sure you understand what's really triggering your child's asthma. And remember, the best solutions are not always the most expensive ones.注(1)：本文选自Time，8/30/2004，p67;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 11. What does the study by Dr. Michael Cabana indicate?[A]Parents are eager to cure of their children’s disease.[B]Many parents are wasting money for their children’s frightening disease.[C] Many parents fail to find the effective way for their children’s disease.[D]Parents feel worried about their children’s disease.2. Which of the following is not the trigger of asthma attacks?[A]Humidifier.[B]Second-hand smoke.[C]Plant pollen.[D]Dust mites.3. The expression “to keep an attack at bay”(Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A]to ease the attack[B]to lessen the attack[C]to continue the attack[D]to prevent the attack4. Why are the parents in such a dilemma?[A]The doctors are not responsible enough.[B]Parents are influenced much by ads.[C]Parents are ignorant of the disease.[D]The quality of medical products is not good.5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Parents shouldn’t spend too much money on the children.[B]The expensive products are not always good.[C]To know the real trigger of the disease is very important.[D]Parents often make mistakes.答案：CADBC篇章剖析本文采用提出问题——说明问题——分析问题的模式，指出哮喘病患儿家长在防治哮喘方面存在的问题、错误及其误区。
2015年考研英语阅读试题及答案
Passage In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue(烤⾁)restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips. Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc. Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise(特许经营)other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门). Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history. 1. This passage mainly talks about A) the development of fast food services B) how McDonald's became a billion-dollar business C) the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonald D) Ray Kroc's business talent 2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except A) a drive-in B) a cinema C) a theater D) a barbecue restaurant 3. We may infer from this passage that A)Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to Kroc B)The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-in C)Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurants D) Ray Kroc was a good businessman 4. The passage suggests that . A) creativity is an important element of business success B) Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothers C) Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc D) California is the best place to go into business 5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the worduniquemeans . A)special B)financial C )attractive D)peculiar Answer1.C2.B3.D4.A5.D。
2015年英语考研阅读
2015年英语考研阅读2015年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解部分Part APassage 1The term “multitasking” usually refers to the ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously. In the performing arts, multitasking can take the form of a singer singing while moving around the stage, a dancer dancing to music while maintaining balance or a comedian speaking to a crowd while carrying out a physical routine. In each case, the performer’s ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously is part of what makes the performance captivating.However, the concept of multitasking has also been applied to the world of computers and technology. When people claim to be ableto multitask on a computer, they typically mean they can use the computer to perform multiple tasks at the same time, such as checking email while writing a report or watching a video while responding to messages on social media. In this sense, multitasking is a matter of effectively managing time and resources so that multiple tasks can be completed with maximum efficiency and minimal loss of quality.Despite its apparent simplicity, multitasking is actually quite complex. When people multitask, they must switch back and forth between tasks, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance on each task. Additionally, people who engage in multitasking may be more easily distracted and have a harder time focusing on a single task. Furthermore, multitasking may not be beneficial for all tasks. For example, when it comes to tasks that require creative thinking or complex problem-solving, dividing attention can actually hinder performance.In light of these findings, it seems clear that the key to effective multitasking is selecting the right tasks to perform simultaneously and managing one’s focus and energy acc ordingly. This means thatpeople should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks. By doing so, they can increase their overall productivity while minimizing any negative impact on task performance.21. The passage mainly discusses ____.A. the negative effects of multitaskingB. how to select suitable tasks for multitaskingC. the importance of managing time and resources effectivelyD. the differences between various forms of multitasking22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a form of multitasking?A. Singing while moving around the stage.B. Checking email while watching a video.C. Replying to messages on social media while driving.D. Cooking while listening to music.23. Multitasking can be inefficient and even counterproductive because _____.A. people tend to become easily distracted when engaging in multitaskingB. it results in decreased efficiency and performance on each taskC. it may not be suitable for all types of tasksD. people performing multitasking tasks usually lack focus and energy24. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Multitasking can significantly enhance people’s creativity.B. Completing multiple tasks simultaneously usually results in better performance.C. The key to effective multitasking lies in selecting suitable tasks and managing one’s focus and energy effectively.D. Multitasking is only suitable for simple, repetitive tasks that do not require much concentration or problem-solving ability.25. Which word best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? (Please highlight the sentence.)It means that people should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks.。
2015研究生入学考试 英语一 真题 答案 解析
2015研究生入学考试英语一真题答案解析Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate people’s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1 A what B why C how D when2 A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised3 A for B with C by D on4 A separated B sought C compared D connected5 A tests B objects C samples D examples6 A insignificant B unexpected C unreliable D incredible7 A visit B miss C know D seek8 A surpass B influence C favor D resemble9 A again B also C instead D thus10 A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps11 A about B to C from D like12 A limit B observe C confuse D drive13 A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with14 A chances B responses C benefits D missions15 A faster B slower C later D earlier16 A forecast B remember C express D understand17 A unpredicted B contributory C controllable D disruptive18 A tendency B decision C arrangement D endeavor19 A political B religious C ethnic D economic20 A see B show C prove D tell答案解析1、A what 本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—医学Passage 8It was a big week for Alzheimer's disease, and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting, a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer's worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time. There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer's, as well as to the baby-boom generation that's up next. Unless something dramatic happens, the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple, to about 16 million, over the next 50 years. There's still no cure in sight, but there is progress on several fronts. Among them:MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C, both antioxidants, help stave off Alzheimer's, at least in folks who haven't already developed the disorder. What they didn't know--but a big study involving 4,740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed--was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer's patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain's chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease. Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept), an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, were also given memantine (Namenda), a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone, providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.BRAIN IMAGING Finally, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer's patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits. Before now, doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died, when the brain could be autopsied. Using the new technique, doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer's disease. If you or your loved ones are concerned, the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor. Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer's, and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early. Also, remember the old adage "use it or lose it." Mental exercise--reading, doing crossword puzzles, playing chess or Scrabble--is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.注(1)：本文选自Time; 2/2/2004, p78-78, 2/3p, 2c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象第1题模仿2002年text 4第1题;第2题模仿1994年真题text 2 第3题;第3模仿2002年真题text 3 第3题，第4—5题模仿2004年text 3第4，5题;1. From the first paragraph, we learn that_________.[A] the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzhemer’s disease[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims[C] the week was very important for Alzheimer’s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer’s disease can be cured2. The phrase “stave off”(line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means “________”.[A] getting[B] treating[C] curing[D] preventing3. The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________.[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer’s[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately4. Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemer’s?[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain.[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] Alzhemer’s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer’s from curable memory lapses, which can be treated if found in an early phase.[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.答案：B D D A C篇章剖析本篇文章介绍了阿尔茨海默病研究领域取得的新成果。
2015年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
但为君故系列
7
还成了进行审判的基础。令人惊讶的是，利百加·布鲁克斯对自己手 下的新闻编辑室知之甚少，她也很少过问，更从来没询问过报道从何 而来。她成功抗辩的核心就是她一无所知。 在当今的世界， 高薪的执行官不为自己所运营的机构发生的事情 负责，已经成为一种常态。也许我们不应感到吃惊。在这个时代，盈 利是社会的分层级制， 这点已经成为了集体工人的原则。 效率、 灵活、 股东价值、商业友好、富裕世代、销售、影响以及报纸的发行量成了 真正重要的词汇。而正义、公平、忍耐、均衡和责任感这些词已被边 缘化了。 《世界新闻报》编辑的目的已经不是提升可读性、确保报道公正 客观或展现普遍的人性； 而是为了追求发行量和影响力而去破坏别人 的生活。布鲁克斯女士可能也可能没有怀疑过手下记者的报道来源， 但她并没有问任何问题， 没有发出任何指令或获得任何可追踪的记录 下来的回复。 36. 根据前两段可以得知。Elisabeth 因为——而不安 A 现行的分类机制的过后果 B 因为不道德的行为所造成的经济损失 C 在道德问题上政府的无效 D 在机构中诚信的广泛应用 37. 从第三段可以推出—— A Glenn Mulcaire 有可能不认为电话窃听是一种犯罪 B 可能有更多的记者会因为电话窃听而被发现是有罪的 C Andy Coulson 应该被认为是清白的 D 在某些情形下，电话窃听是可以被接受的 38. 作者认为 Rebekah Brooks 的辩护是—— A 揭示了其狡猾的个性 B 围绕的是一些琐碎的为题 C 没有说服力 D 阴谋的一部分 39. 作者认为现行的集体原则表明了—— A 总体上扭曲的价值观
硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
但为君故系列 A 容忍 B 漠不关心 C 不同意 D 谨慎 28. 作者认为检查一个人的电话内容就相当于—— A 闯入他的住宅 B 上缴他的历史纪录 C 检查他的信件 D 检查他的钱包 29. 在第五段和第六段，作者表达了他对于——的关心。 A 原则很难清晰的表达 B 法院给警察行动的空间更少了 C 电话被用来储存敏感信息 D 公民的隐私权没有得到有效的保护 30. Orin Kerr 做的比较被用来引用表明—— A 宪法应该被灵活的实施 B 新技术要求对宪法做新的解释 C 加州的观点违反了宪法原则 D 宪法原则应该永远不变
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P20—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P20—医学2015考研英语阅读理解精读P20—医学Passage 20I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life.1 would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion.This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot bequestioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries.Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn’t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead.1. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist[D]purely imaginary and impractical2. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs3. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients4. Which of the following is a science according to the author?[A]Neuroscience.[B]Psychoanalysis.[C]Psychotherapy.[D]None of the above.5. The main purpose of the passage is____.[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science答案：1. [B] 在第一段作者指出，自己是一个神经科学家，随后说明了这门科学目前存在的局限性。
精品文档2015考研英语阅读理解精读P6—医学
倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
周遭流岚升腾，没露出那真实的面孔。
面对那流转的薄雾，我会幻想，那里有一个世外桃源。
在天阶夜色凉如水的夏夜，我会静静地，静静地，等待一场流星雨的来临…许下一个愿望，不乞求去实现，至少，曾经，有那么一刻，我那还未枯萎的，青春的，诗意的心，在我最美的年华里，同星空做了一次灵魂的交流…秋日里，阳光并不刺眼，天空是一碧如洗的蓝，点缀着飘逸的流云。
偶尔，一片飞舞的落叶，会飘到我的窗前。
斑驳的印迹里，携刻着深秋的颜色。
在一个落雪的晨，这纷纷扬扬的雪，飘落着一如千年前的洁白。
窗外，是未被污染的银白色世界。
我会去迎接，这人间的圣洁。
在这流转的岁月里，有着流转的四季，还有一颗流转的心，亘古不变的心。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P6—医学Passage 6At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the "bubble-boy disease," named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in thegenes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. "There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease," Anderson says, "within 50 years."It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse," says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene."At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping." But the principle is the same, whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea," says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work."注(1)：本文选自Newsweek;12/6/2004, p55-55, 2/3p, 1c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、2题分别模仿2003年真题text1的第2题和第1题;第3、4题分别模仿2004年真题text1的第5 题和第3题;第5题模仿2002年真题text3的第5题;1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________.[A] show the promise of gene-therapy[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team[D] explain how gene-based treatment works2. Anderson’s early success has ________________.[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy[C] promised a cure to every disease[D] made him a national hero3. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.[B] Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.[D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.4. The word “tarnish”(line 5, paragraph 4) most probably means ____________.[A] affect[B] warn[C] trouble[D] stain5. From the text we can see that the author seems ___________.[A] optimistic[B] pessimistic[C] troubled[D] uncertain答案：A B C D A篇章剖析：本篇文章是说明文，主要说明基因疗法的前景，现状，遭遇的问题以及人们对待基因疗法的态度。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P2—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P2—医学Passage 2Dr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years, and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him, however, they'd want to shake his hand--and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries, and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work.Young, 51, head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J., was born on New Year's Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then, the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward: When a cord is damaged, it's damaged. There's nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center, Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom, but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords, he knew, experience progressive damage after they're injured, including swelling and inflammation, which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs, might some function be preserved?Young spent a decade looking into the question, and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury, about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything, but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator, walking or spending one's life in a wheelchair. "This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy," Young says.A global revolution, actually. More than 50,000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year, and these days, methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured, but the relief it offers is only partial, and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young's dream is to help those people too--to restore function already lost--and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together, he has created the International Neurotrauma Society, founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website () that receives thousands of hits each day."The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies," Young says. "It's the most collaborative field I know." Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had afield general, his name would be Wise Young.注(1)：本文选自Time;8/20/2001, p54;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 3;1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three, Paragraph 1), the author means_______________.[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact.[B] Many people could do the remarkable things.[C] When meeting him, many people could do the simple but remarkable thing.[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him.2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century?[A] pessimistic[B] optimistic[C] confused[D] carefree3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3, Paragraph 3), the author is talking about_____________.[A] the drug[B] the function of the injured body[C] the function of the drug[D] the injury4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement?[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past.[B] His treatment is standard.[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people.[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury.5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree?[A] Wise Young does not meet many people.[B] When Young was young, he did not have much reason to ask questions.[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field, Young might be the right person.[D] Young’s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times.答案：D A B A C篇章剖析本文采用先总括说明，再具体阐述的方法，介绍了杨咏威在治疗脊柱损伤这一领域的贡献。
2015年考研英语（1）真题解析完整版
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题精解S e c t i o n I U s e o fE n g l i s h总体分析来源:I B T i m e s‘国际财经时报“2014.07.15㊂全文以 朋友间有相似基因 这一观点引出一项研究,并对研究方法及研究发现展开介绍㊂试题精解1.]当 时候[B]为什么[C]如何[D]什么[解析]T h a t回指首句观点 朋友间有1%基因相同 ,as t u d y指 某项研究 ,首句观点是这项研究的成果㊂只有w h a t能表现 研究取得的某种成果 ,同时能与首句观点保持一致,因此答案为[D]㊂2.[A]辩护,辩解[B]得出结论,总结;推断[C]收回;撤销[D]建议;劝告[解析]由下文可知,该研究对没有血亲关系的朋友和陌生人等进行了全基因组分析,故可推知,该研究围绕 没有血亲关系的朋友 展开,首句观点应该是这一研究的结论,[B]c o n c l u d e d正确㊂3.[A]为了,表目的[B]和,表伴随[C]在 上,表对象[D]通过,表方式[解析]空格处考查 研究分析 与 实验对象 间的关系,能够与c o n d u c t搭配,且后面能够跟表对象名词的只有[C]o n㊂注:c o n d u c t a ne x p e r i m e n t o n...表示 以 为对象进行一项实验 ㊂4.[A]比较[B]寻找,寻求[C]分开[D]连接[解析]p a i r s o f...表明 (该分析对)没有血缘的朋友和陌生人两两成对(进行 ) ,结合首段 朋友间同有1%基因 可推知该结论应是 两两比较 得出,[A]c o m p a r e d正确㊂5.[A]实验,检验[B]物体;目标[C]样本[D]事例[解析]由首句可知研究操作是 比较两组成对的实验对象 ,故b o t h与p a i r so f...a n d...相对应,即空格词的大范畴为 实验对象 ,[C]s a m p l e s正确㊂b o t ho b j e c t s只涵盖 两个人 ,不合文意㊂6.[A]微不足道的[B]出乎意料的[C]不可靠的[D]难以置信的[解析]由上文 研究发现发表于国家级刊物上 及下文d on o t e v e n...㊁s o m e h o w m a n a g e传达的强烈语气,可推知1%在遗传学上意义重大㊂故空格处应与之相反,表示 微不足道 ,[A]i n s i g n i f i c a n t正确㊂7.[A]拜访;参观[B]错过;想念[C]寻找;请求[D]知道;了解[解析]t h e i r f o u r t hc o u s i n s指第四代表亲,亲属关系得上溯到共同的 玄(外)祖父 ,算是 超远房表亲 ,因此可推断 大部分人 和其 第四代表亲 关系并不亲近,他们之间可能不熟悉,[D]k n o w正确㊂8.[A]类似;像[B]影响[C]较喜欢;有利于[D]超越;胜过[解析]由前文 朋友间亲如第四代表亲,共有1%基因 及本段主旨 1%的共有基因在遗传学家看来很重要 可知,人们挑选的朋友和其亲戚一样,有1%共有基因,故应与亲戚 相似 ,[A]r e s e m b l e正确㊂9.[A]又[B]而且;也[C]反而[D]如此[解析]本段 朋友间的相同基因是嗅觉基因,而非免疫基因 是上文 朋友间有相似基因 这一研究基础上更深层次的研究,因此与上文为并列递进关系,选项中只有[B]a l s o能表达该逻辑关系㊂10.[A]同时(表时间)[B]此外(表递进)[C]同样;也(表类比㊁并列)[D]也许(表推测)[解析]空格前半句 嗅觉基因把我们吸引到相似环境中 是对上文 这种相似性为何存在于嗅觉基因中难以解释 的说明: 气味相投 使大家成为朋友;空格后半句b u t t h e r e i sm o r e...又对该解释补充限制因素,由上句 难以解释 和b u t后的补充限制可知,空格后解释是可能性的一种,[D]P e r h a p s正确㊂11.[A]关于[B]对于[C]从 [D]像[解析]空格句与上句逻辑为:从 难以解释 到 一种可能解释 ,到 可能还有很多机制 ,本题填补第二到三层的逻辑,即 引出更多可能 ,[B]t o正确㊂注:t h e r e i sm o r e t o i t表示 事情没那么简单 ㊂112.[A]驱使;促进[B]观察;注意到[C]使困惑;混淆[D]限制[解析]由前文可知,空格句为对 选择基因相似朋友 的深层原因分析,故 许多起协同作用的机制 是 我们选择基因相似朋友 的原因,[A]d r i v e(驱使(某人做某事))符合这一因果逻辑㊂13.[A]根据;按照[B]而不是[C]不管[D]与 一道[解析]f u n c t i o n a l强调 实用 ,指 能帮助达成特殊目的 的关系; 基因相似的朋友 则是 非刻意为达成某种目的而是自然结成的 关系,两者恰恰相反,含取舍逻辑的[B]r a t h e r t h a n正确㊂14.[A]机会;机遇[B]反应;回应[C]使命;任务[D]利益;好处[解析]o f b e i n g f r i e n d sw i t h 是对f u n c t i o n a l k i n s h i p的说明,两者含义应一致;b e i n g f r i e n d s对应k i n s h i p,w i t h对应f u n c t i o n a l,[D]b e n e f i t s正确,f r i e n d sw i t hb e n e f i t s指 因互利结成的利益朋友 ㊂15.[A]更晚[B]更慢[C]更快[D]更早[解析]空格句指出一项值得注意的发现,下句指出这一发现的意义㊂其中h u m a ne v o l u t i o n对应s i m i l a r g e n e s...e v o l v i n g,空格处则对应p i c k e d p a c e,[C]f a s t e r(更快地)符合文意㊂16.[A]预测;预报[B]记得;记住[C]理解;了解[D]表达[解析]空格句指出研究发现的意义,研究的目的必然是弄清事实背后的原因,只有[C]u n d e r s t a n d 能串联起 w h y...ңh e l p u n d e r s t a n d... 这一问答逻辑㊂ 过去三万年间人类的进化加快 是一个持续发生的动态过程,人们对这一进化的动态过程是不可能 记住(r e m e m b e r) 和 表达(e x p r e s s) 的㊂17.[A]无法预料的[B]促成的;起作用的[C]可控的;能操纵的[D]破坏性的,引起混乱的[解析]由上文及空格前半句可知,推动人类进化加快的是相似基因㊂前文提及 相似基因有助于我们结交朋友 ,形成 朋友圈 ,故由相似基因形成的社交圈促进人类进化,[B]c o n t r i b u t o r y正确㊂18.[A]努力[B]决定[C]安排[D]倾向[解析]T h e f i n d i n g s指代上文 朋友间有相似基因 , 人们与相似 背景交朋友 对应 有许多机制协同作用,驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友 ㊂[D]t e n d e n c y暗示某种趋势和倾向,且该趋势是由体内各种机制作用的,带有 无意识地 含义,为正确项㊂其他三项均含有 主观 意味,与 无意识行为 相矛盾㊂19.[A]政治的[B]宗教的[C]种族的[D]经济的[解析]空格下文t h e s a m e p o p u l a t i o n细化a p o p u l a t i o no f E u r o p e a n e x t r a c t i o n,指 欧洲血统中的同一族群 ㊂ 所有实验对象都来自同一族群 表明,实验尽量排除族群因素的影响,并非简单证明人们和种族背景相似的人做朋友,[C]e t h n i c正确㊂20.[A]看见;确保[B]显示;表明[C]证明;证实[D]判断,辨别[解析]空格句说明,所有实验对象不仅要皆为欧洲血统,还需来自同一族群,从而使结果尽可能少受种族因素的影响㊂[A]s e e契合c a r ew a s t a k e n t o...(小心翼翼地做某事)的逻辑,为正确项㊂全文翻译朋友之间尽管没有血缘关系,但却 亲 如第四代表亲,同有约1%的基因㊂这是由加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学共同发表在‘美国国家科学院院刊“上的一项研究所得出的结论㊂这份研究对1932个独特的实验对象进行了全基因组分析,它将没有血亲关系的朋友和陌生人分别分成两人一组进行比较㊂两组抽样中使用了相同的实验对象㊂虽然1%可能看上去微不足道,但遗传学家可不这么认为㊂正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学遗传学的教授詹姆斯㊃福勒所说: 大多数人甚至都不认识他们的第四代表亲,但却不知怎么的竟然能够挑选像亲戚一样的人做朋友㊂研究还发现,朋友间同有某些嗅觉基因,却没有免疫基因㊂嗅觉基因为何存有这种相似性目前还难以解释㊂或许,正如该团队所言,是嗅觉基因把我们吸引到相似的环境中去,但事情没有那么简单㊂可能还有许多机制协同作用,驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友而不去结交因利益瓜葛而结成的 实用的亲密关系 ㊂研究中的一项引人注目的发现是:相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得更快㊂对此加以研究有助于理解为何人类进化在过去的30,000年间加快了步伐,(其中)社会环境是一个主要的促成因素㊂2研究人员称,该发现不是在简单证明人们为何倾向于和种族背景相似的人交朋友㊂尽管所有的实验对象都选自欧洲血统的族群,但(研究人员)还是悉心确保所有的实验对象,不管是朋友还是陌生人,都来自(该血统中的)同一族群㊂S e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1总体分析来源:T h e G u a r d i a n‘卫报“2014.06.04㊂作者以近期事件 西班牙国王卡洛斯被迫退位 为切入点,对备受争议的 欧洲王室命运 进行分析㊂行文脉络:引出全文探讨问题 欧洲王室的未来 (第一段) (从历史角度)论述欧洲君主的积极作用(第二㊁三段) (从现实角度)论述欧洲君主的格格不入(第四㊁五段) 聚焦英国王室,指出其面临危机(第六㊁七段)㊂试题精解21.根据前两段可知,西班牙国王胡安㊃卡洛斯㊂[A]缓和了同对手的关系[B]曾经享有很高的公众支持[C]不受欧洲各王室欢迎[D]尴尬地结束了他的统治[锁定答案]第一段②句指出,最近令人尴尬的丑闻及欧洲议会选举中左翼共和党支持率的走高已迫使胡安㊃卡洛斯退位,即:卡洛斯尴尬地结束了他的统治,[D]正确:e n d e dh i s r e i g n替换s t a n dd o w n;i ne m b a r r a s s m e n t对应e m b a r r a s s i n g s c a n d a l s㊂[排除干扰][A]与第一段②句 共和党左翼(其敌对者)迫使卡洛斯下台 相悖㊂[B]将第一段②句 左翼共和党支持率走高(t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e r e p u b l i c a n l e f t) 偷换为 卡洛斯(K i n g J u a nC a r l o s)支持率走高 ㊂[C]利用第一段④句提及的 欧洲王室(a l lE u r o p e a nr o y a l s) 设置干扰,但文中并未提及卡洛斯与其关系㊂[提炼思路]本题针对开篇引子(具体事例)设置事实细节题㊂解题最大难点在于其中关键词s t a n d d o w n难知其意,考生需从o n c e i n s i s t e d k i n g s d o n t a b d i c a t e...r e c e n t l y f o r c e d h i mt o e a t h i sw o r d s...S o,d oe s t h eS p a n i s hc r i s i s s u g g e s t t h a tM o n a r c h y i s s e e i n g i t s l a s t d a y s推知其意为 退位㊁退职 ㊂22.君主作为国家元首在欧洲得以保留主要是㊂[A]为了给选民提供更多可以敬仰的公众人物[B]为了在传统和现实间达成一种平衡[C]由于他们无可争辩㊁受人尊重的地位[D]因为他们具有持久的政治象征意义[锁定答案]第三段①句指出,君主得以保留是因为这种 政治超越性 (回指第二段 超越政治分歧,象征民族统一精神 );②③句进一步指出,欧洲君主得以保留是因为他们为选民提供了一位无争议㊁受尊重的公众人物㊂可见[C]正确:t h e i ru n d o u b t e da n d r e s p e c t a b l e s t a t u s是对an o n-c o n t r o v e r s i a l b u t r e-s p e c t e d p u b l i c f i g u r e的改写㊂[排除干扰][A]将第三段③句an o n-c o n t r o v e r s i a l b u t r e s p e c t e d p u b l i c f i g u r e改为m o r e p u b l i c f i g-u r e s t o l o o ku p t o,既改变 人物数量(一个ң多个) 又遗漏关键信息(无争议㊁受尊重)㊂[B]利用文中事实 欧洲王室跨越传统与现实 形成干扰,但这并非其得以保留的原因,且 达成平衡(a c h i e v e ab a l a n c e) 无中生有㊂[D]将第三段①句君主得以保留的原因 政治超越性/非政治性(t r a n s c e n d e n c e o f p o l i t i c s) 改为与之相反的 政治象征性(p o l i t i c a l e m b o d i m e n t) ㊂[提炼思路]本题针对第二段命制因果事实题㊂解题思路为:首先根据题干与...e x p l a i n sm o n a r c h sc o n t i n u i n gp o p u l a r i t y和r o y a l f a m i l i e s h a v e s u r v i v e db e c a u s e...的近义关系,将解题线索集中到第三段①句t h i s a p p a r e n t t r a n s c e n d e n c e o f p o l i t i c s和③句a n o n-c o n t r o v e r s i a l b u t r e s p e c t e d p u b l i c f i g u r e;然后根据t h i s的回指功能进一步扩大至第二段末句r i s e a b o v e m e r e p o l i t i c s a n d e m b o d y a s p i r i t o f n a t i o n a l3u n i t y;最后结合三处得出答案㊂23.根据第四段内容,下面哪项是怪异的?[A]贵族对继承的财产过度依赖㊂[B]贵族在现代民主政治中的角色㊂[C]贵族世家简单的生活方式㊂[D]贵族对其特权的执意不放㊂[锁定答案]第四段③句指出,在经济学家就 日益加深的不平等和世袭财富权力 发出警告的今日, 贵族世家依然象征着现代民主国家 的核心非常奇怪,可见[B]正确:t h e r o l e㊁t h en o b i l i t y㊁m o d e r nd e m o c-r a c i e s分别对应原文s t i l l b e t h e s y m b o l i c h e a r t㊁w e a l t h y a r i s t o c r a t i c f a m i l i e s㊁m o d e r nd e m o c r a t i c s t a t e s㊂[排除干扰][A]为第四段③句i n c r e a s i n gp o w e r o f i n h e r i t e dw e a l t h暗含事实,[C]符合第五段①②句信息,[D]为第四段②句e m b o d i e s o u t d a t e d a n d i n d e f e n s i b l e p r i v i l e g e s暗示信息,但三者均未体现作者认为的 怪异 之处,文不对题㊂[提炼思路]本题考查 事实细节+作者观点 ,解题关键在于抓取题干核心信息t ob eo d d㊁明确题目所问(第四段作者指出的奇特怪异现象),并通过i t i s b i z a r r e...将解题线索锁定第四段末句t h a t从句㊂最后对比选项:正确项需为t h a t从句的同义表述;选项即便符合他处事实,但非从句所指,也应排除㊂24.英国王室 最应感到恐慌 ,是因为查尔斯王子㊂[A]没能让自己适应未来的角色[B]没能遵从建议改变生活方式[C]把共和主义者当成潜在盟友[D]对政治问题采取了强硬立场[锁定答案]文章末段指出英国王室的危险来自于查尔斯:生活方式奢侈,等级观念强,没能理解君主制之所以能够存续,很大原因在于提供了一位无争议㊁非政治的国家元首,而(行为不当的)君主恰恰是君主制最大的敌人㊂可见,危机来自 没能调整自己,适应未来国王角色 的查尔斯王子,[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]利用②句h a s a n e x p e n s i v e t a s t e o f l i f e s t y l e设置干扰,但这不足以概括查尔斯的 错误行为 ,且a s a d v i s e d无中生有㊂[C]利用④句人物r e p u b l i c a n s设置干扰,但该句只暗示这是王室的反对者,并未指出查尔斯将其当做潜在盟友㊂[D]对③句f a i l e d t o...n o n-p o l i t i c a l过度引申,文中并未指出查尔斯政治立场强硬㊂[提炼思路]本题就最后两段设题,要求考生概括英国王室处于危险的原因㊂解题时需 正面概括+反向推导 :一,正确项需能概括关于查尔斯的主要信息;以偏概全以及扭曲事实的选项须排除;二,关于女王的信息 维持了君主声誉(h a s p r e s e r v e d t h em o n a r c h y r e p u t a t i o n) 可作为概括推理的反向依据:查尔斯做法难保君主声誉㊂25.以下哪项最适合做文章题目[A]卡洛斯,光荣与耻辱的合体[B]查尔斯,渴望继承王冠[C]卡洛斯,给所有欧洲君主的教训[D]查尔斯,迟于应对迫近的威胁[锁定答案]本文第一段以 西班牙国王卡洛斯被迫退位 事件引发全文探讨问题:欧洲王室是否行将就木第二至五段分析指出欧洲各王室靠其努力调整将会暂时持续㊂最后两段聚焦英国王室,指出查尔斯不当行为致其面临危机㊂纵观全文,作者实则以卡洛斯事例警示欧洲王室作出调整,[C]为最佳标题㊂[排除干扰][A]偏离主线:文章关注点在 欧洲各君主国 ,而非 卡洛斯个人荣辱 ㊂[B]利用背景信息 查尔斯已做王储多年㊁且登上王位依然遥遥无期 捏造干扰,但非文中信息㊂[D]只在文章末段提及,且将文意 查尔斯给英国王室带来威胁 改为 查尔斯迟于应对面前威胁 ㊂[提炼思路]本题以 文章标题 形式考查考生对全文的把握㊂解题时可采取思路 重在对比分析选项,同时回顾文章内容 :四个选项均为 人物+短语 形式:[B]㊁[D]关注人物C h a r l e s仅出现于最末两段,且随后短语均针对查尔斯个人,故排除;[A]㊁[C]人物C a r l o s为文章切入点,但[A]中短语关注的是C a r l o s个人,排除,[C]A l lE u r o p e a n M o n a r c h s为全文关注对象,a l e s s o n体现以 卡洛斯被迫退位看欧洲王室现状 的视角,故正确㊂全文翻译西班牙国王胡安㊃卡洛斯曾经坚称 国王不会退位,他们只在睡梦中逝去 ㊂但令人尴尬的丑闻及4最近欧洲议会选举中左翼共和党支持率的走高迫使他自食其言并退下王位㊂那么,此次西班牙危机是否暗示君主制已走向穷途末路是否表明所有欧洲王室,连同其华丽的皇室制服和庄严的生活方式,都将面临着消亡的厄运?西班牙的情形为支持和反对君主制的观点都提供了依据㊂当公众舆论特别分化,如佛朗哥统治刚刚结束之时,君主能够超越 纯粹的 政治并 象征 国家团结的精神㊂正是这种应然的政治超越性解释了君主作为国家元首受到持续欢迎的原因㊂也正因此,除中东之外,欧洲是世界上君主最密集的地区,有10个王国之多(不算梵蒂冈城和安道尔)㊂但不同于海湾地区及亚洲地区的专制主义君主,大多数欧洲皇室能够存留下来是因为他们能让选民们避免费力地寻找一个无争议㊁受尊敬的公众人物㊂即便如此,国王和女王们无疑仍有其不利的一面㊂虽然他们声称自己象征着国家团结,但就其历史本身 以及有时他们在当今之行为方式 却都代表了过时的㊁难以捍卫的特权和不平等㊂在托马斯㊃皮凯蒂及其他一些经济学家纷纷就 日益加剧的不平等 和 日益增强的世袭财富权力 发出警告之时,富有的贵族世家依然是现代民主国家的核心象征,这非常怪异㊂最成功君主们在努力摆脱或是隐藏旧有的贵族习气㊂王子王妃们在从事日常的有薪工作,且骑自行车,而不是骑马(或者坐飞机)㊂即便如此,这些也是富有世家,他们只和全球1%的顶级富豪进行社交活动,且媒体的侵扰使他们越来越难保持正面的形象㊂毫无疑问,尽管欧洲的君主们足够聪明,将会继续存留在未来的一些时日里,但正是英国王室成员应从西班牙的儆戒中感受到最大的恐慌㊂只有女王以她极为普通(尽管穿着考究)的老奶奶风格保持了君主的声望㊂危险将随查尔斯而至,他不仅有品味奢侈的生活方式,而且有着很强的等级世界观㊂他没能理解到君主制能够存续,很大部分原因在于他们提供了一种服务 作为无争议㊁非政治的国家元首㊂查尔斯王子应该知道,正如英国历史所示,君主制最大的敌人恰恰是君主,而不是共和党人㊂T e x t2总体分析来源:T h eW a s h i n g t o nP o s t‘华盛顿邮报“2014.04.28㊂脉络:提出问题 逮捕时警方是否可以无证查看嫌疑犯手机信息 (首段)ң分析问题(中间段,其中第二至四段作者驳斥加州观点 警方可无证搜查嫌疑犯手机等随身物品 并提出观点 无证搜查手机犹如入室搜查,有悖隐私权益法案 ;第五六段作者表明担忧 公民隐私未受法律保护 )ң解决问题 最高法院应对第四修正案做出重新解释以适应数字信息领域的发展 (末段)㊂试题精解最高法院将要裁决,逮捕过程中,是否是合法的㊂[A]阻止嫌疑人删除他们的手机内容[B]在没有搜查令的情况下寻找嫌疑人手机[C]在未经批准的情况下检查嫌疑人手机内容[D]禁止嫌疑人使用他们的手机[锁定答案]第一段②句指出:最高法院即将讨论 在逮捕过程中,警方是否可以无证搜查嫌疑犯身边的手机信息 ;意即,最高法院要解决 逮捕中警方不经授权搜查嫌疑犯手机信息的合法性 问题㊂由此可推知,[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将第六段③句所述事实 等候搜查证过程中警方可以采取合理措施以防嫌疑犯删除或更改手机数据 篡改为最高法院将要裁决的问题㊂[B]将首段②句中 搜查手机信息 偷换为 寻找手机 ㊂[D]将首段②句 查看嫌疑犯身边的手机的信息内容 断章取义为 查看手机是否在身边 ㊂[提炼思路]事实细节题重在根据题干锁定位置并寻找与之同义替换的选项㊂题干中w o r ko u t (经过思考㊁讨论后)想出,得到(解决办法) ㊁i s l e g i t i m a t e t o分别对应c o n s i d e r 认真思考㊁仔细考虑ң(最高法院)讨论(以作出裁决) ㊁c a n,由此锁定②句;[C]选项中c h e c k㊁w i t h o u t b e i n g a u t h o r i z e d分别对应句中5s e a r c h㊁w i t h o u t aw a r r a n t㊂27.作者对加利福尼亚州观点的态度是㊂[A]不赞成[B]不关心[C]宽容[D]谨慎[锁定答案]第四段①句作者直接提议最高法院首先要摒弃加州政府的蹩脚言论㊂由此不难推知作者对加州政府观点的不赞成态度,[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]与文中 作者对加州政府观点极度忧虑 不符㊂[C]由第七段首句 但最高法院不应该全盘接受加州观点 衍生出 作者部分赞同加州观点 ,而该句仅仅是作者在 担忧最高法院可能会接纳加州观点 状况下(第六段末句 最高法院可能倾向于给警方有更多自主控制的余地 )退而求其次做出的折中期待而已㊂[D]将第三段首句r e c k l e s s l y m o d e s t 用以说明最高法院采纳加州观点的后果 篡改为 用以说明作者对加州观点的态度 ㊂[提炼思路]作者态度题重在借助情感色彩表达词揣摩作者观点态度㊂第四段①句中d i s c a r d 摒弃 ㊁l a m e 蹩脚的,站不住脚的 很明确表明作者对加州观点的态度㊂28.作者认为查看一个人手机内容犹如㊂[A]翻查一个人的钱包[B]处理一个人的历史记录[C]浏览一个人的通信往来[D]进入一个人的住处[锁定答案]第四段③句明确指出:查看手机就犹如进入他或她的家,其中注意m o r e l i k e彰显了作者的倾向性㊂故[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]错将第四段①句所述加州政府观点 查看手机内容犹如查看嫌犯钱包 等同于作者观点㊂[B]㊁[C]均利用第四段④句设置干扰,但该句旨在说明手机内容涉及个人生活方方面面,需要加强对手机内容的保护意识 ,而是作者类比查看手机内容的对象㊂[提炼思路]解答事实细节题关键在根据题干锁定位置并寻找与之同义替换的选项㊂[D]项中g e t-t i n g i n t o㊁r e s i d e n c e分别对应③句中的e n t e r i n g㊁h o m e㊂29.第五㊁六段中,作者表达了对的担忧㊂[A]原则很难清楚表达[B]法院将给警察更小行动余地[C]手机被用来储存敏感信息[D]公民隐私没有得到有效保护[锁定答案]第五段首末句指出:美国人应该采取措施以保护自身数据隐私,他们有权要求私人文件不公开㊁不受无理搜查;意即:美国人的数字隐私并未得到合理保护;就此初步判断[D]正确㊂再根据第六段主体内容 手机信息搜查的界限不好划定:一㊁搜查证很好获取,二㊁紧急关头可越过第四修正案进行搜查,三㊁等待搜查证时可采取措施不让嫌犯删除或更改手机内容以确保手机信息保持原始状态以备搜查;不仅如此,最高法院还有可能让警方拥有更多自主权 可知,作者意欲说明手机信息保护的难度,以表明对公民隐私并未受到有效保护的担忧㊂由此确定[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]反向曲解第六段首句 (可以申明原则,但)申明原则不能减轻界限划定的难度 ㊂[B]反向曲解第六段末句 最高法院可能想要为警方指出有权行使更多自主行为的情形留下余地(即,留有更多余地) ㊂[C]将第五段②句所述既成事实 人们将敏感信息存储在手机里已成为日常生活的一部分 篡改为作者忧虑㊂[提炼思路]段落推理/主旨题重在找到主题句和关键词并将其与选项一一比对㊂第五六段的主题句均为段首句,关键词分别落在p r o t e c t t h e i r d i g i t a l p r i v a c y,t h e c h a l l e n g e o f l i n e-d r a w i n g㊂其中,第五段首句明显表达出作者对 公民隐私保护 的忧虑,第六段首句则借 手机信息搜查界限很难界定 传递出 公民隐私未得到有效保护 之意㊂30.引用奥林㊃克尔的对比是为了表明㊂[A]宪法应该灵活实施[B]宪法原则应该永不更改[C]加利福尼亚州观点违反了宪法原则[D]新技术需要对宪法重新解释[锁定答案]根据题干定位至末段末句,再根据 所举事例旨在为观点服务 原则,可将作者意图追溯到②句,该句指出:新的颠覆性技术有时需要对宪法保护条例有所新运用㊂由此不难断定,作者列举6O r i nK e r r比较的意图在于说明新技术需要对宪法做出新解释,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将②③句所讨论 宪法保护条例的新运用问题,即对宪法进行新的阐述以适应新的发展需求 篡改为 宪法的灵活运用问题,即宪法应该灵活运用 ㊂[B]曲解②句,首先将 宪法保护条例 替换为 宪法原则 ;其次将 需要新运用 反向替换为 应该永不改变 ㊂[C]由①句 法官们不应该全盘接受加州观点 曲解出 加州观点违背宪法原则 ,而从第二段可知加州观点实为法律意义上的既定假设㊂[提炼思路]例证题的定位不应该看例子本身而应该找到例子对应的观点或结论,本题例子本身就是末段末句,因此答案只能锁定在其前文㊂全文翻译宪法到底在多大程度上保护你的数字资料?最高法院即将讨论,在没有搜查令的情况下,警察是否可以在逮捕过程中搜查嫌疑人身上或身旁的手机内容㊂加利福尼亚州已请求法官们不要作出一刀切裁决,尤其是 推翻 执法当局在逮捕时可搜查嫌疑犯财物 这一旧有假定 的一刀切裁决㊂该州(政府)认为,法官很难评估快速变化的新技术可能带来的影响㊂若是听从加利福尼亚州的建议,最高法院那真是 谦虚 得不计后果㊂(已经有)足够多的影响现在能够看得出来,甚至很明显,因此,法官们能够也应该向警方㊁律师以及被告提供更新的指导性意见㊂他们应该首先摒弃加利福尼亚州的蹩脚观点,即,翻看智能手机的内容 (那可是)一个庞大的数字信息库 相当于翻查嫌疑犯的钱包㊂最高法院已经裁决:在没有搜查令的情况下,警方搜查被捕人的钱包或钱袋并不违反宪法第四修正案㊂但是查看一个人的智能手机更像是进入他或她的家㊂智能手机里可能存有被捕者的阅读记录㊁财务记录㊁病史记录以及近期通信往来的详细记录㊂与此同时, 云计算 的发展也让那种查看更为容易㊂美国人应当采取措施保护他们的数字隐私㊂但是把敏感信息保存在这些设备上正日渐成为正常生活的一种需要㊂不过(美国)公民有权要求私人文件保持不公开并且受到宪法 禁止无理搜查 条款的保护㊂申明原则并不能减轻界限划定的挑战,这是常有的事㊂很多情况下,当局获得搜查令再搜查手机信息也不会太麻烦㊂在面临严峻㊁紧急情况之时,他们还可以悬置第四修正案的保护条例;在等待搜查令之时,他们也可以采取适当的措施以保证手机数据不被删除或更改㊂尽管如此,最高法院或许还想要为警方提出有权行使更多自主行为的情形留下空间㊂但是法官们不应该轻易接受加利福尼亚州的所有观点㊂新的颠覆性技术有时需要对宪法保护条例进行创新性的应用㊂法学教授奥林㊃克尔把21世纪数字信息的爆炸及其可获取性与20世纪将汽车使用几乎确立为生活必需相比较:当时法官们不得不为小客车这一新兴私人领域明确新规;现在他们也必须解决第四修正案如何去适用数字信息的问题㊂T e x t3总体分析来源:N a t u r e‘自然“2014.07.03㊂全文围绕 ‘科学“加强论文统计审查 这一新举展开论述,分析了举措出台原因,列举了一些学者对举措的看法,说明了此举对于科研发表以及学术研究的意义和它的局限性㊂试题精解31.由第一段得知,㊂[A]‘科学“欲简化其同行评审程序[B]众期刊正加强其统计审查[C]鲜有期刊因为数据分析错误而受诟病[D]研究项目中缺乏数据分析很常见[锁定答案]首句指出‘科学“宣布将对其同行评审程序增加额外的数据审查;②句表明此举是仿效其他期刊并说明背后原因㊂w i d e s p r e a dc o n c e r n t h a t b a s i cm i s t a k e s i nd a t aa n a l y s i s...反映当前科研发表质量堪忧㊂因此首段现象提炼即为:各大期刊正加强统计审查,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]中s i m p l i f y(简化)与①句a d d i n g a n e x t r a r o u n d o f s t a t i s t i c a l c h e c k s...相左㊂[C]与7。
15年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into. A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 1. All boys and girls in large families know that . A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B) people tend to be together more than they used to be C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely D) Railway leads the world to peace 2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except . A) the railway enables people travel fast B) the railway brings comfort to people C) the railway makes the world peaceful D) the railway leads the world to war as well. 3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but . A) tunnels are dangerous to public health B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die 4. We may safely conclude that . A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group B) the author belongs to the for-railway group C) the author speaks highly of the railway D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers 5. What is the tone of this passage? A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated Answer1.C2.D3.D4.A5.C。
2015年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage You're busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let's assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University? More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say theydeal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of aboutone per week. Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicants lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them impostors(骗⼦); another refers to them asspecial cases. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made byno such people. To avoid outright(彻底的)lies, some job-seekers claim that they attended or were associated with a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that attending means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that being associated with a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century-that's when they began keeping records, anyhow. If you don't want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony(假的)diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of non-existent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from Smoot State University.The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the University of Purdue. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper. 1. The main idea of this passage is that . A) employers are checking more closely on applicants now B) lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem C) college degrees can now be purchased easily D) employers are no longer interested in college degrees 2. According to the passage, special cases refer to cases where . A) students attend a school only part-time B) students never attended a school they listed on their application C) students purchase false degrees from commercial films D) students attended a famous school 3. We can infer from the passage that . A) performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree B) experience is the best teacher C) past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do D) a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job petition 4. This passage implies that . A) buying a false degree is not moral B) personnel officers only consider applicants from famousschools C) most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school D) society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications 5. As used in the first line of the second paragraph, the word utter means . A)address B)thorough C)ultimate D)decisive Answer1.B2.C3.D4.D5.C。
2015年全国考研英语一真题详解.doc
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)①Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. ②That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .①The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. ②The same people were used in both5 .①While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. ②As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”①The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. ②Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.③10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. ④There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !①One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving15 than other genes. ②Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.①The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. ②Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. ③The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1. [A] what [B] why [C] how [D] when2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] by [D] on4. [A] separated [B] sought [C] compared [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] know [D] seek8. [A] surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D] resemble9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12. [A] limit [B] observe [C] confuse [D] drive13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] benefits [D] missions15. [A] faster [B] slower [C] later [D] earlier16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] express [D] understand17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] tendency [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] endeavor19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” ②But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. ③So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? ④Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?①The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. ②When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.①It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of states. ②And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). ③But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.①Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. ②Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. ③At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.①The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ②Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). ③Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.①It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. ②The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. ③He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. ④Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain _______.[A] used to enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] eased his relationship with his rivals[D] ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly _______.[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles _______.[A] takes a tough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2①Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? ②The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.①California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. ②It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.①The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. ②Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.①They should start by discarding Cal ifornia’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. ②The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. ③But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. ④A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. ⑤The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.①Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. ②But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. ③Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.①As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. ②In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. ③They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. ④The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.①But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. ②New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. ③Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_______.[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents[B] sea rch for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of_______.[A] disapproval[B] indifference[C] tolerance[D]cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to_______.[A] getting into one’s residence[B] handling one’s historical records[C] scanning one’s correspondences[D] going through one’s wallet29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_______.[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B] the court is giving police less room for action[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected[D] phones are used to store sensitive information30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that_______.[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3①The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. ②The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.①“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. ②Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).③Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. ④The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.①Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s ov erall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”①Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. ②He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”③He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. ④This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”①John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”②“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. ③I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essentia l than expert review,” he says. ④But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.①Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. ②Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. ③Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it re lies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _______.[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to_______.[A] found[B] marked[C] revised[D] stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _______.[A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science’s circulation[D] set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _______.[A] adds to researchers’ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers[C] has room for further improvement[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4①Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. ②Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the m arket.③But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.①Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” ②This same absence of moral purpose waswounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .①As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stand. ②Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. ③This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. ④Others await trial. ⑤This long story still unfolds.①In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. ②One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. ③The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.①In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. ②Perhaps we should not be so surprised. ③For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. ④The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. ⑤Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.①The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. ②It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. ③Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_______.[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_______.[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence_______.[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows_______.[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral code40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central in news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______________________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where？The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) ______________________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) ______________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)____________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one ki nd of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a givencourse? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on atrain or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age andsocial class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presentedin the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, imageor reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, orabout its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, notnecessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might calltextual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough foodallotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2015年试题精读透析Section ⅠUse of English (10 points)1. A2. B3. D4. C5. C6. A7. C8. D9. B 10. D11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. A Section ⅡReading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. A 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. C Part B (10 points)41. C 42. E 43. G 44. B 45. APart C (10 points)46. 这场移民运动由各种强大的动机所推动，在一片荒野之中创立了一个国家，并且，就其本质而言，它也塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和决定了它的命运。
2015考研英语（一）阅读真题答案
2015考研英语（⼀）阅读真题答案 2015年的考研⼤战已经结束了，店铺考研英语频道⼩编在考后第⼀时间为⼤家提供2015年考研英语真题及答案，欢迎⼤家参考和借鉴，⼤家可以按ctrl+D收藏我们的⽹站，了解更多最新的考研信息! 21.D ended his reign in embarrassment. 22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status 23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy 24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised. 25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies 26. C check suspect's phone contents without being authorized. 27.A disapproval 28.A getting into one's residence 29. C citizens' privacy is not effectively protected 30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution 31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks 32.B marked 33. D set an example for other journals 34. C has room for further improvement 35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers 36. D the consequences of the current sorting mechanism 37. A more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking 38. C was hardly convincing 39. B generally distorted values 40. D moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper >>> 推荐阅读:2015考研英语真题及答案专题。
2015考研英语一真题及答案
2015年考研英语（一）真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as ―related‖ as fourth cous ins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, ―Most people do not e ven _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.‖The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_‖functional Kinship‖ of being f riends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people‘s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ―mere‖ politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‘ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart e nough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service –as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats‘ excessive reliance on inherited wealt h[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility‘s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals ―have most to fear‖ because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Calif ornia‘s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California‘s lame argument that exploring the cont ents of a smart phone —a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‘s purse. The court has ruled that police don‘t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee with out a warrant. But exploring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee‘s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of ―cloud co mputing,‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution‘s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn‘t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California‘s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes de mands novel applications of the Constitution‘s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects‘ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects‘ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The auth or‘s attitude toward California‘s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one‘s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one‘s residence.[B] handlin g one‘s historical records.[C] scanning one‘s correspondences.[D] going through one‘s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens‘ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr‘s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California‘s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.―Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review thesemanuscripts.As ked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: ―The creation of the ‗statistics board‘ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‘s overall d rive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.‖Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖ He agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.‖John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is ―a most welcome step forward‖ and ―long overdue.‖ ―Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,‖ he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, ―engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process‖. Vaux says that Science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‗the papers that need scrutiny‘ in the first place‖.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase ―flagged up‖ (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science‘s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers‘ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‘ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‘s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the ―unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions‖ Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only ―sorting mechanism ‖in society should be profit and the market .But ―it‘s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ‖.Driving her point home, sh e continued: ―It‘s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.‖ This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today‘s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies‘ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‘s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ―true‖ meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn‘t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of readin g. It doesn‘t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile thananother. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author‘s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text‘s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations ofNorth America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.―To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.‖ said one recorder of events, ―The air at twelve leagues‘ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.‖ The colonists‘ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)答案及解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015年考研英语阅读真题精析
2015年的研究生考试已经落下帷幕，笔者第一时间与文都网校老师共同研讨，对此次英语考试的内容进行分析，一方面是为参加此次考试的考生分析整体情况，另一方面更是为参加2016年研究生考试的考生们指明复习备考的方向，毕竟方向比速度更重要。
本文笔者就着重分析2015年考研英语阅读部分的情况，供考生参考。
整体情况纵观2015年考研英语的整张试卷，总体难度趋于平稳，这符合研究生考试的一贯风格。
究其原因有二：首先，考研英语的内容取材在近十年已经非常稳定，主要集中在诸如The Economist、BusinessWeek、Time、TheScientist等期刊，取材的稳定性就决定了文章在内容难度上不会有太大波动;其次，对于这样一个有可能决定上百万人命运的考试，在试题难度上玩“过山车”显然有违这门考试的精神。
除了2010年第一次在考研英语中考查了新题型排序题(阅读理解Part B)导致当年这道10分的大题得分率很低(那一年，艺术生分数国家线下调近10分)，其他所有年份的试题难度都基本相同。
针对今年考生们反映的阅读理解难度偏大的问题，笔者认为也有两个原因：其一，今年阅读理解的第一篇文章内容是王室退位，中国考生对这一话题比较陌生;其二，历年考研阅读的四篇文章在难易程度上都有区别，难、易文章的排列顺序也有所不同，而今年把相对较难的文章放在第一篇的位置，因此很多考生还未充分“热身”就被打了个措手不及。
给2016年考生：在考研英语大纲对考试题型不做太大调整的情况下，新一年的试题难度依然以“稳定”为主旋律。
真题解析及备考建议下面笔者从词汇、长难句和命题规律三个方面来具体评析2015年考研英语的阅读部分。
1. 考研高频词汇的重复规律还在延续考研大纲要求的词汇量是5500，每一年实际考查到的卷面词汇量为3700左右，排除掉the、of、be动词、don’t、have等常见高频词后，真正考查到的单词量在3000左右(其中还有大量的中学词汇)。
考研英语阅读理解模拟题医学(8)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（8）Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option？It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations.Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide？ When apatient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces.What role should the doctor have？Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible ， then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime ， and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness ，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that acancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs.The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not upto human beings to decide when to end their own or another‘s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assistsomeone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well.These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are validin certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain cloudsjudgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn‘t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible ，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide.I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery，and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine，that seems merciful rather than criminal.If we can agree to this ，then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonablerequest.Without the doctor‘s previous treatment，the person would have surely been dead already.Doctors have intervened for months or even years，so why not sanction this final，merciful intervention ？Life is indeed precious，but an inevitable part of life is death，and it should be precious，too.If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering，then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty，one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly，surely，and with family and friends nearby.1.In this passage “doctor-assisted suicide ”uallyact refers to the practice that doctors____.[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide[c]propose euthanasia（安乐死） to the terminally illpatient [D]kill their patients with improper prescription2.People may object to doctor-assisted suicide on the groundthat____.[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis[D]doctors should wait until their patients‘ death is certain3.Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide？[A]The patient. [B]The doctor.[C]Nature. [D]None of the above.4.When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicide，the author admits that____.[A]it is not up to them to make the choice[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases5.The author makes it clear that____.[A]he is opposed to doctor-assisted suicide[B]he is in favor of doctor-assisted suicide[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctor-assisted suicide[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present1.[C] 第一段第二句其实是 doctor-assisted suicide的定义。
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2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学Passage 18(Doctor-assisted Suicide：Is It Ever an Option?)Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations.Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces.What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs.The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another’s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well.These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide.I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying ofcancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery，and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine，that seems merciful rather than criminal.If we can agree to this，then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request.Without the doctor’s previous treatment，the person would have surely been dead already.Doctors have intervened for months or even years，so why not sanction this final，merciful intervention?Life is indeed precious，but an inevitable part of life is death，and it should be precious，too.If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering，then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty，one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly，surely，and with family and friends nearby.1. In this passage“doctor-assisted suicide”actually refers to the practice that doctors____.[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide[c]propose euthanasia(安乐死)to the terminally ill patient[D]kill their patients with improper prescription2. People may object to doctor-assisted suicide on the ground that____.[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis[D]doctors should wait until their patients’death is certain3. Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide?[A]The patient. [B]The doctor.[C]Nature. [D]None of the above.4. When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicide，the author admits that____.[A]it is not up to them to make the choice[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases5. The author makes it clear that____.[A]he is opposed to doctor-assisted suicide[B]he is in favor of doctor-assisted suicide[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctor-assisted suicide[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present答案：1. [C] 第一段第二句实际上是doctor-assisted suicide的定义。