最新牛津版英语高中必修一语法知识
牛津版英语高中必修一语法知识
第一讲定语从句一关键词定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
关系词：关系词用来引导定语从句。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。
关系代词有that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why等。
关系词可以1) 代替先行词；2) 引导定语从句；3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如：The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.句中，the car为先行词；which是关系词引导是定语从句which my uncle had just bought，同时代替先行词the car在定语从句中作主语。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句who指人，在定语从句中作主语。
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。
that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
whose 通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
Note: whose指物时，常用of which结构来代替：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。
注意：which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。
这时which和as 被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。
如：He said he was a Frenchman，which／as was not true.但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。
如：As is known to all，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country, as/which is known to all.2.关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
牛津高一英语必修一知识点
牛津高一英语必修一知识点In the first year of Oxford High School, students are required to study a course called "English Compulsory 1". This course covers a wide range of knowledge points that are essential for a solid foundation in English language learning. In this article, we will explore some of the key knowledge points covered in this course without mentioning specific headings or titles.1. Grammar:Grammar is a fundamental aspect of any language, and in English Compulsory 1, students will learn important grammar rules and structures. These include tenses, verb forms, subject-verb agreement, articles, prepositions, and sentence patterns. It is crucial for students to grasp these grammar points as they form the backbone of English communication.For example, students will learn about the different types of tenses, such as present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, and future tense. They will understand when and how to use these tenses correctly in various contexts.2. Vocabulary:Expanding one's vocabulary is vital for effective communication in English. English Compulsory 1 covers a wide range of vocabulary topics, including synonyms, antonyms, idioms, collocations, and word formation. Students will learn how to expand their vocabulary through contextual reading, word families, and word roots.For instance, they will explore idiomatic expressions commonly used in English, such as "kick the bucket" (meaning to die) or "break a leg" (meaning good luck). Understanding and using such idioms enhances students' language skills and helps them speak English more naturally.3. Reading and Comprehension:Improving reading skills is another crucial component of the English Compulsory 1 course. Students will be exposed to a variety of texts, including short stories, news articles, and essays. Reading materials are carefully selected to cater to students' language proficiency and progressively increase in difficulty level.Through reading and comprehension exercises, students will develop their ability to understand main ideas, identify supporting details, and infer meaning from context. These skills not only boostoverall English language proficiency but also improve critical thinking and analytical skills.4. Writing:Developing strong writing skills is indispensable in English language learning. Students in English Compulsory 1 will learn different types of writing styles, such as descriptive writing, narrative writing, and argumentative writing. They will also learn important writing techniques, such as structure, coherence, and use of appropriate language.Writing assignments will encourage students to express their thoughts clearly and logically, enhancing their ability to communicate effectively in written form. Whether it is crafting a persuasive essay or writing a personal reflection, students will be guided to develop their writing skills step by step.5. Speaking and Listening:English Compulsory 1 also emphasizes oral communication skills. Students will engage in various speaking activities, such as giving presentations, participating in discussions, and performing skits or debates. These activities aim to enhance students' fluency, pronunciation, and ability to express themselves confidently in English.In addition, listening exercises are incorporated into the course to help students improve their listening comprehension skills. They will listen to dialogues, interviews, and speeches, and practice extracting important information, understanding different accents, and following complex instructions.Overall, the English Compulsory 1 course in Oxford High School covers a wide range of knowledge points essential for high school students' English language development. By focusing on grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, speaking, and listening, students can cultivate a well-rounded set of language skills that will serve as a solid foundation for their future English studies.。
牛津译林版必修一语法—定语从句
定语从句知识点梳理一、基本概念1) Mary is a 21-year-old student.She is a nice girl.2) Mary is a student 21 years old.Mary is a student in her twenties.3) Mary is a student who is 21 years old.attributive clause（定语从句：修饰主句中名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
）antecedent (先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
)Mary is a student who is 21 years old.(先行词) (关系代词)The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.(先行词) (关系副词)3. Introduce relative pronouns : which, that, who, whom and whose.Introduce relative adverbs: where, why and when.Introduce the functions of the relative words. (Page 8)①指代先行词；②位于从句句首，连接定语从句与主句；③并在定语从句中充当从句某一成分。
二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。
例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）①Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week?②I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published.③The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last.④This is the new secretary (who/whom/that)I would like to introduce to you.⑤The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay.注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。
牛津版教材高一语法知识点
牛津版教材高一语法知识点牛津版教材是一套广泛使用于高中英语教学中的教材系列。
其旨在帮助学生打下坚实的英语基础，其中也包括了丰富的语法知识点。
在本文中，我们将就牛津版教材高一语法知识点进行探讨。
一、时态的综合掌握时态是英语语法中的重要部分，掌握不同时态的用法可以帮助我们准确地表达过去、现在和将来的动作或状态。
在牛津版高一教材中，包括了一些常见时态，如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时等。
通过多种练习题，学生可以进一步巩固这些时态的用法。
例如，在学习一般现在时时，我们会了解到它表示现阶段的常规或习惯性动作，还可以用于表示客观真理或普遍事实。
在具体的实例中，学生可以通过与老师和同学进行对话，描述自己的日常生活、学校规则、个人喜好等来练习运用这一时态。
二、名词的用法与变化名词是我们日常交流中必不可少的一部分，它用于描述人、事、物或概念等。
在牛津版高一教材中，学生将学习名词的用法和变化，例如单数到复数的转变、可数名词与不可数名词的区别等。
在学习单数到复数转变时，学生需要掌握一些常见变化规则，如在名词末尾加 -s 或 -es，如 book - books, box - boxes。
此外，还有一些特殊的变化规则，如以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，将 y 改为 i，再加 -es，如 city - cities，lady - ladies。
三、形容词与副词的正确用法形容词和副词是用来修饰名词或动词的词性。
在牛津版高一教材中，形容词和副词的用法以及比较级和最高级的变化规则也是重要内容之一。
形容词的用法包括修饰名词、构成名词词组、作定语、宾补等。
例如，在描述某个人或物时，我们可以使用形容词来增强描述的程度，如 tall boy, beautiful flowers。
副词的用法包括修饰动词、形容词、其他副词等。
例如，在描述某个动作时，我们可以使用副词来表达动作的方式、频率等，如 quickly run, often read。
牛津高一英语 Unit 1知识点归纳
统 良 优 族 民 华 中 就 来 历 ”， 世 继 诗 家 传 读 “耕 。 梯 阶 步 进 晶 结 慧 智 、 体 载 的 识 知 类 人 是 籍 书
takethefirstturningonyourleft 33. makeanappointmentwithsb 34. medicalcentre 35. schoolfacilities 36. dormitory 37. basketcourt 38. canteen 39. getinterestedinchineseculture 40. graduatefrom 41. upondoingsth 42. developaninterestindoingsth 43.
养 高 提 人 更 时 同 现 体 具 力 实 软 化 文 家 个 一 也 志 标 要 重 的 质 素 民 国 是 仅 不 ， 书 读
统 良 优 族 民 华 中 就 来 历 ”， 世 继 诗 家 传 读 “耕 。 梯 阶 步 进 晶 结 慧 智 、 体 载 的 识 知 类 人 是 籍 书
bringbackfrom 44. donatesthtosb 45. displaysthintheassemblyhall 46. makeaspeechaboutone’sexperiences 47. payattentionto 48. preferAtoB 49. findsbhardtoplease 50. presentinshortform 51. fireprevention 52. outerspace 53. popsongs 54.
牛津译林版高一英语上册必修一 语法总结
牛津译林版高一英语上册模块一语法总结一、有关定语从句的一些要点I. 只能用“that”的情况1．先行词为anything/everything/all/any/little等不定代词时注：有时all/everything/anything + that定语从句= what+名词性从句（如宾语从句）We’ll do all (that) we can to help you （= what we can）The way he solved the problem was different from what we were used to.（=the way that we were used to）2．先行词前有序数词,最高级,all /any / the very / the right / the only修饰时3．先行词既有人又有物时We talked about the things and teachers that we all knew.4．引导词在从句中作表语时My hometown is no longer a small village that it used to be.(that在从句中做表语)5．避免重复时Who is the person that you want to see.II. 不能用that 的情况1.介词之后The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bicycle.非限制性定语从句中，“，”之后Football,which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. III. whose的使用：既指人又指物，替代his, her, their, its及名词所有格(如：Tom’s/the school’s) The book, whose cover is broken, is not mine. (=the cover of which = of which the cover)IV. 先行词为表时间/地点/原因的名词时，用where, when, why还是用that/which若从句中被替代部分：作主语或宾语，用that/which;作状语, 用where/when/why (往往=“介词+which”)1．My sister works in a beautiful city, _where_there are a lot of parks. (=in which)2．The place_that/which_ interests the children most is Disneyland.(从句中作主语)3．I often thought of my childhood, when I lived on a farm. (替代in my childhood)4．Next winter,__which you’ll spend in Harbin, I’m sure, will be an exciting holiday.(作spend的宾语)5．Mary had to go to Beijing on business on June15, which h appened to be her son’s birthday.（作主语）6．This is the very reason __that_ you all know. (作know的宾语)V. as引导的定语从句，which指代一句话/一件事1．the same/as/such/so…as(定语从句):先行词前有“such/ so, the same/as ”修饰时，定语从句用“as”引导★比较：such /so…+名词＋as ( 定语从句, as起替代作用，从句结构不完整“象／如…的…”) such /so…+名词＋that (状语从句，从句结构完整“如此…以致于…”)Please lend me the same tool as was used the other day.Mr. Wang is so good a teacher as all the students love and respectMr. Wang is such a good teacher that all the students love and respect him 2．as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前后的整个句子，可置于句首、句中或句末。
新教材牛津译林版选择性必修第一册各单元重点语法
牛津译林版选择性必修第一册重点语法Unit 1 Food Matters .......................................................................... - 1 - Unit 2 The universal language ........................................................... - 4 - Unit 3 The art of painting .................................................................. - 9 - Unit 4 Exploring poetry ................................................................... - 12 -Unit 1 Food Matters不定式作主语和表语[观察例句]观察黑体部分在句中的语法作用1．To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 作主语2．Her job is to take care of the children in the kindergarten.作表语3．To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 作主语4．To have known you is a privilege. 作主语5．The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children. 作表语[归纳用法]一、不定式作主语1．动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词常常用单数。
例如：To do morning exercises is useful for our health.做早操有利于我们的健康。
高中英语牛津译林新教材必修一高一Unit1Unit4短语语法大全中英文
首先……；其次……；一则……；二则……
first (ly)...；second (ly)...
第一……；第二……
struggle
vt.,vi&n.斗争，拼搏；努力；挣扎
struggletodo sth.(=make great effortstodo sth.)
偶然
look through
浏览，温习；仔细查看；故意视而不见
look through a book
翻阅一本书
look sb. through
看透某人的心
look through one's lessons
复习功课
look black
显得很糟；脸色阴沉；面带怒容
look blue
神色沮丧
address
由于……的结果
with the result that...
其结果是……
without result
没有结果；白费
anxious
。力•.忧虑的，不安的
be anxious about/for sb./sth.
对某人/某事感到忧虑
be anxious (for sb.)todo sth.
渴望（某人）做某事
保持镇静
view
n.风景；视野；观点；见解vt.观看；注视；考虑
have a good view of
清楚地看到；饱览
in view of
鉴于，考虑到
in one,s view = from one,s point of view
在某人看来
view...as...
把……看作……
新教材牛津译林版必修第一册全册各单元重点语法总结.doc
牛津译林版必修第一册各单元重点语法总结Unit 1 Back to schoo (1)Unit 2 Let's talk teens (6)Unit 3 Getting along with others (9)Unit 4 Looking goodfeeling good (13)Unit 1 Back to schooH语法精讲二句子成分和基本句型—\句子成分概述：句子是表达思想的基本单位。
句子成分是指在句中起着不同语法作用的部分。
英语的句子成分(sentence elements)主要有主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(0)、补语(C)、状语(A)、表语(P)、定语(Attr.)等。
［观察例句］黑体部分在句中作什么成分？1.The early bird catches the worm.宾语2.They are Chinese travelling abroad.表语3.In the morning we often hear the birds singing merrily.宾语补童4.She bought her child a storybook.间接宾语；直接宾语5.There is a picture on the wall.主语6.The manager asked the college student to come in.谓语7.Girls prefer to see women doctors.定语8.Light travels most quickly.状语［归纳用法］1.主语(subject)：指句子所谈论的主体，通常是某人、某事或某物。
We work five days a week.我们一周工作五天。
To persuade her to change her mind is really very hard.说服她改变主意确实很难。
2.谓语(verb)：指谓语部分的主要动词，另外，主要动词前的情态动词和助动词也被视为谓语的组成部分，通常说明主语发出的动作或主语的特征和状态。
牛津重点高中英语必修一Unit1基础知识
牛津重点高中英语必修一Unit1基础知识————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：牛津高中英语必修一Unit 1单词讲解1.attend vt. / vi. 1）出席, 参加, 2）上(大学等),就读3）照料;护理;侍候vt: attend + noun (会议、聚会、讲座，上课)He did not attend the meeting yesterday.(go to ; be present at参加或出席)Dr Smith attended her in hospital. （look after）vi: attend on/upon sb. 看护，照料（某人）attend on a patient2.assembly[U]集会，会议the right of assembly 集会权assembly rooms 会议室Morning assembly is held in the school hall. 晨会在学校礼堂举行.3.earn vt. to get something by working 获得，赚，赚得He earns 10,000 a year.earn one’s living / make one’s living 谋生She earned her living by working in a supermarket.earn fame / praise / respect 获得名誉/赞扬/ 尊敬The young player earned his place in the team by training hard.4.respect v. 遵守, 尊敬; 敬重; 钦佩; n.（与of, for连用）尊敬；尊重We’ d better respect others’ feelings.I respect him for his honesty. (尊敬，钦佩)show / have respect /to /for sb. = respect sb.The young should show respect to those who are older. 年轻人应该尊敬长者。
高一英语语法知识点牛津版
高一英语语法知识点牛津版在高中阶段学习英语，语法是非常重要的一部分。
掌握了基本的语法知识，我们才能流利地表达自己的想法，并顺利完成各类英语考试。
本文将介绍一些高一英语语法知识点，以牛津版教材为基础，帮助学生们加深对英语语法的理解和应用。
1. 时态(Tenses)时态是英语语法中的基本概念，它用来表示动作发生的时间。
牛津版教材中包含了多种时态，如一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)、一般过去时(Simple Past Tense)、现在进行时(Present Continuous Tense)等。
每种时态都有自己的构成和用法，学生们需要通过大量的练习来加深理解。
2. 从句(Clauses)从句是一个独立的句子成分，它可以在句子中充当名词、形容词或副词。
常见的从句有名词性从句(Noun Clauses)、形容词性从句(Adjective Clauses)和副词性从句(Adverbial Clauses)。
牛津版教材中给出了详细的解释和例句，学生们可以通过模仿和实践来掌握从句的用法。
3. 并列连词(Coordinating Conjunctions)并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语或句子。
常见的并列连词有and、but、or等。
它们可以将两个同等重要的元素连接在一起，构成并列结构。
牛津版教材中的练习题可以帮助学生们了解并列连词的用法，并正确运用它们在写作中。
4. 介词(Prepositions)介词是用来表示时间、地点、方式等概念的词语。
在使用介词时，我们需要注意与后面的名词或代词的搭配关系，以确保表达的准确性。
牛津版教材提供了丰富的例句和练习题，帮助学生们理解和掌握介词的用法。
5. 定冠词和不定冠词(Definite and Indefinite Articles)冠词是英语中的一个重要部分，它用于确定名词的特异性。
定冠词(the)用于表示特指的名词，而不定冠词(a/an)用于表示泛指的名词。
牛津高一英语知识点归纳
牛津高一英语知识点归纳I. 时态1. 简单现在时（Simple Present Tense）：表示经常性或客观事实。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形- 例句：Cats like to play with balls.2. 现在进行时（Present Continuous Tense）：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词- 例句：I am studying English right now.3. 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）：表示过去发生的动作或状态。
- 结构：主语 + 动词过去式- 例句：She went to the park yesterday.4. 过去进行时（Past Continuous Tense）：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语 + was/were + 现在分词- 例句：We were playing basketball at 5 p.m. yesterday.5. 将来时态（Future Tenses）：表示将来将要发生的动作。
- 一般将来时（Simple Future Tense）：结构：主语 + will + 动词原形例句：They will arrive tomorrow.- 进行时态（Future Continuous Tense）：结构：主语 + will be + 现在分词例句：I will be studying when you come.II. 被动语态1. 一般现在时的被动语态（Simple Present Passive）：表示主语是动作的接受者。
- 结构：主语 + am/is/are + 被动语态- 例句：The book is read by many people.2. 一般过去式的被动语态（Simple Past Passive）：表示过去某个动作的接受者。
- 结构：主语 + was/were + 被动语态- 例句：The car was driven by my father yesterday.3. 情态动词的被动语态（Modal Verbs in Passive）：表示对于某种动作的可能性或能力。
牛津版高一语法知识点总结
牛津版高一语法知识点总结语法是语言的骨架，也是语言运用的基础。
作为学习英语的学生，掌握一定的语法知识是非常重要的。
而牛津版高一语法知识点为我们提供了一个系统、全面的学习平台。
在这篇文章中，我们将对牛津版高一语法知识点进行总结和归纳，帮助读者更好地掌握这些知识，提高英语水平。
一、基本句型在学习语法之前，我们首先需要了解英语的基本句型。
牛津版高一语法课本中详细介绍了疑问句、陈述句、否定句、祈使句等不同种类的句型。
疑问句通常以助动词、be 动词、实义动词等开头，主语和谓语顺序颠倒。
陈述句则是陈述一个事实或描述一个情况。
否定句通过在助动词、be 动词、实义动词前加 not 构成。
而祈使句则用于提出请求或命令。
二、时态与语态时态和语态是英语中最基本的语法知识点之一。
在牛津版高一语法课本中，对各种时态的用法进行了详细的解释和例句说明。
例如，一般现在时用于描述经常性的动作、真理或普遍性的事实；过去进行时用于描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作；将来完成时用于表示将来某个时间节点前已经完成的动作等。
此外，牛津版高一语法课本还提到了被动语态的用法，即将动作的承受者放在句子的主语位置，而将动作的执行者放在介词 by 后面。
三、名词的用法名词是英语中最基本的词类之一，牛津版高一语法课本中对名词的单数、复数形式、所有格以及可数与不可数名词等方面进行了详细讲解。
在形成复数名词时，通常在名词末尾加 s 或 es。
而对于以 s、ss、ch、x、o 结尾的名词，则在末尾加 es。
在名词的所有格形式中，通常在名词的末尾添加 's 或 '，在以 s 结尾的复数名词末尾只需要添加 '。
对于可数和不可数名词，牛津版高一语法课本也进行了详细的解释。
四、动词的用法动词是句子的核心，对于初学者来说，掌握动词的用法尤为重要。
牛津版高一语法课本中详细介绍了动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词以及动词的一般与行为意义。
例如，一般现在时用于表示经常性的动作或习惯，一般过去时用于叙述过去的事件或经历，现在进行时用于表示现在正在进行的动作等。
【高一】牛津高一英语 Unit 1知识点归纳
【高一】牛津高一英语 Unit 1知识点归纳1.low-rise building2.locker3.at ease4.be happy with5.mean to do6.mean doing (meant ,meant)7.attend sb8.attend a wedding9.tell sb about sth10.the best way to do sth11.earn respect from the school12.achieve high grades13.sound like14.average size15.on averageed to do sth17.be used to sth/doing18.be used to do19.a bit / little20.not a bit / little21.improve a lot22.prepare sth23.make preparation for24.prepare--- for sth25.drop some subjects26.miss doing sth27.miss sb / sth28.relax oneself29.school entrance30.car park31.go straight32.take the first turning on your left33.make an appointment with sb34.medical centre35.school facilities36.dormitory37.basket court38.canteen39.get interested in Chinese culture40.graduate from41.upon doing sth42.develop an interest in doing sth43.bring back from44.donate sth to sb45.display sth in the assembly hall46.make a speech about one’s experiences47.pay attention to48.prefer A to B49.find sb hard to please50.present in short form51.fire prevention52.outer space53.pop songs54.make comparisons55.dynasty56.back cover57.recent book58.self-study59.according to sth60.in a public place61.make your notice attractive62.the sports meeting63.new opening hours64.thank you for your kind attention65.win the competition66.run a company67.be allowed68.break time69.apprvove / approval70.broadcastrm sb of sth72.notify sb of sth73.outings / outgoings74.next generation75.read sth out76.select poems77.be required to do78.a little scary79.circle sb80.vote to decide which to choose81.the task listed below82.be responsible for sth83.do research84.attractsb / catch one’s eyes85.achieve one’s goals86.pick out87.the following questions88.consist of89.learn from sb / sthe up with one’s pwn ideas91.draft the poster based on all ideas92.as attractive as possible93.give suggestions on its wording94.finalize sth95.sign up96.There are some differences between A and B感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
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第一讲定语从句一关键词定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
关系词：关系词用来引导定语从句。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。
关系代词有that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why等。
关系词可以1) 代替先行词；2) 引导定语从句；3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如：The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.句中，the car为先行词；which是关系词引导是定语从句which my uncle had just bought，同时代替先行词the car在定语从句中作主语。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句who指人，在定语从句中作主语。
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。
that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
whose 通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
Note: whose指物时，常用of which结构来代替：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。
注意：which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。
这时which和as 被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。
如：He said he was a Frenchman，which／as was not true.但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。
如：As is known to all，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country, as/which is known to all.2.关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
介词+关系代词1)根据动词选择介词。
I don't know the foreigner with whom my teacher shook hands.（或I don't know the foreigner whom my teacher shook hands with.)Note: who和that不能直接位于介词后作宾语；有的短语动词是不能拆开的，常见的这类短语有：look for，look after等。
2)根据先行词选择介词。
介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，介词一般位于关系代词之前，和从句中的动词不存在逻辑或意义上的关系。
3)介词+关系代词有时可转换为关系副词when，why，where等。
定语从句的关系词时，要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分。
被关系词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现。
3.常用that引导定语从句的情况：1)当先行词中有“人”又有“物”时，关系词用that不用which。
2)先行词本身是all, few，little，much，any，everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系词多用that。
3)先行词指“人”或“物”，并被形容词最高级、序数词或all，no ,any，every，little，much, little, the only，the very等修饰时通常用that引导定语从句。
二限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如去掉,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
翻译时译成先行词的定语“……的”。
2. 非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是对先行词意义的补充说明，如去掉，主句仍能表达完整的意思，通常译成主句的并列句。
3. 关系词的使用：1) 关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
2) 限制性定语从句可用that引导,而非限制性定语从句不用that引导。
3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。
第二讲现在完成时，现在完成进行时一现在完成时1、构成have/has done2、用法I表示过去发生的事对现在具有影响。
1) Justin has disappeared, so Kelly is very sad.2) The boy is happy. He has caught a bird.II表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在或者还将持续下去。
1)I have not seen Justin since Last Friday night.2) Daniel has lived in Beijing since he came to China.III表示动作的确切时间不明确或不重要。
此时下列词汇经常和现在完成时连用：already, ever, never, for, just, lately/ recently, since, yet。
1) The boy has already come home.2) I haven't heard anything from him yet.其中，for + 一段时间，since + 某个时间点。
e.g. We haven't seen him for two days. We haven't seen him since last Monday.IV表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复的动作。
1) Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times.2) I have advised him to give up smoking many times, but he just won't listen to me.V 现在完成时还可用于下列句型中：This/It is the best/ finest/ most interesting … + that- clause,This/It is the first/ second… time + that- clause, that 从句中的谓语动词一般用现在完成时。
It is/ has been a period of time since + 一般过去时1) This is the best book that I have read.2) It is the first time that I have seen the film.3) It is/ has been a long time since I came to Wuxi.3、注意1)现在完成时不和明确的表示时间的词连用，如yesterday, last week, in 1976等。
2)表示短暂意义的动词，如begin, leave, arrive, return, stop, open, go, come, die等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
* Read the following sentences and say T or F .(1) He has come to Beijing since last year. F(2) He has been here for three years. T(3) He has joined the army for three years.F(4) He has been a solider for 3 years.T(5) It is 3 years since he joined the army. T(6) He has joined the army. T二现在完成进行时1、构成have/has been doinge.g. I haven't been sleeping well since I returned home.2、用法表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。
1)-- Sorry, I'm late. Have you been waiting long?-- Yes. I have been waiting (wait) for an hour.2) She is very tired. She has been working (work) all morning.3) The man started working in the field half an hour ago. He is still working now.The man has been working (work) in the field for half an hour.4) The boy started having dinner five minutes ago. He is still having dinner now.The boy has been having (have) dinner since five minutes ago.3、注意现在完成进行时多用持续性动词，如do, live, learn, lie, stay, wait, stand, study等，常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等表示现在之前这一段时间的状语以及since和for引导的时间状语或从句连用。
e.g. He has been watching television all day.I have been learning English for three years.She's been playing tennis since she was eight.This whole week, he has been training some new employees.He has been smoking too much recently.三.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较1、现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。