Irony 修辞讲解教学内容
irony词根词缀
irony词根词缀【实用版】目录1.引言：介绍 irony 一词的含义及其在英语中的重要性2.Irony 的词根和词缀3.词根"iron"的含义及其演变4.词缀"-ony"的含义及其作用5.结论：总结 irony 一词的词根和词缀，强调其在英语中的重要性正文一、引言在英语中，irony 是一个非常重要的词汇，它既可以表示一种修辞手法，也可以表示一种语言表达的含义。
要深入了解 irony 这个词，我们需要从它的词根和词缀入手。
二、Irony 的词根和词缀irony 这个词的词根是"iron"，而词缀是"-ony"。
我们先来看一下"iron"这个词的含义。
三、词根"iron"的含义及其演变"Iron"这个词最早的意思是“铁”，它是从古英语的"iren"演变而来。
在古代，铁是一种非常珍贵的金属，因此，"iron"这个词也含有“坚硬、坚定”的含义。
四、词缀"-ony"的含义及其作用词缀"-ony"在英语中非常常见，它通常用来构成表示“某种性质”的词。
比如，"tony"表示“头发光滑的”，"phony"表示“虚假的”。
在这个过程中，词缀"-ony"并没有改变原词的含义，而是增加了一种新的含义。
五、结论通过以上的分析，我们可以看出，irony 这个词的词根"iron"表示的是一种坚硬的性质，而词缀"-ony"则表示的是一种性质。
因此，irony 这个词在英语中的含义是一种表达方式，它既包含了某种性质，又包含了这种性质的反面。
这种表达方式常常会使用反讽的手法，使语言表达更加生动有趣。
总的来说，irony 这个词在英语中的重要性不言而喻，它是英语语言中一种独特的表达方式。
修辞格Irony
Irony （反语）:所谓反语，就是说反话。
即说话人或作者要表达的意思却是字面上的反面意思。
这种辞格有时带有讽刺的意味，有时只表示一种善意的幽默。
有人认为Irony就是讽刺，这是一种误解，因为进行讽刺不一定说反话，而说反话只是讽刺的手法之一。
A contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant or anincongruity (不谐调) between what might be expected and what actually occurs;often connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life.The main three types are dramatic, verbal, situational.1. Dramatic Irony:A situation in which the audience knows something about present or futurecircumstances that the character does not know.e.g. --Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare:When Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet then kills herself.--When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in a chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover. This adds to the suspense and humor of the show.2. Verbal Irony(词义反语):A contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant .e.g. --You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands （申斥，训斥）you for being "smart." Your reply is a sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"--Your boyfriend shows up in ripped-up (划破的) jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh! I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a posh （高档的）restaurant."3. Situational Irony (情景式反语):A contradiction of expectation between what might be expected and what actually occurs often connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life.e.g. --You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.--Macbeth by William Shakespeare:The witches (女巫) predict one thing, which happens to come true but Macbeth often misinterprets their words.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Coleridge:Water, water, everywhere,And all the boards did shrink;Water, water, everywhere,Nor any drop to drink.(In this example it is ironic that water is everywhere but none of it can be drunk.) Sarcasm (讽刺，挖苦)：指用尖酸刻薄的讽刺话，既可用反语、比喻，也可用直叙法对个人的缺点、过失或社会上的丑恶现象及黑暗而进行讽刺、挖苦，常是有意伤害他人的感情，所以它常含有相当强的贬义。
傲慢与偏见中的反讽irony
此外，irony 还被人们用来表示一种对世界的认识、态度 和心态：对世界加以描述、分析与推断，或对世界的矛盾 和 对 抗 表现 出 的 一种 冷 静 的 、 超 然 物外 的 态 度等 等 。 Irony作为英语辞格（verbal irony）和汉语的反语基本相 同。
反讽（Irony）
《傲慢与偏见》中的这一开首句无疑可说是整个英语小说 中最著名的开篇语句了。原文里，反讽表现得淋漓尽致， 富有特效。主句使用了一个严肃的大字眼“It is a truth universally acknowledged ”，仿佛在宣读一则放之四 海而皆准的普遍真理和客观规律，然而从句的语调却急转 直下“that a single man must be in want of a wife”， 变得平淡无奇。整部小说的喜剧性反讽基调便由这一突降 法的开篇首句奠定。
Appreciation
首先，这是个强调句（The Emphatic Pattern）。“It is a truth…that…”,加强语气，使表达的观点更强烈鲜明。
其次，这句话用了对比对照修辞手法。对比对照 （antithesis）是文学作品中常见的修辞手法。in possession of 和in want of 形成对照，使有钱单身汉与有 个妻子形成鲜明对照。
反讽（Irony）
反讽作为一种修辞手法，通常指故意用与原意相反的话来 表达本意，以达到谐谑、嘲弄、讽刺、喜爱和亲昵的目的。 英语里 irony 的含义远比汉语里的广泛，它不仅指作为修 辞格的 verbal irony （反语），也指一种文学技巧（ a literary device ），主要包括 :verbal irony dramatic irony（戏剧性反语）和situation irony（情况反常）即 literary irony（嘲弄）。
Irony修辞讲解教学内容
I r o n y修辞讲解IronyDefinition: 1.an important linguistic phenomenon in our daily life or literary works.2. saying sth but mean the opposite3. is a figure of speech, in order to bring emphasis to a particulartruth with deliberately use of language that is contrary to the truth.Origin: from Greek word “ eironeia”, means “dissimulation(修饰）”Types:1.verbal irony--refers to the speaker’s expression and intention comes apart: when a speaker says one thing but actually means annother, or when a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect.“great game, Tom.” --when Tom fumbled three times.又如英国的 Gotham 是有名的愚人村 , 却故意说 :They are almost as wise as the wise men of Gotham .他们几乎和愚人村里的愚人一样聪明2.Situational irony--refers to one’s intention and the action’s result comes apart: the result of an action is contrary to the expected effect. Situational irony results from recognizing the oddness of a given situation, which can be positive or negative.Situational irony can be also called Circumstantial Irony or Irony of Fate.再例如凯特·肖邦 (Kate Chopin) 的短篇小说《一小时的故事》 ( The Story of an Hour) 中, 路易丝·马拉德(Louise Mallard) 太太得知丈夫因车祸去世的消息时表面上一阵号啕大哭, 内心里却暗自高兴, 她早就盼望这一天的到来, 不禁低声对自己说: “ Free ! Bodyand soul free !”但正当她暗自得意时,丈夫突然出现在门口 ! 原来他大难不死 , 安然回家 ,而 Mallard 太太却由于这突如其来的刺激而心脏病发作 , 不治身亡。
Irony
• Light Irony:
b. We are lucky. It’s the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel really good. (David Parks: G. I. diary)
• (The author means exactly the opposite of what he says: 13 is an unlucky number to most Westerners. Since on that day— December 13, they will land on the other side of the Pacific to fight in the Vietnam War, they don’t feel good at all)
• c. According to the official write-ups in the papers, he’s the best man in the world. He doesn’t have a single defect in his whole body. Why, he does not even have a belly-button! 根据报纸上官方介绍，他是天底下头等大好人， 浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有。（宗福先 《于无声处》）
• 所谓“情景式反语”常要有一定的情景， 也即是在整个段落或篇章中蕴含着讽刺， 这样的段落或篇章或许有画龙点睛的词语 反语，或许根本没有词语反语，但整个的 段落与篇章都是反语，或者准确的说其情 景是反语。 • For example: In a film,a man and his second wife, on the first night of their honeymoon, are accidentally seated at the theatre next to the man's wife. • we should call this situation ironical.
irony 翻译
irony 翻译Irony（讽刺）几乎在我们日常交流中随处可见，但要准确地将它翻译成中文却并非易事。
Irony具有多层次的含义和用法，它不仅出现在口语和书面语中，还是许多文化和艺术领域的重要元素。
本文将从语言学和翻译理论的角度出发，探讨irony的概念、种类和翻译方法，并提出应对irony翻译难题的几个建议。
一、Irony概念Irony是一个多义词，通常指语言、文字或行为的反差或冲突，暗示了一种更深层的意义或价值观。
Irony可以是一种交流策略，用于表达不同于字面意思的话语，也可以是一种思维方式，帮助我们赋予事物不同的看待方式。
Irony分为三类：1. Verbal Irony（言语讽刺）：言语讽刺指的是在说话时，说话人说的话和他的实际意图相反。
言语讽刺通常是通过使用语调、词汇选择和表情等非语言手段来达到的。
例如，“你真是太好了”这句话可能表明说话人对听话者的不满，而不是真正的赞美。
2. Situational Irony（情境讽刺）：情境讽刺指的是某个事件的实际结果与人们期望的结果相反，通常涉及到一个出乎意料的结局。
例如，在电影《泰坦尼克号》中，观众预计之后的剧情是两名主角会在一起生活，但实际情况是男主角牺牲了自己救了女主角。
3. Dramatic Irony（戏剧性讽刺）：在文学和戏剧中使用，指的是读者或观众知道故事的情节和真相，但故事中的角色不知道，导致讽刺效果。
例如，在莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中，观众知道哈姆雷特的朋友罗森克朵和吉尔德恩斯登是他的陷害者，但哈姆雷特却不知道，这增加了戏剧的紧张氛围和讽刺效果。
二、Irony翻译方法由于语言和文化差异，Irony的翻译常常是翻译工作者的难题。
正确理解和翻译Irony需要掌握以下几种方法：1. 上下文翻译Irony通常是一个语境相关的现象，它的意义和效果是由上下文环境和世界观来构成的。
所以，对于Irony的翻译，需要将它的语境和背景纳入翻译范畴。
irony 讽刺 反语
Categories
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Ironies can be divided into two categories: verbal irony and situational irony. Verbal irony is the simple form of irony. It is used in everyday life.Verbal irony can be subdivided into light irony and heavy irony. 反语通常分为两类：词义反语和情景反语。 情景反语的意义主要从特定的情景中，从 作者对所叙述的事物的真实态度中体现出 来。词义反语从字面意义上就能判断出来， 是常用的表达方式。
For example, when someone hates the weather which spoils his trips and says," what a fine day!" he is ironical. the word "fine" is actually intended to mean "bad", "awful" and "abominable".
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Situational irony 情景反语
Situational irony occurs when there is a discrepancy or incongruity betthe case and the real state of affairs.
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论英语irony的分类与作用
论英语irony的分类与作用英语irony是一种常见的修辞形式，对于语言研究者来说，研究irony可以帮助我们深入地了解英语语言特征，以及语言的潜在的美感和有趣的表现形式。
本文首先将英语irony的分类进行梳理，然后着重分析irony的作用。
英语irony通常可以分为三类：即体裁irony、情绪irony和意义irony。
体裁irony是指irony的表现形式，一般是指irony的文字表达，它可以通过使用反义词、比喻、拟人和疑问句等修辞手段来表达。
情绪irony主要指irony要表达的情感，它可以通过使用褒贬、引起矛盾或悬疑的语气来表达irony的情绪。
最后，意义irony主要是irony要表达的意义，它可以通过使用对照、暗示、讽刺等修辞手段来表达irony的意义。
英语中的irony有多种作用，首先，irony可以在文学作品中增加情节的趣味性，从而增加作品的魅力。
此外，irony还可以用来表达作家对事件或形势的看法。
例如，作家可以使用irony来表达自己对某一社会现象的反对，并通过讽刺等修辞形式抨击社会现象中不良的一面。
此外，irony还可以用来提升文学作品中人物的人格特征，从而使人物更加生动有趣。
最后，irony还可以用来获得读者的共鸣，从而使文本更e的跳脱单一的表达层次，让文字有更多的层次和思考空间。
由此可见，英语irony的作用十分重要，用于突出文字表达中的某些特殊意义，以及赋予文字有趣和活泼的空间，深受英语读者以及学习者的青睐。
综上所述，英语irony分为体裁、情绪和意义三类，主要作用是增加文字的趣味性，表达作家的看法，提升人物的人格特征，以及获得读者共鸣。
英语irony的广泛使用，犹如一剂强有力的良药，为英语读者的心理世界提供了一种新的视角和看法。
随着英语语言研究的不断深入，irony的作用被更加深入地挖掘和发掘，这将有助于我们更好地理解英语，更好地领略其中的美感。
irony反语解析
• Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act. (抢劫一位寡妇的储蓄当然是高尚的行为。)
Situational irony
有时，正话反说或反话正说不是靠一两个词所能体现的， 而是要靠语境来体现。所谓“情景式反语”常要有一定的 情景，也即是在整个段落或篇章中蕴含着讽刺，这样的段 落或篇章或许有画龙点睛的词语反语，或许根本没有词语 反语，但整个段落或篇章都是反语，或者准确的说其情景 是反语。 例如在Kate Chopin的短篇小说The story of an hour中， Mallad太太得知丈夫因车祸去世的消息时表面上一阵号哭， 心底里却暗自高,，她早就盼望的一天终于来到了，不禁 低声对自己说：“Free! Body and soul free!” 但正当她暗 自得意时， 丈夫突然出现在门口！原来他大难不死，安 然回家 而 Malled 太太却由于这突如其来的刺激导致心脏 病发作，不治身亡！
dramatic irony
• 戏剧性反语主要用于戏剧小说中，与剧情或戏剧的结构有 关。在这种反语中，读者或观众知晓实情，而台上的人却 一无所知，说一些与实情相悖的话，造成幽默或悲剧性的 效果。 • 例如上文提到过的Kate Chopin的那个故事结尾写道: When the doctors came, they said she had died of heart disease – of joy that kills. （医生们来了，他们说她死于心脏病——是看到丈夫生还,欣 喜至极使她丧了命。） 医生们以为她看到丈夫生还而欣喜至极，以致引发心脏病； 故事的读者不难看到事情正好相反——她是由于庆幸丈夫 去世过于激动了，结果又事与愿违， 受到突然刺激而猝 死的。
高级英语第五课修辞手法分析
高级英语第五课修辞手法分析预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制1. Irony(反讽) is the use of words that the opposite of what you really mean, often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this.(1)I award this champion only after laborious research and incessant prayer. (L.1, Para.5)(2)It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devotedall the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. (L.14, Para.5)(3)It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror.(L.11,Para.6)2. Sarcasm(讽刺) is a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to somebody or to make fun of them.(1) Obviously, if there were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region, they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides… (L.6, Para.3)(2) They are incomparable in color, and they are incomparable in design. (L.13, Para.5)3. Ridicule(嘲讽) refers to unkind comments that make fun of somebody/something or make them look silly.(1) When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. (L.2, Para.4)(2) They made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossible penthouse, painteda staring yellow, on top of it. (L.15, Para.8)4. Understatement(低调陈述) is the opposite of hyperbole. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listeners or the readers more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.(1) The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. （L.1, Para.3）5. Antonomasia(换称) is a figure of speech that involves the use of epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun.(1) Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy, God-forsaken villages of Iowa and Kansas, and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia. (L.7, Para5)6. Antithetical Contrast(反衬对比) is a figure of speech combined by antithesis and contrast, and often has two sharply contrasting ideas balanced across a sentence (or neighboring sentences) (1) Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity, the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here was a sense so dreadfully hideous, so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke. (L.5, Para.1)(2) Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination—and here were habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats. (L.10, Para1)7. Hyperbole(夸张) is a way of speaking or writing that makes something should be better, more exciting, dangerous, etc. than it really is.(1) What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness, the sheer revolting monstrousness, of every house in sight. (L.2,Para.2)(2) From East Liberty to Greensburg, a distance of twenty-five miles, there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye. (L.3, Para.2)(3) But in Westmoreland they prefer that uremic yellow, and so they have the most loathsome towns and villages ever seen by mortal eye. (L.8, Para.4)(4) I have seen, I believe, all of the most unlovely towns of the world; they are all to be found in the United States. (L.2, Para.5)(5) It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. (L.14, Para.5)8. Metaphor(暗喻) is a figure of speech that describes something by referring to it as something else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful.(1) Here was the very heart of industrial America… (L.5, Para.1)(2)…on their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. ((L.17, Para. 3)(3) And one and all they are streaked in grime, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks. (L.20, Para.3)(4) The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. It is that of a Presbyterian grinning. (L.17, Para.8)(5) Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. (L.3, Para.9)9. Simile(明喻) is a figure of speech that often uses the words like or as, etc. to make a comparison between to unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.(1) …one blinked before them as one blinks before a man with face shot away. (L.7, Para.2)(2) …a crazy little church just west of Jeannette, set like a dormer window on the side of a bare leprous hill… (L.9, Para.2)(3) …a steel stadium like a huge rat-trap somewhere further down the line. (L.12, Para.2)10. Rhetorical Question(修辞疑问句) is a figure of speech in the form of a question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply. Rhetorical question encourages the listener to think about what the answer (often obvious) to the question might be.(1) But what have they done? (L.11, Para.3)(2) Was it necessary to adopt that shocking color? (L.4, Para.4)(3) Are they so frightful because the valley is full of foreigners—dull, intense brutes, with no love of beauty in them? (L.1, Para.6)(4) Then why did not these foreigners set up similar abominations in the countries that they came from? (L.2, Para.6)。
ironyridiculesarcasm反语,嘲讽,讥讽修辞例句[指南]
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the W orldJohn Scopes第十课震撼世界的审判约翰•司科普斯Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee’s brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Ridicule布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹便便。
协助他进行起诉工作的有他的儿子—也是个律师—以及田纳西州年轻有为的检察长汤姆•斯图尔特。
After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. "My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination." Irony履行完规定的法律诉讼程序之后，达罗站起来开始发言了。
“我的朋友检察长先生方才告诉我们说约翰•司科普斯知道他为什么会被带上法庭，”达罗拖长着声音说。
“我也知道他为什么会被带上法庭。
那是因为愚昧和偏见还很猖獗，而且这两者又结合在一起，形成一股强大的势力。
”"Today it is the teachers, " he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. " Irony“今天受攻击的是教师，”他接着说道，“明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。
irony英语修辞学
e of a word in such a way as to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning of the word.
_____Corbett
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3、A method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.
____Webster's New World Dictionary.
综上所述，我们可以知道。英语中的IRONY就 是我们通常说的“说反语”。它是故意使用与 本意“恰好相反”的词语或句子来表达本意的 一种修辞。
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Function
As irony is the replacement of an expression that is ment by its opposite ,words used in irony are not to be taken literally.Most forms of irony involve the perception or awareness of discrepancy or incongruitybetween words and their meaning,between appearance and reality.
For example,when someone hates the weather which spoils his trips and says ,"what a nice day!" is actually intended to mean "bad", "awful" and "abominable".
修辞学 提喻 借喻 Session 9
1.4 以属代替种
（以上义词代替下义词）
One day a poor creature who could not have been more than four feet tall crept past me under a vast load of wood.
一天，一个身高不到四英尺的可 怜妇人背着老大一捆柴火从我 身边蹒跚而过。 Analysis:
laurels 月桂树
Rather than resting on our laurels, we have feared getting fat and lazy. Apollo and Daphne: 爱神丘比特为了
向阿波罗复仇，将一支使人陷入爱 情漩涡的金箭射向了他，使阿波罗 而不是在我们的荣誉上休息，我 疯狂地爱上了达芙妮；同时，又将 一支使人拒绝爱情的铅箭射向达芙 们害怕变得肥胖和懒惰。 妮，使姑娘对阿波罗冷若冰霜。当 达芙妮回身看到阿波罗在追她时， 急忙向父亲呼救。河神听到了女儿 的声音，在阿波罗即将追上她时， 将她变成了一棵月桂树。达佛妮虽 然成了树，阿波罗仍然很喜欢她， 他拥抱着树干，树叶沙沙地颤抖着。 “你将成为我的树，”他说，“你 将终年长青，成为胜利者的荣冠。”
借代
不直接说出某人或某事物的名称，而是借用与其密切 相关的名称或其本身的某种属性来称代（吕煦 2004:165）（“换一个说法”）
1.synecdoche [sɪ'nekdəkɪ]提喻 2.metonymy [mɪ'tɒnɪmɪ]借喻
巾帼不让须眉。
朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。--杜甫 《自京赴奉先县咏怀 五百字》
Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons. ---The Cop and the Anthem
ironic原理
ironic原理Irony is a complex and nuanced concept that is present in many different forms of communication and art. It is a literary technique that involves a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, or between expectations and reality. Irony can be found in various forms, such as verbal, situational, and dramatic irony. It is often used to provoke thought, create humor, or make a point. In this essay, I will explore the principle of irony from various perspectives in both English and Chinese.讽刺是一个复杂而微妙的概念，在许多不同形式的交流和艺术中都有体现。
这是一种文学技巧，涉及言语之间说和意义之间的差异，或者期望和现实之间的差异。
讽刺可以在各种形式中找到，如言语、情景和戏剧性的讽刺。
它经常被用来引发思考，制造幽默或者提出观点。
在这篇文章中，我将从不同的角度探讨讽刺的原理，用英文和中文。
From a literary perspective, irony is often used as a tool to add depth and complexity to the text. It allows the writer to create a level of ambiguity and uncertainty, forcing the reader to engage more deeply with the material. Irony can be found in many classic works ofliterature, such as the plays of Shakespeare or the novels of Jane Austen, where it is used to expose flaws in characters or to highlight the gap between appearance and reality.从文学角度来看，讽刺经常被用作一种增加文本深度和复杂性的工具。
修辞学IronyPPT课件
E.g.
• chiralry （骑士作风）：going about releasing beautiful maidens from other men’s castle and taking them to your own castle
• When the doctors came, they said she had died of heart disease-of joy that kills.
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票子。）名为“gentlemen” 实则“beggar”
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You are a fine goalkeeper, allowing the other side to score six goals. (你是一个好的守门员，让对手进了6个球。） What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country . ——they let the paupers go to sleep. （以此说明他那行善的国家的仁慈的法律是多么有意义的 例证——他们竟然允许穷人睡觉。） Robbing a window of her savings was certainly a noble act. （抢劫一位寡妇的储蓄当然是高尚的行为。）
所谓情景式反语常要有一定的情景也即是在整个段落或篇章中蕴藏着讽刺这样的段落或篇章或许有画龙点睛的词语反语或许根本没有词语反语但整个段落或篇都是反语或者准确的说其情景是反语
Irony
纪晓玲（1401 07） 李 娜 （1401 09）
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Definition :
• It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what it meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
Irony反语PPT课件
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Identify each item as one of the following:
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Verbal Irony
You are a fine goalkeeper, allowing the other side to score six goals.
你不愧是个出色的守门员，让对方进了六个球。
I stayed in the hospital ten days with my sister who was dying.Barbara，my ex-best friend，came to my house to look after my children.She helped things out and took my things out.She did help！
Review
Verbal irony Say one thing but mean the opposite
Situational irony
What happens is the opposite of what is expected
Dramatic irony
We know something a character does not know
(Oscar Wilder: The Devoted Friend)
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Dramatic Irony
Dramatic irony
occurs when the reader or the audience knows something important that the character does not know.
修辞：irony
The good is oft interred with their bones;
So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious.
If it were so, it was a grievous fault; And grievously hath Caesar answer’d it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest— For Brutus is an honorable man;
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d. Now, he had not even a penny with him
and did not have to think about what to eat for lunch, wonderful! (Robert Tressell: The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists)
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3. Dramatic Irony:
主要指小说或戏剧中的人物的语言或动作表 明他们不知道某些情况，而读者或观众却一 清二楚。这种手法在于人物所表达的意义和 读者或观众所知道的的不同意义之间的对比。 比如在Romeo and Juliet 中。读者/观众清楚 地知道Juliet 并没有死，而剧中Romeo却并 不知道，他以为自己的心上人已经死去，悲 痛万分，甚至于徇情自杀。
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b. It is incredible that mere ignorance
should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. (H. L. Mencken: The Libido for
Satire与Irony差异浅析
一 、英 语 歧 义 现 象 任何语言都有歧义现象， 英语也不例外。歧义的消除手段 分 自 身 消 歧 手 段 和 人 工 手 段 。Ｋｅｓｓ和Ｈｏｐｐｅ在 其 专 著 “Ａｍｂｉ－ ｇｕｉｔｙ ｉｎ Ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃｓ”一 书 中 甚 至 提 出 “语 言 无 处 不 歧 义 ” 的理论。他说： “Ｕｐｏｎ ｃａｒｅｆｕｌ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎ， ｏｎｅ ｃａｎｎｏｔ ｂｕｔ ｂｅ ａ－ ｍａｚｅｄ ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｕｂｉｑｕｉｔｙ ｏｆ ａｍｂｉｇｕｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．”（ 仔细思考一下， 我们不能不惊奇地发现普遍存在的语言歧义现象。） 我们虽然不必极端地理解歧义的普遍性， 但其在语言中 的客观存在是不容忽视的。Ｋｅｍｐｓｏｎ指出： “词和句子都可能含 有 一 个 以 上 的 意 义 。”而 英 国 Ｌｅｅｃｈ则 将 歧 义 定 义 为 “… … 一 个 语 言 项 目 具 有 一 个 以 上 的 认 知 意 义 ”。因 此 大 部 分 语 言 工 作 者 都普遍相信， 当结构上遵循语法规则、语义上符合逻辑常理的 语句， 其深层可包含两种或两种以上的释义， 则会出现歧义 （ ａｍｂｉｇｕｉｔｙ） 。不过， 以上对于歧义 的 理 解 多 把 它 局 限 于 以 词 语、句子为单位的语言素材中， 其实， 在语言运用中， 我们也会 发现在大于句子的语段和语篇中存在歧义现象。因此， 笔者认 为 ， 我 们 不 妨 把 歧 义 理 解 为 “一 个 语 言 项 目 （ 包 括 词 、句 等 ） 或 一 个 语 篇 具 有 两 个 或 多 于 两 个 含 义 的 语 言 现 象 ”。 词汇歧义形形色色， 这里只略举数例： ａ．Ｌｏｏｋ ｏｕｔ！ Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｉｎ！ （ 当心！ 火车来了！ ／看外 面！ 火车来了！ ） ｂ．Ｔｈｅｙ ｐａｓｓｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｏｔｉｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｄａｒｋ．（ 他们在暗中传递着通 知。／他们在黑暗中传递着通知。） ｃ．Ｈｅ ｔｕｒｎｅｄ ｏｕｔ ａ ｗｏｕｎｄｅｄ ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ．（ 他赶走了一个受伤的士 兵。／他原来是个伤兵。） 这几个例子都是同形同音异义词（ 组） 。有时， 词（ 组） 有本 意和转义之别而造成歧解： ａ．Ｗｅ ｓａｗ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｇｈｔ．（ 我们看见了灯。／我们明白了。） ｂ．Ｈｅ ｉｓ ｗｅｌｌ－ ｋｎｏｗｎ ｆｏｒ ｈｉｓ ｌｏｎｇ ｆａｃｅ．（ 他 因 脸 长 而 著 名 。／ 他因常闷闷不乐而著称。） ｃ．Ｗｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｍｅｎｔ ｈｅ ｌａｙ ｌｏｗ．（ 他 伏 下 身 那 会儿我们就站在旁边。／他下葬那会儿我们就在旁边。） 甚至有些词（ 组） 的肯定与否定形式反而各有一解， 如： ａ ｄｒｅｓｓ ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｍｕｃｈ ｗｏｒｎ（ 一 种 很 流 行 的 服 装 式 样／一 件 穿 旧了的衣服） 但是： Ｉ ｗａｎｔ ａ ｃｌｏｔｈ ｔｈａｔ ｗｉｌｌ ｗｅａｒ．
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I r o n y修辞讲解
Irony
Definition: 1.an important linguistic phenomenon in our daily life or literary works.
2. saying sth but mean the opposite
3. is a figure of speech, in order to bring emphasis to a particular
truth with deliberately use of language that is contrary to the truth.
Origin: from Greek word “ eironeia”, means “dissimulation(修饰）”
Types:
1.verbal irony--refers to the speaker’s expression and intention comes apart: when a speaker says one thing but actually means annother, or when a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect.
“great game, Tom.” --when Tom fumbled three times.
又如英国的 Gotham 是有名的愚人村 , 却故意说 :
They are almost as wise as the wise men of Gotham .
他们几乎和愚人村里的愚人一样聪明
2.Situational irony--refers to one’s intention and the action’s result comes apart: the result of an action is contrary to the expected effect. Situational irony results from recognizing the oddness of a given situation, which can be positive or negative.
Situational irony can be also called Circumstantial Irony or Irony of Fate.
再例如凯特·肖邦 (Kate Chopin) 的短篇小说《一小时的故事》 ( The Story of an Hour) 中, 路易丝·马拉德(Louise Mallard) 太太得知丈夫因车祸去世的消息时表面上一阵号
啕大哭, 内心里却暗自高兴, 她早就盼望这一天的到来, 不禁低声对自己说: “ Free ! Body
and soul free !”但正当她暗自得意时,
丈夫突然出现在门口 ! 原来他大难不死 , 安然回家 ,
而 Mallard 太太却由于这突如其来的刺激而心脏病发作 , 不治身亡。
3.Dramatic Irony is common in novels and plays. In the novel the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the character.
“ I hope Tom' s better offwhere he is , ” said Sid , “but if he' d been better in some way
—”
“Sid !” Tom felt the glare of the old lady' s eye , though he could not see it . “ Not a
word against
my Tom , now that he' s gone !” (Mark
Twain : The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)
“我多希望汤姆现在在另外那个世界更舒服些 , ”席德说 , “不过他从前有些地方要是不那么顽皮……
“席德 !”汤姆虽然看不见老太太的眼
睛 , 却感觉到她向席德瞪眼睛的神气。
“现在我的汤姆死了 , 不许说他的坏话 !”＊这是汤姆的小伙伴席德和波莉姨妈的谈话。
席德说他希望汤姆在另一个世界更舒服些 , 本是实话 , 因为他以为汤姆死了。
他说话的对象———波莉姨妈也是这样想的。
但读者知道 , 情况正好相反 , 因为汤姆并没有死。
二、Irony的变异形式
英语修辞格Paradox(似非而是的隽语)、Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)和Innuendo(暗讽)在
使用中都含有Irony的意思,因此在某些英语修辞格的论著中把它们称为Irony的变异形式。
1.Paradox
汉语里称这一辞格为“反论”或“逆论”,即乍听起来似乎荒诞、有悖常理而实际上却含有某种哲理的说法。
如“善骑者堕,善泳者溺”,“淹死的都是会水的”等,其中都包含
有
Irony的意思。
(10)More haste,less speed.欲速则不达。
(11)He that is full of himself is very empty.自命万事通,实乃腹中空。
(12)Cleverness may overreach itself.聪明反被聪明误。
(13)In fact,it appears that some teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they
teach grammar so well.事实上,有些英语老师英语教得太差,看起来主要是他们的语法讲的太好。
2.Oxymoron
英语修辞格Oxymoron和汉语修辞格反映类似,它是通过使用两个意思正好相反的词或
词组来揭示一件事物的矛盾性,通常包含Irony的意思,对一些人或事进行嘲讽,或造成一
种出人意料的、引人入胜的效果。
例如:
(14)Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a“victorious defeat.” (John Scopes:The Trial
That Rocked the WorldP173BookⅠAdvanced English)
杜德理·费尔德·马伦把审判的结果称为一个“胜利的败仗”
3.Innuendo
Innuendo汉语称为“暗讽”、“影射”,是用婉转的口气讲反话,使语言生动活泼,幽默风趣,或是旁敲侧击,含沙射影。
例如: (16)After three days in Japan,the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible. (Jacques
Danvoir:Hiroshima—the Liveliest City in JapanP14BookⅠAdvanced English)
在日本呆三天后,脊梁骨就会变的特别柔软灵活。
＊把习惯于鞠躬说成“脊梁骨灵活”,十分幽默有趣。
三、Irony和Sarcasm的联系和区别Irony(反语)和Sarcasm(讽刺)是两种修辞格,两者有联系,也有区别。
在大多数情况下,使用Irony修辞格是为了讽刺。
有时用Irony修辞格,说的是反话,却没有讽刺的意思,只表现出一种幽默或使语言生动俏皮。
《白蛇传》中,白娘子把许仙叫做“冤家”;一个女孩子说她的男朋友“你真坏”,这些都是Irony, 但绝对不是Sarcasm。