土木工程专业英语论文.doc
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical structures and infrastructure of a society. It is one of the oldest engineering disciplines and plays a crucial role in shaping the built environment in which we live.As a student majoring in civil engineering, it is important to have a strong understanding of the field. This involves not only mastering the technical skills and knowledge required for the profession but also developing a deep appreciation for the role that civil engineers play in society.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is the design and construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, tunnels, and buildings. These structures are essential for the functioning of a modern society, providing the means for transportation, communication, and commerce. By studying civil engineering, students learn how to design and build these structures in a safe, cost-effective, and sustainable manner.Another important aspect of civil engineering is the focus on environmental sustainability. As the world population continues to grow, the demand for infrastructure also increases. However, it is important to balance this growth with the need to protect the environment and natural resources. Civil engineers play a critical role in identifying and implementing solutions that minimize the impact of infrastructure projects on the environment and promote sustainable development.In addition to technical skills, civil engineering also requires strong communication, leadership, and problem-solving abilities. Civil engineers often work in teams with professionals from other disciplines, such as architects, urban planners, and environmental scientists. Effective communication and collaboration are essential for ensuring that projects are completed on time and within budget.Overall, civil engineering is a diverse and challenging field that offers a wide range of opportunities for career growth and development. Whether working in the public sector, private industry, or academia, civil engineers have the opportunity to make a positive impact on society by designing and building the infrastructure that shapes our world.In conclusion, studying civil engineering is not just about acquiring technical skills and knowledge, but also about developing a broader understanding of the role that civil engineers play in society. By embracing the challenges and opportunities of the profession, students can prepare themselves for a rewarding and fulfilling career in civil engineering.篇2Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams, buildings, and railways. It is considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines and plays a crucial role in shaping the world around us.As a civil engineering student, one must learn a wide range of technical skills and knowledge to be successful in this field. This includes understanding principles of physics, mathematics, and materials science, as well as gaining expertise in computer-aided design (CAD) software and other tools used in engineering analysis and design. In addition to technical skills, civil engineers must also possess good communication,problem-solving, and decision-making skills to effectively collaborate with clients, contractors, and other professionals.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is its focus on sustainability and environmental protection. Civil engineers play a vital role in designing infrastructure that is resilient to natural disasters and climate change, as well as minimizing the environmental impact of construction projects. By implementing sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials, reducing energy consumption, and preserving natural habitats, civil engineers can help create a more sustainable built environment for future generations.Another important aspect of civil engineering is its emphasis on safety. Whether designing a skyscraper or a highway bridge, civil engineers must prioritize the safety of the public and ensure that structures are built to withstand various loads and forces. By conducting thorough risk assessments and following industry standards and codes, civil engineers can minimize the likelihood of failure and enhance the safety of infrastructure projects.In today's rapidly changing world, civil engineering is facing new challenges and opportunities. Technological advancements, such as building information modeling (BIM) and drone surveying, are transforming the way engineers design andconstruct infrastructure. In addition, the increasing demand for sustainable and resilient infrastructure is driving the need for innovative solutions and interdisciplinary collaboration among engineers, architects, planners, and policymakers.Overall, civil engineering is a dynamic and rewarding profession that offers a diverse range of career opportunities in various sectors, including transportation, water resources, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, and construction management. Whether working for a consulting firm, government agency, or construction company, civil engineers have the opportunity to make a positive impact on society by improving the quality of life and protecting the environment.In conclusion, civil engineering is a vital profession that shapes the world we live in and addresses some of the most pressing challenges of our time. By combining technical expertise with creativity and innovation, civil engineers can design sustainable and resilient infrastructure that benefits society and the environment. As a civil engineering student, it is important to embrace the multidisciplinary nature of the field and continuously improve your skills and knowledge to excel in this dynamic and rewarding profession.篇3Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, dams, buildings, and other infrastructure. As one of the oldest engineering disciplines, civil engineering plays a critical role in shaping the world we live in today.As a civil engineering student, it is essential to have a good understanding of professional English terms and concepts in the field. In this essay, I would like to share my insights on the importance of mastering civil engineering professional English.First and foremost, mastering civil engineering professional English is crucial for effective communication in the field. Engineers often need to work with a diverse group of stakeholders, including clients, contractors, government officials, and fellow engineers. Being able to communicate clearly and concisely in English helps to ensure that everyone is on the same page and that projects are completed successfully.Secondly, understanding civil engineering professional English is essential for studying and researching in the field. Many textbooks, research papers, and technical documents incivil engineering are written in English. Therefore, having a strong command of professional English terms and concepts is necessary for students to succeed in their studies and research.Moreover, mastering civil engineering professional English can also enhance one's career prospects. In today's globalized world, many civil engineering projects are international in nature, and engineers often need to work with colleagues and clients from different countries. Having a good understanding of professional English can help engineers to collaborate effectively with their international counterparts and secure opportunities for career advancement.In addition, civil engineering professional English can also help engineers to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. Many engineering journals and conferences are conducted in English, and having a good grasp of professional English terms and concepts allows engineers to access valuable information and insights that can benefit their work.To improve one's command of civil engineering professional English, there are several steps that students can take. Reading civil engineering textbooks, journals, and research papers in English can help students to familiarize themselves with professional English terms and concepts. Participating inEnglish-speaking workshops, seminars, and conferences can also provide valuable opportunities for students to practice and improve their English communication skills.In conclusion, mastering civil engineering professional English is essential for students pursuing a career in the field. It can enhance communication skills, facilitate studying and researching, improve career prospects, and help engineers to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. By investing time and effort into improving their command of professional English terms and concepts, civil engineering students can set themselves up for success in the future.。
土木工程英文文献
土木工程英文文献Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, airports, tunnels, and water supply systems. It is considered one of the oldest branches of engineering and has a strong influence on the development of society.The focus of civil engineering is to create safe and efficient infrastructure for human use. Civil engineers use a variety of techniques and tools to analyze the requirementsof a project, design the infrastructure, and oversee the construction process. This involves taking into account a variety of factors such as environmental conditions, materials availability, and cost.The field of civil engineering is constantly evolving as new techniques and tools are developed. Many civil engineers today use computer software to aid in the design process, allowing for more accurate and efficient designs. Additionally, new materials and construction methods are being developed that offer greater strength and durability.One area of civil engineering that has seen significant growth in recent years is sustainable design. With concerns about climate change and resource depletion, there has been an increased focus on creating infrastructure that is environmentally friendly and resource efficient. Civil engineers are working to develop designs that reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and utilize renewable resources.Despite the challenges and complexities of civilengineering, it remains a highly rewarding and important field. Civil engineers play a vital role in shaping the world we live in and improving the quality of life for people around the globe. Whether designing a new building or developing a water supply system, civil engineers work tirelessly to ensure that infrastructure is safe, efficient, and sustainable.。
土木工程英文文献及翻译-英语论文.doc
土木工程英文文献及翻译-英语论文土木工程英文文献及翻译in Nanjing, ChinaZhou Jin, Wu Yezheng *, Yan GangDepartment of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiao Tong University,Xi’an , PR ChinaReceived 4 April 2005; accepted 2 October 2005Available online 1 December 2005AbstractThe bin method, as one of the well known and simple steady state methods used to predict heating and cooling energyconsumption of buildings, requires reliable and detailed bin data. Since the long term hourly temperature records are notavailable in China, there is a lack of bin weather data for study and use. In order to keep the bin method practical in China,a stochastic model using only the daily maximum and minimum temperatures to generate bin weather data was establishedand tested by applying one year of measured hourly ambient temperature data in Nanjing, China. By comparison with themeasured values, the bin weather data generated by the model shows adequate accuracy. This stochastic model can be usedto estimate the bin weather data in areas, especially in China, where the long term hourly temperature records are missingor not available.Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Energy analysis; Stochastic method; Bin data; China1. IntroductionIn the sense of minimizing the life cycle cost of a building, energy analysis plays an important role in devel-oping an optimum and cost effective design of a heating or an air conditioning system for a building. Severalmodels are available for estimating energy use in buildings. These models range from simple steady state mod-els to comprehensive dynamic simulation procedures.Today, several computer programs, in which the influence of many parameters that are mainly functionsof time are taken into consideration, are available for simulating both buildings and systems and performinghour by hour energy calculations using hourly weather data. DOE-2, BLAST and TRNSYS are such* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 29 8266 8738; fax: +86 29 8266 8725.E-mail address: yzwu@ (W. Yezheng).0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/NomenclatureZ. Jin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 1843–1850number of daysfrequency of normalized hourly ambient temperatureMAPE mean absolute percentage error (%)number of subintervals into which the interval [0, 1] was equally dividednumber of normalized temperatures that fall in subintervalprobability densityhourly ambient temperature (°C)normalized hourly ambient temperature (dimensionless)weighting factorSubscriptscalculated valuemeasured valuemax daily maximummin daily minimumprograms that have gained widespread acceptance as reliable estimation tools. Unfortunately, along withthe increased sophistication of these models, they have also become very complex and tedious touse [1].The steady state methods, which are also called single measure methods, require less data and provideadequate results for simple systems and applications. These methods are appropriate if the utilization ofthe building can be considered constant. Among these methods are the degree day and bin data methods.The degree-day methods are the best known and the simplest methods among the steady state models.Traditionally, the degree-day method is based on the assumption that on a long term average, the solarand internal gains will offset the heat loss when the mean daily outdoor temperature is 18.3 °C and thatthe energy consumption will be proportional to the difference between 18.3 °C and the mean daily tempera-ture. The degree-day method can estimate energy consumption very accurately if the building use and theefficiency of the HVAC equipment are sufficiently constant. However, for many applications, at least oneof the above parameters varies with time. For instance, the efficiency of a heat pump system and HVAC equip-ment may be affected directly or indirectly by outdoor temperature. In such cases, the bin method can yieldgood results for the annual energy consumption if different temperature intervals and time periods areevaluated separately. In the bin method, the energy consumption is calculated for several values of the outdoortemperature and multiplied by the number of hours in the temperature interval (bin) centered around thattemperature. Bin data is defined as the number of hours that the ambient temperature was in each of a setof equally sized intervals of ambient temperature.In the United States, the necessary bin weather data are available in the literature [2,3]. Some researchers[4–8] have developed bin weather data for other regions of the world. However, there is a lack of informationin the ASHRAE handbooks concerning the bin weather data required to perform energy calculations in build-ings in China. The practice of analysis of weather data for the design of HVAC systems and energy consump-tion predictions in China is quite new. For a long time, only the daily value of meteorological elements, such asdaily maximum, minimum and average temperature, was recorded and available in most meteorologicalobservations in China, but what was needed to obtain the bin weather data, such as temperature bin data,were the long term hourly values of air temperature. The study of bin weather data is very limited in China.Only a few attempts [9,10] in which bin weather data for several cities was given have been found in China.Obviously, this cannot meet the need for actual use and research. So, there is an urgent need for developing binweather data in China. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to study the hourly measured air temperaturedistribution and then to establish a model to generate bin weather data for the long term daily temperaturedata.2. Data usedZ. Jin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 1843–1850In this paper, to study the hourly ambient temperature variation and to establish and evaluate the model, aone year long hourly ambient temperature record for Nanjing in 2002 was used in the study. These data aretaken from the Climatological Center of Lukou Airport in Nanjing, which is located in the southeast of China(latitude 32.0°N, longitude 118.8°E, altitude 9 m).In addition, in order to create the bin weather data for Nanjing, typical weather year data was needed.Based on the long term meteorological data from 1961 to 1989 obtained from the China MeteorologicalAdministration, the typical weather year data for most cities in China has been studied in our former research[11] by means of the TMY (Typical Meteorological Year) method. The typical weather year for Nanjing isshown in Table 1. As only daily values of the meteorological elements were recorded and available in China,the data contained in the typical weather year data was also only daily values. In this study, the daily maxi-mum and minimum ambient temperature in the typical weather year data for Nanjing was used.3. Stochastic model to generate bin dataTraditionally, the generation of bin weather data needs long term hourly ambient temperature records.However, in the generation, the time information, namely the exact time that such a temperature occurredin a day, was omitted, and only the numerical value of the temperature was used. So, the value of each hourlyambient temperature can be treated as the independent random variable, and its distribution within the dailytemperature range can be analyzed by means of probability theory.3.1. Probability distribution of normalized hourly ambient temperatureSince the daily maximum and minimum temperatures and temperature range varied day by day, the con-cept of normalized hourly ambient temperature should be introduced to transform the hourly temperatures ineach day into a uniform scale. The new variable, normalized hourly ambient temperature is defined by^ ¼ttmintmaxtminwhere ^ may be termed the normalized hourly ambient temperature, tmaxand tminare the daily maximum andminimum temperatures, respectively, t is the hourly ambient temperature. Obviously, the normalized hourly ambient temperature ^ is a random variable that lies in the interval [0, 1].To analyze its distribution, the interval [0, 1] can be divided equally into several subintervals, and by means ofthe histogram method [12]iin each subinterval can be calculated by1137土木工程英文文献及翻译Based on the one year long hourly ambient temperature data in Nanjing, China, the probability density piwas calculated for the whole day and the 08:00–20:00 period, where the interval [0, 1] was equally divided into50 subintervals, namely n equals 50. The results are shown in Fig. 1.According to the discrete probability density data in Fig. 1, the probability density function of ^ can beobtained by a fitting method. In this study, the quadratic polynomialswere used to fit the probability density data, where a, b and c are coefficients. According to the property of theprobability density function, the following equation should be satisfiedAs shown in Fig. 1, the probability density curve obtained according to the probability density data pointsis also shown. The probability densit y functions that are fitted are described byp ¼ 2:7893^23:1228^ þ 1:6316 for the whole day periodp ¼ 2:2173^20:1827^ þ 0:3522 for the 08 : 00–20 : 00 period3.2. The generation of hourly ambient temperatureAs stated in the beginning of this paper, the objective of this study is to generate the hourly ambient tem-perature needed for bin weather data generation in the case that only the daily maximum and minimum tem-peratures are known. To do this, we can use the obtained probability density function to generate thenormalized hourly ambient temperature and then transform it to hourly temperature. This belongs to theproblem of how to simulate a random variable with a prescribed probability density function and can be doneon a computer by the method described in the literature [13]. For a given probability density function f ð^Þ, ifits distribution function F ð^Þ can be obtained and if u is a random variable with uniform distribution on [0, 1],thenF, we need only setAs stated above, the probability density function of the normalized ambient temperature was fitted using aone year long hourly temperature data. Based on the probability density function obtained, the random nor-malized hourly temperature can be generated. When the daily maximum and minimum temperature areknown, the normalized hourly temperature can be transformed to an actual temperature by the followingequationWhen the hourly temperature for a particular period of the day has been generated using the above method,the bin data can also be obtained. Because the normalized temperature generated using the model in this studyis a random variable, the bin data obtained from each generation shows somedifference, but it has much sim-ilarity. To obtain a stable result of bin data, the generation of the bin data can be performed enough times,and the bin data can be obtained by averaging the result of each generation. In this paper, 50 generations wereaveraged to generate the bin weather data.Z. Jin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 1843–18503.4. Methods of model evaluationThe performance of the model was evaluated in terms of the following statistical error test:土木工程英文文献及翻译一种产生bin气象数据的随机方法——中国南京周晋摘要：bin方法是一种众所周知且简捷的稳态的计算方法，可以用来预计建筑的冷热能耗。
土木工程毕业设计英文翻译论文
Structural FormsStructural forms, such as the beam or the arch ,have developed through the ages in relation to the availability of materials and the technology of the time. The arch, for instance, undoubtedly developed as a result of the availability of brick. In the technology of buildings .every structure must work against gravity ,which tends to pull everything down to the ground .A balance must therefore be attained between the force of gravity ,the shape of the structure ,and the strength of the material used. To provide a cover over a sheltered space and permit openings in the walls that surround it ,builders have developed four techniques are post and lintel, arch and vault, truss, and cantilever construction.Post and lintel. In post and lintel construction ,a horizontal beam is placed across the space between two supporting posts. If the support is continuous, it is called a wall; if a series of beams are joined together into a continuous surface, it is called a slab.Simple rectilinear buildings result from post and lintel construction, which is characteristic of much primitive construction as well as of the classical Greek temples. In this type of construction, the post (or column) carries only a vertical weight, or load, and is therefore under compression, and the lintel (or beam) is bent by the loads acting transversely to its axis. Therefore , the post must have compressive strength, and the beam must have bending strength. Both wood and stone were used in early example of this type of construction , although the limited bending strength of stone dictated the close column spacing which is apparent in Greek temples. For example, in the Parthenon in Athens, the space between the columns is approximately equal to the column diameter.Modern building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete are used to advantage in post and lintel construction. The skeleton frame of a modern steel skyscraper, for instance, consists of beams and columns in a three-dimensional post and lintel network, or grid. The typical wood fame house, with closely spaced wooden post, or studs, and floors with a series of closely spaced wood beams, or joists, also illustrates post and lintel construction.Just as a house of cards can support vertical loads but collapses under a slightbreath of air, the post and lintel system can topple under winds or earthquakes, but of which impose a horizontal force. This collapse is due to the fact that the joint between the column and beam acts as if it were a hinge .In earlier times this lateral instability was not apparent because the weight and the mass of the materials (particularly stone) and the limited height of the structures negated the importance of horizontal forces. In tall modern building that have slender elements made of strong and light materials such as steel, lateral instability becomes a significant factor . To provide the necessary lateral resistance, a rigid connection must be made between the vertical column and horizontal beam. This creates a rigid frame; it is used to achieve lateral stability in skyscraper construction.Arch. The arch which is characteristically a masonry type of construction, undoubtedly had its origin in Mesopotamia，a land of brick buildings. Arches consist of masonry blocks in the form of a curved line. In principle, each wedge-shaped masonry block cannot fall inward without pushing the others out ;thus, the whole arch form remains stable as long as a force is applied at the base to keep it from spreading. This force is called a horizontal thrust. A continuous series of arches is known as a vault.The Etruscans, by their examples of arch constructions in bridges and gates, probably inspired the Roman to experiment with this type of construction about 600 B.C. However, it was not until the last years of the Roman republic that tunnel vaults and intersecting, or groined, vaults were used to cover large rooms. The form of the Roman arch or vault is generally semicircular for reasons of geometric simplicity. As a result, all wedge-shaped stones are identical; their curved edges are equidistant from the center of the circle ,and their straight edges lie on equally spaced lines radiating from the center. This type of semicircular arch was widely used by the Romans in buildings such as the Basilica of Constantine and the Baths of Caracalla and in gates such as the Porta Maggiore in Rome.The Gothic arch, which is characterized by its pointed shape ,evolved in France in the 12th century. This form characterizes some of the most magnificent churches of the early Renaissance period such as the Chartres. Amiens, and Rheims cathedral. theform of the Gothic arch is superior to the Roman arch because of its greater structural clarity, which closely approaches the shapes the shape of an idea arch. The concept of the idea arch can best be explained by a comparison with a suspension cable.A chain or a cable supported at each end assumes a curved shape called a catenary (from catena, chain).If the cable were required to support one weight hung from it ,it would change shape to adjust to this condition ;this is due to the fact that a cable carries loads only by the actin of simple tension along the length of the cable. If, instead of a single load, many parabola. The catenary and the parabola are geomertrically similar since the weight of the cable is approximately a uniformly distributed load .An ideal arch may be thought of as a cable frozen in its shape and turned upside down.(Instead of carrying loads by tension, as in the cable, the ideal arch carries loads by simple compression)This ideal shape of load the arch is called the “funicular curve” A different funicular curve exists for every type of load the arch is required to carry. Since the arch ,unlike the flexible cable ,cannot adjust its shape to the load ,then the arch, under a load other than that which gave it its funicular shape, must also carry the load by bending, as in a beam .The structural efficiency of an arch can thus be measured in terms of the proximity of the geometric shape to the funicular curve ,In the semicircular Romans arch ,there is a large difference between the funicular curve of the loads and the circular shape. The pointed Gothic arches are much closer to the funicular curve of the loads and therefore possess a clear advantage over the earlier semicircular form.To resist the horizontal thrust which exists at the base of an arch ,the Roman used massive piers or buttresses. In some of the Gothic cathedrals, which raised the arch high above the nave, flying buttresses over the side aisles were used to counteract the thrust.In modern times ,arch construction has been used extensively for bridge, utilizing steel, wood, or reinforced concrete. The concrete arch bridges built by Robert Maillart in Switzerland are outstanding examples of elegance and structural clarity in modern arch design.Truss. The simplest form of truss is a triangle consisting of three bars. Thiselementary truss form undoubtedly grew out of the use of the gabled roof for small houses and churches. In this construction, two slanting rafters rest on top of a wall and are pinned at the peak. The load of the roof tends to push out the top of the walls. Tying the bottom of the rafters together with a bar or rod counters this outward push. The resulting triangular shape is a rigid form geometrically, because none of its angles can change without changing the length of its sides. Each element in a truss is subject to either tension or compression; in the simple triangular truss, the rafters are in compression and the tie rod is in tension.The elementary triangular truss is limited to spanning relatively short distance because each slanting member is long compared to the span. In a triangular truss with equal angles, for instance, each member is as long as the span. This drawback was recognized by Andrea Palladio in the 16th century. His design for a trussed bridge utilized the principle that if a single triangles is rigid ,combinations of triangles are also rigid . By arranging short lengths of timbers in a series of triangles to form complex trusses, almost any distance can be spanned.It was not until the 19th century , when mathematical methods of analysis became known and iron and steel were introduced, that trusses with a great degree of perfection and elegance were developed. Modern trusses with a variety of configurations are used to span auditoriums, armories, and convention halls , creating large column-free spaces. The type of trusses most commonly used in buildings are the Pratt, Howe, and Warren trusses, all named after their inventors. The Pratt and Howe trusses have top and bottom chords (horizontal elements), and both verticals and diagonals between the chords. The Warren truss has only diagonals joining the top and bottom chord .Cantilever. In cantilever construction, building elements are projected outward from a fixed support. An early kind of cantilever construction was the corbel; it had its origin in the late Stone Age and can be found in the form of corbelled domes built in Sarrdinia about 2,500 B.C. In corbel construction, each successive layer of stone stands out farther from a wall in the form of upside-down steps. Only the weight of the stones above and behind the face of the wall prevent a corbel from collapsing. Anexcessive amount of material is required for corbel construction because of the necessity for heavy masonry walls.Cantilevering building elements from a wall or other fixed support permits projecting part of a building beyond the ground-level construction to gain more living area above, as in many of the Renaissance town houses.The cantilever is much used in modern buildings as a result of the availability of steel and reinforced concrete. It is a simple matter in a concrete apartment building to create a cantilevered balcony when the balcony slab is merely a continuation of the interior slab. The Kaumfman house, built by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1939, is an example of a dramatic use of cantilevers and demonstrates the potential of this type of construction. In a steel-framed building, beams can project beyond column to permit the face of the building to be a curtain wall with large glass areas. This cantilever construction was exemplified by the Bauhaus (1926) ,which was used as a model for many skyscrapers built after World WarⅡ结构形式结构形式，如梁或拱，通过发展有关的材料供应和当时的技术的年龄。
土木工程专业英语论文
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineeringAbstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process摘要：土木工程是人类历史上年代最久远的“技术科学”，作为一种系统的产业活动，土木工程的实质是生产的过程，是一种技术过程。
Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology.As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Introduction to Engineering through a semester course of study, I have been deeply impressed by the Civil Engineering covers a wide range, appreciate the achievements of their predecessors, but also understand that as a civil engineer of great responsibility. Of course, we can not have been immersed in the brilliant achievements, stalled. We should also advance with the times, to dig, to discover, to think, to imagine, to be innovative. In this, China's future as a civil engineer, I would like to combine the history of civil engineering, combined with China's national conditions and the world situation, to talk about civil engineering and sustainable development.My knowledge about civil engineering has been broadened since I became a student of Tongji University.Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering.The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. So this era will be both exciting and rewarding for the Chinese Civil Engineers. And of course, civil engineering’s futu re is promising.However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the future; we should also try to update all the transportation systems.To deal with these problems, we will have to develop innovative and enterprising skills. And we should choose a way that we can go continuously. Hazard Mitigation may be a great choice. Not only can it save money in the long run, but also avoid getting into an embarrassing situation in which we have to rebuild all the broken buildings. And we should also use more environmentally friendly materials when designing or constructing new buildings.Well, to be a brilliant civil engineer is not easy. Today, engineering is a synthetic system. It not only depends on traditional mechanics, but also closely related to advanced science. So Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, Computer Science and perhaps more are all in our civil engineering program.To be a good civil engineer, we should have the ability to apply the knowledge, to design a system, a component, or a procedure of construction. We should also be able to conduct experiments and explain the results. Furthermore, an engineer never works alone, so we shall cooperate with working team, and try our best to communicate effectively.I’m very glad to be a student in this wonderful field. And I will try my best to be a successful civil engineer, to make contributions to our motherland.1. Of civil engineering history, current situation and future development of knowledge 1.1.1 Ancient Civil EngineeringAncient Civil Engineering has a very long time span, it is roughly from 5000 BC to the Neolithic Age to the mid-17th century, around about 7000 years. In housing construction, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering, tower engineering have made brilliant achievements. Some of the masterpieces of ancient civilization handed down a lot, so far stand tall. For example, China's Great Wall, Egyptian pyramids and so on. Built in the 6th century arch bridge, is the world's first open shoulder arch bridge, in 1991, American Society of Civil Engineers was selected as the world in 12 civil engineering landmark. 1.1.2 Modern Civil EngineeringThe time span of the modern civil engineering from the mid-17th century to the mid-20th century, after about 300 years. In the meantime, construction materials mainly from a shift to natural materials mainly man-made materials, the construction of theory building from the main to sum up the experience long-term experience to take into account the importance of scientific change. Construction techniques, some of the performance of large machinery along with a variety of highly effective methods of construction there, so people began to construct the complex structure or a poor environment in which civil engineering. During the completion of the Eiffel Tower, Empire State Building and Golden Gate suspension bridge, is still regarded as the great civil engineering.1.1.3 Modern Civil EngineeringModern civil engineering began in the mid-20th century. Development to date,civil engineering in building materials, structural theory and constructiontechniques have made very great progress.Building materials, high-strength concrete, high strength low alloy steel,polymers, glass more and more appear in the buildings. Structure theory, theuse of powerful computing and computer graphics, mechanical analysis and theresults more in line with the results of the calculation of the actual situation inwhich the design is more reliable. For building technology, have been developedto machine - electrical - computer integration, the construction process, whetherit is God, and crosses into the earth or the sea, are not the construction of thebarrier; and the widespread use of welding technology, but also makes the steelstructure development has entered a new stage.Created by world-renowned modern civil engineering construction are: China'sTaipei International Financial Center, Shanghai Jin Mao T ower, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia's oil and building the twin towers, the French Normandy cable-stayedbridge and so on.1.2 pairs of understanding of the status of civil engineeringToday's civil engineering, are increasingly using the same function or itsproduction process closely.Requirements of public and residential buildings in the architectural, structural,water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation for gas, electricity and othermodern technical equipment increasingly integrated as a whole.Industrial buildings require constant temperature and humidity, anti-vibration,anti-corrosion, radiation, fire, explosion, magnetic, dust, high (low) temperature,resistance to high (low) wet, to a large span, ultra-heavy-duty, flexible spacedirection.In addition, a growing number of high-rise buildings, underground engineeringhigh-speed development, urban elevated highways, overpasses appeared inlarge numbers, and the progressive realization of high-speed transportation,large-scale water conservancy projects.It is worth mentioning that China's reform and opening up, the comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved, and already has more large-scaledevelopment and use of water conditions, such as the Three Gorges Dam,water diversion project are all world-class large-scale water project.1.3 pairs of understanding the future development of Civil EngineeringWith the constant deepening of China's reform and opening up and rapideconomic development, China will face a more massive building boom. We cansay that we are faced with a leap of civil engineering along with the greatdevelopment of the national economy a good period. And such a gooddevelopment environment has been and will continue to be the West's urgentattention.As a cross-century generation, this situation provides us with excellent rareShizhancaigan unprecedented, the impact to the international standards of goodopportunities. At the same time, we feel deeply that this is an "opportunity" and"challenge" coexist, "cooperation" and "competition" intertwined, "innovation"and "follow the old" era of competing, how to grasp the turn of the century whenthe Civil disciplines, trends, and create with Chinese characteristics, world-classnew era of civil engineering disciplines, a generation of our century's challenges.2. My feelings and understanding: China's Civil Engineering to go the road of sustainabledevelopmentChina's civil engineering has its own particularity."China is the world's most populous country, a great resource in addition to that by 13 $ 110 to become negligible, while a small problem multiplied by 1.3 billion becomes a big problem." Professor Liu Xila this language effectively tells our the difficulty lies.China's coal, oil, gas, water, forests are living in the world total, and per capita, but all below the world average. Population, energy, education, pollution problems have become severe problems faced by the four. Path of sustainable development is imminent. And civil engineering, also will be when a long-term, out of a sustainable development.World, the modernization process of the United States can be described as advanced, and now data indicate that: the future of the United States to invest $ 1.6 trillion construction projects to address the unsafe condition, for example, chloride-induced corrosion of buildings and so on. As a contemporary civil engineer, in the tradition of the brilliant achievements of our predecessors, but also have a lot of the lessons learned have been an accident, in future work to improve innovation and achieve sustainable development.2.1 the development of high-tech, structural health monitoring applications, toachieve sustainable developmentCivil Engineering in actual use, there will be varying degrees of damage orperformance degradation, since this will affect the carrying capacity anddurability, and even lead to serious construction accidents, caused significantcasualties and economic losses, resulting in serious social impact . Therefore,from the moment of completion of construction, we must make health monitoring,repair and reinforcement of the preparation.With modern sensor technology, computer and communications technology,signal processing techniques and structural analysis and dynamic analysis ofthe rapid development of the theory, it is proposed the concept of structuralhealth monitoring, to revolutionize the development of civil engineering changes.Structural health monitoring system installed in the structure through a variety ofsensors, automatic, real-time measurement of the structure of the environment,load, response, etc., on the structure of health status assessment, scientific andeffective conservation and management structure to provide basis for decisionmaking, to ensure the structural safety of the operation to extend the structurallife.In recent years, large-scale civil engineering structures, especially large-spanbridge health monitoring domestic and international engineering and technologyas the focus of attention in the academic community through research andengineering and technical personnel research efforts have yielded fruitful results.Home and abroad in recent years, new bridges were installed in many largestructural health monitoring systems, such as China's Shanghai Xupu Bridge,Jiangyin Yangtze River Highway Bridge, the Donghai Bridge, Hong Kong's TsingMa Bridge, the bridge and Youngjong Korea Seohae bridge, U.S. CommodoreBarry Bridge and Canada Confedration bridges.Like this, through the development of structural health monitoring and safetywarning, the first time found that the construction problems that may arise,timely repair and reinforcement, both to avoid the possible constructionaccidents, construction has been largely solved the rapid aging of damage, haveRemove the restoration of the embarrassing situation, and the resulting largenumber of economic resources, a waste of time to achieve the sustainabledevelopment of building use.2.2 The rational use of natural resources, focusing on re-use of existing civilengineering infrastructure, to achieve sustainable development"Sustainable development is achieved without sacrificing the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs and conditions, to meet current needs."Rational use of natural resources, will have in the civil engineering construction,use and maintenance process, the civil engineer to take the initiative to besaving energy, and maximize the role of both civil engineering facilities.For example, we can take advantage of building green, gray brick walls in thesummer, reduce the surface temperature, thereby reducing air conditioning use;can use energy-saving type of brick or insulation composite wall as the wallmaterial, to the role of thermal insulation in winter ; also solar energy, groundheat and other new energy sources, reducing the amount of non-renewableresources to reduce.In addition, the reuse of existing buildings is also an important means ofsustainable development. This regard, Shanghai has made a lot of successfulexperience: do not plant a lot, a lot has been transformed into exhibition halls,offices, artists studios. This transformation of re-use, consistent with therequirements of modern use, but also save energy, avoid waste, is an effective 2.3 Development and utilization of renewable resources and green resources toachieve sustainable developmentRemoval of waste each year the world of concrete, concrete waste generated byconstruction etc will have a huge amount of construction waste. China's annualconstruction of the building construction waste generated by 4,000 tons, haveproduced 13.6 million tons of waste concrete, removal processing a largeamount of environmental pollution. In addition, China is the world's cementproduction 20 years of superpower, which in itself is a high consumption ofresources, high energy consumption, pollution of the environment industry.Compared with other materials, steel and recycled concrete is more in line withgreen building standards, this should be to develop the green building materials.In this regard, Japan's Aichi World Expo, give us a vivid lesson: materials, theExpo will be a variety of construction materials on the surface is very high, butmany are recycling. Many plank wood construction waste by processing, placedaround the chair, TV cabinet is made of crush. Toyota Pavilion wall is made fromrecycled waste paper processing, long-term venue Japan Pavilion, only thepursuit of harmony between man and nature, but also saves the expenditure,the use of most of the steel and wood, can be recycled. At the same time, theadvantages of bamboo wall to September 3 Aichi summer also showedexhaustive. Bamboo greatly reduces the performance of their indoortemperature, air-conditioning use is also significantly reduced. This gave me anumber of thought: in the building material selection, the appropriate place in theapplication of renewable natural resources, save money, but also to achieve aharmonious and sustainable ecological development and architecture, why not?In addition, the World Expo in Aichi Japan Nagakute, Japan Pavilion cocoon-likein order to reduce heat load, the use of green walls, bio-degradable plasticmaterials and thinning wood (forest wood to be cut fine) to achieve theenvironmental protection function. "Nature's Wisdom" as the theme of the AichiWorld Expo, pavilion building large-scale application of modern scientific andtechnological achievements, highlighting the environmental and functional,reflecting the natural beauty of the human diligently pursuing. This should alsobe the future civil engineers to learn and develop.China's building, Professor Li Guohao Yangpu Bridge is also designed classic.Approach part of the spiral structure, saving several hundred million RMB, is acivil and sustainable economic development model.Of course, sustainable development, by no means blind pursuit of savings, butthe most reasonable to seek a middle state, we must ensure there is enoughcreative architecture, but also the pursuit of the perfect technical and economicindicators, with minimum investment for maximum benefits. We still still want tocreate classic, but must not be built on the squandering of money, based onconsuming more resources and energy basis. T oday, building the world hasentered an era of eco-aesthetics, focusing on culture, ecology, engineering andenvironmental relationship between the human-oriented, energy saving andsustainable development, the focus is the direction of contemporary engineers.3.Civil Engineering expertise should have the qualityA good civil engineer, must have the "four elements", that is, knowledge structure,practical skills, ability to structure and the overall quality and innovation.Knowledge structure, including: public basic knowledge, professional knowledge and expertise.First, the good civil engineer must have a solid basic knowledge of the public, and, in the familiar basis of natural science, a good psychological and moral humanities, social science-based knowledge is also essential.Second, the best engineers must also have excellent professional knowledge. Ofengineering mathematics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and so have a solid understanding and ability to apply strong.Third, also in-depth expertise. Whether engaged in railway engineering, tunnels, underground works or construction projects, each engineer has to be advanced for the emphasis on industry expertise. The only way to make our civil engineering business, walking in the forefront of the world.Inseparable from the practice of Civil Engineering. Therefore, engineers have to have superb practical skills. For example: drawing skills, computer application skills, measurement skills and structural engineering testing skills.As a Civil Engineering undergraduate students, I will be four years of college learning process, and strive to master the computer language and programming skills, treasure every opportunity to practice on the machine, and in college physics experiments, material testing and structural experiments The general structure of the experiment to master the basic method, with the structure of the initial test of skills, and providing technical training, curriculum design, structural design for the contest winners.In addition, the difference between engineers and scientists not only by the constraints of the laws of nature, will be bound by the laws of society. Engineering and technical personnel complete each project is a program of "social activities" may not rely on a person in the room alone. Therefore, to have sufficient capacity to deal with social, follow the laws of good society.In school life, I will continue to improve their learning ability, from the engineering capabilities to enhance learning, students work to enhance the management capacity, and gradually improve their own knowledge structure, from which to develop a science and technology development capabilities and skills and the ability of public relations to do more.However, these skills also help to constitute a truly sustainable development of China's civil engineer. Because the engineer is the most important cultural enrichment with high moral and intellectual quality. In order to state and national interests, dedicated to the cause of the motherland. For the country's honor, to have a strong sense of competition. With dialectical materialist way of thinking, there is step on solid, rigorous, hard working style. The only way to be a qualified civil engineer in China.We should also note that China's civil engineering industry with world-class level there is a gap. For example, many domestic high-rise buildings (including the Shanghai World Financial Center), almost all of its engineering design borne from abroad, almost all steel products imported from abroad, the general contractor were mostly borne by the foreign countries, only the steel structure fabrication and installation work by domestic unit commitment. Be completely independent intellectual property rights, engineering and construction to achieve the localization, catch up with international standards, we need the young generation to complete!附录：参考资料：《土木工程》(英)斯科特(Scott,J.S.)撰中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑文献检索与利用》肖友瑟主编大连理工大学出版社《土木工程总论》丁大钧，蒋永生编中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑工程概论》王继明主编高等教育出版社《土木工程学报》中国土木工程学会土木工程学报编辑部《土木工程》中国土木工程学会科学出版社《土木工程概论》上海交通出版社《土木系统工程》机械工业出版社《INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》中国建筑工业出版社。
土木工程英文文献
Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surfacecracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.钢筋混凝土素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。
土木工程专业英语作文
Influence of The Development of Civil Engineeringin Our LifeAbstract:With the social and economic development and modern science and technology increasingly advanced,civil engineering has been considerable development. In the process of rapid development, it is inevitable to bring huge influence on the environment of economic development. Through reviewing the development of civil engineering, we find that now it is a good time that the civil engineering develops with the development of national economy. The good development environment has attracted the attention from the globe. To realize the harmonious development of human being and environment and build beautiful homes, we should adhere to the path of sustainable development. Therefore, it is an important issue that protect ecological environment, conserve land, and deal with the relationship between society and economy, and realize the sustainable development with the development of civil engineering.Keyword:civil engineering ;environment;development;construction1.Overview of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering refers to the general name of housing, highway, railway, bridge, hydraulic, harbor engineering, underground etc. It is very obvious and important to the country's economic construction and people's life. And civil engineering is closely related to human survival and reproduction of the four basic elements: clothing, food, housing, travel, to provide mankind with modern human life and the development of the necessary space.Civil engineering is an ancient subject.The ancient civil engineering has a long time span, in this period of time, due to the development of scientific theory is very slow, there is no breakthrough in the development of civil engineering. With the progress of human society, civil engineering has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline which has many branches, such as architectural engineering, railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, water conservancy engineering.The development of civil engineering has experienced the ancient experience of civil construction, modern mechanical civil construction and the construction of modern information technology. With the development of science and technology, the concept of civil engineering construction is constantly updated. And with the use of new materials, new technologies and new technologies, the construction of the project has become more and more extensive. Our life has become more convenient with the improvement of civil engineering technology. The development of civil engineering construction technology is bound to provide more and more powerful guarantee for the development of human and human life.Since the reform and opening up, China is committed to in social development, economic and technology development, and constantly sum up the lessons of history, learn from experience, innovative ideas, reform and development mode, so as to promote the development of our country, such as new equipment, new technology andnew materials. Civil engineering staff innovation will bring into the building construction, especially the mechanical automation facilities have been applied to civil engineering construction, which greatly promoted the civil engineering toward modernization and intelligent direction.2.Development trend of Civil Engineering2.1 Information technology in Civil Engineering ManagementAt present, the application of information technology has made the global industry information is very convenient. We can easily get the latest technology using internet.2.2 Development of new and high technologyAs the environment changes rapidly, the structure will be different degrees of damage or performance degradation, which will affect the bearing capacity and durability, and even lead to serious accidents, it cause significant casualties and economic losses resulting in serious social influence. Therefore, from the construction of a moment, we must do a good job in health monitoring, repair and reinforcement of the preparation.With the rapid development of modern sensor technology, computer and communication technology, the signal analysis and processing technology and structural dynamic analysis theory, people put forward the concept of structural health monitoring, which for the development of civil engineering bring revolutionary change.2.3Application of building materials and construction technology in the development of high performance building materialsThe high performance concrete with less segregation. It can be preserved for a long time. High performance concrete has good toughness, high strength and volume stability. It can maintain the original nature in the bad environment.2.4 Underground, desert, ocean are the development direction of Civil Engineering With the rapid development of the construction industry, building space resources has become an important factor restricting the development of the construction industry. The development of space resources is a very effective way to solve the problem of building space resources. In our country, there are underground space, desert, ocean and space. In fact, our country in the civil engineering development process has been in the gradual development of these space resources, for example, the existing subway, underground parking is the embodiment of the use of underground space. China is also developing the ocean and desert resources. So the future development trend of our country is to develop to the underground, the ocean and the desert.3 Some problems in the development of civil engineering in ChinaDespite the rapid development of civil engineering in our country, there are still a lot of question. It has a certain impact on the healthy development of civil society and the environment and society.3.1 Some problems in planning and designPlanning and design is the premise of the project construction, it is directly related to the quality and use of future projects. If there are problems in the planning and design, it will lose a lot. Many projects do not pay attention to the planning and design,such as some projects started after long time no management, some water conservancy project dam due to the unreasonable design and planning resulting in a lot of problem in the process.Highway design and planning is not reasonable resulting in some sections of the road traffic accidents. These problems frequently appear to bring plenty of loss to the state enterprises.3.2 Some quality problemsQuality problem is generally produced in the process of construction, some construction process was not seriously in accordance with the design requirements of the construction cut corners in the construction process. For example, some of the building's underground water leakage, some of the road repair a few years will be re renovated, and some of the buildings collapsed and collapsed bridges caused casualties and economic losses. Quality problems will bring many negative effects, Reconstruction not only waste resources and pollute the environment, and the society will make people lack of trust.3.3 Some environmental problemsIn the civil engineering construction process, the environment will have a great impact, such as the construction of a railway or highway will have a certain impact on the environment along the road. In the process of building a reservoir or dam will also make the ecological environment in the river changes, while build a building will cause air pollution and noise pollution in the urban areas. How to solve these problems which the development of civil engineering face are important for us.3.4 The influence of civil engineering on the ecological environment(1) Occupation of landLarge number of highway, railway and real estate construction, occupy a lot of farmland, the possession of land resources is permanent and is great influence on agricultural production and farmers.(2) Change the ecological environmentSome civil engineering will change the original terrain, topography, resulting in the destruction of vegetation. For example the influence of the Three Gorges Project on the ecological environment and is very wide, including the Three Gorges Reservoir influence most direct and significant, in the Yangtze River basin also exist significant impact, and some people even think that the Three Gorges Project will make global climate and ocean environment has undergone major changes.(3) The influence of rare animals and plantsIf the highway passes through the vicinity of Nature Reserve, it may affect the living environment of wild animals, or damaged some rare plants, affecting the biological diversity.4 Combined with the sustainable development strategy to solve the current problemsThe sustainable development is one of the main guiding ideas for the development of the world, and the development of civil engineering is also one of the main ideas.In order to promote environmental protection to make more efficient use of resources, the next, to talk about the current development of China's civil engineering in the process of solving the problem of sustainable development.4.1 The sustainable development of civil engineering planning and designThe planning and design of civil engineering must be focused, it doesn’t allowed to have any mistakes. Therefore, in the process of planning and design, the designer can not only rely on the theory, there should be a field study, in order to design the sustainable designers should actively carry out some green design, the project to adapt to the local environment. In short, in the design process combined with sustainable development strategy to make the construction planning more reasonable, while the building in the use of the process can play a greater efficiency.4.2 The sustainable development of civil engineering constructionConstruction process is prone to quality problems, so the construction should be in accordance with the standard construction, the construction process to deal with the details, as well as technical points, to ensure the quality of construction. In order to realize the strategy of sustainable development of civil engineering requirements, in the construction of material selection is to strictly and civil engineering construction need a lot of material application, once the material problems will lead to civil engineering suffered a serious impact. Therefore, attention should be paid to material selection. First, the selection of construction materials should conform to the state standards, which is no pollution and safe.Second, to ensure not to cut corners.4.3 Sustainable development of civil engineering for the solution of environmental problemsConstruction of roads, railways, water conservancy projects for environmental impact greater. When railway or highway through the wild animal protection zone, a line may segregate on both sides of the road, so that the animal cannot migration, in order to reduce project on environmental impact. The Qinghai Tibet Railway in order to solve this problem,left a channel below the road, so that animals can through it. In short, facing these problems we can solved, as long as we think of ways.SummaryCivil engineering is an important project of the national economy and the people's livelihood, the modern civil engineering has changed our life, it has become more and more important to us. The population is rapidly increasing at present, the world population has more than 6 billion. By the end of twenty-first Century, the population is expected to be close to 10 billion. At the same time, the earth's land resources are limited, and due to the consumption of the transition and increasingly depleted. In order to achieve the unity of civil engineering construction and environmental protection, the sustainable development of ecology and economy must be done.We must rational use of resources via the theory and method of modern environmental science.There are plans to protect the environment,prevent the deterioration of environmental quality, control and treatment of pollution of the environment.Civil engineering is closely related to our daily life. In the future, our living environment will become more and more severe. In recent years, due to the frequent occurrence of disasters, the performance has become the primary subject of structural structure development. The future building structure must resist earthquake, wind, storm, tsunami,fire,collision, radiation, etc.. Due to the progress of science,technologyand economic prosperity, it will bring to the development of civil engineering in the spring.。
土木工程专业英文汇总范文
土木工程专业英文汇总范文Title: The Essence of Civil Engineering: A Comprehensive Overview.Civil engineering, a vast and diverse field, encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of the infrastructure that shapes our world. It is the backbone of modern society, responsible for creating the environments where we live, work, and play. From thetallest skyscrapers to the deepest underwater tunnels, the impact of civil engineering is felt everywhere.Origins and Evolution.The roots of civil engineering can be traced back to ancient times, when early civilizations constructed irrigation systems, roads, and bridges. However, it was during the Industrial Revolution that the field truly began to take shape. With the advent of new materials and technologies, engineers were able to build larger and morecomplex structures, leading to the creation of the modern-day infrastructure we know today.Core Components.Civil engineering can be broken down into several key components:1. Structural Engineering: This branch deals with the design and analysis of structures that support and resist loads. It involves the study of materials, forces, and the behavior of structures under different conditions.2. Transportation Engineering: This field focuses on the planning, design, and operation of transportation systems, including roads, bridges, airports, and railroads. It aims to ensure the safe and efficient movement of people and goods.3. Environmental Engineering: This branch deals with the impact of engineering projects on the environment. It involves the study of water and air pollution, wastemanagement, and sustainable development practices.4. Geotechnical Engineering: This field deals with the engineering properties of soil and rock. It involves the study of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and geohydrology, among other areas.5. Water Resources Engineering: This branch deals with the planning, development, and management of water resources. It involves the study of dams, reservoirs, canals, and other water-related structures.Challenges and Opportunities.Civil engineering faces numerous challenges in the 21st century. Climate change, urbanization, and population growth are placing increasing demands on infrastructure. Engineers must find innovative solutions to ensure the sustainability and resilience of our built environment.At the same time, new technologies and materials are presenting exciting opportunities. Advancements in digitalmodeling and simulation, 3D printing, and smart materials are revolutionizing the way we design and construct infrastructure. These technologies have the potential to make projects more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable.Conclusion.Civil engineering is a crucial discipline that shapes the fabric of our society. As we face new challenges and opportunities in the coming decades, it is important that we continue to invest in the education and training of future engineers. By doing so, we can ensure that our infrastructure remains safe, efficient, and sustainable, supporting the needs of future generations.。
土木工程专业英语论文
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broaderScope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into anumber of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use ofcomputers. Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project.Structural engineering.In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.Water resources engineering.Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, anddetermine the location of structures affecting navigation.Geotechnical engineering.Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater.Environmental engineering. In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smoke-producing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land.Transportation engineering. Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of bothpeople and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.Pipeline engineering. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.Construction engineering. Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, andoperating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure.Community and urban planning. Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping. The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radiosignal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation project, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.Other specialties. Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.Engineering management.Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government—municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.Engineering teaching. The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in constructionmaterials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and commissions associated with major projects.土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
土木工程概论论文(英文版)
土木工程概论论文课程名称土木工程概论考试方式论文姓名余绍波学号201041201222班级10土木（2）班任课教师郑愚正文We are exciting started university life, we are civil professional, but our own professional are poorly understood, when people ask us to learn is when we say civil engineering, they ask, civil professional is a learn what the professional? Professional inside what aspects into? Out specific? Civil professional prospects? Income? …a series of problems are really difficult to us. Yes, what are we learning? In the study civil engineering introduction this course after, I on civil engineering the professional a rough picture of, also let me on civil engineering from originally of interest to the real in love with the professional.What is the civil engineeringCivil engineering is that branch of engineering which aims to provide a comfortable and safe living for the people .Shelter, one of the primary needs of mankind, is provided by civil engineers. The efficient planning of water supply and irrigation systems increases the food production in a country. Shelters ,apart from just being shelters, have been constructed by civil engineers to provide a peaceful and comfortable life .The engineering marvels of the world, starting from the pyramids to today’s thin shell structures, are the results of the development in civil engineering. Communication lines like roads, railways, bridges, etc. Without which development is impossible, are fruits civil engineers’ work.Scope of civil engineering include many aspects, for example structural geotechnical engineering, fluid mechanics, hydraulics and hydraulic machines, transportation engineering, water supply, sanitary and environmental engineering, irrigation engineering, surveying, leveling and remote sensing, etc.Structural engineering is the most important specialization in civil engineering. The construction of a structure needs efficient planning, design and method of construction to serve the purpose fully.Geotechnical engineering is the basic in civil engineering. For the efficient functioning of any structure built on earth, the behavior of soil must be known. Geotechnical engineering gives the basic idea about the soil. But geotechnical engineering also deals with the analysis, design and construction of foundation. Transportation engineering is very important for people going out. The development of a nation mainly depends on the communication facilities available. A nation’s wealth is measured in terms of the road and railway facilities available. There are three modes of transportation viz., land , water and air. This specialization deals with the design, construction and execution of communication routes.Water supply, sanitary and environmental engineering is very closed to the mankind. Without food man can survive for days but not without water. The responsibility of providing potable water to the public and disposing the waste water safely is that of a civil engineer. The role of an environmental engineer is to build a bridge between biology and technology by applying all the techniques to the job of cleaning the debris. Environmental engineering deals with the methods of protecting the environment from the deleterious effects of human activity which would result in the improvement of environmental quality for the well being of mankind.Irrigation may be defined as the process of supplying water by man-made methods for the purpose of land cultivation. Irrigation engineering includes the study and design of works related to the control of river water and the drainage of waterlogged areas. Thus, irrigation engineering deals with the controlling and harnessing of various resources of water, by constructing dams, reservoirs, canals, head works and distribution channels to the cultivable land.Above of the describing, civil engineering is the most important in the engineering of the worth. I am also honored about that I would become the member of civil engineer.I have a dream to be a structure engineer. I would learn hard in the future.The development history of the civil engineeringAncient civil engineering ancient civil engineering has a long time span, it roughly from 5000 BC in the new Stone Age to 17 centuries middle period, about 7000 years before. In housing, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering, tower engineering, etc are madebrilliant achievement. Some of the ancient civilization handed a masterpiece, has majestically. Such as the Great Wall of China, the pyramids of Egypt, etc. The 6 th century built into the zhaozhou bridge, is the world's first open shoulder type arch bridge, in 1991 by the United States civil engineering learn to choose for world shangdi 12 civil engineering milestone.The modern civil engineering the time span of the modern civil engineering from 17 centuries middle period to 20 centuries middle period, about 300 years before. In this period, from building materials with natural material to give priority to with man-made material is given priority to, build theory also, from the main to summarize long-term experience to build on both the scientific experience change. The construction technology, some excellent performance of large-scale machinery with all extremely effective construction method, the emergence of makes people began to build complex or the environment of the bad civil engineering. Built during the Eiffel Tower, the Empire State Building and the golden gate suspension bridge, still can yet be regarded as the great civil engineering.Contemporary civil engineering civil engineering is increasingly with its use function or production process closely. Along with the materials and build the development of technology, to civil engineering society puts forward new requirements. We to the house the comfort and demand more and more beautiful.Public and residential buildings requirements of the construction, structure, water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation, for gas, power supply and other modern technology equipment with increasingly become whole. Industrial building requires constant temperature, humidity, prevent the vibration, anticorrosion, radiation prevention, prevention of fire, explosion, the magnetic, dustproof, and high (low) temperature, resistant to high (low) wet, and to the large span and super-heavy, flexible space development direction. In addition, high-rise building a large rise, the underground engineering high-speed development, urban elevated highway overpass, a large presence, and gradually realize high transportation, water conservancy project large-scale.Civil engineering in our future development tendencyWith the deepening of China's reform, opening up and rapid economic development, China will face a more large-scale construction upsurge. Can say, we are faced with a national economic leap with the civil engineering in the good times. And such a good development environment has been and will continue to by western countries the eager attention. As the cross-century generation, the excellent situation for we provide unprecedented rare display to the international level talents, the impact of the good opportunity. At the same time, we also deeply felt, this is a "opportunity" and "challenges" coexist, "cooperation" and "competition" intertwined, and "innovation" and "follow the old" strive for age, how to grasp of the century when the trend of the development of civil engineering disciplines, initiate have Chinese characteristics, with world-class level of civil engineering discipline of new era, is to us at the turn of the century the challenge of a generation.To our country civil engineering awarenessChina's civil engineering has its own particularity. "China is the most populous country in the world, a large resources are 13 ten million except that became insignificant, but one small problem multiplied by 1.3 billion will become a big problem." LiuXi pull CiYu professor of our country to recognizes the difficulty was. China's coal, oil,natural gas, water, forest amount in the world are front row, but the amount per but all lower than the world average level. Population, energy, education, pollution problem has already become our country faces four severe problems. Sustainable development is imminent. And civil engineering, also will be based on long-term, out of a sustainable development way.Around the world, and America's modernization process is advanced, and recent data show that: the future U.S. to put 1.6 trillion dollars to settle the already built engineering safety state, for example, chloride ion of the building by corrosion and so on. As a contemporary civil engineer and brilliant achievements in the inheritance predecessors, but also must learn from a lot of the teaching of the accident out has, in the future work in improving the innovation, and realize the sustainable development. Development of high and new technology, the application of the structural health monitoring and realize the sustainable development. Civil engineering in the actual process, can appear different degree of damage or performance degradation, it will influence the bearing capacity and durability, and even serious engineering accident, bring the significant casualties and economic loss, have a serious social influence. Therefore, from building built into the moment, will do health monitoring, repair and reinforcement of preparation.With modern sensing technology, computer and communication technology, the signal analysis and processing technology and structure dynamic analysis theory of the rapid development, people put forward the concept of structural health monitoring, to the development of civil engineering brought the revolutionary change.Structural health monitoring system through various sensors installed in structure, to be automatic, real time measurement structure environment, load and response, the health status of the structure of the assessment, and to provide scientific and effective structure maintenance management decision foundation, ensure the safety of the structure operation, prolong the service life of the structure.Through the development of the structural health monitoring and security warning, found in the first time building possible problems and to repair and reinforcement, both to avoid the possible construction accident, also solve the basic building too fast aging damage, had to tear down repaired the awkward situation, and the resulting from the large economy, resources and time wasted, and realize the sustainable development of the building use.Reasonable use of natural resources, pay attention to both civil engineering facilities recycle, realize the sustainable development. "Sustainable development is not sacrifice in future generations and to satisfy their needs, under the condition of ability to meet the needs of the present."Reasonable use of natural resources, should be in civil engineering construction, use and maintenance process, a civil engineer active do energy saving section, and maximize both civil engineering facilities role.For example, we can make full use of building green in summer effectively reduce the ash brick wall surface temperature, so as to reduce the usage of the air conditioning; Can use energy-saving insulation type of porous brick or composite wall as wall material, and reach the role of winter insulation; Can the solar energy, underground heat and other new energy, reduce nonrenewable resources consumption reduction.In addition, both the reuse of building sustainable development is also one of the important methods. This, Shanghai has made many successful experience: not a lot offactories, many have been transformed into a gallery, office building, the artist studio. This transformation recycle, not only conform to the requirements of the modern use, and save the energy, to avoid the waste, can yet be regarded as a kind of effective measures.Development and utilization of renewable resources and green resources and realize the sustainable development. Every year in the world of the demolition waste concrete, engineering construction waste concrete produced all can produce a vast quantity of construction waste. China's annual construction of the construction waste produced 40 million tons, produce 13.6 million tons of waste concrete, removed the workload with big, environmental pollution is serious. In addition, our country is 20 years the world's largest country in cement production, and this in itself is a high consumption of resources, production, pollution environment of the industry.Compared with other materials, steel and recycled concrete conform to the standard of green building materials, shall develop such green building materials. In building material selection, in the place of appropriate application natural renewable resource, save money, but also achieve the ecological and building harmonious sustainable development, what is there against it?Social to our demandsThrough a term civil engineering introduction course of study, I have deeply felt civil engineering covers the extensive, appreciate the predecessors' achievements of, also realized as a civil engineer's big responsibility. Of course, we can't get lost in the has been brilliant achievements, standing still. We should also keep pace with The Times, to dig, to find, to think, to imagine, to innovation.To become excellent civil engineer and must have "four elements", that is, the knowledge structure, the practical skills, ability structure and comprehensive quality and innovative consciousness.The knowledge structure including: public knowledge, basic specialized knowledge and professional knowledge.First, excellent civil engineer must have a solid public knowledge, and, in the understanding of the natural science foundation, good moral psychological quality and the humanities and social science foundation knowledge also indispensable. Secondly, excellent engineers must also have the perfect basic specialized knowledge. For engineering mathematics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, are a solid understanding and strong application ability.Finally, also have a thorough professional knowledge. Whether railway engineering, tunnel project in underground engineering construction projects, or, every engineer to lay particular stress on the industry has a advanced professional knowledge. Only in this way can we make our country civil engineering career, walk in the forefront of the world.Civil engineering from practice. Therefore, the engineer will have excellent practice skills. For example: drawing skills, computer application skills, engineering surveying skills and structure detection techniques, etc.We how to request oneselfAs a civil engineering student, I will in the future the university three years in the learning process, efforts to master the basic specialized knowledge, completes the professional practice work; At the same time actively learn professional knowledge of the other, such as the computer language and programming skills, material experimentand the structure of the master the basic method of the general structure experiment, has initially structure of inspection skills, completes the technical practice, course design and for the prize winners in the structure design. In the future the study life, I will continue to improve their ability to study independently, actively improve personal ability, for entry into society to work well preparation.In addition, engineers and scientists difference is not only affected by natural laws, which also will be affected by the constraints of the social rules. Engineering and technical personnel of each of the scheme for the project of complete is a "social activities", and never rely on a person in the room alone. So to have enough ability to deal with social, follow the good social law."Engineer is scientists; engineer is an artist; engineer is also thinkers." A great engineer had put forward such a speech. Well, the engineer is the use of natural science to create engineering. Engineering is both material also is ideological. Many monumental engineering, great engineering and famous buildings, many people often see only their magnificent, and as a civil engineer, is more should see its soul. So we should understanding of the "structural engineer and artists and thinkers." Become a great structural engineer of the most important factors is "love their career". After all the interest is the best teacher, many excellent construction engineers are interested in since childhood to the building. Hobbies should not only embodies in action to look inward and even more thorough marrow. An engineer in life is an engineer. The problem we mentioned to draw out is to cultivate their thinking quality. Including the habit of thinking, depth and breadth, and the thinking way of thinking and the selection of materials. Become a engineers do have a lot of quality is natural and decisive, the school of training and his efforts to just a few auxiliary measures. A man once asked me a question about perceptual load, in fact I psychological it is very clear that he doesn't understand the inside the most basic physical concept, first of the inductance of the understanding is not language and mathematics formula can explain it. So physics and mathematics is the basis of structural engineer has high requirements, mentioned here of physics and mathematics is to point to one of the most basic understanding and not stay at the surface of the text and formula. I can be deduced that the people don't quite fit for structural engineer, in fact the questions he raised are true in life, looking up distant buildings, or when you see a landmark moment. Can this every moment are often taken for granted and for you is wrong. That we have lost the opportunity to learn, lost inspiration.In the study life, I will continuously improve their ability of self-study, from study advance engineering ability, in the work of students improve their management skills, and gradually perfect their knowledge structure, to develop science and technology development ability and in the power of expression and the public relation ability, more efforts on.However, these skills also won't test a real help to the sustainable development of our country civil engineer. The most important is because engineers have noble moral culture training and the thought quality. For the country and the interests of the nation, to the cause of the motherland. For the glory of the country, can have a strong sense of competition. Have the thinking method of syndrome differentiation materialism, a solid, rigorous, hard core of the work style. Only in this way can we do a qualified Chinese civil engineer.We should also see, our country's civil engineering business and world class level,there is still a gap. Such as the domestic many high-rise buildings (including the Shanghai world financial center), its engineering design almost entirely by overseas undertake, steel almost all imported from abroad, engineering contracting also mostly by overseas undertake, only the fabrication and erection of the steel structure work by the domestic unit to assume. Get completely independent intellectual property rights, realize localization of engineering construction, surpassing international level, we need to the younger generation to complete!I will continue to improve ability, going all out, along with other students, out ofa independent innovation, and sustainable development with Chinese characteristics in civil engineering the road of development and common will of our country civil engineering career to a new high tide.。
土木工程英语作文
土木工程英语作文As a civil engineering student, I have always been fascinated by the challenge of designing and constructing infrastructure that can withstand the test of time. From bridges to skyscrapers, the field of civil engineeringoffers endless opportunities to make a lasting impact onthe world around us.One of the most rewarding aspects of civil engineeringis the opportunity to work on projects that directlyimprove the lives of people in communities around the world. Whether it's designing a new water treatment facility or developing sustainable transportation solutions, civil engineers have the chance to make a real difference in the world.In addition to the technical aspects of civil engineering, there is also a strong emphasis oncollaboration and communication. Civil engineers often work closely with architects, urban planners, and governmentofficials to ensure that projects meet the needs of the community while also adhering to strict safety and environmental standards.Another exciting aspect of civil engineering is the constant innovation and advancement in the field. From new materials to cutting-edge construction techniques, there is always something new to learn and explore in the world of civil engineering.Overall, civil engineering is a dynamic and rewarding field that offers endless opportunities for creativity, problem-solving, and making a positive impact on the world. Whether it's designing a sustainable building or developing new infrastructure for a growing city, civil engineers play a crucial role in shaping the world around us.。
土木工程专业英文汇总范文
土木工程专业英文汇总范文英文回答：Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and itis defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials science, and surveying.Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in theprivate sector from individual homeowners through tointernational companies.中文回答：土木工程是一门专业工程学科，涉及物理和自然建造环境的设计、建造和维护，包括道路、桥梁、运河、大坝和建筑物等工程。
土木工程英文文章
土木工程英文文章English:Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of structures and infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and airports. It encompasses various sub-disciplines including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, and water resources engineering. Civil engineers play a crucial role in society by ensuring that infrastructure is safe, functional, and sustainable. They apply scientific principles and innovative technologies to address complex challenges related to population growth, urbanization, environmental degradation, and climate change. From designing earthquake-resistant buildings to developing efficient transportation systems, civil engineers contribute to improving the quality of life for people around the world. Collaboration with architects, urban planners, environmental scientists, and government agencies is often necessary to successfully execute civil engineering projects. Moreover, civil engineers must consider factors such as cost, aesthetics, social impact, and regulatory requirements when planning andimplementing infrastructure projects. Overall, civil engineering is a dynamic field that continuously evolves to meet the changing needs of society and the environment.中文翻译:土木工程是一门工程学科，涉及建筑物、道路、桥梁、水坝和机场等结构和基础设施的设计、建造和维护。
关于土木工程英语文章
关于土木工程英语文章Title: The Evolution and Significance of Civil Engineering in the Modern WorldCivil engineering, a discipline that dates back to the ancient civilizations, has been instrumental in shaping the landscape of human settlements and infrastructure. From the pyramids of Egypt to the modern skyscrapers and bridges, the evolution of civil engineering has been remarkable, reflecting the advancements in technology, materials, and design principles.In ancient times, civil engineering was primarily concerned with the construction of basic structures such as temples, palaces, and fortifications. These structures were built using locally available materials like stone, brick, and wood. The Egyptians, for instance, used their knowledge of geometry and hydraulics to construct the pyramids and irrigation systems. Similarly, the Romans excelled in the design and construction of roads, bridges, and aqueducts, which were built to last for centuries.The Industrial Revolution marked a significant turning point in the evolution of civil engineering. With the advent of new materials like steel and concrete, engineers were able to design and build more complex and durable structures. The construction of railways, canals, and dams became commonplace, connecting different parts of the world and enabling economic growth.In the 20th and 21st centuries, civil engineering has undergone further revolutions, particularly with the advent of technology and computing. The use of computers and software has greatly simplified complex calculations and design processes, making it possible to build structures that are safer, more efficient, and sustainable. Additionally, the development of new materials like reinforced concrete, high-strength steel, and composites has further broadened the scope of civil engineering.Modern civil engineers are involved in a wide range of projects, from the design and construction of high-rise buildings and bridges to the development of transportation systems, water supply networks, and environmental engineering solutions. They work closely with architects,planners, and other professionals to ensure that the built environment is not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly.The significance of civil engineering in the modern world cannot be overstated. It is crucial for the development of infrastructure, which is essential for economic growth, social progress, and national security. Well-designed and constructed infrastructure can improve the quality of life by providing safe and efficient transportation, clean water, and sanitation facilities. It can also contribute to the resilience of communities in the face of natural disasters and climate change.Moreover, civil engineering plays a vital role in sustainable development. Engineers are increasingly focusing on the use of renewable materials, energy-efficient design, and waste reduction techniques to minimize the environmental impact of construction projects. They are also exploring innovative solutions to address challenges such as urbanization, climate change, and resource scarcity.In conclusion, civil engineering has come a long way from its ancient origins to the sophisticated and complex structures of today. It remains an essential discipline that shapes our world, connecting people, and driving economic and social progress. As technology and society continue to evolve, civil engineering will continue to adapt and innovate, playing a crucial role in building a sustainable and resilient future.。
关于土木工程英语作文
关于土木工程英语作文Civil Engineering。
Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including buildings, roads, bridges, canals, and other structures. It is one of the oldest and most important engineering disciplines, dating back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome.The field of civil engineering is incredibly diverse, encompassing a wide range of specialties and sub-disciplines. Some of the most common areas of focus include structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and construction management.Structural engineering involves the design and analysis of buildings, bridges, and other structures to ensure that they are safe and reliable. Geotechnical engineering dealswith the behavior of soil and rock and how it affects the design and construction of infrastructure. Transportation engineering focuses on the planning, design, and operation of transportation systems, including roads, highways, and airports. Environmental engineering is concerned with the protection and management of natural resources, including air, water, and land. Construction management involves the planning, scheduling, and supervision of construction projects.To become a civil engineer, one typically needs atleast a bachelor's degree in civil engineering or a related field. Many civil engineers also pursue advanced degrees or certifications in specialized areas of the field. In addition to technical skills, civil engineers must also possess strong communication, leadership, and problem-solving abilities.The work of civil engineers is critical to the functioning of society, as it helps to create the infrastructure that supports our daily lives. From the roads we drive on to the buildings we live and work in,civil engineers play a vital role in shaping the world around us.。
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Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiarcrack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform withoneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of inthe concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave andtiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kindof harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen anda little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, differencein temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuouslyof expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concretebuilding and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of,because of crack of existence and development usually makeinner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay,lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research witha great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem isineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope justneed to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm isalso explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certainthe crack of width.But at under construction should as faras possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation,make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far aspossible decrease crack of amount and width, particularlywant to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperaturevariety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem acco rding to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protectbe over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build tocomplete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind ofconstringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of thecreation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity losslead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidityvariety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem theSuo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.Therelative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suocrack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and followit more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suocrack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint wouldcreation the water power split crack influence concrete ofloading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with waterash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition,cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of theproperty and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo besubjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete matchthe ratio the design should as far as possible control goodwater ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio,use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in matchratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is theearlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, andappropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in theconcrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dryheat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other notcoherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creationof main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost havingno strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhapsconcrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, besubjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence,the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in inthe capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at thistime the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack tohave water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suovalue smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier periodstrength or commonthe Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reducewater to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree andwith easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is tosprinkle before building concrete,water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film,hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface ismoist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect inthe concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breezefacilities, protect in time.3.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack andreinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar inthe reinforced concrete structure of because of chemicalreaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.Inthis kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should atunder construction adopt valid the measure carry onprevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan whichchoose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress analkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, theharmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing barcreation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volumeof the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack,the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of preventmeasure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete ofcarbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired,anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property ofcrack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation totreat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to havethe following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and tostructure loading the ability don't have the surface crackof influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crackdaubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsismaterial, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface incrack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shenrequest to the structure whole of repair, it is make use ofpressure equipments gum knot the material press into thecrack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind andconcrete formation one be whole,thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cementthe syrup, epoxy, A JiC Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of mostin common use method in, it usually is follow the crack digslot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water materialwith attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Sumaterial has PVCgum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In commonuse rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structurereinforce medium in commonuse main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in everyaspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Goupiece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce,increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.Thein common use displacement material have:Common concrete orthe cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concreteor sand syrup.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lowerthe anti- Shen of building ability, influence building ofusage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower thedurable of material, influence building of loading ability,so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety,stability work.From《 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》。