2007-2016考研英语新题型归纳总结(一)

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2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1of these nations looked 2to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3the ideals of representative government, careers 4to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7set of laws.On the issue of 8of religion and the position of the church, 9, there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11by the Spanish crown. 12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples[D] individuals2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,”Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet IntelligenceScale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership –that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them –especially in America –the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged –though not justified –by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholder s’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models –as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.(47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

考研历年真题英语(一)词组总结

词组2005abundantly clear 十分清楚；非常明白stem from 是……的结果；起源于；根源是as yet 直到现在be out to do sth 试图做某事awaken sb.to（使）察觉到，意识到，醒悟到take out an insurance policy 投保，此处引申为“采取防范措施”power plant 发电厂；发电站work through 处理复杂的问题be occupied with 被…占据at the end of the 最终；到头来；不管怎么说day well regarded 深受好评的2006in spite of 不管；尽管department store 百货商店，百货公司cater to 满足需要；迎合regardless of 不管；不顾；不理会fit into 与……相处融洽；适应prior to 在某事之前，先于某事live off 靠……而活；依赖……生活take in去观看；去参观on the side 在正事之外cocktail lounge 酒店、餐厅等）酒吧间，休息室in a row 接连地；连续地bed down 换个地方睡觉box office 售票处be easy game 容易上当；易受骗after all (解释或说明理由)别忘了，到底heart attack 心脏病发作live with sth. 接受，容忍(困境或令人不快的情形形)2007account for 是…….的解释（或原因）be coupled with |与……结合take to 开始从事；形成…的习惯high achiever 成绩(或业绩)出众的人average Joe 普通人mental agc 智力年龄：心理年龄chronological age 按时间计算的年龄，实际年龄（相对于身体、智力或情感等方面的发展而言）count on 期望。

考研英语(一)长难句解析系列——2007年新题型

考研英语(一)长难句解析系列——2007年新题型考研英语（一）长难句解析系列——2007年新题型本文选自2004年Time《时代周刊》，原文标题是How Can a Parent Help? (家长如何帮助孩子?)文章属于社会生活类话题，难度中等，主要说明了孩子进入成年期以前以及陷入成年期困境时父母应给予的一些帮助。

全文从长难度角度而言，难度一般，句子结构相对容易，词汇难度也不是很大，但需要认真理解。

同学们只要能够掌握基础的语法现象，理解文章并不难，下面就其中5个比较典型的句子做具体分析：【典型例句1】：Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.【例句解析】：本句中，句首是even if引导的让步状语从句，从句的结构是主系表，主语a job’s starting salary, 系动词seems，表语small, too...to...结构中，第一个too是副词修饰形容词small，第二个to do不定式作结果状语;逗号之后才是句子主干，主语thetransition，from school to work是介词短语作后置定语修饰主语;谓语部分是can be, 表语less of a setback;之后是if引导的条件状语从句，其中主语the start-up adult，系动词is，表语ready for the move【难点点拨】：an emerging adult：将立未立的年轻人;rapid content：即时的满足;the move：行动，改变。

2007考研英语(一)真题及答案解析

2007考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

2016考研英语(一)真题新题型深度解析

2016考研英语（一）真题新题型深度解析2016考研英语已落下帷幕，今年英语一考题的新题型部分的设置有点出乎意料，从四个备考题型中选取了小标题选择题这个题型，虽然没有考往年考频比较高的七选五和排序题，但是今年的试题没有出现令广大考生措手不及的情况。

在考研命题研究中中，命题老师都详细介绍了小标题选择题的命题规律以及解题技巧。

下面笔者就英语一新题型这道题进行深度解析。

新题型的文章选自杂志Entrepreneur中的Business Attire专栏中的一篇文章，文章的题目是Here Is How You Should Upgrade Your Professional Image。

这篇文章就如何提升职业形象给出了一些提示。

本篇文章通俗易懂，从题目的设置上来讲，与往年相比，难度略有降低。

第41题和42题可以根据词汇复现来解题。

41题所对应的原文中出现的表示时间的词汇during transitions; in a period of , time，与选项C（Decide if the time is right）表示时间的词汇time形成复现，段落第二句中的good与小标题中的right也恰好对应，答案一目了然。

42题对应段落第一句话中的get clear与小标题G（Know your goals）中的know属于同义表达，并且本段第三句话中the goal 与小标题中的goal完全对应，答案也很容易确定。

第43题和45题可以根据段落中心来解题。

43题对应段落的最重要信息在结尾部分，作者总结评论道：The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact，意为"对文化背景理解得越好，对自己的影响力就有越好的控制"。

很明显，这句话凸显了context的重要性，而且关键词understand和context也可以与选项D（Understand the context）对应。

2007年考研英语一真题及问题详解解析汇报

2007年考研英语一真题及答案解析Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early pro mises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

2007年考研英语试题答案解析

2007年考研英语试题答案解析SectionⅠUseofEnglish1.［答案］［B］［分析］词义辨析题，A.natives本地人；B.inhabitant居民；C.peoples民族；D.individuals个体。

本文首句指出：到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立国家。

本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的国家的人们对于未来的态度。

这里的这里没有限定范围是“本地人”，也没有提及不同的民族，更没有强调个体差异，因此排除其他选项。

2.［答案］［D］［分析］词汇辨析题。

A.confusedly困惑地；B.cheerfully 高兴的；C.worried担心的；D.hopefully充满期待地从首句已知这些国家的居民摆脱了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民统治，虽然文中没有提到独立的过程，但是历史告诉我们，殖民地人们要求独立的愿望是一直存在的，是迫切的，由此可以判断，成立独立国家是殖民地人们的愿望，因此居民们对未来充满了期待，故选择hopefully合适。

3.［答案］［A］［分析］逻辑关系题。

A.shared共有；B.forgot忘记；C.attained 获得；D.rejected拒绝。

本题所在的句子介绍了这些新独立国家的领导人们的治国理念。

首先提到了许多领导人们在治国理念中达成共识的部分，这由本句和下一句的内容及第二段首句中的less agreement得到印证，先指出领导人之间理念上的相同之处，再指出他们之间存在的分歧，shared the ideas符合上下文逻辑关系，故为答案。

4.［答案］［C］［分析］语义辨析题。

A.related相关的；B.close接近的；C.open开着的；D.devoted投入的。

本句提到的新国家领导人共同的治国理念包括议会制政府等。

由这里的representative government，freedom of commerce and trade可以看出，这些都是先进的民主的治国方略，故此处的careers应为“向人才开放的职业”，这样才能让人们人尽其才，发挥自己的作用。

07年考研英语新题型详解

详解2007年考研英语阅读理解B（新题型部分）2007年大纲对新题型部分即阅读理解Part B部分给出的四种备选题型：题型1：填空式阅读：题型2：排序题：题型3：信息匹配题：题型4：概括大意题：四种题型中，“排序题”为广为争议的题目，因为题目本身设计的问题，导致考生会出现要么全对，要么全错的情况，对于考试的区分度和信度产生不良影响。

而“信息匹配题”，要求将主题句与推展句匹配，由于单纯考察语篇一致原则中的“导向一致”原则，对于语篇衔接原则未加考察，难度系数过低，覆盖面偏小。

所以我们考前曾经推测，今年只可能考察两种题型，填空式阅读和概括大意题。

填空式阅读题目设计比较成熟，具有相当的难度，极有可能出现。

而因为已经考过两年，所以概括大意题作为一种备选题目出现。

概括大意题选自雅思考试的小标题题目，其难度在于：小标题往往是对段落高屋建瓴的概括总结，而非论点的简单重复。

另外，在雅思考试中这种题目的难度在于干扰项数目较多，可以说相互近似的干扰项越多，这种题目的难度系数就越大。

所以教育部此次在大纲样题的基础上，把6选5改为7选5，就是为了弥补6选5概括大意题难度系数先天不足的问题。

但是，尽管如此，与往年的填空式阅读相比，与同年其他题目相比，这道题依然是一道送分的考题，考生往往在7分钟左右就可以完成，并且拿到至少6-8分。

概括大意题的做题步骤是首先在6-7个小标题中寻找重复出现两次以上的词，如果有，即为全文主旨词。

而考题中的7个选项中出现5次“kids”, 加上全文标题为“how can a parent help?”, 故文章旨在探讨家长如何对子女进行家教的问题。

接下来，我们对7个选项小标题进行精读，划出其中关键词。

A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids 以身作则B. Build Your Kid’s Work Skills 培养孩子的工作技能C. Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities 限制娱乐活动时间D. Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis 定期探讨未来E. Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies 培养解决问题的技能F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are 帮助孩子认识自我G. Build Your Kid’s Sense of Responsibility 培养责任感接下来开始阅读各段，按照段落顺序做题，看一段选择一个小标题。

2016年考研英语(一)真题完型全面解析

2016年考研英语（一）真题完型全面解析2016届的研究生英语考试已经降下帷幕。

本篇文章主要针对2016届考研英语一的完型部分为大家做简要的总结和分析，从而也为2017届的英语一考生提供一些必要的复习准备要点。

今年的完型文章难度及题目难度总体来说并不难。

文章探讨的是柬埔寨的年轻人谈婚论嫁，结婚以及离婚的风俗习惯和社会现实。

主题接近年轻人的生活，便于理解。

而题型分布上，仍然具备以下特征：(一)从句引导词近年来，完形填空专门测试语法的题目不多，重点在词汇及对上下文的理解上，但我们发现，完形填空一旦考语法，就一定是与定语从句、名词性从句等各类从句引导词有关。

例如：Each spouse retains (16) ____ property he or she (17) _____into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is (18) _____equally.16. [A] wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D] whatever空格（16）显然考查名词性从句中的宾语从句的引导词，且引导词还必须修饰其后面的名词property，因此正确的选项只能是D选项。

因此考生要特别关注如何正确使用从句引导词，并能将其吃透。

(二)在上下文中的认词、辨词能力是词汇考查的重点对词汇的测试在研究生入学英语考试中应该说是无处不在的，它贯穿考卷的各个部分。

在完形填空题中重点考查考生在上下文中认词和辨词的能力。

近年来完形填空所设置的选项要求考生在掌握一定词汇量的基础上，通过大量阅读并具有一定的语感才能区分正确与错误。

测试词汇引申含义的情况也越来越多。

例如：... and (10)____ a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the (11)_____.11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D] union空格需要填入一个名词来形容新婚夫妇的结合，meeting指相互的会面，association更倾向于社团，协会，collection指收集，union指彼此结合成一体的联盟。

2007年考研英语参考答案和争议题解析（1）

2007年考研英语参考答案和争议题解析 Section I Use of English 1.B） inhabitants 2.D） hopefully 3.A） shared 4.C） open 5.C） right 6.D） Generally 7.B） common 8.A） freedom 9.B） however 10.C） among 11.C） granted 12.D） While 13.A） as 14.C） exclusion 15.B） cry 16.D） promised 17.C） remaining 18.A） slower 19.C） contributed 20.D） unprepared for 完形7、18原来⼯作⼈员录⼊有误，现更改，向⼴⼤学⽣致歉！ Section II Reading Part A 21. [C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance 22. [B] craze 23. [A] depends on meaningful processing of information 24. [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture 25. [C] Practice makes perfect 26. [D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones 27. [C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different 28. [A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures 29. [A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability 30. [B] Skeptical 31. [C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics 32 .[B] less secured payments 33. [D] increase the families' investment risk 34. [C] financial problems may bring about political problems 35. [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff 36. [D] the severity of data leakage 37. [A] whether there is any weak point 38. [B] information protection should given due attention 39. [A] see the link between trust and data protection 40. [D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage Part B F. Help your kids figure out who they are. D. Talk about the future on a regular basis. B. Build your kids' work skills. C. Place time limits on leisure activities. E. Help kids develop coping strategies. 标注红⾊的为争议题，8道完形，3道阅读，共10分。

07年考研英语真题解析

2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案及解析Section l Use of English1. [答案][B][分析]词义辨析题，“native”意为本地人，本国人，指一个地方原始居民或长期居住者中的一位；“inhabitant ”意为居民，居住者，指长期居住在某地的人；“people”意为人，人们，本身通常为复数；“individual”意为个体，指具有自己独特个性的、作为个体存在的人。

前面句子说一些殖民地已经成为独立国家，本句话说这些国家的…展望着未来，说明本句话指的是生活在这些国家的人民，所以应选B。

2. [答案][D][分析] 词义辨析与搭配题，“confusedly”意为“困惑地，混乱地”；“cheerfully”意为“高兴地，愉快地”；“worriedly”意为“担心地，担忧地”；“hopefully”意为“满怀希望地，抱有希望地”。

所填之词修饰“looked to the future”，所以本题应选D。

3. [答案][A][分析]词义辨析与搭配题，“share”意为“分享，共享”，指与另一个人或其他人共同享有或具有；“forget”意为“忘记，忘却”；“attain”意为“获得，得到”，指经过努力得到；“reject”意为“拒绝，不接受”。

句子的主语是“many of the leaders”，根据前面的“Born in the crisis of the old regime…”可知，应选A。

4. [答案][C][分析]词义搭配题，所填之词与“to”搭配。

“related to”意为“与…有关”；“close to”意为“接近…”；“open to”意为“向…开放”；“devoted to”意为“投身于…”，主语通常是人。

所填之词与“to talent(有才能者)”搭配，修饰“careers”，所以本题应选C。

5. [答案][C][分析] 词义辨析与搭配题，“a ccess”指接近、进入或使用权力。

2007年考研英语阅读理解1重要单词总结

2007年考研英语阅读理解1重要单词总结2007年考研英语阅读理解1重要单词总结这是一篇议论文，文章主要论述了人的成就取决于后天培养而非先天遗传。

首先，利用优秀足球运动员的例子引出观点，再Ericsson 教授驳斥“人的成就取决于先天遗传”的观点，最后他证明记忆是一种认知行为，可通过刻意练习来培养，最后产生结论——人的成就取决于后天培养而非先天遗传。

同样，文章中出现了许多词缀+熟词的单词，难度适中。

以下是本文中出现的20个，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.1tournament ['t??n?m(?)nt]n.锦标赛，联赛【词根记忆】：tour(turn转，环绕)+ment(名词后缀)→环绕着的→联赛【短语搭配】：tournament systems赛制Tournament committee竞赛委员会【真题例句】：If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament.如果你对参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明进行检查的话。

2.1quirk [kw??k]n. 趣事，奇事，怪癖【词根记忆】：quick(快的)→奇事总是被当做笑谈，很快就会过去→趣事，奇事【短语搭配】：network quirk值得注意的怪癖【真题例句】：you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.就很容易发现一个值得注意的怪现象。

3. 9phenomenon [f?'nɑm?n?n]n.现象【词根记忆】：phen(表现现状)+ome(one一个)+non(名词后缀)→一个表现现状→现象【短语搭配】：rebound phenomenon反弹现象【真题例句】：If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.如果你再查一下欧洲国家青年队(为世界杯和职业球队输送球员)的出生证明，你会发现这一现象更加明显。

英语一历年考研英语真题和答案(2000-2016年)

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women,but also a matchmaker.A young man can2a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to3 the marriage negotiations.or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection4,a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen5a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days7by the1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and8prayers of blessing.Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists,and10a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may12with them up to a year,13they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to14,but not common.Divorced persons are15with some disapproval.Each spouse retains16property he or she17into the marriage,and jointly -acquired property is18equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice19 up.The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry20the woman must wait the months.1.[A]by way of[B]as well as[C]on behalf of[D]with regard to2.[A]adapt to[B]provide for[C]compete with[D]decide on3.[A]close[B]renew[C]arrange[D]postpone4.[A]In theory[B]Above all[C]In time[D]For example5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless6.[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through7.[A]sine[B]or[C]but[D]so8.[A]test[B]copy[C]recite[D]create9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying10.[A]lighting[B]passing[C]hiding[D]serving11.[A]meeting[B]association[C]collection[D]union12.[A]grow[B]part[C]deal[D]live13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]for[D]if14.[A]obtain[B]follow[C]challenge[D]avoid15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed16.[A]wherever[B]however[C]whenever[D]whatever17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]divided[B]invested[C]donated[D]withdrawn19.[A]clears[B]warms[C]shows[D]breaks20.[A]while[B]so what[C]once[D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that"incite excessive thinness"by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health.That's a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls,about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to woman(and many men)that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing.Under the law,using afashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions,Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states,we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen.Fashion week,which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21.According to the first paragraph,what would happen in France?[A]Physical beauty would be redefined[B]New runways would be constructed[C]Websites about dieting would thrive[D]The fashion industry would decline22.The phrase"impinging on"(Line2Para2)is closest in meaning to[A]heightening the value of[B]indicating the state of[C]losing faith in[D]doing harm to23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A]The French measures have already failed[B]New standards are being set in Denmark[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A]setting perfect physical conditions[B]caring too much about models'character[C]showing little concern for health factors[D]pursuing a high age threshold for models25.Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A]A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals[B]A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C]Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate"the countryside" alongside the royal family.Shakespeare and the National Health Service(NHS)as what make them proudest of their country,this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save"the beauty of natural places for everyone forever".It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience"a refreshing air".Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don't make countryside any more,and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives'planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing"off-plan"building where local people might object.The concept of sustainable development has been defined as bour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance,has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts.What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that"housing crisis"equals"concreted meadows"is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but,as always,where to put them under lobby pressure,George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned,not let trip,After the Netherlands,Britain is Europe's most crowed country.Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence,while still permitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal,Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26.Britain's public sentiment about the countryside[A]is not well reflected in politics[B]is fully backed by the royal family[C]didn't start fill the Shakespearean age[D]has brought much benefit to the NHS27.According to paragraph2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A]largely overshadowed[B]properly protected[C]effectively reinforced[D]gradually destroyed28.Which of the following can be offered from paragraph3[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development[B]The Conservatives may abandon"off-plan"building[C]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29.The author holds that George Osbornes's preference[A]shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30.In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A]the size of population in Britain[B]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C]the town-and-country planning in Britain[D]the political life in today's BritainText3"There is one and only one social responsibility of business"wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel Prize-winning economist"That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits."But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders's money,things may not be absolutely clear-act.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a"signal"that a company's products are of high quality.Second,customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse"halo effect"whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR."We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%result in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials."says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they companies get into trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32.According to Paragraph2,CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33.The expression"more lenient"(line2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a company's CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35.Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A]The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B]Companies'financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C]Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate."Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside,there's plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses, delivery trucks-isn't just expensive;it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way."Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,"he said,"but if you discontinue it,you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming."It was seen as blunder,"he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?"I wouldn't pick a year to end print,"he said"I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in."So if you're overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,"Peretti said."Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue."In other words,if you're going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it.Which may be what the Times is doing already.Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly$500a year-more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business,"Peretti remarked."But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes.In those situations,it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."36.The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to[A]the increasing online and sales[B]the pressure from its investors[C]the complaints from its readers[D]the high cost of operation37.Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation,The Times should[A]make strategic adjustments[B]end the print sedition for good[C]seek new sources of leadership[D]aim for efficient management38.It can be inferred from paragraphs5and6that a"legacy product"[A]helps restore the glory of former times[B]is meant for the most loyal customers[C]will have the cost of printing reduced[D]expands the popularity of the paper39.Peretti believes that in a changing world[A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges[D]legacy businesses are becoming out dated40.which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]shift to online newspapers all at once[B]Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C]keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D]Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET.(10point)[A]Create a new image of yourself[B]Decide if the time is right[C]Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment,the way you present yourself has an impact.This is especially true in the first impressions.According to research from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and likeability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.The difference between today's workplace and the"dress for success"era is that the range of options is so much broader.Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in other not so much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn.Chances are,your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two lennials,it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?And what's the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals?Here are some tips: 41___[B]Decide if the time is rightAs an executive coach,I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut,now may be a good time.If you're not sure,ask for honest feedback from trusted friends,colleagues and professionals.Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK42_____[G]Know your goalsGet clear on what impact you're hoping to have.Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish.For someone moving from finance to advertising,maybe they want to look more"SoHo."(It's OK to use characterizations like that)43____[D]Understand the contextLook at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment?What conveys status?Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.44_____[E]Work with professionalsEnlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context.Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylistinstead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.45______[F]Make it efficientThe point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Mental health is our birthright.(46)we don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend,a broken bone.Mental health can't be learned,only reawakened.It is like immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us.When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us.(47)Our mental health doesn't go anywhere;like the sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem-confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out.It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness if they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves.And toward others as well as patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice,we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought.(50)As you will come to see,knowing that mentalhealth is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.【参考译文】46.我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。

英语一历年新题型

英语一历年新题型英语一历年新题型如下：1. 2010年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

2. 2011年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

3. 2012年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

4. 2013年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

5. 2014年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

6. 2015年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

7. 2016年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

8. 2017年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

9. 2018年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

2007英语一新题型

2007年英语一新题型分析一、完形填空完形填空是英语一新题型中的一种，主要考察学生的词汇、语法和语境理解能力。

在2007年的完形填空中，文章长度适中，难度适中，涉及的主题多样。

题目要求考生根据上下文选择合适的词汇填空，使文章意思连贯、完整。

二、阅读理解阅读理解是英语一新题型中的另一个重要部分，主要考察学生的阅读能力和对文章的理解能力。

在2007年的阅读理解中，文章长度和难度都较高，涉及的主题也比较广泛。

题目包括细节题、推理题、主旨题等多种类型，要求学生全面理解文章内容，并能够根据上下文做出正确的推理和判断。

三、翻译翻译也是英语一新题型中的一个重要题型，主要考察学生的汉译英或英译汉的能力。

在2007年的翻译题目中，考生需要根据给定的英文句子翻译成中文，或者根据给定的中文句子翻译成英文。

题目要求考生不仅要有扎实的语言基础，还需要具备一定的翻译技巧和表达能力。

四、写作写作是英语一新题型中的另一个重要部分，主要考察学生的语言表达能力和思维能力。

在2007年的写作题目中，考生需要写一篇议论文或应用文，字数要求在150-200字之间。

题目要求考生不仅要有清晰的思路和逻辑，还需要具备丰富的语言表达能力和一定的写作技巧。

五、听力理解听力理解是英语一新题型中的另一个重要部分，主要考察学生的听力能力和对听力材料的理解能力。

在2007年的听力理解中，录音材料长度适中，难度适中，涉及的主题多样。

题目要求考生根据录音材料中的信息选择合适的答案或进行信息匹配。

六、语法填空语法填空是英语一新题型中的另一个重要部分，主要考察学生的语法知识和语言运用能力。

在2007年的语法填空中，题目要求考生根据上下文填写适当的单词或完成句子，使句子意思完整、语法正确。

七、改错改错是英语一新题型中的另一个重要部分，主要考察学生对语法的理解和掌握程度。

在2007年的改错题中，文章难度较高，涵盖了英语语法知识。