身势语在跨文化交际下的意义差别

合集下载

跨文化交际中的中西身势语解析

2009年第2期第27卷(总第103期)毕节学院学报J OURNAL OF BIJI E UNI VERS I TYNO.2,2009V o.l27G enera lN o.103收稿日期:2008-06-15作者简介:景花(1981 ),女,浙江上虞人,金华教育学院助教。

研究方向:跨文化语用。

跨文化交际中的中西身势语解析景花1,2(1、金华教育学院,浙江金华 321000;2、浙江师范大学,浙江金华 321004)摘要:在日常交际中,身势语充当着一个极其重要的角色。

尤其是在跨文化交际中,由于文化的不同,各群体之间的体态语表意也存在差异,因此,能否自如地驾御身势语更是交际成败的关键。

回顾过去几十年的进展成果,指出身势语作为交际的标志起到十分重要的作用。

并对中西文化中身势语的异同和如何有效地运用身势语两个问题展开了粗浅的探讨。

关键词:跨文化;交际;中西;身势语;文化差异中图分类号:H136 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-7059(2009)02-0087-04跨文化交际!(cross-cult u ra l co mmunicati o n,也称i n ter-cu ltura l co mm un icati o n),指的是不同语言文化背景的人之间的交际。

[1]从广义上讲,跨文化交际不仅包括国际间的跨文化交际、还包括跨种族交际,跨民族交际,以及属于同一文化背景的不同群体之间的交际。

随着中西文化交流的不断扩大,跨文化交际也越来越被人们所重视。

而本文中所指的跨文化交际是分属于中西文化的人之间的交际。

信息交流的形式不外乎言语交际和非言语交际。

非言语信息或者伴随着言语交际而达到信息交流的目的,或者是单独进行信息交流。

据有关数据统计,人类交际中大约70%的信息是靠非言语交际传递的。

关于非言语交际,西方学者提出的定义很多,但都表明非言语交际是不用言词的交际。

这样的交际主要是通过身势语(body language,也称体态语,指人目光、面部表情、手势等),副语言(para language,指人说话时的语调、音量、辅助语言的手段)和空间距离(space distance)等来实现的。

“跨文化”身势语交际文化研究

等方面的文化差异，对比了中西身势语言的差别，为” 跨文化－・交际文化研究提供参考。关键词：跨文化身势语研究
一
、
引言
不同民族的语言棱镜折射出不同的文化环境、生活方式、思想观点、宗教礼仪、价值观念和思维习惯等。语言交际是人类进行交往的主要手段．非语言或身势语（Ｂｏｄｙｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ）是人类进行交往的最初形式．有着口头和书面语言无法替代的作用法国作家罗曼研究发现：在两个人之间的面对面的沟通过程中．总交流量＝５５％的身势动作＋３８％的语音声息＋７％的图形文字所谓的身势语。从广义上讲就是指那些包括空间距离、目光注视、身体接触、姿态动作、面部表清等在内的非语言的身体信号。中西身势语存在不少差别。二、交际空间距离差别：中国人习惯亲密集中。西方人喜欢疏松自由当人们进行交际的时候．中西方交际双方在空间所处位置的间距明显不同．反映出民族和文化特点的不同，不同的间距对中西交际双方的关系、心理状态也具有不同的反映。心理学家研究发现．任何人都需要有一个独立的自我空间，不同的民族、行业、文化背景、个性及其环境等，这个空间大小不同。根据研究．交际舒适距离有四种情况：亲密接触交际双方关系紧密，如丈夫与妻子及母亲与幼子之间；私人距离朋友，好友或亲戚之间：礼貌距离。进行一般办公或社交活动：一般距离适用于非正式的聚会。西方人四种舒适距离分别为６０、１２０、３６０、７２０ｃｍ。而中国人对应距离要小的多。东方人身体接触的那种挤．西方人无法容忍，他们看中宽松的氛围，崇尚个人自由空间。三、交际目光表情差别：中国人表现含蓄微妙。西方人体现七情六欲在人际交往过程中．与交往对象保持目光接触是十分必要的。哲学家奥塔加在说： “ 每一次注视都说出了注视者的心路历程。 ” 中国成语有“ 画龙点睛” ．男女之间有眉目传情。两个阿拉伯人在一起交流时会用非常热情的目光凝视对方．他们认为双目是个人存在的钥匙。而在美国．这种目光是不适用于两个男人之间的．这种凝视常常是同性恋的亚文化人群使用的代码。法国人则特别欣赏一种鉴赏似的注视：虽然我不认识你。但我从心底欣赏你的美。所以法国男子在公共场合对女士的凝视是一种文化准则微笑的面部表情有益于人际交往白居易的“ 回

17中西方身势语含义对比——微笑,眼神,姿势

除了坐姿、走姿外，中西还有手势方面的不同。招呼人过来，西方人如英国人一是食指朝上向里勾动。在中国的话，这样的动作是不雅的。二是手掌向上向里挥动招呼大人过来，招呼小孩时则是手掌向下向里挥动。
中国人手掌向上还是向下都没有讲究。
西方人指自己时是用食指或拇指指自己的胸部，中国人则是指向自己的鼻子。西方人在太阳穴处用食指划一圈表示某某疯了或太古怪了，中国人的这个动作是让人动动脑子。在中国没有竖中指这个动作，但是这在西方国家一般认为具有污辱性，是一种很不礼貌的粗俗的行为，经常被禁止使用。
有一位在纽约的一所中学上学的华裔姑娘。有一天校长怀疑她和另外几个姑娘抽烟，虽然校长找她谈话时她对此否认且平时表现不错但校长还是打算开除她，在报告中写道：“她躲躲闪闪很可疑，不敢正视我的眼睛”。
英美人有句话“不要相信不敢直视你的人”。
绝大多数研究专家认为，在面对面交际中，信息的交往内容只有３５％左右是语言行为，其他都是通过非语言行为传递的。人体各部位的运动肌之动作、器官等都可以表达和交流信息、感情、态度，而且这些机制往往起到言语所达不到的效果。身势语包括面部表情、眼神、手势、姿势等。
追根溯源，中国经历了长期的封建社会，是一个等级制度森严、长幼有序的社会，形成了一整套言行举止的规矩，“站有站相，坐有坐相”。如长辈在站着的时候，晚辈是不能坐着的。
而西方社会长期以来灌输的是平等思想、个人主义，认为大家不论长幼都是生而平等，所以导致他们不会
有很强的等级观念，更强调自我，一般不会因为在长
中国人有“和为贵”的思想观念，讲究和谐、一团和气，先以笑脸相迎，然后再就事论事。而西方人思维方式是直线型的，言行和心理活动都是一致的，感情外露，很直接，不会拐弯抹角。
在有些场合，中西差异较大，在剧场里感到乏味时，中国如在剧场中，西方人表现得观众会窃窃私语，还会进进相当绅士，坐姿端正，目不出出，买吃买喝，甚至提前斜视，如同进入教堂，表情退场，不太顾及演员的感受。

跨文化交际中的身势语

跨文化交际中的身势语[摘要] 身势语是表达人类情感和态度的一种非常重要的方法。

在跨文化交际活动中，学习和掌握身势语能起到很大的帮助作用。

身势语帮助人们转换信息，在跨文化交际活动中是避免语言障碍的必不可少的工具。

随着国际经济文化交流的快速发展，由于语言文化的差异产生了越来越多的交流障碍。

因此，在跨文化交际中，消除障碍的最有效的方法就是了解身势语的含义。

然而即使我们对常用的身势语有所了解，我们仍然很难掌握，因为身势语含义千变万化，即使同一身势语在不同的文化背景下都有着不同的含义。

这就要求我们在跨文化交际中清楚的认识到这种非语言交际与文化间的关系。

[关键词] 身势语文化差异跨文化交际引言一般来说，人们往往更关注于语言交流的正确性和可接受性而忽略了非语言交流的影响和文化的差异。

而在交流过程中如果忽略这些的话其实不是完全的交流。

也许我们并没有意识到，当我们与他人交谈的时候，我们不仅仅在使用我们的口头语言,我们的眼神、脸部表情、手势或者身体的其它部位的活动也在传递着信息。

身势语，就像我们的口头语言一样是我们文化的一部分。

一、身势语的重要性及功能1、什么是身势语所谓身势语是指由人体发出的具有表情达意功能的一套图像性符号。

包括人的面部表情、身体姿势、肢体动作和身体位置的变化。

身势语包含了很多人们无意识的细微动作，例如眨眼或轻微的眼球运动。

身势语用完全区别于口头语言的表达方式传递着人们之间的信息。

今天随着现代科技的迅速发展，全球化成为世界的主趋势，不同文化背景的人们需传递和交换信息。

语言并不是唯一的方式，非语言的交流变得越来越重要。

在商业活动中如果双方语言不通，他们就会运用肢体语言来进行交流并最终完成商业交易活动。

拿我们身边随处可见的事情为例子。

出售方常常用计算器来给出价格，而如果购买一方不满意这一价格，便会摇头并用一个放低的手势来还价。

非常简单的身势便能完成整个的交易，身势语在商业活动中显得尤为重要。

此外，在大量的跨文化人际交往过程中，要保持良好的人际关系，人们也必须了解并掌握身势语。

跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异

跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异姓名：XX 学院：外国语学院专业：英语年级：2009级学号：XXXXXX摘要肢体语言(body language)又称身势语言，是表示使用身体运动或动作来代替或辅助声音、口头言语或其他交流方式进行交流的一种方式的一个术语。

其之所以能够被称之为语言,主要在于它的信息通报性。

肢体语言和我们所学习的语言一样，它作为一种特殊的语言也是不可被忽视的文化的一部分。

它之所以具有着不可忽视的作用是因为它能够在学习和运用语言的过程中通过肢体的不同动作把我们想要表达出的话语以及内部实质意义更为深刻鲜明的表现出来，肢体语言能够更好地促进语言的交流，我们都知道，不论是以中国为代表的东方国家还是以欧美为代表的西方国家都有着肢体语言的存在，除了一些世界公认的肢体语言以外，不同的国家肢体语言还有着其不同的语言内涵，了解东西方不同的肢体语言有助于我们更为深入地了解西方文化，更好的增进我们语言的进修。

目录肢体语言的定义，重要性Ⅱ肢体语言的分类A ：表情语言B ：动作语言C : 体态语言Ⅲ影响跨文化交流中肢体语言的因素A：语言习惯B: 风俗习惯C：价值观Ⅳ正确理解中西方肢体语言的区别和运用A:动作一样，意义不同B:意义相同，动作有差异C：只存在于美国文化中的动作D：只存在于中国文化中的动作E：对一些常见的肢体语言的理解关键词：肢体语言、跨文化交际、如何运用正文Ⅰ肢体语言的定义，重要性肢体语言 (body language)也称体态语言，是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。

运用自己的体态来表情达意几乎是人类自身的一种本能，因为它简便、迅捷、直观，在现实生活中的使用极其广泛，而且有时更能无声胜有声地巧妙表达信息并留给对方更大的想象空间。

Ⅱ肢体语言的分类1.面部表情语言（facial expression language）在跨文化交流中，面部表情语言指的是在交流的过程中通过面部的一系列动作，来传达出我们内心的真实想法，不同国家的人民之间存在着语言障碍，但是通过面部的千变万化的表情我们可以相互了解对方的意愿，他的喜、怒、哀、乐，悲、恐、惊。

跨文化交际中的中日身势语对比研究

跨文化交际中的中日身势语对比研究作者：邹维来源：《青年时代》2016年第03期摘要：身势语又称“体态语”，是指有声语言外的眼神、表情、手势及身体各个部位的姿态动作，即非语言性的身体信号，包括目光与面部表情、身体运动与触摸、身体姿势与外表、身体之间的空间距离等等，它是在教学过程中用来传递信息、表达感情、表示态度的非语言的特定身体态势。

但在不同文化背景下，身势语所代表的意义并不完全相同。

所以在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景下，就会产生不解或误解，从而使交际失败。

因此本研究从跨文化交际目的出发，为了避免这些不必要麻烦的产生，进而对中日身势语的对比作了详细介绍，论述了身势语在跨文化交际中的重要性。

其实研究身势语的目的就是为了更好得理解和运用它，以求达到理想的交际效果。

关键词：身势语；中日对比；跨文化交际；体态语身势语是指语言或非语言交际中具有交际意义的身势动作。

如手势动作和面部表情等来表达说话人的意图和思想感情，它的交际作用是不可忽视的，所以我们应当了解和探索关于身势语的一些由来和发展。

通过进一步分析身势语在交际中的重要性和必要性，以求它更能突出在交际中的地位。

我们可以只通过身体的姿势，手势，或者是面部表情等身势语来传达出我们所要表达的意思，也可以伴随着这些身势说出内心那刻的感受，或激动，或悔恨，或气愤等的一些话语。

值得注意的是，所说的话和当时的身势语一定要一致，否则将令对方迷惑，误解或者是使谈话没有任何意义。

人的姿势、态度等身势语传递了更多被掩饰的信息。

由于后天习得的许多形体语言具有可控性，因此，一个人可能成功控制自己的面部表情，从而显得平静和克制，然而他却没有意识到，紧张和急切的迹象正从他的身体姿势中泄露出来。

不同国度的姿势是有差异的。

英国人将两臂交叉放在胸前表示旁观或不准介入，恰似中国的“袖手旁观”；美国人着重随意与潇洒的个性，常常大大咧咧地坐下来或是站着时一幅松松散散的样子，而在中国，人们讲求站有站相、坐有坐相，人际交往中举止得当才会显出对别人的尊重汉语身势语中华文化历史悠久，我们汉语的身势语也极为丰富。

中英手势语在非言语交际中的对比

中英手势语在非言语交际中的对比摘要:身势语是指语言或非语言交际中具有交际意义的身势动作。

在不同的文化中,身势语的意义并不完全相同。

各民族有不同的非语言交际方式。

例如:不同的民族在谈话时,对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法;谈话时双方身体接触的次数多少因文化不同而各异;在目光接触这方面也有许多规定:看不看对方,什么时候看,看多久,什么人可以看。

而手势语作为身势语的核心,是最重要的语言组成部分和最重要的无声语言,它的交际作用是不可忽视的,所以我们应当了解和探索关于身势语的一些由来和发展。

通过分析学习手势语的重要性和必要性,以求它更能突出交际中的地位。

但在不同的文化背景下,手势语所代表的意义并不完全相同。

所以在跨文化交际中,交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景下,就会产生不解或误解,从而使交际失败。

从跨文化交际目的出发,为了避免这些不必要麻烦的产生,比较不同文化背景下手势语的异同,论述了手势语在非言语交际中的重要性, 其实研究的目的就是为了更好得理解和运用它,以求达到理想的交际效果。

关键词:身势语手势语中国与英语国家对比非言语交际1. 引言同中国人异性的加拿大或美国人谈话时,看着对方的眼睛是不礼貌的举动吗?在某些场合下,在中国和讲英语的国家无论是微笑还是大笑,通常是表示友好、赞同、满意、高兴、愉快,但是在某些场合下,中国人的笑会引起西方人的反感。

对于讲英语国家的人来说,如果两位同性的朋友手挽手,肩并肩地走在大街上可否合适?在所有的文化中,点头一定就是“是”,摇头一定为“不”吗?所有这些不是关于语言的问题,也不是关于身势语的,而是关于非语言交际的问题。

非语言交际同语言交际同等重要,非语言交际包括图像性符号,服装,眼神,空间符号,手势等等。

在我们的日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,有时甚至比语言更具说服力,但不同国家和地区,由于文化传统和风俗习惯的不同,手势也会不同,同一种手势所表达的意思可能就有很大差异。

因此,掌握人类基本的非语言交际的技巧有利于我们更好地交流。

跨文化交际中的肢体语言

跨文化交际中的肢体语言跨文化交际中的肢体语言来源：英语毕业论文/ 肢体语言是人类进行非语言信息交流的重要手段,其内涵也随着文化环境、生活方式和思维习惯的不同而呈现出一定的差异。

要用外语进行有效的、成功的跨文化交际就必须学习和了解肢体语言在不同民族文化中的交际功能。

肢体语言跨文化交际文化差异肢体语言又称身体语言,是指经身体的各种动作(包括面部表情和身体各部位的动作等)来进行传递信息、交流思想的现象。

作为一种独特的交际方式,肢体语言在人们的交际过程中起着不可替代的作用。

有研究表明,一个人要向外界传达完整的信息,55%的信息都需要肢体语言来传达。

在人际交往中,有的肢体语言非常具体,有的则十分概括;有的旨在交流,有的仅为表达;有的提供感情信息,有的则表现人物的性格和态度。

肢体语言个人发出,有社会共知含义,并有可能对交际对象产生影响和发生作用。

但是,不同的国家有着不同的文化,肢体语言的内涵也随着文化的不同而呈现出一定的差异。

因此,要用外语进行有效的、成功的交际,就必须对不同文化中的肢体语言所表示的含义有所了解。

体距语的文化差异在人类的人际交往中,个人往往会不自觉地与别人保持相当距离,以保持其心理上的安全感受。

美国人类学教授爱德华·T·霍尔博士认为,在人际交往中存在四种空间距离:亲密距离(0～45cm,适合于夫妻关系及情侣之间)、个人距离(45～120cm,存在于朋友、熟人、亲戚之间)、社交距离(120～360cm,多用于洽谈业务和接待陌生客人时)和公共距离(360cm～750cm,多用于非正式的聚会。

) 从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的空间距离,关系越远,亲密程度越小,并且这个空间距离的大小还会受到文化背景、环境、行业、个性等的影响。

一般说来,西方文化注重个人隐私,而中国人则不太讲究个人空间。

多数英语国家的人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近,总要保持一定的距离。

跨文化交际中身势语的运用对比分析

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 《莫比迪克》中不同的人物特点2 挣脱世俗枷锁，定义自我人生意义——解读毛姆《人生的枷锁》中的人生哲学3 从痛苦中顿悟—《麦田里的守望者》成长主题解读4 词汇的语义关系及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用5 论《爱玛》中的新女性形象6 The Application of Corpus in Teaching English Reading7 《卖花女》中莉莎人物形象分析8 从《纯真年代》的人物塑造看伊迪丝华顿的女性主义意识9 A Comparison of the English Color Terms10 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。

原创Q 799 75 79 3811 美国俚语中所折射出的美国亚文化现象12 An Analysis on Shear's Personality in The Bridge on the River Kwai13 论《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的悲剧原因14 Childhood PTSD in Anne of Green Gables15 从概念隐喻看寓言的语篇连贯16 中美商务礼仪的文化差异－－以餐桌礼仪为例17 试析杰克伦敦的《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义18 功能对等理论视角下的英文歌曲汉译探究19 A Comparison of the English Color Terms20 《祝福》两个英译本翻译中文化缺失现象的对比研究21 英汉习语中的文化差异及翻译研究22 中美服饰的文化差异分析23 诠释《儿子与情人》中儿子、母亲、情人之间的关系24 《荒原》中的死亡与重生25 从中西方文化差异的角度浅谈吉祥语的翻译26 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观和中国后婚姻观的比较研究27 解析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的性格特征及其成因28 浅谈自有品牌在中国零售企业的发展29 《简爱》的特征—一位独立的女性30 论《野性的呼唤》中对人和自然和谐的呼唤31 商务英语和普通英语对比浅析32 卡勒德·胡赛尼《追风筝的人》阿米尔的救赎分析33 如何激发和培养初中生学习英语的兴趣34 论《傲慢与偏见》中的妇女地位问题35 A Study on the Motivations of Korean Students in China: Impacts of Internationalization on Korean Higher Education36 从道德角度分析简•奥斯丁《劝导》中的女主人公安妮•艾略特37 从《劝导》主人公形象看奥斯丁创作思想新特点38 论英语口语教学中存在的问题及对策39 拜伦式人物—艾米莉•勃朗特——《呼啸山庄》的弗洛伊德解读40 高中英语新课标在xx中实施情况调查与分析41 论《红字》中海丝特的女性身份重构42 艺术与现实之间的冲突－－解读毛姆的《月亮和六便士》43 一首平凡女性成长的赞歌—用“成长小说”理论来解读《简爱》44 由福克纳短篇小说中的女性看南方身份没落45 A Comparison of the English Color Terms46 男权制度下的悲剧——论《德伯家的苔丝》47 A Comparison of the English Color Terms48 中西方饮食文化的差异49 英汉社交称呼语礼貌规范和语用失误研究50 中学生英语阅读语义障碍和其教学应对策略51 清代以来中西文化交流对中国婚俗的影响52 目的论视角下新闻标题汉译英研究53 从女性主义角度解读惠特曼的《草叶集》54 合作原则在《傲慢与偏见》中的运用55 英汉语篇中的省略衔接手段对比及其翻译方法——以《雪》译文为例56 中西方对＂死亡教育＂之态度的对比研究57 系统功能语法理论在BB电子商务网站中的应用与实例分析58 论《德伯维尔家的苔丝》中的环境描写－－－－从视觉和听学的角度59 网络英文用语的特点分析60 中美大学生道歉策略对比研究61 The Influences of Electronic Commerce on International Trade62 解析《简爱》的帝国主义意识63 中式英语的潜在价值64 从翻译美学视角探析文学作品翻译——以《了不起的盖茨比》为例65 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《达洛维夫人》的写作技巧剖析66 浅论英文原声电影在英语教学中的应用67 应对写作逻辑乱象的对策68 嘉莉妹妹三个梦的心理需求分析69 奇幻作品中所反映的欧洲民族神话—以《指环王》为例70 英语中的性别歧视71 合作学习模式在高中英语口语教学中的应用72 A Study of Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language and Its Implications to English Language Learners73 外贸英文函电中委婉语的特点及应用研究74 从电影作品分析英语外来口音的现象75 现代信息技术与英语学科教学的有效整合76 从跨文化交际中的语用失误看中西文化差异77 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》78 从《红楼梦》两个译本论归化翻译和异化翻译79 从清教理想主义角度解读《红字》中的和谐思想80 尼斯湖和西湖—中西方旅游性格差异研究81 On Differences between Western and Chinese Advertising Copies82 从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看女性的社会地位83 英语学习中的跨文化语用失误及其对策84 合作学习在英语口语教学中的应用85 A Comparison of the English Color Terms86 从礼貌原则角度分析电影《暮光之城》中的对白87 女孩与玫瑰—《秘密花园》中生态女性主义解读88 从电影《这个杀手不太冷》中看中西方文化差异89 An Analysis of the Female Characters in Moment in Peking90 浅谈《鲁滨逊漂流记》中现实主义元素91 如何有效做好交替传译笔记92 礼貌原则在口译中的应用93 提高初中生阅读能力的研究94 从西方讽刺剧看品特的威胁喜剧95 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“盖茨比”人物象征主义的运用96 欧•亨利《警察与赞美诗》中的黑色幽默97 从生态女性主义视角解读《永别了,武器》98 关联理论关照下文化缺省现象及其翻译应对策略99 二语习得理论对初中英语教学的启示刍议100 A Comparison of the English Color Terms101 《紫色》中黑人女性意识的觉醒和成长102 解析威廉布莱克《老虎》中的修辞运用及其对英语写作的启示103 从市场营销的角度论哈利•波特的成功104 On Paul’s Self-development in Sons and Lovers105 A Comparison of the English Color Terms106 论《少奶奶的扇子》中的扇子107 英汉颜色词的文化差异及其翻译108 《日用家当》中的黑人文化意象分析109 从保罗死因的分析看劳伦斯眼中的西方文明110 A Brief Analysis of the Main Female Characters in Golden Notebook111 A Comparative Analysis of Jane Eyre’s Chinese Renditions in Different Periods112 国际商务谈判中的礼貌原则113 A Discussion of the Gothic Style as Applied in “A Rose for Emily”（开题报告+论文+文献综述）114 英语委婉语的构成与应用115 商务英语中的缩略词研究116 沃尔特•惠特曼《草叶集》与郭沫若《女神》对比研究117 On the Techniques and Principles in English-Chinese Translation of Movie Titles118 从产品说明书的英译错误分析探讨其翻译策略119 论礼貌原则在国际商务信函的应用120 试析《珍妮姑娘》中女主人公的悲剧根源121 An Analysis of the Main Characters in Twilight-eclipse122 跨文化交际在宝洁公司营销战略中的应用123 跨国企业广告语在中国本土化体现的文化价值观差异124 旅游英语翻译的研究125 Naturalism in Sister Carrie126 An Analysis of Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetic Fairy Tale －The Happy Prince127 An Analysis of Symbols in Young Goodman Brown128 情景教学法在初中英语词汇教学中的应用129 由《红楼梦》中人名的英译看中西文化差异130 论《红字》的模糊性131 从审美视角分析中国古典诗词的英译132 浅谈英语习语中动物名称及翻译133 论“迷惘的一代”告别“美国梦”——浅谈《永别了，武器》和《了不起的盖茨比》134 英汉语广告的词汇比较研究135 初中英语听力水平调查研究－－-以钢城十二中为例的个案调查136 浅议商标品牌的翻译137 爱默生超验主义对世纪美国人生观的影响——以《论自助》为例138 浅析《老人与海》中人对自然的态度139 浅析中西方宗教习俗展现出的文化差异140 “美国梦”的再探讨—以《推销员之死》为例141 英语中常用修辞格142 《宠儿》中的女性形象分析143 汤姆叔叔的小屋中汤姆形象分析144 中式英语特点及发展趋势145 英语语言中性别歧视的社会语言学视角146 美国牛仔形象演变和西部电影发展的研究147 从中国传统民居乔家大院和西方哥特式教堂看中西文化差异148 《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征艺术149 从桑提亚哥看海明威的奋斗人生150 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的创伤和治愈151 On the Translation of Psychological Description in Wuthering Heights from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence152 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征手法153 Advertising Translation from a German Functionalist Approach154 论《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂•康普生的悲剧155 托马斯•哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中注定的女性悲剧命运156 An Analysis of Mulan's Character in Moment in Peking157 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异158 论中美家庭教育的差异159 论《太阳照常升起》中的象征主义160 如何提高中学生的词汇学习能力161 中英广告中的双关语探析162 剖析《所罗门之歌》中的黑人意识163 十九世纪英国唯美主义的生成语境与基本特征164 分析《永别了，武器》中Henry的硬汉形象165 论王尔德在《道林格雷的画像》中的美学思想166 The Postmodern Story In the Victorian Age－－The French Lieutenant's Woman167 从生态女性主义视角解读《野草在歌唱》中的女性角色168 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析169 中西方酒类广告的文化互文性研究170 论中西方思维方式的差异171 《紫色》中黑人男性形象研究172 《喧哗与骚动》之现代主义写作技巧分析173 《高级英语》中某些修辞手法赏析174 扼杀在萌芽中的期许—“一小时里故事”中的女权渴望175 非限制性定语从句的汉译176 从《奥兰多》看伍尔夫的双性同体177 析《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿的人生选择178 文化适应性原则在食品商标翻译中的应用179 《远大前程》中皮普的心路历程180 分析《土生子》中的种族主义的恶性影响181 影响大学生英语自主学习的因素研究182 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克形象的解构与重建183 论《呼啸山庄》中的叙述技巧184 浅谈英语科技文献汉译时应注意的几个方面185 《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征手法186 迷惘一代的英雄：厄内斯特海明威与弗雷德里克亨利187 论有效开展小学英语对话教学的策略188 跨文化交际中身势语的运用对比分析189 简析狄更斯《远大前程》中的浪漫主义特征190 试比较《汤姆索亚历险记》与《哈克贝利芬历险记》中主人公性格异同点191 《绯闻少女》中的话语标记词研究192 文化差异对商标翻译的影响及翻译策略193 诀别武器之缘由——再读《永别了，武器》194 试析《旅游巴士》中的犹太文化内涵195 从语用学角度看广告英语中的模糊表达196 从美国电影中透视个人主义：以《当幸福来敲门》为例197 The Tragedies of Meggie and Fee in The Thorn Birds198 商务英语中的冗余现象及语用功能199 非言语交际对演讲的影响200 《了不起的盖茨比》中黛西的人物性格分析。

浅析跨文化商务谈判中身势语的差异

２０１４年第８期（总第１５ｏＦ）
牡丹江教育学院学报
ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬＯＦＭＵＤＡＮＪＩＡＮＧＣＯＬＬＥＧＥＯＦＥＤＵＣＡＴＩＯＮ
ＮＯ．８．２Ｏ１４
Ｓｅｒｉａ１ＮＯ．１５０
浅析跨文化商务谈判中身势语的差异
杨
（黄淮学院，河南
［摘
蕊
驻马店４６３０００）
要］通过阐释身势语之间的不同，帮助商务谈判者在商务谈判中取得交际效果、避免误解的产生和
减少障碍，使商务谈判者在中西贸易合作和发展的过程中取得更大的成功。
［关键词］商务谈判；身势语；非语言交际［中图分类号］Ｈ１３６
一
［文献标识码］Ａ
［文章编号］１００９ — ２３２３（２０１４）０８ — ００３０ — ０３
乎全部都是潜意识的。（二）身势语的功能身势语和有声语言一样也是文化的一部分并且能传承文化。在整个交际过程中身势语的作用是不可忽视的。在日常交流中，人们仅仅依靠有声语言是不能有效交流的，而且在某些特定的情景下，非言语交流也能把意思解释清楚。些特定的非言语交流形式和言语交流活动结合在一起或者是其他的非言语行为结合在一起可以提供一些正确的信息。在所有的非言语行为的交流活动中对身势语的功能给予足够的关注，为了取得有效的交际，要充分利用身势语的功能。１．重复身势语可以加强或者是进一步解释言语行为表达的内容。重复用来强调语言信息或者是将语言信息进行分类。总的来说，姿势和言语具有相似的意义而又彼此加强。２．矛盾在这里，矛盾是重复的反义词。在有些场合中，非言语行为发出来的信号和言语行为里所反映出的表面信息正好相反。例如，有人说他自己不紧张，很放松、很悠闲，但是他声音和双手却在颤抖。或者我们用一个词来形容：言行不致。但是其他人可能会看出这里面的破绽，进而完整地解读出对方的内心世界。当言语行为和非言语行为产生矛盾的时候，通常后者更可靠些。３．替代有时，身势语可以代替言语行为发出信息，或者是独自取得交际的成功。总体来看，替代功能可以分为三种情境：第一，清晰和准确的身势语可以更多地扩展主要信息。例如，在竞赛场上，被欢呼声包围的田径运动员们经常摆出胜利的手势来显示自己的自信。第二，在一些特殊的场合，用身势语可以显得更内敛和得体。例如，在公众场合，如果有些人的言行举止显得比较粗鲁的话，他的朋友会向他眨眼示意这样做不好，其实也是为了避免在公共场合揭露朋友的短处伤害其自尊。第三，因为特殊环境的限制，人们只能用非言语行为进行交流。例如全副武装的警察在执行任

身势语

浅谈非语言交际中的身势语摘要“身势语”同语言一样，都是文化的一部分。

在不同文化中，身势语的意义并不完全相同。

各民族有不同的非语言交际方式.例如：不同的民族在谈话时，对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法；谈话双方身体接触的次数多少因文化不同而各异；在目光接触这一方面也有许多规定：看不看对方，什么时候看，看多久，什么人可以看，什么人不可以看；在某些场合下，在中国和讲英语的国家无论微笑还是大笑，通常表示友好﹑赞同﹑满意﹑高兴﹑愉快，但是在某些场合，中国人的笑会引起西方人的反感；打手势时动作稍有不同，就会与原来的意图有所区别，对某种手势理解错了，也会引起意外的反应等等。

因此，要用外语进行有效的交际，在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势，动作，举止等所表示的意思。

而有些权威人士认为两者相互依存。

在大多数情况下这是对的。

在某些情况下，人体动作与所说的话不一致，口头说的与身势语表达的意思不一样。

这时要借助其他信息或从整个情况中猜测说话人的意思，从某种意义上说，一切身势语都要放在一定的情景下去理解；忽视了整个情景就会发生误解。

而通过中美身势语对比研究表明，两者有相似的地方，也有差异的地方，说明了解另一种语言中身势语的重要性。

可见，真正掌握两种语言的人在换用另一种语言说话时也要换用另一种身势语。

这样才能达到更好的交际效果。

关键词: 非语言交际身势语不同文化不同方式Body Language on Nonverbal CommunicationAbstract“Body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. For example: different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing; the appropriateness of physical contact varies with differen t cultures; one could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at; smiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment, and, this is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries, however, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners; gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended, and, a wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions and so on. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language. Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other. This is certainly true in most situations. But it is also true that in certain situations body action contradicts what is being said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what body language communicates. When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation. In a sense, all body language should be interpreted within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading. A comparative study of Chineseand American body language shows a number of similarities and diversities of body language. It shows the importance of knowing the specific gestures that go with a language. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body language at the same time he switches languages. This makes communication easier and better.Key words: nonverbal communication body language different culture different waysContents1. Introduction ……2. The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication ……3. The concrete types and application of the body language ……3.1 Types of body language ……3.1.1 Distance between people conversing ……3.1.2 Physical contact ……3.1.3 Eye contact ……3.1.4 Smiles and laughter ……3.1.5 Gestures ……3.2 Application of the body language ……3.2.1 Greetings ……3.2.2 Signs of affection ……3.2.3 Physical contact in life ……3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body language ……4. Conclusion ……1. IntroductionWhen a Chinese converses with a Canadian or American friend of the opposite sex, would it be indecent to be looking at the other person?If two young friends of the same sex walk with their arms around each other‟s shoulders or hold hands, would this be regarded by English-speaking people as proper?Does nodding the head mean “yes”, and shaking the head mean “no” in all cultures?There are not questions about language, but about body language, about nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication, composed of pictures, dresses, eye contact, spatial signals, gestures and so on, is as important as verbal communication.People communicate in many different ways. One of the most important ways, of course, is through language. Moreover, when language is written it can be completely isolated from the context in which it occurs; it can be treated as if it were an independent and self-contained process.Like all animals, people communicate by their actions as well as by the noises they make. It is a sort of biological anomaly of man—something like the giraffe‟s neck, or the pelican‟s beak—that our vocal noises have so for outgrown in importance and frequency all our other methods of signaling to one another. Language is obviously essential for human beings, but it is not the wholestory of human communication. Not by a long shot.The study of nonverbal communication should be complementary to the study of language. The understanding of one should be helpful in the further understanding of the other. Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other. This is certainly true in most situations. But it is also true that in certain situation body action contradicts what is being said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what nonverbal communication communicates. When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation. In a case, all nonverbal communication should be interpreted within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading.2. The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication Although we may not realize it, when we converse with others we communicate by much more than words. By our expressions, gestures and other body movements we send messages to these around us a smile and an outstretched hand show welcome. A form is a sign of displeasure. Nodding one‟s head means agreement—“Yes”. Waving an outstretched hand with open palm is the gesture for “goodbye”. Leaning back in one‟s seat and yawning at a talk or lecture shows lack of interest, boredom. These gestures have come to be accepted in general as having the meanings mentioned, at last to Chinese and Americans. There are parts of the way in which we communicate. This “body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture.But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. The answers to the questions at the beginning of this chapter are all “no”. Even nodding the head may have a different meaning. To Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos it means not “yes”, but “no”. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language.Body language is an important media through which people communicate with each other. It refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures that people use to express their feelings in communication. The specialist on body language research—Fen. Lafle. Angles, once said: "Once it was lost, a baby couldn t have grown into a normal person". It s also true to the juveniles. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students characters.3. The concrete types and application of the body language3.1 Types of body language3.1.1 Distance between people conversingWatch an Arab and an Englishman in conversation. The Arab, showing friendliness in the manner of his people, will stand close to the Englishman. The latter will move back, watching to the Englishman. The Arab will then move forward to be closer; the Englishman will keep moving backward. By the end of the conversation, the two may be quite a distance from the conversation; the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were originally standing!Here, distance between the two is the key factor. Different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing. According to studies, it seems there are four main distances in American social and business relations: intimate, personal, social, and public. Intimatedistance ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of about 45 centimeters; this is for people‟s most private relations and activities, between man and wife, for example. Personal distance is about 45—80 centimeters and is most common when friends, acquaintances and relatives converse. Social distance may be anywhere from about 1.30 meters to 3 meters; people who work together, or people doing business, as well as most of those in conversation at social gatherings tend to keep a distance is farther than any of the above and is generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms.The important thing to keep in mind is that most English-speaking people do not like people to be too close. Being too far apart, of course, may be awkward, but being too close makes people uncomfortable, unless there is a reason, such as showing affection or encouraging intimacy. But that is another matter.3.1.2 Physical contactThe appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. Figures from a study offer interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different places were observed for at last one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: London, 0; Gainesville, Florida, 2; Pairs, 10; San Juan, Puerto Rico, 180. These figures speak for themselves. (Robinett, 1978)In English-speaking countries, physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends or acquaintances. Merely touching someone may cause an unpleasant reaction. If one touches another person accidentally, he/she usually utters an apology such as “Sorry, Oh, I‟m sorry, Excuse me.”In China, a common complaint of western mothers is that Chinese often fondle their babies and very small children. Such behavior—whether touching, patting, hugging or kissing—can be quite embarrassing and awkward for the mothers. They know that no harm is meant, and that such gestures are merely signs of friendliness or affection, therefore they cannot openly show their displeasure. On the other hand, such actions in their own culture would be considered rude, intrusive and offensive and could arouse a strong dislike and even repugnance. So the mothers often stand by and watch in awkward silence, with mixed emotions, even when the fondling is by Chinese friends or acquaintances.Going beyond the milder forms of touching, we shall take up the matter of hugging and embracing in public. This practice is fairly common among women in many countries. And in most of the more industrialized countries, it occurs frequently between husband and wife and close members of the family when meeting after a period of absence. Hugging and embracing among men, however, is a different matter. Among Arabs, Russians, French, and in several of the east European and Mediterranean countries, a warm hug and a kiss on the cheeks are a standard way of welcome. The same is true with some Latin Americans. In East Asia and in the English-speaking countries, though, the practice is seldom seen. A simple handshake is the custom. The story is told of what happened not long ago when the Japanese prime minister at the time, Mr. Fukuda, went to the U.S. on a state visit. When he stepped out of his car in front of the white house, he was greeted by the American president whit a “bear hug”. The prime minister was flabbergasted; others of the Japanese delegation were amazed; many Americans were surprised—it was so unusual and so unexpected. If the president had bowed low in Japanese fashion, it would have been less a surprise than to be greeted in a way so uncommon in either country!The matter of physical contact between members of the same sex in English-speaking countries is a delicate one. Once past childhood, the holding of hands, or walking with an arm around another‟s shoulder is not considered proper. The implication is homosexuality, and homosexuality generally arouses strong social disapproval in these countries.3.1.3 Eye contactEye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at. These passages from the book Body Language (Fast, 1971) are amusing as well as informative:“Tow strangers seated across from each other in a railway dining car have the option of introducing themselves and facing a meal of inconsequential and perhaps boring talk, or ignoring each other and desperatel y trying to avoid each other‟s glance. A writer, describing such a situation in an essay, wrote, …they re-read the menu, they fool with the cutlery, they inspect their own fingernails as if seeing them for the first time. Comes the inevitable moment when glances meet, but they meet only to shoot instantly away and out the window for an intent view of the passing scene.‟ ”He points out that with people who are unfamiliar:“We must void staring at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them… We look at th em long enough to make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look away.There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes place. If you pass someone in the street you may eye the oncoming person till you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass. Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass. This is done with a brief look in that direction. Each will veer slightly, and the pass ing is done smoothly.”In conversations with people who know each other, however, American custom demands that there should be eye contact. This applies to both the speaker and the listener. For either one not to look at the other person could imply a number of things, among which are fear, contempt, uneasiness, guilt, indifference, even in public speaking there should be plenty of eye contact. For a speaker to “burry his nose in his manuscript”, to read a speech instead of looking at and talking to hid audience, as some Chinese speakers are in the habit of doing, would be regarded as inconsiderate and disrespectful.In conversation, a person shows that he is listening by looking at the other person‟s eyes or face. If the other person is speaking at some length, the listener will occasionally make sounds like “Hmm”, “Ummm”, or nod his head to indicate his attention. If he agrees with the speaker, he may nod or smile. If he disagrees or has some reservations, he may slant his head to one side, raise an eyebrow, have a quizzical look.Staring at people or holding a glance too long is considered improper in English-speaking countries. Even when the look may be one of appreciation—as of beauty—it may make people uneasy and embarrassed. Many Americans traveling abroad find the stares of the local people irritating. They become extremely self-conscious and often end up quite indignant about the “rudeness” of the people there, not realizing that the practice may be quite common in the country and may be nothing more than curiosity. Many English-speaking people in china have heard to complain about this.“The language of the eyes”—one of the most common and ancient ways of exchanging feelings between boys and girls, men and women—is especially elaborate in the United States. Much study has been made of this: how people of the opposite sex show interest or indifference, encouragement or discouragement, approval or disapproval, affection or aversion. However, there are many differences even within the United States. Men use their eyes in different ways than women; there are differences of age, class or social status and geographical region; there are differences of ethnic background.The story is told of a teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school who was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the principal decided she was guilty and suspended her. “There was something sly and suspicious about her,”he said in his report. “She just wouldn‟t meet my eye. She wouldn‟t look at me.”When she was questioned by the principal it was true that she kept staring at the floor and refused to meet his eye. And in English there is a saying “Don‟t trust anyone who won‟t look at you in the eye.”It so happened that one of the teachers had a Latin American background and knew about Puerto Rican culture. After talking with the girl‟s parents, he went to the principal and explained that according to Puerto Rican culture, a good girl “does not meet the eyes of an adult.” Such behavior, he explained, “is a sign of respect and obedience.”Fortunately, the principal accepted the explanation, admitted his mistake and the matter was settled properly. This difference in interpreting a simple eye gesture was a lesson in cultural diversity that he would not easily forget.Rules about eye-language are numerous and complex. What has been mentioned gives a good idea of this; we shall not go further into detail.3.1.4 Smiles and laughterSmiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment. This is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries. However, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners. To illustrate, here is an excerpt from a letter by an American to a Chinese friend on nonverbal gestures that often cause cross-cultural misunderstanding:“…One is the different meaning of laughter in China and American. When an American is parking his bicycle, for example, and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh. I have seen the same thing happen in the dining room, when a foreigner drops a plate quite by accident and feels badly and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.”Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortune—whether he be a foreigner or a Chi nese. It can convey a number of feelings: don‟t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‟s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. However, for people unaware of this attitude, the reaction to such laughter is usually quite unpleasant and often generates ill feeling towards those laughing.3.1.5 GesturesGestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended. A wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions.A well-known case is a gesture made by Winston Churchill, the doughty prime minister who led Britain through the Second World War. As he appeared before a large crowd, he was greeted with cheers and applause. The occasion was a momentous one and Churchill flashed the “V for victory” sign—with the forefinger and middle finger raised to form a “V”. Whether by mistake or ignorance, instead of facing the palm of his hand to the front, he made the “V” with the back of his hand towards the audience. Some in the crowd applauded; some gasped; some broke out in laughter. The prime minister‟s gesture, as given, meant quite something else. Instead of “V for victory”, it meant something dirty; it was an obscene gesture!3.2 Application of the body language3.2.1 GreetingsHoa has just arrived from Vietnam. Her cousin Phuong and some of his American friends are waiting at the airport to greet her. Hoa and Phuong are both excited about this meeting because they have been separated for seven years. As soon as Hoa enters the passenger terminal, Phuong introduces her to his friends Tom, Don, and Charles. Tom steps forward and hugs and kisses Hoa. She pushes him away and bursts into tears.Among Chinese from Vietnam, if a boy hugs and kisses a girl in public, he insults her. Chinese culture in Vietnam is very strict about this, especially in the rural areas where Hoa grew up. She described her village: “After children are ten years old, boys and girls cannot play together. A boy and girl cannot da te without their parents‟ approval. A man and woman cannot hug or kiss if they‟re not married.”In Hoa‟s village if anyone violated these rules, the villagers punished the girl by forcing her to kneel on the ground so they could spit at her and throw rocks at her. No wonder that Puong‟s American friends frightened Hoa. She did not know what punishment for public hugging and kissing might be meted out to her in this country. She confused Tom, who by American standards was dong the right thing.Eventually Hoa learned to be comfortable when greeted with hugs and kisses, accepting them as merely perfunctory acts.Analogous to this situation is another in which Duane, a Chinese American employee, invited his non-Chinese boss, Mr. Keck, to a large family celebration. When Mr. Keck arrived, he shook hands with Duane and, when introduced to Duane‟s grandmother, leaned over and kissed her on the cheek. This shocked the older woman, yet Mr. Keck was totally unaware that he had committed a social blunder. What he considered as a respectful act, grandmother considered disrespectful. Instead, Mr. Keck should have nodded to the older woman and offered her a verbal greeting.◆When establishing relations with Asians, avoid body contact. The safest form is to nod and give a verbal salutation. Follow their lead as the relationship changes.Like customs everywhere, increased cross-cultural interaction brings about changes in habits; many Asian businesspeople have accommodated to the American handshaking tradition. On the other hand, in a situation where it seems as if bowing would still be the only polite move tomake—especially to the Japanese—following these guidelines should make it easier.◆When bowing to people from Japan, hands should slide down toward the knees or remain at the side.◆Back and neck should be held in a rigid position, while eyes look downward.◆The person in the inferior position always bows longer and lower.Those from India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh use the namaste for both greeting and farewells and as a sign of respect. They do this by holding their hands chest-high in a prayerlike position, then slightly nod the head; but they do not bow. American students of yoga who are taught by Asian teachers become familiar with this gesture that heralds the beginning of each session. Thais have a similar greeting, but they call it a wai.While body contact is generally taboo in most Asian countries, elsewhere, body contact is expected; shying away from contact gives off negative signals.◆When greeting, people from Indian, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Thailand hold their hands together in front of their chins in a prayerlike position and nod their heads.◆When greeting, most Latinos expect body contact. Hugging and kissing on the check are acceptable for both the same sex and the opposite sex. The abrazo is commonplace—friends embrace and simultaneously pat each other on the back.◆When greeting, most middle easterners, especially Muslims, avoid body contact with the opposite sex, but men may embrace and kiss one anther. Women may do the same. When shaking hands, men should avoid pulling their hands away too quickly.◆When greeting most Americans, expect soma body contract. Women kiss once on each cheek and hug; men shake hands. Men may also hug and kiss women on the cheek if they are close friends.◆When greeting orthodox Jews, avoid body contact with the opposite sex.3.2.2 Signs of affectionSheree Bykofsky, an American writer, is thrilled when a cruise ship line purchases copies of her hew romantic travel guide, the best place to kiss in and around New York City. The cruise line plans to give the books as dinner favors during their special valentine‟s cruise.They invite Sheree on board to greet the passengers and autograph their copies. The Americans and Europeans delight in meeting the author and having her sign their books. However, when Sheree visits the tables of the Japanese passengers, most of them refuse to acknowledge her. Japanese people do not approve of public body contact and, thus, have developed a complex system of bowing to express relationships. Touching a member of the opposite sex is particularly repugnant to their sensitivities; consequently, kissing in public is considered a disgraceful act. The Japanese snubbed Sheree because the title of her book suggested behavior that did not conform to their standards of respect. They would not acknowledge her because, in their eyes, she promoted vulgarity.Asians from countries other than Japan are equally disapproving when they see American men and women or two men to walk in public holding hands. However, when they practice this sign of friendship in the states, they are frequently mistaken for homosexuals. This shocks them.Same-sex hand holding or walking arm-in-arm also occurs among Latinos, French, Spanish, Italians, Greeks, and middle easterners.◆Most Japanese people strongly disapprove of public expression of affection by males andfemales through kissing or any other form of body contact.◆Same-sex hand holding between Asians, middle-easterners, Latinos, or those from Mediterranean countries is a sign of friendship. Walking with arms on each other’s shoulders or with hands or arms linked also equates with camaraderie.3.2.3 Physical contactWhen Dorothy receives a wedding invitation to attend her Japanese neighbor‟s wedding, she is thrilled. She has always admired the Yamashita family. She is very fond of lance, the about-to-be-married son, and feels extremely close to Grace, his mother. Dorothy feels honored to be included in the family festivities.After the beautiful church ceremony, Dorothy stands in line to greet the bridal party. However, when Dorothy, a very affectionate person, steps forward to embrace the mother of the groom, Grace steps backward.Dorothy feels rejected.Even at such a joyous occasion as a wedding, Japanese customs about physical contact in public are not relaxed, even when taking place between the same sex. Truly, more formality is demonstrated in such situations. Consider the extreme reserve displayed at the 1993 royal wedding of crown prince Naruhito to Massako Owada. The physical acts of the royal couple consisted only of sipping sacred sake and making bows—no touching, no hugging, no kissing between the couple, certainly none by the wedding guests.In Dorothy‟s situation, even though she felt very close to Grace, she would have been more socially correct had she bowed her head slightly and then offered only verbal felicitations. In situations like these, it is best to observe the manner in which other wedding guests congratulate family members and then follow their example.3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body languageA comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities; for example: men don‟t hug or embrace when meeting; a handshake is the most common gesture that goes with a greeting; waving a hand to say “goodbye” is the same; a frown shows displeasure, and the wrinkling of one‟s nose is a sign of dislike, disgust or disapproval; nodding means “yes”, and shaking one‟s head means “no”; pouting has the same meaning—displeasure, bad humor, resentment; a pat on the back of a man or boy indicates approval, praise, encouragement; gritting one‟s teeth may express anger, fury, or determination.The charts on the following pages provide examples of some of the difference:Different Body Language, Same MeaningMeaning Body Language in China Body Language in U.S.“Come here” (beckoning someone to come) hand extended toward person,open palm, palm down, withall fingers crooked in a beckoning motion hand extended toward person,closed hand, palm up, with forefinger only moving backand forth (in china this samegesture would be consideredoffensive by many)“Shame on you!” (semi-joking gesture) forefinger of one hand extended, tip touches one‟s own face several times quickly; similar to scratching,but with the forefinger straight (usually with the remark “shame on you!”) forefinger of each hand extended, palms down in front of one‟s body;。

浅谈外语学习中的身势语_BodyLanguage_因素

2.3 身势语有些是可以控制的, 人们从而练、催眠法、活动调节法等等，这些方法能达到
可以做出有意识的身势。若一个人在公共场合消除运动员过度紧张心理、集中注意力、调整运
发言时,不时玩弄铅笔或触摸眼镜,往往说明他动员的竞技状态和稳定情绪的作用。
很紧张;若常把手下意识地罩在嘴上,说明他缺
5 结论
握。而作为外语学习者,必须首先了解作用于非
语言是人类最重要的交际工具。运用语言乏自信。
交流信息称为言语交际(verbal communication,
2.4 同一身势语在同一文化中不同场合下
一般分为口语交际和书面语交际)。但另有一种往往具有不同的社会功能。如美国人擦鼻子时,
常被忽略却又时刻在用的信息交流方式, 称为可能表示不同意某人或拒绝某事, 但也可能表
大约 23 种位置变化 , 而人的脸能做出大约高跨文化交际能力。
250,000 种不同的表情。心理学家 David Aber-
3.2 将“身势语”(非语言交际)因素引入外
combie 也指出“: 我们用发音器官说话,但用整个语学习中。传统的外语学习与研究往往只注重
身体交谈。”身势语一般细分为目光语 / 目光接于语言本身,具体地说,只强调语音,语法和词汇
眉、耸肩等姿态动作构成身势语的单位。身势进行交际具有重要作用:
语的专门术语为 kinesics,意为“人体动作学”,它
3.1 有助于提高跨文化交际能力
研究通过人体动作进行沟通的科学规律, 探索
跨文化交际实践表明, 中国和英语国家在
有来龙去脉的种种身体动作 (而不是一种孤立跨文化交际中因文化障碍所造成的误解数不胜
的有意义的姿势)模式。该学科 20 世纪 50 年代数, 因非语言代码的文化差异所引起的理解上

中西方不同文化背景下身势语的符号意义

介，是一种具有符号特性的动物。陈宗明认为人际间的符号
认为符号是在某些方面，可以用来表示其他事物的任何物
像。古罗马时期基督教思想家奥古斯丁认为符号是一种加之于感觉，所产生出来的一种人们可以想到的、印象以外的某些东西脚。索绪尔和皮尔斯两位学者被公认为现
２０１５１Ｏ月
黑龙江教育学院学报
ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＨｅｉｌｏｎｇｊｉａｎｇＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｆｏＥｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ
０ｃｔ．２０１５Ｖｏ１．３４Ｎｏ．１０
一
、
符号与符号学
这种独立的非言语符号系统是借助姿势或其他语言符号形
式记录之后所形成的，人类通过它传情达意，进行交际。我国对身势语的研究可追溯到先秦诸子，国外最早可追溯到希腊时期。身势语，作为一种非语言交际手段，在传递信息，表达感情方面历史悠久。
成的。在非语言交际中，身势语是其中很重要的一种手段。它成为一种符号，人们常常用它来交流信息，进行日常交际。
二、身势语
身势语在有声语言产生之前就已被用来进行交际活动了，因此身势语是人类最早的交际系统。身势语又称态势
进行。
关键词：符号；身势语；跨文化交际
中图分类号：Ｈ３５文献标志码：Ａ文章编号：１００１－７８３６（２０１５）１０－０１２０－０２

试论身势语的特点及文化差异

了解身势语的重要性、点及文化差异是也会发出自信的身势语信号。特２３社会性。十分重要的。
形体动作语中，面部表情是最能表现
人情绪的非语言动作。同民族的人有许不身势语的使用以及所蕴含的意义可能多相同的面部表情，笑表示高兴、用快乐的
语言是人们交流思想、播信息、通语已经成为机械和人工测谎的观察对象。传沟
些身势语是跨文化的，也有一些是某一但
感情的重要手段，不是唯一手段。们在身势语所具有的真实性，得对方很容易但人使文化所特有的，有强烈的民族性。具由于不使用语言进行交际的同时，常借助于诸了解到表现人所具有的思想状况。而，还然假同民族的文化已经根深蒂固，容易接受不
态来传达一定信息的无声语言在语言学上语信号从而掩饰自己的真实感情。如，比有环境差异所赋予身势语的不同含义。称作身势语。于外语学习者而言，习和些人在演讲时，对学即使在非常紧张的心情下，３１面部表情。
１身势语的重要性
会因交际者的年龄、别、教育程度、性受生心情，哭表示悲哀、心的情绪，都是用伤这

身体语言在跨文化交际中的意义差异

身体语言在跨文化交际中的意义差异作者：涂绍娟华芳来源：《新丝路杂志（下旬）》2017年第12期摘要：隨着科技的快速发展，来自不同文化和国家的人们之间的交流也在日益增加。

这种交流不仅涉及到语言交流，同时也涉及到非语言交流。

身体语言是非语言交际中的一种主要形式。

在跨文化交际中，同样的身体语言可能有不同的意思。

本文介绍了身体语言的基本功能和意义，通过对身体语言在不同文化中的区别比较，阐述了身体语言在跨文化交际中的重要性。

关键词：非言语交际；肢体语言；跨文化交际Abstract：With the fast development of science and technology， the communications between people from different cultures and countries are also increasing， which concerns not only language communication but also nonverbal communication. Body language is one of the major forms of nonverbal communication. Body language， as a cultural tie， is the most important part of nonverbal communication. This paper deals with the importance of body language in Cross-Cultural Communication by comparing body languages in different cultures and introduces the basic functions and meanings of body language.Keywords： Nonverbal communication；Body language； Cross-cultural communicationI、IntroductionBody language is a term for forms of communication by using our body actions or gestures rather than using sounds or other forms of verbal communication. With science， technology and economy develops， there are more chances for people who are from different cultural backgrounds to communicate with each other. We can communicate with others in different channels. Our thoughts can be carried out not only through verbal communication but also through nonverbal communication， such as body language. As a survey indicates， the 55% part of complete messages we express in life is conveyed by our body language. When we are involved in Cross-Cultural Communication， it is important for us to know something about body language， which can help us get right messages.II、Functions of Body LanguageBody language， like verbal language， is also a part of language. It is the way that people use to express and convey thoughts by using facial expressions and gestures. It is our natural ability to use body language to express ourselves， for it is convenient and fast. Body language is widely used inour daily life， to some extent， it is used more frequently and accurately than our words. A research shows that around 65% of all communication happens without the participation of words. It is body language that helps us a lot in Cross-Cultural Communication. We can express our real meaning by some small actions including our facial expressions， tones of voices， eyes and other body movements. The functions of body language are as follows： assisting， substituting and expressing or hiding emotional feelings. Body languages can strengthen our verbal language and make our words more powerful.III、The Relationship between Body Language and Culture1.Cultural influence on Body LanguageBody language and culture have very close relationship. A survey shows that the simple language only accounts for 7/100， tone of voices accounts for 38/100， and the rest 55/100 language ingredient is conveyed by body language if one person wants to transmit complete information to outside. For example， we Chinese are fond of shaking hands with both hands so as to express our respect and enthusiasm. However， the case is totally different in Muslims. Those who are in Muslims think the left hand is dirty， so they do not use it to take food. In the United States， it is a sign of relaxing ourselves to cross our legs. But in Korea， people are forbidden to do that action. We are often trapped into the case because of the different cultural background. Hence， culture has a greatly impact on body language.parison of body language in different cultures（1） PosturePosture is a form that people use to pass message by dynamic and static posture in communication. Smiling and stretching out hands means welcome， frowning means disagreement and nodding means agreement. All these are parts of communication tools.（2） GestureIn different countries and district the same gesture may have different meanings. Take OK for an example， OK means agreement and everything is smooth and good in North America and Germany. However， it expresses money in Japan.（3） TouchWe cannot avoid touching others when we communicate with each other in our daily life. Nowadays， handshake has become the symbol of hospitality and friendliness， which is accepted bymost countries. However， some differences also exist in the way of handshake. Some normal friends and acquaintances hate to touch others in American. Meanwhile， body touch is banned in lift.（4） Eye contactEye contact refers to the meeting of the eyes in communication. Generally speaking， western people are used to maintaining eye contact in their communication. They hold the view that those who avoid eye contact in communication is a way to show his lack of interest for others.（5） Facial expressionsFacial expression is the movements of muscles beneath the skin of our face. For example， we Chinese usually love expressing some much exaggerated facial expression when we meet some special things such as showing our compliment and sympathy to others. However， American people may have the view that it is a dishonest way to do that.IV、ConclusionIn conclusion， body language plays an important role in Cross-cultural communication. It is the richest nonverbal behavior among human beings. It’s very real， direct and rich， but it also is vague. It is these characteristics of body language that make it intriguing and cannot be replaced. Learning body language can add our cross-cultural knowledge and strengthen the ability to communicate with others in Cross-cultural communication.BIBLIOGRAPHY：[1] Seanor.The Skill of Cross-cultural Communication [M].Shanghai： Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press， 2000[2]戴鳳.文化碰撞-中国北美人际交际误解剖析[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003[3]云贵彬.非语言交际与文化[M].北京：中国传媒大学出版社，1997。