英国文学-名词解释-【整理后】汇编

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bgijeAAA英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

b g i j e A A A英国文学名词解释大全(整理版) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （ the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey 《奥德赛》 Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form: long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king•Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized（supported 庇护,保护） by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 2.Sing a songof southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上） Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句） or in quatrains （四行诗） known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节） and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语） of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的） expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面） to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

英国文学名词解释(整理版)

Allegory:A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.Antagonist:A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine. Antithesis:(a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas. Aside:In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.Ballad:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.Biography:A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person.Blank verse:Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Classicism:A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.Climax:T he point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax. Comedy:in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.Conceit:A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things.A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entirepoem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.Conflict:A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.Couplet:Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhymed. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.Critical Realism:The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.Dramatic monologue:A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.Elegy:A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.Enlightenment:With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The ego goes inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. Epic:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Essay:A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view.Free Verse:Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.Hyperbole:A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement, for special effect.Iamb抑扬格:It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.Iambic pentameter:A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Irony:A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.Three kinds of irony are(1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says one thing and means something entirely different;(2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know;(3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.Lyric:A poem, usually a short one, that expre sses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.Morality play:An outgrowth of miracle plays. Morality plays were popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In them, virtues and vices were personified.Myth:A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals, that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world. Myths make it possible for people to understand and deal with things that they cannot control and often cannot see. A body of related myths that is accepted by a people is known as its mythology. A mythology tells a people what it is most concerned about.Narrator:One who narrates, or tells, a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.Naturalism:An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.Neoclassicism:A revival in the 17th agogo of order, balance, and harmony in literature.Ode:A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Pathos:The quality in a work of literature or art that arouses the reader’s feelings of pity, sorrow, or compassion for a character. The term is usually used to refer to situations inwhich innocent characters suffer through no fault of their own.Poetry:The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.Protagonist:The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something.Renaissance:The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.Romance:Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Satire:A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.Song:A short lyric poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music. In expresses a simple but intense emotion.Sonnet:A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Spenserian stanza:A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.Stanza: It’s a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and thyme.Canto:A section or division of a long poem. The cantos can be a great lyric/poem Stream of consciousness: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thought s, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.Wit: A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with a cleverness of expression. In the 18th century, wit and nature were related-nature provided the rules of the universe; wit allowed these rules to be interpreted and expressed.。

(完整版)英国文学名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。

英国文学名词解释

01. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth” or “revival”.It 343means the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classism(古典主义)Classism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to themid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.、。

英国文学名词解释

民谣：民间流行的、富于民族色彩的歌曲，称为民谣或民歌。民谣的历史悠远，故其作者多不知名。民谣的内容丰富，有宗教的、爱情的、战争的、工作的，也有饮酒、舞蹈作乐、祭典等等。民谣既是表现一个民族的感情与习尚，因此各有其独特的音阶与情调风格。
（Folk songs：Civil popular, rich colors of the national songs, ballads or folk songs called. Youyuan the history of folk songs, the more its author unknown. The rich folk, religion, love, war, work, but also to drink, dance fun, festivals and so on. Performance of folk songs is not only a nation's feelings and still learning, so have their own unique scale and exotic style.）

历史诗：叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的古代叙事长诗。多以古代英雄歌谣为基础，经集体编创而成，反映人类童年时期的具有重大意义的历史事件或者神话传说。它运用艺术虚构手法，塑造著名英雄形象，结构宏大，充满着幻想和神奇的色彩。（History of poetry: The Legend of Heroes or describes major historical events of ancient narrative shi. Most of the ancient heroes songs based on a provision from the collective, human childhood reflect the significant historical events or myths and legends. It means using the arts fiction, heroic image of well-known shape, structure ambitious, full of fantasy and magic of color.）

英国文学史名词解释

英国文学史名词解释1、Romanticism:浪漫主义An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.English literary romanticism is from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.2、Byronic hero: 拜伦式英雄an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Byron:＊an exile流亡者, an outcast流浪者or an outlaw 歹徒＊being cynical愤世嫉俗的, rebellious反抗的, lonely＊against government, religion or moral values singly逐一地＊being passionate热情的, energetic积极的, talented多才的3、ottava rima ：Italian stanza form established by Boccaccio,An eight-line stanza of poetry in iambic pentameter (a five-foot line in which each foot consists of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable), following the abababcc rhyme scheme.4、Critical realism:批判现实主义English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The representative realists of the time were Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, Mrs. Gaskell, etc.The critical realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling class, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.5、Dramatic monologue：戏剧独白a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ‘audience’of one or mor e persons. Such poems reveal not the poet ‘s own thoughts; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric，while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson，Browning and T. S. Eliot.6、Aestheticism：美学主义the doctrine that regards beauty as an end in itself, and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination to moral, didactic, or political purposes. The term is often used synonymously with the Aesthetic Movement, a literary and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against vulgar bourgeois values of practical efficiency and morality.7、Naturalism:自然主义A literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions,heredity遗传and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.8、Modernism:现代主义A general term applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century. It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory ofpsycho-analysis as its theoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base ofrealism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration etc. , which are essential to realism.9、Imagism:意象派A literary movement started by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of short lyrics, free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images. Greatly under the influence of Symbolism, and was initially led by Ezra Pound.10、Stream of Consciousness:意识流One of the modern literary techniques, which is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than plot, story themselves. It adopts the psycho-analytic approach in literary creation to explore the existence of sub-conscious and un-conscious elements in the mind. And it neglects totally “fetters of grammar, syntax, and logic”。

英国文学名词术语解释(已整理版)

Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets.Allegory Allegories are typically used as literary devices or rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey.Epic(史诗)An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.简史P39Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters.[1] It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century"[2] and Paul Fussell has estimated that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."[3]Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare. Blank verse, of varying degrees of regularity, has been used quite frequently throughout the 20th century in original verse and in translations of narrative verse.Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser.Metaphysical poetry（玄学诗） a derogatory term invented by John Dryden(1631-1700 ) and later adopted by Samuel Johnson(1709-1784) describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits,incongruous imagery,complexity of thought,frequent use of paradox,and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.The main themes of metaphysical poets are love,death,and religion.According to them,all things in the universe, no matter how dissimilar they are to each other,are closely unified in God.The chief representative of this school was John Donne.Byronic belonging to or derived from Lord Byron(1788-1824)or his works. The Byronic hero is a character-type found in his celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812-18),his verse drama Manfred(1817),and other works:he is a boldly defiant butbitterly self –tormenting outcast,proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights(1847)is a later example.Heroic couplet a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter lines:Let Observation with extensive ViewSurvey Mankind, from China to Peru (Johnson)Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century,the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century,notably in the couplets of Pope,before declining in importance in the early 19th century.Soliloquy a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone).The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience,either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. Soliloquies often appear in plays from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. A poem supposedly uttered by a solitary speaker,like Robert Browning’s‘Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister’(1842),may also be called a soliloquy. Soliloquy is a form of monologue,but a monologue is not a soliloquy if (as in the dramatic monologue) the speaker is not alone.简史P39 Sonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length:iambic pentameters in English,alexandrines in French,hendecasyllables in ltalian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.①The Italian sonnet②The English sonnetSpenserian stanza （宾塞诗体）an English poetic stanza of nine iambic lines, the first eight being pentameters while the ninth is a longer line known either as an iambic hexameter or as an alexandrine.The rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. The stanza is named after Edmund Spenser,who invented it------probably on the basis of the ottava rima stanza-----for his long allegorical romance The Faerie Queene (1590-6). It was revived successfully by the younger English Romantic poets of the early 19th century: Byron used it for Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812,1816), Keats for‘The Eve of St Agnes’(1820),and Shelley for The Revolt of Islam (1818)and Adonais (1821).Lake poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey became known as the Lake Poets, because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. According to the critics, such as, Francis Jeffrey, Thomas De Quincey, the Lake Poets shared only friendship and brief periods of collaboration, not similar philosophies or poetic styles.Wordsworth used his imaginative powers to idealize nature, Coleridge explored the philosophical aspects of poetry,Southey's Romantic efforts centered on travel and adventure.Stream of Consciousness(意识流)Stream of Consciousness(意识流) ：Stream of consciousness, which presents the thoughts of a character in the random, seemingly unorganized fashion in which the thinking process occurs, has the following characteristics. First, it reveals the action or plot through the mental processes of the characters rather than through the commentary of an omniscient author. Second, character development is achieved through revelation of extremely personal and often typical thought processes rather than through the creation of typical characters in typical circumstances. Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real, chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past events and drams of the future. Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and commentary with dramatic interior monologue and free association.Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Critical realism is one of the literary genres thatflourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical realism.Classicism（古典主义）: A movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that while Romanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline.Romanticism(浪漫主义) The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,the Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice”and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.Aestheticism( 美学主义) The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.Neoclassicism The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It was, at least in part, the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which had blazed in the late Renaissance, especially in the metaphysical poetry. It found itsartistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as V oltaire and Diderot. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.Such elegant styles were found in almost all the writings of the period, especially in those of John Dryden, Alexander Pope，Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon , the man who wrote the famous history The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(1776―1788) , and other neoclassicist writers. They were careful imitators. Their approach was thoroughly professional. Their works, mostly refined and perfect, are conscientious craftsmanship and often highly didactic. Neoclassical poetry , as represented by Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, reached its stylistic perfection during the period, although to the modem readers it seems to lack in imagination and energy. The neoclassical poetry is one of the most significant phenomena in the literature of the age, to which it has given its name.Naturalism（自然主义）: it first appeared in France, there naturalists including Zola turned especially to “slum life”, in England flourished in the 2nd half of 19th century; naturalists argued that literature reflect life, be “true to life”, writer must reproduce in his writings life exactly as it is, (including all details without any selection), theory of “a slice of life”; However, a fallacy, for impossible to include all the details in real life; only give the appearance of life but not its essence. In England, two outstanding writers in the last decades: George Gissing, George Moore.Neo-Romanticism（新浪漫主义）: it appeared at the end of 19th century and represented by Robert Louis Stevenson; it protests against the ugly social reality of their day but taking no positive steps about it，in a sense another form of escapism; dissatisfied with the contemporary reality, but at best a mild dissatisfaction; tried to find interest or enjoyment out from sheer imagination and fancy by creating exciting events and romantic characters that can hardly exist in reality，indulge in the description of exciting adventures in distant lands to deal with the heroic, to lay emphasis on the complexity and sensationalism of the material, Treasure Island, the representative in this school.Modernism（现代主义）: Around the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It was a movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in English literature.They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.。

英国文学下名词解释

英国文学下名词解释英国文学是一个重要的文学流派，它涵盖了从中世纪到21世纪的大量文学作品。

它的特点是将传统的文学元素和新的思想融合在一起，多元文化融合成一个独特的文学文化。

英国文学下的名词解释包括：一、浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义是一种文学流派，它着重于个人情感和想象力。

浪漫主义以自然、传统文化和古老传说为主题，把人的情感和自然的美放在首位。

典型的浪漫主义作品有《失乐园》、《格列佛游记》等。

二、文艺复兴（Renaissance）：文艺复兴是一个文学思想的运动，它的特点是主张摆脱经受中世纪压迫的宗教仰，重视人的自由意志和人文主义思想。

它的典型代表作有《哥白尼原始纲要》、《莎士比亚戏剧》等。

三、古典主义（Classicism）：古典主义是一种文学流派，它强调传统文学的艺术价值，以及把文学作品和艺术结合在一起。

古典主义文学作品着重结构完整、内容严谨、文字精致，典型的古典主义作品有《阿瑟王》、《费尔南多与玛丽亚》等。

四、海明主义（Hemingwayism）：海明主义是一种文学流派，它的特点是简洁、精准、讽刺、抒情，着重于展示现实世界的真实面貌。

海明的代表作有《老人与海》、《猎人》等。

英国文学的多样性反映了英国文化的发展和多元文化的融合，这种多样性使英国文学在世界文学史上占有重要地位。

浪漫主义、文艺复兴、古典主义和海明主义是英国文学发展史中重要的文学流派，它们都给英国文学提供了新的思想，使英国文学不断发展壮大。

浪漫主义以自然和传统文化为主题，着重于情感和想象力，是一种表现个人内心世界的文学流派。

文艺复兴是一个文学思想运动，它强调人文主义思想，重视自由意志和人的尊严。

古典主义是一种文学流派，它着重于文学作品的艺术价值，追求文学作品的结构完整性和文字精致性。

海明主义是一种文学流派，它以简洁、精准、讽刺、抒情为特点，展示现实生活的真实面貌。

英国文学的多样性和文学流派的多元化，使英国文学在世界文学史上独树一帜，成为一种独特的文学文化。

英国文学主要名词解释

1. Enlightenment:a.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe inthe 18th century.进步的智力运动b.The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive classof bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。

通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具c.English enlighteners differed in some way from those of France “cleared the minds of men forthe coming revolution,” the English enlighteners set no revolutionary aims before them. They strove to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.英国和法国的资产阶级启蒙主义者观念上存在一定差异。

英国文学名词解释

英国文学名词解释
英国文学是指英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰地区的文学作品。

它的历史可以追溯到中世纪，经历了文艺复兴时期、启蒙时代、浪漫主义时期、维多利亚时代等不同的文学风格和时期。

英国文学的特点之一是其丰富多样的文学形式。

从中世纪的骑士传奇和中世纪诗歌到现代小说和诗歌，英国文学涵盖了各种各样的文学体裁。

其中一些最重要的文学体裁包括史诗、戏剧、诗歌、小说和散文。

这些不同的文学形式为英国文学带来了不同的风格和主题。

英国文学的另一个重要特点是其丰富多样的主题和风格。

从中世纪的宗教作品和史诗到现代小说和诗歌，英国文学涵盖了各种各样的主题。

它反映了社会、政治、宗教和文化变革的演变。

一些最常见的主题包括爱情、战争、自然、宗教、社会道德和个人发展。

不同的作家和时代也采用了不同的文学风格和技巧来表达这些主题。

英国文学的另一个重要方面是它的历史和文化意义。

通过阅读英国文学作品，我们可以了解英国历史的演变，了解英国社会和文化的发展。

英国文学作品中经常出现的历史事件、人物和地点也成为了文学研究和文化遗产的重要组成部分。

在英国文学中，有很多重要的作家和作品。

莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德、简·奥斯汀和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫都是英国文学史上的重要人物。

他们的作品不仅在英国有着广泛的影响力，也
对世界文学产生了重要的影响。

总之，英国文学是一个丰富多样的文学传统，它的作品涵盖了各种各样的文学形式、主题和风格。

通过阅读和研究英国文学作品，我们可以深入了解英国的历史、文化和文学发展。

(完整word版)英国文学_名词解释_【整理后】

1.epic 史诗：a long narrative poem，grand in style，about heroes and heroic deeds, embodyingheroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlinglydifferent things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem。

An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit，used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.。

3.Epiphany（顿悟)：a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seeminglytrivial incident4.Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-centurypoets who wrote in a similar style。

It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter，colloquial language, elaborate imagery，anda drawing together of dissimilar ideas 。

英国文学名词解释

定义1.文艺复兴Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.2.启蒙运动The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)3.浪漫主义Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind. In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.4.湖畔诗人The Lake Poets，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey。

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

英国文学名词解释

英国文学名词解释英国文学是指在英国境内产生的文学作品，包括散文、诗歌、戏剧等多种文学形式。

以下是一些与英国文学相关的名词解释：1. 莎士比亚戏剧（Shakespearean Drama）：指威廉·莎士比亚所创作的戏剧作品，包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

2. 简·奥斯汀小说（Jane Austen Novels）：指英国女作家简·奥斯汀所写的一系列小说，主要描写中上层社会的生活，包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。

3. 浪漫主义（Romanticism）：指18世纪末至19世纪初的一种文艺运动，强调情感、个人主义和自然之美，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治等。

4. 维多利亚时期文学（Victorian Literature）：指19世纪中后期的英国文学，以女王维多利亚统治时期为背景，作品内容反映了社会变革和道德观念的转变，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特等。

5. 符号主义（Symbolism）：指19世纪末20世纪初的一种文学流派，强调象征和隐喻的运用，代表作家有奥斯卡·王尔德、D·H·劳伦斯等。

6. 现代主义（Modernism）：指20世纪初的一种思潮和文学流派，以对现代社会的批判和对传统形式的挑战为特点，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯等。

7. 女性主义文学（Feminist Literature）：指关注女性经验和性别平等的文学作品，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、玛格丽特·阿特伍德等。

8. 后现代主义（Postmodernism）：指二战后出现的一种思潮和文学流派，强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的游戏性，代表作家有萨缪尔·贝克特、艾里奥·卡尔维诺等。

9. 科幻文学（Science Fiction）：指描写未来社会和科技发展的文学作品，代表作家有霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特、艾萨克·阿西莫夫等。

(完整word版)英国文学最全名词解释

名词解释1、Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound。

It usually have a caesura in the middle and two stresses (or accents） in each half. The number of unstressed syllables in the two halves may vary。

Yet，the same consonant is repeated at the beginning of the accented syllables， either twice in the first half of the verse line and once in the second half, or vice versa. Or we can say there are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration， and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. Alliteration makes Anglo—Saxon poetry very musical in sound and acts almost the same part that rhyme plays in later poetry。

英国文学名词解释(整理版)

Noun ExplanationAllegory:A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. Antagonist:A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.Antithesis:(a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.Aside:In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.Ballad:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style ofthe folk ballad.Biography:A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. Blank verse:Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Classicism:A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.Climax:The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.Comedy:in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society. Conceit:A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.Conflict:A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a shortstory, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.Couplet:Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhymed. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.Critical Realism:The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.Dramatic monologue:A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.Elegy:A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone. Enlightenment:With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The ego goes inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of thepeople.Epic:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Essay:A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view.Free Verse:Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.Hyperbole:A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement, for special effect.Iamb抑扬格:It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter:A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Irony:A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.Three kinds of irony are(1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says one thing and means something entirely different;(2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know;(3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.Lyric:A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.Morality play:An outgrowth of miracle plays. Morality plays were popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In them, virtues and vices were personified.Myth:A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals, that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world. Myths make it possible for people to understand and deal with things that they cannot control and often cannot see. A body of related myths that is accepted by a people is known as its mythology. A mythology tells a people what it is most concerned about.Narrator:One who narrates, or tells, a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.Naturalism:An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depictthe sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity. Neoclassicism:A revival in the 17th agogo of order, balance, and harmony in literature.Ode:A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Pathos:The quality in a work of literature or art that arouses the reader’s feelings of pity, sorrow, or compassion for a character. The term is usually used to refer to situations in which innocent characters suffer through no fault of their own.Poetry:The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.Protagonist:The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something.Renaissance:The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek andRoman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.Romance:Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Satire:A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter. Song:A short lyric poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music. In expresses a simple but intense emotion.Sonnet:A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Spenserian stanza:A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine. Stanza:It’s a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and thyme.Canto:A section or division of a long poem. The cantos can be a great lyric/poemStream of consciousnes s: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or“interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.Wit:A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with a cleverness of expression. In the 18th century, wit and nature were related-nature provided the rules of the universe; wit allowed these rules to be interpreted and expressed.。

(完整word版)英国文学名词解释

1.(1) Modernism （现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fic tion represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism。

It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。

Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity。

Realism现实主义： An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings。

（1） First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful， accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world。

British Literature英国文学名词解释,整理背诵

British Literature英国文学名词解释，背诵第一章：Old and Medieval British Literature(中古时期英国文学)Alliteration (头韵): It is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. In 0ld English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.Ваllаd (民谣): It is a relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza. Incremental repetition repeats one or more lines with small but significant variations that advance the action. The ballad stanza has four lines; commonly, the first and third lines contain four feet or accents, the second and fourth lines contain three feet. Ballads often open abruptly, present brief description and use concise dialogue.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): 1) The Old English period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror. 2)Only after they had been converted to Christianity in the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.Consonance (假韵): It refers to the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words. Sometimes the term refers to the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. Sometimes the term is used for slant rhyme (or partial rhyme)in which initial and final consonants are the same but the vowels different: litter/ letter , green/groan.Couplet (两行诗): It refers to the two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic r pentameter couplet.Epic (史诗): Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes,Imagery (意象) : Words or phrases that create pictures or images in the readers‘mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.Kenning (隐喻表达法): In old English poetry, an elaborate phrase that descries persons, thing or events in a metaphorical and indirect way.Legend (传奇): A song or narrative handed down from the past. Legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain.Ottava Rima ( 八行体): A form of eight-line stanza, the rhyme scheme is abababcc.Romance (罗曼史/骑士文学): Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) is the best of medieval romances. John Keats‘The Eve of St. Agnes (圣爱格尼斯节前夕) is one of the greatest metrical romances ever written.Simile (明喻): A comparison made between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as, than or resemble, and the comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.Understatement (含蓄): It is a figure of speech in literature writing. It deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect usually is ironic.Middle English period: The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary language had become recognizably modern English, that is, similar to the language we speak and write today.Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.第二章：British Literature of the Renaissance Period （文艺复兴时期英国文学）Allegory (寓言): A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings: a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Aphorism (格言): A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.Blank verse (无韵体诗): Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetries, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.Comedy (喜剧): In general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy ,amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.Essay (散文): A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point of view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are: the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the readers about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tune. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style and serious in tone.Foreshadowing (预兆): The use of hints or clues in a narrative lo suggest what will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for the ending of the story.Humanism ( 人文主义): Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life , but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Paradox(似非而是): A statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true.Morality Play (道德剧) : An outgrowth of Miracle Plays. Morality Play was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In it, virtues and vices were personified.Meter (格律) : A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry. The analysis of the meter is called scansion.Miracle Play (奇迹剧) : A popular religious drama of medieval England. Miracle Plays were based on stories of the saints or sacred history.Narrative poem (叙述诗): A Narrative poem refers w a poem that tells a story. It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer's The Iliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton's Paradise Lost.Pastoral (牧歌): A type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life. Two pastoral poems are Christopher Marlow's The Passionate Shepherd to His Lover and Sir Walter Raleigh's The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd.Ralegh’s poem might be called anti-pastoral because of its realistic tone.Poetry (诗歌): The most distinctive characteristics of poetry are form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.Quatrain (四行诗): Usually a stanza or poem of four lines. A quatrain can also be any group of four lines unified by a rhyme scheme. Quatrains usually follow an abab, abba or abcb rhyme scheme.Renaissance (文艺复兴): The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The real mainstream of English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Soliloquy (独白): In drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone on stage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.Sonnet (十四行诗): A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节):A nine-line stanza with the flowing rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.Stanza (诗节):It’s a structural divi sion of a poem, consisting of a series of verse line which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.Terza rima (三行体): An Italian verse form consisting of a series of thee-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza.Tragedy (悲剧): In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.Trochee (抑扬格):A metrical foot used in formal poetry. It consists of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one.University Wits (大学才子):University Wits refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from cither Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called" University Wis". Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, Jhon Lyly and Christopher Marlowe were among them. They paved the way, to some extent, for the coming of Shakespeare.Utopia (乌托邦): It is written in a conversation form between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. The second book describes in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia.Francis Bacon: Francis Bacon (1561-1626), was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. His essays are famous for its brief and wise quotations and the most widely-read works are his essays “Of Studies”, “Of Truth” and “Of Death”.第三章：The 17th Century -The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期)Assonance (押韵): The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.Carpe Diem (及时行乐):A tradition dating back to classical Greek and Latin poetry and particularly popular among English Cavalier poets. Carpe Diem means literally “seize the day”, that is, “live for today”.Didactic literature (教诲文学):Didactic literature is said to be didactic if it deliberately teaches some moral lessons. The use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifications.Elegy (挽歌): A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.Genre (体裁):A literary species or form, e. g·, tragedy, epic, comedy, novel, essay, biography and lyric poem.Metaphor (暗喻): A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resemble in making the comparison.Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) : The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing-together of dissimilar ideas.Conceit (奇想): Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor; a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne's poetry.Paradise Lost: Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poetJohn Milton:The poem concerns the Christian story of “the Fall of Man”: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to " justify the ways of God to men and elucidate the conflict between God's eternal foresight and free will.blank verse: Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter (as used in Shakespearean plays). The first known use of blank verse in the English language was by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse, and also established it as the dominant verse form for English drama in the age of Elizabeth I and James I. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and Milton, whose Paradise Lost was written in blank verse.第四章: The 18th Century- -The Age of Enlightenment in England (18世纪英国启蒙运动阶段)Aside (旁白): In drama, line spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.Classicism (古典主义运动): A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and the places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its once for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.Enlightenment Movement (启蒙运动):Enlightenment is an intellectual movement that originates in Europe and comes to America in the 18th century. It stresses the power of human reason, the importance of methods and discoveries instead of God. Its purpose is to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrates reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocates universal education.Denouement (结局): The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.Epistolary novel (书信体小说): An epistolary novel is a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clipping and other documents are sometimes used. The epistolary novel's reliance on subjective points of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.Farce (闹剧):A type of comedy based on a ridiculous situation, often with stereotyped characters. The humor in a farce is largely slapstick--that is, it often involves crude physical action. The characters in a farce are often the butts of practical jokes.Fiction (小说) : Prose narrative based on imagination, usually a novel or a short story.Gothic Romance (哥特小说): A type of novel that flourished in the lat-18th and early-19th century in England. Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles.The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌): The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentations or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes. Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Witten in a Country Churchyard is his most representative work.Mock epic (讽刺史诗): A comic literary form that treats a trivial subject in the grand, heroic style of the epic. A mock epic is also referred to as a mock heroic poem.Neoclassicism (新古典主义): A revival in the 17th and 18th centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neoclassical school.Novel (小说): A book-length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot.Pre-romanticism (前浪漫主义): It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic Novel”. The term arose from t he fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.Refrain (叠句): A word phrase, line or group of lines repeated regularly in a poem, usually at the end of each stanza. Refrains are often used in ballads and narrative poems to create a songlike rhythm and to help build suspense. Refrains can also serve to emphasize a particular idea.Satire (讽刺): A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrong doings of individuals, groups, intuitions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the readers to see their points of view through the force of laughter.Sentimentalism (感伤主义): Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. It is a pejorative term to describe false orsuperficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. In literature, it denotes " pathetic indulgence”.Theme (主题): The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work. All the elements of a literary work- plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language---contribute to the development of its theme.English Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century in England, there sprang into life a progressive intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The enlighteners held the common faith in human rationality, eternal justice and natural equality. The great enlighteners in Britain were those great writers like Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson.British neoclassicism: In English literature, the stylistic trend between the Restoration and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century is referred to as neoclassicism. The term " neoclassicism” is derived from the convictions of the leading poet-critics of the age that literary theory and practice should follow the models established by Greek and Latin writers. These critics held that writers should emphasize types rather than individual characteristics; adhere to " nature " by aspiring to order and regularity; and strictly observe the unities of time, place, and action in dramatic composition. Major British neoclassicists are John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson."A Modest Proposal":"A Modest Proposal" is a famous satire written by Jonathan Swift. Assuming the cool tone of an impartial outsider, the author suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles, Written with much conciseness and terseness, the " proposal" is by far the most consummate artistic expression of Swift’s indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class.Picaresque novel: 1) Derived from the Spanish word picara, meaning " rogue" or " rascal”, the term generally refers to a basically realistic and often satiric work of fiction chronicling the career of an engaging, lower-class rogue-hero, who takes to the road for a series of loose, episodic adventures, sometimes in the company of a sidekick. 2) Well-known examples of the picaresque novel are Cervantes Don Quixote (1605) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749).第五章The Age of Romanticism (浪漫主义时期的英国文学)Byronic hero (拜伦式的英雄) :Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Canto (篇/章): A section or division of a long poem. In English poetry , Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock (《夺发记》)and Byron's Don Juan (《唐璜》) are divided into cantos.Fable (寓言): A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters. It illustrates a moral.Lake Poets (湖畔派诗人); Romantic poets such poets as Willian Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District came to be known as the Lake School or Lake poets.Lyric (抒情诗): Lyric is a poem, usually a short one, which expresses a speaker’s personal thought and feelings. The elegy, ode, and Bonnet are all forms of the lyric.Ode (颂歌) : Usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern. The ode often praises people, the arts of music and poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts, The Romantic poets used the ode to explore either personal or general problems; they often started with a meditation on something in nature ,as Keats' Ode to a Nightingale or Shelley's Ode to the West Wind.Romanticism (浪漫主义): A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry.tercet: Tercet refers to a unit of three verse lines, usually rhyming either with each other or with neighboring lines and three-line stanzas of terza rima and of the villanelle are known as tercets.Charles Lamb: Charles Lamb (1775- -1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and children's book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced with his sister, Mary Lamb. Lamb has been referred to as the most lovable figure in English literature, and his influence on the English essay form surely cannot be overestimated.第六章The Victorian Period- English Critical Realism (维多利亚时期英国批判现实主义文学)Allusion (暗指/典故): A reference to a person, a pace, an event or a literary work that a writer expects the readers to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature or religion.Antagonist (反面人物): A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.Character (角色):In appreciating a short story, characters are indispensable elements. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.Critical Realism (批判现实主义): The Critical Realism of the I9h century flourished in the 1840s and in the beginning of the 1850s. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find way to eradicate social evils. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Dramatic Monologue (戏剧独白): A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker's personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem. Robert Browning's My Last Duchess is a typical example.Flashback (倒叙): A scene in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem that interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.Narration (叙述) : Like description, narration is a part of conversation and writing. Narration is the major technique used in expository writing, such as autobiography Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection from observation and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological. Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur.Narrator (陈述者) : One who narrates or tells a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. Narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.Psychological Novel (心里小说):It refers to a kind of novels that dwell on a complex psychological development and present much of the narration through the inner workings of a character's mind. Thackeray's characterization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.Point of view (叙述角度): The perspective from which the story is told. The most obvious point of view is probably the first person or "I". The omniscient narrator knows everything, may reveal the motivations, thoughts and feelings of the characters, and gives the reader information. With a limited omniscient narrator, the material is presented from the point of view of a character, in the third person. The objective point of view presents the action and the characters' speech, without comment or emotion. The reader has to interpret them and uncover their meanings. A narrator may be trustworthy or untrustworthy, involved or uninvolved.Plot (情节): Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. It is the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem. For the readers, the plot is the underlying patter in a work of fiction, the structural element that gives it unity and order. For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. Conflict, a struggle of some kind, is the most important element of plot.Protagonist (正面人物): It refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal in accomplishing his or her objectives.Bildungsroman (成长小说): Bildungsroman defines a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood, and in which characters' change is thus extremely important. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity. Charles Dickens' David Copperfield is a classic Bildungsroman.Victorian period: 1) Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. 2) In this period, class struggle was very tense. As a result, a new literary trend- critical realism appeared. The criticism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. The Victorian age also produced a host of great prose writers. The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. 3) Victorian literature as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life and thought.第七章：The 20th Century British Literature (20世纪英国文学)Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement (唯美主义): It began to prevail in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The theory of " art for art's sake" was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.Black comedy or Black humor (黑色幽默): It is mostly employed to describe baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco call a" tragic fare”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.。

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)(K12教育文档)

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名词解释1.Epic(史诗）(appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action， often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition。

A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer's Iliad& Odyssey。

It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes。

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