英语语言学实用教程课件U1

(lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) e.g. weak/ness-es ➢ root/affix morpheme e.g. weak/ness
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Task
➢ What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?
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Syntactic units
➢ Hierarchical system: ➢ (morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—
sentence
➢ e.g. I met Tom. ➢ a (handsome American young) man ➢ a (handsome American young) man who
➢ For the morpheme of "plural meaning" in English:
map-maps /s/, dog-dogs /z/,
watch-watches /iz/, mouse-mice /ai/,
ox-oxen /n/, tooth-teeth /i:/, sheep-sheep /Ø/
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4.3 English clauses and sentences
➢ A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predication structure. A simple sentence is a clause. Alternatively:
weaknesses
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Morphemic analysis
weaknesses
weakness
-es
weak
-ness
•
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Practice:
➢Analyze the word: unwomanliness
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Classification:
➢ free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness ➢ derivational/inflectional morpheme
➢ / :/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded
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Major contents
4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English
and those that are lexical words in the following
short paragraph. What’s the percentage of
function words?
➢ What does it mean to be fat? And, moreover, what does it mean to be a woman who is fat? In the United States, the word “fat” is not merely descriptive; it has a negative connotation. Women are pressured to be thin and young looking at every age, and those who do not fit this definition of normal, are, for the most part, marginalized. (67 words)
Word formation in English
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➢ Practice: Point out the devices of word formation for
each of the following:
smog, enthuse, tec, PLO, hospitalize, plane (v.) nylon
➢ Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses. e.g.
(1) a traditional festival (2) freezing cold (3) in the next century
linguistic form
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Classification
simple
sentence
complex
non-simple compound
compound complex
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interrogative
indicative
sentence
declarative
jussive (order-giving)
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Root and stem
➢ The stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be attached. e.g. lived, shortened, weaknesses, landlords
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➢ Morphology [ 形 态 学 ] is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
Morphology falls into two categories: ➢ inflectional morphology (study of inflections) ➢ lexical/derivational morphology (study of word
➢ superordinate/main/matrix clause ➢ subordinate clause
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English sentences
➢ a. Definition: ➢ Semantically, the minimal form that
expresses a complete thought ➢ Formally, not included in any larger
(3) Do you know where I come from?
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➢ A clause may be finite or non-finite. In the latter case, the subject of the predicate is implicit but inferable from the sentence containing the clause, such as an infinite clause, a –ing or –ed participle clause.
formation).
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4.1 English morphemes
➢ The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical.
➢ Ask: How many morphemes does the following word contain?
➢ Affix morphemes: prefix; infix; suffix
➢ Example of infix: foot-feet goose-geese BUT: It 's controversial.
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Discuss
P. 53 No. 1, 2
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Compound
➢A word composed of two or more free root morphemes is a compound.
imperative
optative (wish-expre百度文库sing)
exclamatory
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Discuss
➢ PP. 56-57 No. 7
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4.4 Collocations, idioms, chunks, and constructions
➢ Some phrases, for various reasons, are more or less tight collocations (like “a handsome car”, “a pretty girl”) or closed idioms (like “in the end” and “leave off”).
➢ pro-forms: Your pen is here (pro-adjective); He knows better than I do (pro-verb); I hope so(pro-ad); He's here, behind the tree. (prolocative)
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English phrases
always spoke a very heavy dialect.
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Classification of English words
➢ grammatical words (function words/form words/ functors)
➢ lexical words
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Practice: Identify those that are function words
Lecture 4 The units of English
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Review
Describe the following sounds:
➢ /f/
➢ /i/
➢ / :/
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➢ [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
➢ /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
➢ A stem-formative is the morpheme that serves to create stems. e.g. biology, thermometer
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Discuss
PP. 53-54 No. 3
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4.2 English words
➢Presentation session
c.f. bookcase -- friendship
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Allomorph
➢ A set of allomorphs, e.g. in-, im-, il- ir-, are the variants (different realizations) of a morpheme, in- in this case. They have the same meaning and are in complementary distribution.
➢ A clause is a group of words that has its own subject and predicate but is included in a sentence. e.g.
(1) I want to know why.
(2) Having an influential father is often advantageous.
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➢ closed-class words -- open-class words
New members of word class:
➢ particles: pass by; make up; to do; not
➢ auxiliaries: I don't do it; is he coming? he has gone.
(a) the government’s policies (b) the latest news (c) two frightened cows
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Root, affix
➢ Root: the part expressing the basic meaning of a word. It can be free or bound. c.f. brotherly—receive