翻译 - 副本

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《鸿门宴》翻译与鉴赏 - 副本

公元前二O六年十月，刘邦入关，降秦王子婴，还军霸上；十二月项羽破关而入，刘、项在鸿门会面，双方斗争开始。

不久，项羽以盟主身份召开戏下（今陕西临潼东）之会，封十八人为诸侯王。

自封为西楚霸王，都彭城（今江苏徐州），刘邦为汉王，都南郑（今陕西省南境）。

刘邦到南郑后，积极准备反攻。

先夺取关中三秦之地作为根据地，然后出兵东向，进攻项羽，曾多次被项羽打败。

到公元前二O三年秋，得到韩信的帮助，才形成足以跟项羽抗衡的力量；项羽乃与刘邦约定：“中分天下，割鸿沟以西为汉，以东为楚。

”定约后，项羽东归，刘邦也准备西归。

这时张良、陈平向刘邦提出建议，趁此时机消灭项羽。

后在韩信、彭越帮助下，围项羽于垓下（今安徽灵壁南）。

项羽兵败突围，至乌江（今安徽和县东北）自刎。

宴前[第一段] 原文：沛公军【于】霸上，未得与项羽相见。

[翻译]沛公（在）霸上驻军，没有能够和项羽相见。

[讲解]军：名词活用为动词，驻军。

这个句子既是省略句，又是状语后置句。

鉴赏：课文节选自这里开始，这为下文的曹无伤叛变张本。

原文：沛公左司马曹无伤使人言于项羽曰：“沛公欲王【于】关中，使子婴为相，珍宝尽有之。

”翻译：沛公的左司马曹无伤派人对项羽说：“沛公想（在）关中称王，让子婴担任宰相，占有全部珍宝。

”讲解：“王”应该读作wàng，名词活用为动词，意思是“称王”。

其后省略了介词“于”，与后面的“关中”形成介宾短语，在句子中作状语。

这个句子既是省略句，又是状语后置句。

“之”为助词，用在动词后，补足音节。

鉴赏：曹无伤叛变为整个事件的导火索，然而，如果有了这一段，曹无伤的叛变就只能是“给导火索上浇上了油”了。

原文：项羽大怒曰：“旦日飨士卒，为（吾）击破沛公军! ”翻译：项羽非常愤怒，说道：“明天一早犒劳士兵，为（我）打败刘邦的军队！”讲解：“为”： wèi，“替”。

“为”，其后省略了宾语“我”。

鉴赏：“大”字用得非常精采。

活脱写出性情暴躁的项羽！原文：当是时，项羽兵四十万，在新丰鸿门；沛公兵十万，在霸上。

商务英语翻译第9章商务缩略语的翻译

•
1． E-mail(电子邮件)—Electronic mail
•
2． P.O. Box (邮政信箱) —Post Office Box
•
3. G.A. clause(共同海损条约)—General Average Clause
• 4. 取合成词的前部，如：
•
1. mobile (移动电话)—mobile phone
一翻译示例
• 21. S. B. (Saving Bank) 储蓄银行 • 22. W/M (Weight or Measurement) 重量或体积 • 23. W. P. A. ( With Particular Average) 水滞险 • 24. WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织 • 25. SDR (Special Drawing Rights) 特别提款权
?虽然华盛顿目前避免对此议题表态但美国最后是希望亚太经合组织成为一个将太平洋边缘国家团结在一起的机制有如北美自由贸易区一般的大家庭第二节翻译技巧?三三
第九章
商务缩略语的翻译
一翻译示例
• 1.B/L (Bill of Lading) 提单 • 2.BD（Bank Draft）银行汇票 • 3.L/C（Letter of Credit）信用证 • 4.FOB (Free on Board) 离岸价 • 5.R. M. (Ready Money) 备用金 • 6.BE（Bill of Exchange）汇票 • 7.R. P. (Reply Paid) 回电费已附 • 8.SA (Shipping Advice) 装船通知 • 9.G. A. (General Average) 共同海损 • 10. WWT( World Wide Trading) 环球贸易

公司名称的翻译 - 副本

2 从用词习惯入手 (1)Company 和Corporation的使用可能有国别之分。英国大多数企业选用Company 英国公司法 Company Law 美国大多数企业选用Corporation 美国公司法 Corporation Law 日本的企业大多偏爱Company Shsuanghai Mitsubishi Elevator Co.,Ltd. 上海三菱电梯有限公司中国的大多数企业偏爱Corporation （2）特定的行业也可能会有自己用词的习惯，久而久之就成了行规。保险公司 Insurance Company 公共汽车公司 Bus Company
通用信号公司 General American Transportation Corp. 美国运输总公司
4.轻言习惯的问题轻言习惯的问题
特定的企业会有自己用词的习惯，久而久之便成了行规，特定的企业会有自己用词的习惯，久而久之便成了行规，最典型的是‘保险公司无论哪个国家，也无论规模大小，保险公司’，典型的是保险公司，无论哪个国家，也无论规模大小，都叫 ‘insurance company’，‘保险公司并非都叫保险公司’并非都叫，保险公司并非都叫insurance company Export Payments Insurance Corporation 出口支讨保险公司（澳） Federal Savings and Loan insurance Corporation 联郭储蓄贷款保险公司（美〕 ‘‘保险公司”中的“保险”二字也不止一说， ‘‘保险公司”中的“保险”二字也不止insurance一说，例: 保险公司一说 Development underwriting Ltd. 开发保险公司发险 American International Assurance Co. ltd 美国国际保险司际险

book-2-第二册module-6课文翻译 - 副本

26.鲨鱼 19.争论
20.频道 27.部分；节
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Martial arts films are often enjoyable but they are seldom great art. Now, to everyone’s surprise, AngLee, director of a number of excellent films, has made a martial arts film called Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. The result is a masterpiece. The film belongs to a type of Chinese story called wuxia. These stories tell of nineteenthcentury martial arts masters with unusual abilities. Wuxia films are popular in China, and they are now popular in the west too.
Films like this rarely reach the cinema. Go and see Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. It will make your heart leap with excitement at its beauty.
Steven Spielberg---Film Director Ask a young person in the street who the greatest American film director is, and you may get the answer Steven Spielberg. He has certainly made more successful films than any other director in the West. Spielberg was born in the state of Ohio, America, in 1946. He showed that he had unusual abilities when he was very young, completing his first 15-minute home movie at the age of 13. When he was 16 he made a 135-minute home movie called Firelight. This was shown at a local cinema and made $100.

信用证(样本翻译) - 副本 (2)

信用证SEQUENCE OF TOTAL * 27 1 / 1FORM OF DOC. CREDIT * 40 A IRREVOCABLEDOC. CREDIT NUMBER * 20 0011LC123756DATE OF ISSUE 31 C 010320DATE/PLACE EXP. * 31 D DATE 010515 PLACE CHINAAPPLICANT * 50 NEO GENERAL TRADING CO.P.O. BOX 99552, RIYADH 22766, KSATEL: 00966-1-4659220 FAX: 00966-1-4659213 BENEFICIARY * 59 DESUN TRADING CO., LTD.HUARONG MANSION RM2901 NO.85 GUANJIAQIAO,NANJING 210005, CHINATEL: 0086-25-4715004 FAX: 0086-25-4711363AMOUNT * 32 B CURRENCY USD AMOUNT 13260,AVAILABLE WITH/BY * 41 D ANY（prime）BANK IN CHINA,BY NEGOTIATIONDRAFTS AT ... 42 C SIGHTDRAWEE 42 A RJHISARI*ALRAJHI BANKING AND INVESTMENT*CORPORATION*RIYADH*(HEAD OFFICE)PARTIAL SHIPMTS 43 P NOT ALLOWEDTRANSSHIPMENT 43 T NOT ALLOWEDLOADING ON BRD 44 ACHINA MAIN PORT, CHINADISTINATION PROT 44 B（FOR TRANSPORT TO ）DAMMAM PORT, SAUDI ARABIALATEST SHIPMENT 44 C 010430GOODS DESCRIPT. 45 AABOUT 1700 CARTONS CANNED MUSRHOOM PIECES &STEMS 24 TINS X 425 GRAMS NET WEIGHT (D.W. 227GRAMS) AT USD7.80 PER CARTON.ROSE BRAND.DOCS REQUIRED 46 ADOCUMENTS REQUIRED:DRAFTS ARE TO BE ACCOMPANIED BY THE FOLLOWINGDOCUMENTS IN ENGLISH , IN DUPLICATE, UNLESSOTHERWISE SPECIFIED:+ SIGNED COMMERCIAL INVOICE IN TRIPLICATE ORIGINALAND MUST SHOW BREAK DOWN OF THE AMOUNT ASFOLLOWS: FOB VALUE, FREIGHT CHARGES AND TOTALAMOUNT C AND F.+ FULL SET CLEAN ON BOARD BILL OF LADING MADE OUTTO THE ORDER OF AL RAJHI BANKING AND INVESTMENTCORP, MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID AND NOTIFYAPPLICANT, INDICATING THE FULL NAME, ADDRESS ANDTEL NO. OF THE CARRYING VESSEL'S AGENT AT THE PORTOF DISCHARGE.+ PACKING LIST IN ONE ORIGINAL PLUS 5 COPIES, ALL OFWHICH MUST BE MANUALLY SIGNED.+INSPECTION (HEALTH) CERTIFICATE FROM C.I.Q.(ENTRY-EXITINSPECTION AND QUARANTINE OF THE PEOOPLES REP.OF CHINA) STATINGGOODS ARE FIT FOR HUMAN BEING.+ CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINDULY CERTIFIED BY C.C.P.I.T.STATING THE NAME OF THE MANUFACTURERS OFPRODUCERSAND THAT GOODS EXPORTED ARE WHOLLY OF CHINESEORIGIN.+ THE PRODUCTION DATE OF THE GOODS NOT TO BEEARLIER THAN HALF MONTH AT TIME OF SHIPMENT.BENEFICIARY MUST CERTIFY THE SAME.+SHIPMENT TO BE EFFECTED BY CONTAINER AND BYREGULARE LINE. SHIPMENT COMPANY'S CERTIFICATE TOTHIS EFFECT SHOULD ACCOMPANY THE DOCUMENTS.AD. CONDITIONS 47 AADDITIONAL CONDITION:A DISCREPANCY FEE OF USD50.00 WILL BE IMPOSED ONEACH SET OFDOCUMENTS PRESENTED FOR NEGOTIATION UNDER THISL/C WITHDISCREPANCY. THE FEE WILL BE DEDUCTED FROM THEBILL AMOUNT.CHARGES 71 BALL CHARGES AND COMMISSIONS OUTSIDEKSA ON BENEFICIARIES' ACCOUNT INCLUDINGREIMBURSING,BANK COMMISSION, DISCREPANCY FEE (IF ANY) ANDCOURIER CHARGES.CONFIRMAT INSTR * 49 WITHOUTREIMBURS. BANK 53 D / /AL RAJHI BANKING AND INVESTMENT CORPRIYADH (HEAD OFFICE)INS PAYING BANK 78DOCUMENTS TO BE DESPATCHED IN ONE LOT BYCOURIER.ALL CORRESPONDENCE TO BE SENT TO ALRAJHI BANKINGAND INVESTMENTCOPRORATION RIYADH (HEAD OFFICE)SEND REC INFO 72 REIMBURSEMENT IS SUBJECT TOICC URR 525TRAILER ORDER IS <MAC:> <PAC:> <ENC:> <CHK:> <TNG:> <PDE:>MAC:E55927A4CHK:7B505952829AHOB:。

政府文件常用词汇英语翻译 - 副本

政府文件常用词汇英语翻译分享211工程 211 Project安居工程 housing project for low-income families安居小区 a neighborhood for low-income families保障妇女就业权利to guarantee women’s right to employment补发拖欠的离退休人员统筹项目内的养老金 All back pension entitlements have been paid for the retired covered by the overall government plan. 裁定保险赔偿 adjudication of benefits城镇居民最低生活保障 guarantee of subsistence allowances for urban residents在城镇强制推行以养老、失业、医疗为重点的社会保险 Social welfare insurance, particularly old-age, unemployment and medical insurance, must be made mandatory in urban areas.城镇社会保障体系the social security system in urban areas城镇职工基本医疗保险制度the basic medical insurance system for urban employees创新精神 be innovation-minded; to have a creative mind促进学生德、智、体、美全面发展 ensure that students improve in terms of their moral, intellectual and fitness level as well as in their appreciation of aesthetics大家庭 extended family大力推行个人助学信贷 Personal loans to finance education should be vigorously promoted.大专文凭 associate degree (conferred to junior college students)代培 training-on-contract program代培生 trainee on contract带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits待业人员 job seekers待遇优厚的工作 a well-paid job单亲家庭 single parent family定向培训 training for specific posts独生子女 the only child对保障方案进行精算评估 Security programs should undergo actuarial review.对口扶贫 provide poverty alleviation aid to the designated sister regions 恶性犯罪 major crimes反对迷信 be against superstition福利分房 buy a benefit-oriented apartment from the organization one works with复式住宅 compound apartment干部年轻化 rejuvenation of cadres岗位培训 on-job training高度重视精神文明建设 pay close attention to cultural and ethical progress搞好优生优育 promote good prenatal and postnatal care个人自愿计划 voluntary private plans工伤保险制度the on-job injury insurance system工资收入分配制度the wage and income distribution system关系国计民生的大事 matters vital to national well-being and the people's livelihood关心和支持残疾人事业 Programs to help the physically and mentally challenged deserve our care and support.关心老龄人 care for senior citizens.贵族学校 exclusive school（美）; select school（英）国企下岗职工基本生活保障 guarantee of basic cost of living allowances for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises过紧日子 tighten one’s belt过温饱生活 live a life at a subsistent level合理调整就业结构to rationally readjust the employment structure后勤服务社会化 make logistic services independent in their operation 积极发展民办教育 Efforts should be made to develop schools not operated by government education departments.基本养老金basic pensions计划生育责任制 responsibility system of family planning继续开展"扫黄打非"斗争 The fight against pornography, illegal publications and piracy shall be continued.加快住房分配货币化进程 capitalization process of housingdistribution/allocation加强计划生育工作 further improve family planning加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion家庭美德 family virtues坚持"两手抓、两手都要硬"的方针 adhere to the principle of "doing two jobs at once and attaching equal importance to each"坚持正确的舆论导向 maintain the correct orientation for public opinion 建立集体合同制度to establish a group contract system建立市场导向的就业机制to establish a market-oriented employment mechanism建立新型的劳动关系to establish a new type of labor relations建设廉洁、勤政、务实、高效政府 build a clean and diligent, pragmatic andefficient government建设一个富强、民主、文明的国家 build a prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced country教育程度 educational status; education received教育程度比率 educational attainment ratio戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center精算界 actuarial profession精算师 actuaries扩大就业和再就业to expand employment and reemployment劳动保障监察制度the labor security supervision system劳动标准体系labor standard system劳动争议处理体制the system of handling labor disputes面临困境 face adverse conditions努力稳定低生育水平 work to stabilize the low birth rate培养创新精神和实践能力 help them develop practical abilities and a spirit of innovation破案率 rate of solved criminal cases强制性普及方案 universally compulsory program切实减轻中小学生过重的课业负担 effectively reduce too heavy homework assignments for primary and secondary school students确保国有企业下岗职工基本生活费和离退休人员基本养老金按时足额发放to ensure that subsistence allowances for laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises and basic pensions for retirees are paid on time and in full 人口出生率 birth rate人口老龄化 aging of population人口增长的高峰期 baby boom人口增长与社会经济发展相协调 try to keep population growth in line with social and economic development人民生活水平 quality of life; the living standards认真贯彻实施中国妇女、儿童发展纲要 The programs for the development of work concerning women and children should be earnestly implemented.弱势群体disadvantaged groups扫除青壮年文盲 eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged people 伤残保险 disability insurance社会保障 social security社会保障"三条保障线"制度 social security system of "three guarantees" 社会福利制度the social welfare system社会公德 social morality社会互助制度the social mutual help system社会治安状况好转 see an improved law-and-order situation深入扎实地开展群众性精神文明创建活动 Extensive public participation activities are launched to promote cultural and ethical progress.生活待遇 material amenities生活费收入 income available for cost of living生活费用 cost of living; income maintenance; subsistence cost生育保险制度the childbirth insurance system失学儿童 dropouts失业保险 guarantee of unemployment insurance benefits失业保险 unemployment insurance失业保险制度the unemployment insurance system失业率 rate of unemployment实施积极促进就业的政策to implement the policy of vigorously increasing employment实现基本普及九年义务教育 The goal in the effort to make nine-year compulsory education basically universal has been attained.实现小康目标 attain the goal of ensuring our people a relatively comfortable life实行弹性大、灵活性强、多样化的就业形式to adopt elastic, flexible, diversified forms of employment实行计划生育、控制人口数量、提高人口素质 promote family planning and control the population size and improve the health of the people实行劳动合同制度to institute a labor contract system树立正确的价值观、世界观、人生观 help foster in the young the morally sound values and outlook on the world and life思想道德建设（思想政治工作） moral education among people提高部分优抚对象抚恤标准 Allowances for certain disabled service men and women and family members of revolutionary martyrs and service men and women have been increased.提高劳动者素质to enhance workers’ quality统筹兼顾城乡就业to make overall plans for urban and rural system推动就业服务向社区延伸，形成多层次的就业服务网络to encourage the formation of community-run agencies as a part of the multi-level employment service network推进素质教育 push ahead with education for all-around development推行职业资格证书制度to introduce a vocational qualification credentials system退休基金 pension fund脱贫 lift off poverty; cast off poverty完善和落实再就业优惠政策to improve and implement preferential reemployment完善失业保险制度to improve the unemployment insurance system文明城市 model city; culturally advanced city; city cited for high moral and cultural standards物业管理 estate management, property management消费价格总水平the general price level小家庭 nuclear family小康生活 enjoy a fairly comfortable life; be moderately better off新生儿死亡率 infant mortality rate; neonatal mortality rate行行出状元 Every profession produces its own leading authority.研究生毕业证/学位证 graduate diploma/graduate degree's diploma养老保险 retirement insurance养老保险制度the old-age insurance system医疗保险 medical insurance医疗保险制度the medical insurance system应试教育 examination-oriented education system优抚安置制度the special care and placement system优化就业结构to optimize employment structure有公德心 be civic-minded舆论导向 direction of public opinion舆论监督 supervision by public opinion预期寿命 life expectancy灾害救助制度the natural disaster relief system在职博士生 on-job doctorate招生就业指导 enrolment and vocation guidance争取实现高等教育大众化 work to make regular higher education accessible to the majority of young people政府主导计划 government-sponsored programs职业道德 ethics of profession中华人民共和国劳动法the Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China 中专生 secondary specialized or technical school student重视发展具有比较优势和市场潜力的劳动密集型企业to stress the development of labor-intensive enterprises with comparative advantages and market potential抓好农村和流动人口计划生育管理与服务 devote efforts to the management of family planning and related services in rural areas and among the floating population自然增长率 natural growth rate自学成才 self-taught and self-made person; become a qualified professional through self-taught way最低生活保障制度the minimum living standard security system。

人教版高一英语课文翻译副本

人教版高一英语课文翻译ging, nor 是有关do I like computers. I think that rock music is terrible. 不喜欢电脑，我认ike dancing and computers. I also like 安妮：你们好，我是安妮。

我16岁，我喜欢跳舞和电脑。

我也喜欢rock music. I hate hiking and I’m not /into/ classical music. I don’t 摇滚音乐。

我不喜徒步旅行，我对古典音乐无兴趣。

我不enjoy reading too much. 太喜欢读书。

STEVE：I’m 14 years old and I love skiing. Other favourite hobbies are 史蒂夫：我14岁，我喜欢滑雪。

其他的嗜好是reading and singing. I don’t like hiking. I think that rock music is 读书和唱歌。

我不喜欢徒步旅行。

我认为摇滚音乐too loud, and I think that football is boring. 太吵闹，并且我认为足球很惹人烦。

PETER：I’m from Australia. I’m 15 and I’m fond of singing. I sing a lot, 彼得：我来自澳大利亚，我15岁，我喜欢唱歌，我不停地唱歌。

and when I’m not singing, I listen to rock music or use my当我不唱歌的时候，我听摇滚音乐或玩computer. I don’t like football and I think that classical music 电脑。

我不喜欢足球，我认为古典音乐is terrible. I hate dancing！很糟糕，我不喜欢跳舞。

英语翻译和填空 - 副本

翻译:（一）李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。

老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。

老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。

李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。

Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him.He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma, otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. （二）出国留学热早在100年前，出国留学就被视为一种强国之策。

公司职位英文 (1) - 副本

Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer 计算机软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员Administrative Director 行政主管File Clerk 档案管理员Executive Assistant 行政助理Office Manager 办公室经理Executive Secretary 行政秘书Receptionist 接待员General Office Clerk 办公室文员Secretary 秘书Inventory Control Analyst 存货控制分析Staff Assistant 助理Mail Room Supervisor 信件中心管理员Stenographer 速记员Order Entry Clerk 订单输入文员Telephone Operator 电话操作员Shipping/Receiving Expediter 收发督导员Ticket Agent 票务代理Vice President of Administration 行政副总裁Typist 打字员Accounting Payable Clerk 应付帐款文员Accounting Assistant 会计助理Assistant Portfolio Manager 组合基金经理助理Accounting Manager 会计经理Accounts Receivable Clerk 应收帐款文员Accounting Clerk 会计文员Certified Public Accountant 注册会计师Senior Accountant 高级会计Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官Audit Manager 审计经理Collections Officer 收款负责人Actuarial Analyst 保险分析员Insurance Underwriter 保险承销商Auditor 审计师Bank Administrator 银行事务管理员Junior Accountant 初级会计Loan Administrator 贷款管理员Bank Treasurer 资金调拨Management Accountant 管理会计Billing Clerk 票据文员Mortgage Underwriter 抵抻保险员Billing Supervisor 票据管理员Payroll Manager 工资经理Bookkeeper 档案管理Staff Auditor 审计员Bookkeeping Clerk 档案管理助理Stock Broker 股票经纪人Budget Analyst 预算分析Tax Accountant 税务会计Credit Analyst 信用分析Tax Inspector 税务检查员Credit Manager 信用管理经理Vice-President of Administration and Finance 财务行政副总裁Financial Analyst 财务分析Vice-President of Finance 财务副总裁Financial Consultant 财务顾问Loan Servicer 贷款服务Financial Manager 财务经理Financial Planner 财务计划员Bank Clerk 银行出纳公司及部门英文标识总公司Head Office分公司Branch Office营业部Business Office人事部Personnel Department人力资源部Human Resources Department总务部General Affairs Department财务部General Accounting Department销售部Sales Department促销部Sales Promotion Department国际部International Department出口部Export Department进口部Import Department公共关系Public Relations Department广告部Advertising Department企划部Planning Department产品开发部Product Development Department研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室Secretarial Pool与销售有关的职称词汇翻译Vice-President of Sales 销售副总裁Senior Customer Manager 高级客户经理Sales Manager 销售经理Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理Merchandising Manager 采购经理Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Director of Subsidiary Rights 分公司权利总监Sales Assistant 销售助理Assistant Customer Executive 客户管理助理Wholesale Buyer 批发采购员T ele-Interviewer 电话调查员Real Estate Appraiser 房地产评估师Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员Manufacturers Representative 厂家代表Sales Representative 销售代表Marketing Intern 市场实习Marketing Director 市场总监Insurance Agent 保险代理人Customer Manager 客户经理Vice-President of Marketing 市场副总裁Regional Customer Manager 地区客户经理Sales Administrator 销售主管T elemarketing Director 电话销售总监Advertising Manager 广告经理Travel Agent 旅行代办员Salesperson 销售员T elemarketer 电话销售员Sales Executive 销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Retail Buyer 零售采购员Real Estate Manager 房地产经理Real Estate Broker 房地产经纪人Purchasing Agent 采购代理Product Developer 产品开发Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Advertising Assistant 广告助理Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail) 广告文撰写人Customer Representative 客户代表公司高层职位的英文缩写1。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译543雨刷 - 副本

附录AWindshield WiperBackgroundWindshield wipers are used to clean the windshield of a car so that the driver has an unobstructed view of the road. A typical wipe angle for a passenger car is about 67 degrees. The blades are 12-30 in (30-76 cm) long with lengths increasing in 2-in (5-cm) increments.HistoryThe history of the windshield wiper began with the invention of the automobile. Most transportation vehicles did not have wipers. Horse-drawn carriages and trucks moved at slow speeds, and glass was not needed to protect the driver or passengers or to act as a windbreak.The first windshield wipers were brushes. Inventor J. H. Apjohn came up with a method of moving two brushes up and down on a vertical plate glass windshield in 1903. In the same year, Mary Anderson devised a swinging arm that swept rain off the windshield when the driver moved a lever located inside the car. Anderson patented her invention of the mechanical windshield wiper in 1905, and it became standard equipment by 1913. Electric motors were not used yet to power automobile essentials or accessories, and Anderson's device had a drawback. Without another power source, a driver had to use one hand to move the lever. The driver's other hand steered the car (with either a wheel or steering tiller) andworked the stick-mounted gear shift and brake grips standing on the floor of the car or outside the driver's side on the running board.Rubber strips replaced brushes as the cleaning tools on wipers in 1905. Unfortunately, the hazardous need for drivers to wipe windshields while driving was not eliminated until 1917. The solution was to use an electric motor to move a single wiper with a long rubber blade back and forth. Hawaiian dentist Dr. Ormand Wall invented the automatic wiper by placing an electric motor in the top center of the windshield so the wiper arced down over the hood of the car in a semi-circular or rainbow shape. Wipers were one of the first electrical devices in automobiles after the electric starter was developed in 1912. Most wipers on cars before 1930 were paired and hung down from the top of the windshield. They were moved to the base of the windshield as electrical systems became more complicated.Windshield washers were added to the wiper on/off levers, and these required spray nozzles in front of the windshield, a tank for washer fluid in the engine compartment, and electrical connections to coordinate these operations. In 1962, Bob Kearns invented the intermittent wiper with intervals and speeds that the driver could change. The advent of electronic systems with fuses and circuit breakers to operate, regulate, and coordinate electrical components expanded the possibilities for more diverse wipers. Wipers were added to headlights in the 1980s, requiring connections between the lighting and wiper systems. In the 1990s, microsensors were built into windshields to detect rain on the windshield, activate the wipers, and adjust speed and intermittent use for the amount of rain.Raw MaterialsThe manufacturer purchases all of the parts from companies that specialize in fabricating parts from aluminum and steel, rubber blades, plastic bushings for the linkages, and the motors. Windshield wipers and windshield wiper systems (with motors) are different assemblies; some manufacturers make both, and others produce wipers only.The connecting and drive links and the pivots that move the wipers are made of galvanized steel. Galvanization is the process of applying zinc coating to steel to protect it from corrosion. Drive arms for boats and vehicles used in the marine industry are made of stainless steel that resists damage from salt water. The wiper suspension and claws are also galvanized steel. The galvanizing zinc coating is easier to paint than uncoated steel. Steel is also the material in the small parts of wipers, such as washers, screws, nuts, springs, and brackets.The blade frame is made from aluminum. The blades are made of natural rubber or synthetic compounds. Some rubber blades are composites of soft rubber on the wiping edge (the squeegee surface) and firm rubber that supports the wiping edge in the rest of the blade.Other materials that comprise parts of windshield wipers are rubber for washers in the pivots and plastic bushings that line holes for connecting parts of the linkage. The wiper suspension is typically painted black. If the wiper manufacturer also builds wiper systems, motors are purchased from subcontractors. The motors are contained in steel housings and include permanent magnet motors wound with copper wire. Each housing has connections for the electrical wires that are part of the vehicle and wiring harnesses are furnished specific to operating the wipers. Each motor also contains one or more electronic circuits depending on the sophistication of the system that the motor controls.DesignWindshield wipers are designed and made to clear water from a windshield. Most cars have two wipers on the windshield, and they may have one on the rear window and one on each headlight. The wiper parts visible from outside the car are the rubber blade, the wiper arm holding the blade, a spring linkage, and parts of the wiper pivots. The wiper itself has up to six parts called pressure points or claws that are small arms under the wiper. The claws distribute pressure from the wiper along the back of the blade. This is described as a balance beam with a suspension system, where the wiper is the beam and the claws are the suspension components. The claws keep the blade flexed against the windshield to distribute even pressure to clean the glass all along the blade. More claws usually distribute the pressure better and are suited to large or highly curved windshields.Although the rubber is the familiar part of the blade, the blade actually includes a metal strip called a blade frame with a slot along the length of the frame and replacement holes in the frame. The replacement holes provide access for replacing the rubber blade with a refill. The blade on its aluminum frame can also be changed as a unit.The standard two windshield wipers are usually operated as a single-motor, tandem scheme with one wiper on the driver's side and one positioned near the middle of the windshield that moves across the passenger's view. The wipers are secured to pivots. A wiper and pivot are mounted on brackets at both ends of a long rod called the connecting link, and, as the force from the motor pushes on the driver's end of the connecting link, it in turn moves the other wiper. The connecting link is attached to another long rod called the drive link near the wiper motor. A slender spring linkage ties the pivot to the drive link to return the wiper toits resting or park position, hug the wiper close to the windshield, and keep it attached to the car if the links are damaged.Between the motor and the drive link, a linkage system consisting of a cam (another short rod) and pivot, a gear output shaft, and a worm gear controls the force of the motor delivered to the drive arm. The worm gear slows the speed of the motor while multiplying its torque (force). The gear allows a small motor to produce enough force to move the blades across the glass. This description is based on using a single motor to drive both wipers. If one motor powers each wiper, more links are needed to move the two wipers together in a so-called unitized motor system.This multiplied force is required to accelerate the blades from being stopped at bothWindshield wiper systems.ends of their movement, to resist the friction of the rubber against the glass, to resist the friction of the rubber on dirt on the glass, and to oppose wind pressure on the windshield.Quality ControlDuring assembly, the workers observe the conditions of the parts during their work, but their only specific quality control activity is to check the operation of the motors by turning them on to make sure they start and by listening to the sounds they make as indications of performance.The last inspection is performed when the assemblies are complete and before the wipers and systems are packed. The manufacturing director or final quality control inspectors look at the general appearance of the assemblies, confirm that the wipers have been sized and angled correctly for their sweep, and check that the assemblies are in the park position. The director or inspectors also check to see that the correct accessories are ready to be packed with the assemblies.Byproducts/WasteSmall quantities of steel and aluminum scraps from trimmings or rejected or damaged parts are collected in bins and sold to salvage dealers who, in turn, sell them to metal manufacturers who melt the scrap down for recycling. Packaging from received parts is also collected and recycled.The FutureAs of 2002, windshield wipers and wiper systems are evolving because of changes in automobiles and other vehicles, technical improvements, and consumer demand. Wiper blades are as much as 30 in (76 cm) long, creating more resistance as they clean the windshield. Night-vision screens for windshields are in development, and these also increase resistance and change the dimensions needed for wipers. Blades are being improved with increasingly flexible rubber, so-called "boots" that fit around the blades to keep out ice and snow, and nonstick coatingson the squeegee edges of the blades to keep oil and wax from adhering and aging them.Motor systems are also being increased in voltage to power longer wipers and more accessories. Engineers are investigating fully automated systems that do not require any actions by drivers to start and stop wiper systems. Inventors expect the capabilities of the rain-detecting sensors available in the late 1990s to widen to prompt the wipers to clean dirty windshields with no rain, for example. Windshield wipers are among most reliable automotive devices—the design life of a wiper system is 1.5 million wipes.附录B雨刷背景雨刷是专门用来清洁车辆上的挡风玻璃,这样司机就可以清晰地看到前方的道路了。

论英汉翻译中的正话反说与反话正说-副本

On “Direct” and “Indirect”in English-Chinese and Chinese-EnglishSummary: According to the different situation, we need to use a number of different techniques in the process of English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation. And, this paper discusses a very important skill in English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation. Both English and Chinese have both positive and negative expressions. However, due to the different thinking modes and expressions in English and Chinese, the two languages have their own unique expressions. In the practice of translation, it will be related to the conversion of positive and negative. Therefore, on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original text, flexibility in the use of word said directly and indirectly, which is the most important translation skill, is the key to ensure the semantic clarity of the version.Keywords: English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation; direct; indirectlyThings always have positive and negative aspects of the attribute. For some things, English is used to speak directly, Chinese is used to say indirectly; for other things, Chinese is used to say directly, English is used to speak indirectly. This is different from the way of thinking and expression in English and Chinese. In the translation practice, some of the text in the original sentence when they are translated must be processed into reverse, and vice versa. So the “direct”and “indirect”are one of the most important translation skills in English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation. The “direct”and “indirect” refers to the translation of English, in some of the positive expression of words or sentences，can be expressed from the negative; and also refer to the translation of English, in some of the negative expression of words or sentences,can be expressed from the positive. Here the so-called positive and negative expression mainly refer to the use of not, never, nothing, none, dis-, im-, in-, un-, -less, de-, and so on.“P ositive” into “Negative”The translation of “Positive into Negative ”is divided into two types. On one hand, the source language in the target language is unable to say, which is technically impossible. On the other hand, the source language in the target language can say, and can also say from the opposite. In this situation, to say from the opposite is more authentic, and more in line with the expressions of the target language.Reasons of why to use “Positive into Negative ”are mainly in the following situations: first, both Chinese and English language usage is different; the second is to strengthen the tone. The third is to make it more accurate；Fourth, in some cases, we can’t translate literally. The specific application of “ Positive into Negative ” are discussed in the following examples:1.Chinese and English language usage is different1)His hint escaped me.他的暗示没有引起我的注意。

英语“COPY”一词在外贸信用证使用中的歧义问题辨析

英语“COPY”一词在外贸信用证使用中的歧义问题辨析作者：石雪来源：《对外经贸实务》 2016年第12期摘要：“copy”一词有多种含义，是英文中常见的量词，在外贸单据往来中常因词义理解的差异引起买卖双方以及银行间的纠纷。

本文基于UCP600、ISBP745等信用证国际贸易惯例的相关规定，结合信用证业务情形中的“copy”单复数情形差异以及常见衍生形式，阐述了在外贸业务中不同语言、业务环境下，如何正确理解“copy”的含义并准确把握业务尺度等相关问题。

关键词：copy；信用证；ucp600“COPY”是外贸英语中常见的量词，意为复印件、副本、份数等，在不同外贸语境下容易引起歧义。

在信用证支付方式中，出口商、进口商、银行对于“copy”的不同理解常会导致单证不符，形成纠纷，影响到出口商及时收款以及进口商获得有效单据。

本文拟通过一些相关的信用证案例来具体辨析有关“copy”使用方面容易产生歧义的典型情形。

一、单复数情形差异辨析案例1-1：在外贸出口实务中，有一份信用证单据条款规定，“certificate 1 co py issued by third party for each type of ordered products proving compliance of the products ……” （每一种类型的订单产品都要出具证明商品相符的第三方证明一份……），国内出口商提供了一份第三方认证副本，国外开证行认为不符,要求提交正本单据。

出口商感到不解，因为该信用证在本单据条款的发票条款中要求提供“3 original and 3 copies”，开证行理解为三份正本和三份副本，上述第三方认证单据要求提供“1 copy”为何又要理解为一份正本的呢？“1 copy ”从本信用证条款来看，应理解为“in 1 copy”，意为一份，但从字面无法明确此一份应为正本还是副本。

根据国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》（Uniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits，国际商会第600号出版物，以下简称UCP600）17条A款：“信用证规定的每一种单据必须至少提交一份正本”，本案例中出口商仅需提交的一份单据显然必须为正本。

出师表翻译 - 副本

出师表一、原文译文：（1）先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

译文：先帝开创大业还不到一半竟中途去世。

现在天下分成三国，我益州地区人力疲惫，民生凋敝，这实在是处在万分危急、存亡难料的时候。

然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。

但是在宫廷里侍奉守卫的臣子毫不懈怠，在战场上忠诚有志的将士舍生忘死作战的原因，是追念先帝的优待，想报答给陛下。

诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

陛下确实应该扩大圣明的听闻，来发扬光大先帝遗留下来的美德，发扬扩大志士们的勇气；不应该随便轻视自己，说话不恰当，以致堵塞忠诚进谏的道路。

（2）宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。

译文：皇宫中朝廷中，都是一个整体，奖惩功过、好坏，不应该因在宫中或在府中而异。

若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。

如果有做奸邪事情，犯科条法令和尽忠心做好事的人，应该交给主管的官，判定他们受罚或受赏，来显示陛下公平严明的治理。

不应偏袒，有私心，使得宫内和朝廷刑赏之法不同。

（3）侍中侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。

译文：侍中侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，这些都是善良诚实的人，他们的志向和心思都忠诚无二，因此先帝把他们选拔出来给予陛下。

愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。

我认为宫中的事情，事情无论大小，都拿来问问他们，然后再去施行，就一定能够弥补缺点和疏漏之处，会有更多的好处。

（4）将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。

译文：将军向宠，性情品德善良平正，了解通晓军事，在当年试用时，先帝称赞他，说他能干，因此大家评议推举他做中部督。

愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。

我认为军营里的事情，都拿来问问他，就一定能够使军队团结和睦，好的差的各得其所。

摩托车零部件翻译 - 副本

94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
内六角圆柱头螺钉
燃油开关化油器总成防水胶套柱塞盖柱塞盖O型密封圈节气门回位压簧 V型卡簧开口挡圈油针节气门柱塞进气管 O型密封圈化油器本体六角螺母
Spring washer Plain washer Tool box Tool kit Double-headed screwdriver Open spanner Spark plug socket spanner Inner hexagon spanner Fork Shaft, Fork Dust cover, Bush Protective clamp, Chain Baffle, Chain Chain Chian box Rear shock absorber Exhaust pipe Muffler assy. Air cleaner Inner tube Gasket, Exhaust pipe Engine assy. Left side cover, Engine Fuel tank Flange washer Cushion Lock Key Lock, Crash helmet Lock, Gerneral switch Lock, Fuel tank cover Cushion Inner hexagon screw Oil switch Carburetor assy. Water-proof rubber Plug cover O-Ring, Plug cover Return spring, Throttle valve V-Spring Circle Oil needle Plug, Throttle valve Intake pipe O-Ring Carburetor body Hexagon nut

英汉翻译技巧练习I(key) - 副本

1.他在工厂工作。

2.他正在开机器。

3.他正在学英语。

4.船正向东行驶。

5.齿轮转动灵活。

6.我的表不走了。

7.螺丝松了。

8.这些方法会有效吗？9.酵母已开始发酵。

10.电子计算机计算得又快又准。

1.索姆斯跟她握了一下手就下楼去了。

2.他一生从来没有读过一本书，……写的字还像学童的手笔。

3.这无异是想使时钟的指针向后倒传。

4.罕特先生突然破了产，工厂的所有职工都被解雇了。

1.他喜欢数学基于喜欢物理。

2.在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发光。

3.英雄识英雄。

（英雄所见略同）4.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。

（同极相斥、异极相吸）1.他是最后来的。

2.他决不会干那件事。

3.他最不配干这个工作。

4.怎么也不该怪他。

5.根本不宜找他商量。

6.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

1.助听器靠电池供电。

2.医生为病人施行肿瘤切除手术。

3.边防部队不得不与入侵者展开战争。

1.如果用上石膏模子的老办法,得很长时间骨头才能愈合,同时由于肌肉不能活动,还会造成残废的后果。

误译：因为石膏模子旧了，得很长时间骨头才能愈合，由于肌肉不活动的结果，影响成了残废。

应译：如果用上石膏模子的老办法，得很长时间骨头才能愈合，同时肌肉不能活动，还会造成残废的后果。

2.这种风俗起源于别的国家。

（这种风俗在别的国家也有它的春天）3.他的母亲死于难产。

4.美国人以为，对外政策有如一部西部电影，骑士会在节骨眼上出马，用优势火力对付敌手，而这些敌手往往都是另一个民族。

5.误译:开电梯的这位姑娘挤在旅客中间读书. 应译：开电梯的女孩在没有乘客的时候读书。

6.不要一意孤行.否则, 你会遭到失败的.词义的褒贬２.论褒贬，即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度。

任何语言都有语体之分，有高雅的，通俗的，粗野的，还有俚语，公文用语及术语等。

文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物的性格特征，更是常用的方法。

翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样，才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。

copy是什么意思中文

copy是什么意思中文我们总是中文混搭英文来说话，那现在你们知道copy经常代表的意思是什么了吗?下面是店铺给大家整理的copy是什么意思中文，供大家参阅!copy是什么意思中文英 [ˈkɒpi]美 [ˈkɑpi]n. 复制品; 一份; (报刊等的)稿件; 准备排印的书面材料;vt.& vi. 复制; 抄写; 容许复制的;vt. 模仿; 仿造…的样式或图案; 抄写; 复制;变形过去分词: copied 复数: copies 过去式: copied 现在分词: copying 第三人称单数: copiescopy的用法和意思copy ['kɔpi]n.抄件，副本;摹本;复制品;(电影)拷贝原件;原版;范本;字帖(书、报、杂志、版画等的)一本，一册，一份;一张广告的文字(而不是图画、图示)(到印刷人员手里的)底稿(送往印刷人员处的)完整的广告(包括美工设计)原版报道原始材料，(写作)素材vt.抄写，誊写;复制;复印：She immediately copied the letter in her notebook.她立即把这封信抄在她的笔记本里。

仿制：This is a painting that proved to be copied from an originalin the Palace Museum in Beijing.这是一张已证实是照北京故宫博物院中原画仿制的画。

模仿，仿效：Please copy my actions.请模仿我的动作。

抄袭，照抄：Don't copy your neighbour's answers.不要抄你的邻座的答案。

vi.抄写，誊写;复制;复印：I want you to copy carefully.我要你认真抄写。

模仿，仿效;仿制：They have progressed in the past few years from copying to designing.他们这几年从仿造到设计有了进步。

世说新语》原文及翻译 - 副本

《世说新语》原文及翻译《世说新语》原文及翻译德行第一一、陈仲举礼贤「译文」郭林宗（郭泰）到了汝南，拜访袁奉高（袁阆），车不停驶，马不驻足，就告辞了；到黄叔度（黄宪）那里，却住了整整两天。

有人问他原委，郭林宗说：“叔度犹如汪洋之水，澄不清，搅不浊，他的气度很宽广，实在让人难测呀。

”四、身登龙门「译文」陈太丘（陈寔）去拜访荀淑，因为家里穷，雇不起仆人，就让大儿子元方赶着车，二儿子季方手持节杖在后面跟着，孙子长文年岁还小，也坐在车里。

到了荀淑那里，荀淑让三儿子叔慈到门口迎接，六儿子慈明敬酒，其余六个儿子上菜，孙子文若还小，就坐在爷爷膝前。

当时太史就向皇帝上奏说：“道德高尚的人已经向东去了。

”七、泰山桂树「译文」陈元方（陈纪）的儿子长文才华出众，他和叔叔陈季方（陈谌）的儿子孝先各自评论自己父亲的功德，一时争执不下，就到爷爷陈太丘那里问讯，请求公断。

太丘先生说：“元方是哥哥，但难说胜过弟弟；季方是弟弟，也难说不如哥哥。

”九、舍生取义「译文」荀巨伯远道去探望生病的友人，却遇上胡人攻打这里。

朋友对荀巨伯说：“我今天可能没救了，你快点离开吧！”荀巨伯说：“我远道来看望你，你却让我离开，这种弃义求生的事，哪里是我荀巨伯做的出的！”胡人攻进城内，对荀巨伯说：“大军来到，全城的人都跑光了，你是什么人？”荀巨伯答道：“我朋友有病，我不忍丢下他一个人。

我愿用我的生命换取他的生命”。

胡人听罢互相说道：“我们这些无义之人，攻进的是有道之国啊。

”于是就撤兵离去了。

这座城池得以保全。

十、不失雍熙「译文」华歆和晚辈相处很严肃。

即使在家中，也仪态庄重，犹如朝见皇帝那样讲求规矩。

陈元方兄弟却极随和，两家之间并没有因性格不同而失和。

十一、割席分座「译文」管宁和华歆一起在园中锄菜，看到地上有片金子，管宁依旧挥锄，视之如同瓦石一样，华歆却拣起来给扔了。

俩人还曾坐在一张席上读书，有人乘华车经过门前，管宁读书如故，华歆却丢下书，出去观望。

管宁就把席子割开，和华歆分席而坐，并对华歆说：“你已经不是我的朋友了。

广州牛津版英语九年级上课文原文及翻译Unit副本

Unit 1AUnit 1AA body languageDebbie and Simon have looked up as an old lady entered their office. The lady looked at them both quickly, and then walked over to Debbie. Debbie greeted her cheerfully.Simon sighed and took some papers over to the fax machine. Chris, a senior member of staff, was standing there"What’s up, Simon? You don’t look very happy. ""Customers always prefer Debbie to me. I can’t understand it. ""I can. It’s the way you commun icate.""How can that be? " Simon said. "I don't even get a chance to speak to them." "Communicating is not just about speaking. Body language is important, too ""Body language?""I mean your gestures and the expression on your face. Your whole appearance communicates things as well as your words.""The way you look at people doesn’t give them a good impression, Simon. You often rest your head on your hand. You look down. You never smile.""But look at Debbie. She holds her head up. She looks at pe ople’s eyes. She smiles before speaking to the. That’s why they go to her for help, and not you."After that, Simon tried to improve his body language. He sat up and smiled at people. This seemed to work. Minutes later, a beautiful girl entered. She looked at Debbie and then Simon. Without hesitating, she went to Simon and gave him a big smile. A few moments later, she left, still smiling.Chris came over at once and said, "Well done, Simon. You made a good impression on her." "That was my sister, " Simo n said.” She came to remind me that tomorrow is her birthday."B. Eye contactThroughout the history of mankind, people have communicated with body language. In many situations, the way you something is far more important than what you sayEye contact is sometimes the key to communication. It can signal friendliness or hostility, interest or boredom, and understanding or confusionIn Western cultures, making eye contact in conversations is necessary. As a matter of fact, a westerner might consider a lack of eye contact as a lack of intertwine Spain, Italy and Greece,where people stand close together talking to each other, eye contact is more frequent and lasts longerIn many Asian cultures, avoiding eye contact shows respect. It is done when talking with anyone in authority or with anyone olderHabits like this can cause problems when people do not understand them. For instance, an Asian might close his eyes in concentration or look down while listening to a speaker. A Western speaker might think the man is not interestedEye contact is a subtle thing. Avoiding eye contact might be considered impolite, but staring at others is also considered rude and should be avoided身体语言黛比和西蒙抬起头来看见一个老太太进入他们的办公室。

导游词翻译-副本

The Third Feature of Tour Commentary
• 3。古诗词多。
• 导游词中常引用各种类型的古诗词,所以译介古诗词是导游词翻译的又一大特点,也是一大难点。祖国山河美不美,全凭导游一张嘴。不少歌颂祖国大好河山的诗词正是通过导游之口,再经旅游者( 口头或笔头) 传到海外的。
总结
• 希望有更多的人来关心导游词的翻译工作,为中国树立更美好的国际形象和传播中国传统文化而共同努力！
• 满树金花、芳香四溢的金桂;花白如雪、香气扑鼻的银桂; 里透黄、花多味浓的紫砂桂;
• 花色似银、季季有花的四季桂;竞相开放,争妍媲美。进入桂林公园,阵阵桂香扑鼻而来。
• The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus trees. Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blossoms.
Translation Strategies of Tour Commentary
By: Wang Huifang
What is Tour Commentary?
• 导游词是一种比较特殊的文本。它是通过外语导游员 (以下称导游员)之口直接说给外国旅游者(以下称旅游者) 听的。导游词大量产生于中国改革开放后入境旅游 (inbound tourism)蓬勃兴起之际。其形式之丰富多彩, 内容之精彩纷呈,描述手段之变幻莫测,在很大程度上是不同于一般的旅游资料或见闻的。