Internet Web Trust System Based on Smart Contract
网络时代的隐私保护与信息安全英语作文600字
网络时代的隐私保护与信息安全英语作文600字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Privacy Protection and Information Security in the Internet AgeIn today's digital world, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. From social media to online banking, we rely heavily on the internet for communication, entertainment, and various essential services. However, with the convenience and benefits that the internet brings, it also poses significant risks to our privacy and information security.As a student, I am acutely aware of the importance of protecting my personal information online. With the increasing use of educational technology and online platforms for learning, there is a growing concern about the potential misuse of student data. It is crucial to ensure that our personal details, academic records, and other sensitive information are safeguarded from unauthorized access and cyber threats.One of the main challenges in maintaining privacy and information security is the vast amount of data we generate andshare online. Every time we post on social media, make an online purchase, or use a web-based service, we leave behind a trail of personal information. This data can be collected, analyzed, and potentially misused by various parties, including cybercriminals, advertisers, and even government agencies.Identity theft is a significant concern in the digital age. Cybercriminals can exploit vulnerabilities in online systems to gain access to personal information, such as names, addresses, social security numbers, and financial details. This sensitive data can then be used for fraudulent activities, causing financial losses and damaging credit scores. As students, we must be vigilant in protecting our identities and taking necessary precautions to prevent such incidents.Furthermore, the rise of cyberbullying and online harassment has become a pressing issue, particularly among young people. Malicious individuals can exploit the anonymity of the internet to spread harmful content, target individuals, and engage in abusive behavior. This can have severe consequences on mental health and overall well-being, making it essential to address this problem through education, awareness, and robust cybersecurity measures.To combat these challenges, it is crucial for individuals, educational institutions, and governments to prioritize privacy protection and information security. This can be achieved through various measures, such as implementing strong encryption techniques, enforcing strict data protection laws, and promoting cybersecurity education and awareness.Educational institutions should invest in robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard student data and ensure the integrity of their online platforms. Additionally, students should be educated on best practices for online safety, such as using strong passwords, being cautious of phishing attempts, and limiting the sharing of personal information on public platforms.In conclusion, the internet age has brought unprecedented opportunities and conveniences, but it has also introduced new risks and challenges related to privacy and information security. As students, we must be proactive in protecting our personal information and identities online. By adopting a responsible and security-conscious approach, we can leverage the benefits of the digital world while minimizing the potential risks and threats.篇2In the era of digital technology, privacy protection and information security have become paramount concerns, particularly for students like myself. As we navigate the vast expanse of the internet and engage with various online platforms, safeguarding our personal data and ensuring the integrity of our digital footprint has become a pressing challenge.The advent of social media and the widespread use of smartphones have blurred the lines between our online and offline lives. We share personal updates, photos, and thoughts with a mere tap on our screens, often without fully comprehending the far-reaching implications of our actions. While these platforms facilitate connectivity and self-expression, they also pose risks to our privacy if we fail to exercise caution and implement proper security measures.One of the most significant threats to our online privacy is the collection and misuse of personal data by companies and malicious actors. Our browsing habits, search queries, and even our physical locations are routinely tracked and monetized, sometimes without our explicit consent. This data can be exploited for targeted advertising, identity theft, or even more nefarious purposes, such as cyberbullying or online harassment.To combat these risks, we must adopt a proactive approach to safeguarding our digital identities. This begins with a comprehensive understanding of privacy settings and security features offered by various platforms. By carefully managing our privacy settings and limiting the information we share publicly, we can exercise greater control over our digital footprint and reduce the risk of unauthorized access or exploitation.Furthermore, the implementation of strong passwords and two-factor authentication mechanisms can significantly enhance the security of our online accounts. Regularly updating our software and operating systems with the latest security patches is also crucial, as these updates often address vulnerabilities that could be exploited by cyber criminals.Beyond individual efforts, educational institutions and policymakers have a vital role to play in promoting digital literacy and fostering a culture of cybersecurity awareness. Curricula should incorporate modules that equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the online world safely and responsibly. Additionally, robust data protection regulations and enforcement mechanisms are essential to hold companies accountable for their data handling practices and to safeguard the privacy rights of individuals.As digital natives, we must recognize that the internet is a double-edged sword – a powerful tool for learning, communication, and self-expression, but also a potential minefield of privacy risks and security threats. By embracing a proactive and vigilant mindset, combined with a commitment to ongoing education and responsible digital citizenship, we can strike a balanced and secure presence in the online realm.In conclusion, the challenges of privacy protection and information security in the digital age are multifaceted and ever-evolving. However, by fostering a culture of cybersecurity awareness, implementing robust security measures, and advocating for stronger data protection policies, we can empower ourselves and future generations to navigate the digital landscape with confidence and peace of mind.篇3Privacy Protection and Information Security in the Digital AgeIn today's digital world, we are constantly sharing personal information online through social media, email, online banking, and a myriad of other internet-based services. While this connectivity has brought tremendous convenience andopportunities, it has also raised significant concerns about privacy and information security. As students living in the digital age, it is crucial for us to understand the risks and take proactive measures to safeguard our personal data.One of the primary threats to our online privacy is the widespread collection and misuse of personal data by companies and organizations. Many websites and apps track our browsing activities, location data, and personal preferences to serve targeted advertisements or even sell this information to third parties without our explicit consent. This practice not only violates our privacy but can also expose us to potential identity theft, fraud, or other malicious activities.Another major concern is the increasing sophistication of cyber attacks, such as hacking, phishing scams, and malware infections. These attacks can compromise our devices, steal sensitive information like passwords and financial data, or even hold our files for ransom through encryption. The consequences of such breaches can be devastating, ranging from financial losses to reputational damage and emotional distress.To address these challenges, we must adopt a proactive and multi-layered approach to protect our online privacy and information security. Firstly, it is essential to be cautious aboutthe personal information we share online and to carefully review the privacy policies of websites and apps before providing any data. We should also enable two-factor authentication whenever possible and use strong, unique passwords for different accounts.Additionally, we should keep our software and operating systems up-to-date with the latest security patches and utilize reliable antivirus and anti-malware solutions. It is also advisable to be wary of suspicious emails, links, or attachments and to verify their authenticity before engaging with them.Furthermore, we should advocate for stronger data protection laws and regulations that hold companies accountable for their data collection and handling practices. Governments and policymakers must strike a balance between enabling innovation and protecting individuals' fundamental right to privacy.As students, we have a unique opportunity to shape the future of the digital landscape. By being informed and proactive about privacy and security best practices, we can not only safeguard our personal information but also contribute to a safer and more trustworthy online environment for all.In conclusion, the digital age has brought unprecedented convenience and opportunities, but it has also introduced new risks and challenges related to privacy and information security. It is our collective responsibility to stay vigilant, adopt robust security measures, and advocate for stronger data protection laws. Only by taking proactive steps can we truly harness the power of technology while preserving our fundamental right to privacy.。
WEB安全研究 文献综述
WEB安全研究金丽君摘要：本文主要针对WEB安全问题越来越引起人们的重视这一现状，初步地介绍了国内外对WEB安全问题的研究现状，全面地介绍和分析了WEB服务和应用中存在的各种威胁，并探讨了WEB安全问题的防护对策，来提高计算机网络的安全性。
关键词：WEB安全、安全威胁、安全防护Abstract：This article will focus WEB security has drawn increasing attention to this situation, the initial introduction to security issues at home and abroad on the WEB Research, a comprehensive description and analysis of the WEB services and applications that exist in a variety of threats, and to explore the WEB security protection measures.一、引言1.1研究背景及目的随着网络时代的来临，人们在享受着网络带来的无尽的快乐的同时，也面临着越来越严重和复杂的网络安全威胁和难以规避的风险，网上信息的安全和保密是一个至关重要的问题。
网络的安全措施应是能全方位地针对各种不同的威胁和脆弱性，这样才能确保网络信息的保密性、完整性和可用性，计算机网络的安全以及防范措施已迫在眉睫。
网络安全评估技术是评价计算机网络安全的重要手段，现今在众多的安全技术中已经占据越来越重要的位置。
通过风险评估，对系统进行细致而系统的分析，在系统分析的基础上对系统进行综合评价，最后通过评价结果来了解系统中潜在的危险和薄弱环节，并最终确定系统的安全状况，为以后的安全管理提供重要依据。
随着Internet的普及，人们对其依赖也越来越强，但是由于Internet的开放性，及在设计时对于信息的保密和系统的安全考虑不完备，造成现在网络的攻击与破坏事件层出不穷，给人们的日常生活和经济活动造成了很大麻烦。
网络时代下信息安全和隐私保护的重要性英语作文范文
网络时代下信息安全和隐私保护的重要性英语作文范文In today's digital age, information security and privacy protection have become more important than ever before. With the rapid advancement of technology and the widespread use of the internet, individuals and organizations are vulnerable to various online threats such as hacking, data breaches, and identity theft. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize information security and take effective measures to safeguard personal and sensitive data.Firstly, the importance of information security lies in the protection of personal privacy. In the digital era, individuals regularly share large amounts of personal information online, ranging from social media profiles to financial transactions. This wealth of information can make individuals susceptible to identity theft and various formsof cybercrime. Hackers and cybercriminals can exploit vulnerabilities in online platforms to access personal information and misuse it for their own gain. Therefore, ensuring information security is vital to safeguarding personal privacy and preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data.Secondly, information security is essential for maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of business and organizational data. In the current digital landscape, organizations collect and store vast amounts of data, including customer information, trade secrets, andproprietary research. A breach of this data can have severe consequences such as financial loss, reputational damage, and legal liabilities. By implementing robust informationsecurity measures, such as firewalls, encryption, and regular security audits, organizations can minimize the risk of data breaches and protect their valuable assets.Furthermore, information security plays a crucial role in safeguarding national security and protecting critical infrastructure. In today's interconnected world, manyessential services such as healthcare, energy, transportation, and communication heavily rely on digital networks. Any security breach in these sectors can have catastrophic consequences. Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure can disrupt services, compromise public safety, and even compromise national security. Therefore, governments and organizations must work collaboratively to strengthen information security systems to defend against potentialcyber threats.Moreover, the importance of information security extendsto the realm of intellectual property protection. In thedigital age, intellectual property theft has become rampant, specifically in industries such as entertainment, software development, and pharmaceuticals. Protecting trade secrets, copyrighted material, and patented inventions is crucial forfostering innovation, promoting economic growth, and ensuring fair competition. By implementing strong information security measures, companies can safeguard their intellectual property and prevent unauthorized access or theft.In conclusion, information security and privacyprotection are of paramount importance in the digital age. The growing reliance on digital platforms and the increasing sophistication of cyber threats necessitate robust security measures. By prioritizing information security, individuals can protect their personal privacy, while organizations and governments can safeguard valuable data, national security, and intellectual property. It is crucial for individuals, organizations, and governments to remain vigilant, update security measures regularly, and promote awareness of information security to mitigate the risks and consequences of cyber threats.。
信息安全管理员-初级工题库(含参考答案)
信息安全管理员-初级工题库（含参考答案）一、单选题（共43题，每题1分，共43分）1.VPN虚拟专用网故障现象是（）。
A、远程工作站可以登录进本地局域网访问本地局域网B、客户端连接PPTP服务器正常C、同时实现Internet和VPN连接共享D、接向导窗口中的“拨号到专用网络”和“VPN连接”这两个选项都失效,VPN连接无法创建.正确答案：D2.英特尔功能增强－ HBase高速即时分析的适用场景不包括（）。
A、数据统计类应用移植B、高效数据仓库应用C、电信行业日志和点击分析应用D、大规模智能交通应用正确答案：D3.入侵检测应用的目的（）。
A、实时检测网络流量或主机事件B、数据包过滤C、在发现攻击事件时及时反应D、A和C正确答案：D4.在“云计算相遇大数据” 为主题的会议中，EMC抛出了Big Data概念是什么时候？（）A、1997年B、2011年C、2005年D、2018年正确答案：B5.根据《广西电网有限责任公司AD域系统作业指导书（2014年）》，作业过程存在一系列风险，其中有因维护误操作会导致（）、系统停运的风险。
A、未完成系统测试B、故障未完全处理C、未及时退出系统D、业务数据丢失正确答案：D6.当网络出现连接故障时，一般应首先检查（）。
A、路由配置B、主机故障C、物理连通性D、系统病毒正确答案：C7.可研及立项审批环节，（）按照厂家意愿申报项目。
A、应该B、严禁C、必须D、可以正确答案：B8.变更管理的目的是保证变更在受控方式下正确评估、批准和实施，（）变更，降低变更风险和对业务的影响。
A、紧急B、非计划C、减少和杜绝非授权D、计划正确答案：C9.元数据的集成包括元数据抽取和（）。
A、元数据分层B、元数据管理C、元数据转换D、元数据应用正确答案：C10.AD域管理中，关于策略处理规则，描述不正确的是（）。
A、如果子容器内的某个策略被配置，则此配置值会覆盖由其父容器所传递下来的配置值B、组策略的配置是有累加性的C、系统是先处理计算机配置，再处理用户配置D、当组策略的用户配置和计算机配置冲突的时候，优先处理用户配置正确答案：D11.根据《中国南方电网有限责任公司IT服务管理办法（2014年）》，（）负责事件解决过程中的协调和监控，以及事件升级的判断与执行。
如何保证网络信息安全英语作文
How to Ensure Network Information Security In the age of digitalization, network information security has become a paramount concern for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. The proliferation of the internet and the interconnectedness of our digital ecosystems have made us more vulnerable to various cyber threats. Therefore, it is imperative to understand and implement measures that can safeguard our data and systems from potential breaches.The first step in ensuring network information security is awareness. Understanding the nature of cyber threats and the vulnerabilities that exist in our digital systems is crucial. We need to be informed about common attack vectors, such as phishing emails, malware, and ransomware, as wellas the latest hacking techniques. By being aware of these threats, we can be more vigilant and take proactive measures to protect ourselves.Next, we must adopt strong password policies. Weak or easily guessable passwords are a significant weakness inany digital system. Using complex passwords that combine letters, numbers, and special characters, and changing themregularly, can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access. Additionally, enabling multi-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security, requiring more than just a password for access.Regular software updates are also essential for maintaining network information security. Software updates often include patches for known vulnerabilities, which hackers can exploit. By keeping our systems updated, we can reduce the risk of being targeted by these attacks.Moreover, using secure network connections is crucial. When accessing the internet, it is essential to use secure protocols like HTTPS, which encrypts the data being transmitted, making it harder for hackers to intercept. Additionally, connecting to trusted and secure networks, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), can further enhance the security of our digital communications.Another key aspect of network information security is the implementation of firewalls and antivirus software. Firewalls act as a barrier between our systems andpotential threats, blocking unauthorized access. Antivirus software, on the other hand, detects and removes malicioussoftware that may have infiltrated our systems. Regularly updating and scanning with these tools can help identify and mitigate potential security risks.Furthermore, education and training are vital in ensuring network information security. Users should be trained to recognize and avoid phishing emails, understand the importance of keeping software updated, and know how to safely browse the internet. By equipping users with the necessary knowledge and skills, we can create a culture of security within organizations and reduce the risk of human error leading to security breaches.In conclusion, ensuring network information security is a multifaceted task that requires awareness, strong password policies, regular software updates, secure network connections, firewalls and antivirus software, as well as education and training. By implementing these measures, we can significantly reduce the risk of cyber threats and protect our valuable data and systems.**如何确保网络信息安全**在数字化时代，网络信息安全已经成为个人、企业和政府共同关注的首要问题。
互联网隐私英语作文
互联网隐私英语作文Title: The Importance of Internet PrivacyIn the digital age, where information is king and the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, the issue of internet privacy looms large. With every click, every search, and every piece of data we share online, we leave behind a trail that can be tracked, analyzed, and potentially used against us. The importance of internet privacy cannot be overstated, as it is the very foundation of our freedom, autonomy, and safety in the virtual world.First and foremost, internet privacy is crucial for the protection of personal data. Every time we create an account, shop online, or engage with social media platforms, we are providing these entities with sensitive information about ourselves. This includes not only basic details such as our name, address, and birthdate but also more intimate data like our purchasing habits, communication patterns, and even our location at any given moment. Without robust privacy measures, this data can be exploited by hackers, identity thieves, and even the companies themselves, leading to financial loss, reputational damage, and emotional distress.Moreover, internet privacy is essential for the preservation of individual freedom. In an Orwellian world where Big Brother could be watching, the ability to navigate the web anonymously is a form of self-expression and exploration that is fundamental to human nature. If every keystroke and mouse movement were monitored and recorded, the fear of being watched would stifle creativity, inhibit free thought, and ultimately limit the potential for innovation and progress.Furthermore, internet privacy is a matter of social justice. Not all individuals have the same level of access to resources that could protect their data, such as advanced security software or legal representation. Vulnerable populations, including minors, low-income families, and marginalized communities, are often disproportionately affected by breaches in internet privacy. By advocating for strong privacy policies and user-friendly security measures, we can work towards a more equitable digital landscape where everyone's rights are protected.In conclusion, the importance of internet privacy cannot be underestimated. It is a shield that guards our personal data, a catalyst for individual freedom, and a pillar of social justice. As we continue to rely on the internet for nearly every aspect ofour lives, it is imperative that we prioritize privacy protections and hold those who collect and use our data accountable. Only then can we truly enjoy the benefits of the digital world without sacrificing our most precious asset – our privacy.。
因特网安全的外语作文
因特网安全的外语作文Title: Ensuring Internet Security in the Digital AgeIn today's interconnected world, the internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives. From communication to education, entertainment to business transactions, the internet has revolutionized the way we interact with the world. However, this seamless connectivity also poses significant security challenges that cannot be ignored.Internet security, also known as cybersecurity, is paramount in protecting individuals, organizations, and nations from various threats. These threats range from malicious hackers seeking to steal sensitive information to cybercriminals aiming to disrupt critical infrastructure. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize internet security and take proactive measures to safeguard our digital assets.One crucial aspect of internet security is the protection of personal data. With the increasing amount of personal information shared online, it is imperative to ensure that this data is securely stored and transmitted. Employing strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and regularly updating software can significantly reduce the risk of databreaches. Additionally, being vigilant about sharing personal information online and using trusted websites is also crucial.Moreover, businesses must prioritize cybersecurity to protect their intellectual property and maintain customer trust. Implementing robust firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular security audits can help mitigate the risk of cyberattacks. Training employees on cybersecurity best practices and encouraging them to report any suspicious activity is also vital.Governments also play a significant role in ensuring internet security. Establishing robust legal frameworks to combat cybercrime and cyberterrorism is essential. Collaborating with international partners to share intelligence and best practices can further strengthen national cybersecurity efforts.In addition to these measures, education and awareness are crucial in enhancing internet security. Individuals should be informed about the latest cyber threats and how to protect themselves online. Schools and universities can incorporate cybersecurity courses into their curricula to equip students with the necessary skills to navigate the digital world safely.In conclusion, internet security is a sharedresponsibility that requires collaboration among individuals, businesses, and governments. By prioritizing cybersecurity, employing robust security measures, and fostering a culture of awareness and education, we can ensure a safer and more secure digital future.。
希尔斯通 S 系列网络入侵防御系统（NIPS）S600 S1060 S1560 S190
Hillstone S-SeriesNetwork Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS)S600 / S1060 / S1560 / S1900 / S2100 / S2160 / S2700 / S2660 / S3560 / S3500 /S3860 / S3900 / S5500 /S5560As the threat landscape continues to evolve aggressively, an increasing number of network pro-tection technologies have quickly emerged. Among these various technologies, Intrusion Preven-tion System (IPS) remains one of the most widely deployed solutions, regardless of platform or form factor.Hillstone Network-based IPS (NIPS) appliance operates in-line, and at wire speed, performing deep packet inspection, and assembling inspection of all network traffic. It also applies rules based on several methodologies, including protocol anomaly analysis and signature analysis to block threats. Hillstone NIPS can be deployed in the network to inspect traffic left undetected by perimeter solutions, and is an integral part of network security systems for its high-performance, no compromise, best-of-breed protection capability and broad and flexible deployment scenarios.Product HighlightsUnparalleled Threat Protection without Performance CompromiseThe Hillstone NIPS platform has the most comprehensive high performance inspection engine, combined with the best-of-breed signature partnering with leading technology part-ners, providing customers the highest threat detection rate with the lowest total cost of ownership (TCO). Hillstone IPS engine has 99.6% blocking rate of static exploits and 98.325% blocking rate of live exploits (reported by NSS Labs).The Hillstone NIPS platform provides high throughput, low latency and maximum availability to maintain efficient secu -rity operations without compromising network performance. NIPS combines protocol analysis, threat reputation and other features that deliver threat protection from Layer 2 to Layer 7, including ARP attack, Dos/DDoS attack, abnormal protocols, malicious URLs, malwares and web attacks.Granular Reporting with User Targeted ViewpointsHillstone NIPS provides comprehensive visibility based on protocol, application, user and content. It can identify more than 4,000 applications, including hundreds of mobile and cloud applications.Bringing multiple sources together, the system can identify contextual information to make proper blocking decisions. With a granular and robust reporting function, it offers visibil-ity across different views:• Unique templates, based on whether you are a business system administrator, a security administrator or the CIO or executive.• Organized Threat Content – whether a security, system risk, network threat or traffic view – in order to help you clearly understand the risk and make the right decision.Product Highlights (Continued) FeaturesIntrusion Prevention• 12,700+ signatures, protocol anomaly detection, rate-based detection, custom signatures, manual, automatic push or pull signature updates, integrated threat encyclopedia• IPS Actions: monitor, block, reset (attackers IP or victim IP, incoming interface) with expiry time• Packet logging option• Filter based selection and review: severity, target, OS, application or protocol • IP exemption from specific IPS signatures• IDS sniffer mode• IPv4 and IPv6 rate based DoS protection with threshold settings against TCP Syn flood, TCP/UDP/SCTP port scan, ICMP sweep, TCP/UDP/SCIP/ICMP session flooding (source/destination)• Active bypass with bypass interfaces• Predefined prevention configuration• Support web server protection, including CC attack, external link attack, iframe, cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attack, etc.• Support protection of brute force attack including FTP, MSRPC, POP3, SMTP, SUNRPC and telnet• Support weak password detection for FTP, MSRPC, POP3, SMTP, SUNRPC and telnet• Threat Details support URI and Attack Data Decoding• Support MPLS frame inspectionThreat Correlation Analytics• Correlation among unknown threats, abnormal behavior and application behavior to discover potential threat or attacks• Multi-dimension correlation rules, automatic daily update from the cloud Advanced Threat Detection• Behavior-based advanced malware detection• Detection of more than 2000 known and unknown malware families including Virus, Worm, Trojan, Spyware, Overflow etc• Real-time, online, malware behavior model database updateAbnormal Behavior Detection• Behavior modeling based on L3-L7 baseline traffic to reveal anomalous network behavior, such as HTTP scanning, Spider, SPAM, SSH/FTP weak password, and spyware• Detection of DDoS including Flood, Sockstress, zip of death, reflect, DNS query, SSL DDos and application DDoS• Supports inspection of encrypted tunneling traffic for unknown applications • Real-time, online, abnormal behavior model database updateAntivirus• Manual, automatic push or pull signature updates• Flow-based antivirus: protocols include HTTP/HTTPS, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, FTP/ SFTP, SMB• Compressed file virus scanning Attack Defense• Abnormal protocol attack defense• Anti-DoS/DDoS, including SYN Flood, DNS Query Flood defense• ARP attack defense• IP scanning and port scanningURL Filtering• Flow-based web filtering inspection• Manually defined web filtering based on URL, web content and MIME header• Dynamic web filtering with cloud-based real-time categorization database: over 140 million URLs with 64 categories (8 of which are security related)• Additional web filtering features:- Filter Java Applet, ActiveX or cookie- Block HTTP Post- Log search keywords- Exempt scanning encrypted connections on certain categories for privacy• Web filtering profile override: allows administrator to temporarily assign different profiles to user/group/IP• Web filter local categories and category rating override• Support allow/block list• Customizable alarmAnti-Spam• Real-time spam classification and prevention• Confirmed spam, suspected spam, bulk spam, valid bulk• Protection regardless of the language, format, or content of the message• Support both SMTP and POP3 email protocols• Inbound and outbound detection• Whitelists to allow emails from trusted domain/email addresses• User-defined blacklistsCloud-Sandbox• Upload malicious files to cloud sandbox for analysis• Support protocols including HTTP/HTTPS, POP3, IMAP, SMTP and FTP• Support file types including PE, ZIP, RAR, Office, PDF, APK, JAR and SWF• File transfer direction and file size control• Provide complete behavior analysis report for malicious files• Global threat intelligence sharing, real-time threat blocking• Support detection only mode without uploading filesData Security• Web content filtering and file content filtering• Support file filtering with over 100 file formats• Support network behavior recordingEase of Deployment and Centralized Management Deploying and managing the Hillstone NIPS is simple, with minimum overhead. It can be deployed in the following modes to meet security requirements and ensure optimal network connectivity:• Active protection (intrusion prevention mode), real time monitoring and blocking.• Passive detection (intrusion detection mode), real time monitoring and alert.The Hillstone NIPS can be managed by the Hillstone Security Management Platform (HSM). Administrators can centrally register, monitor, and upgrade NIPS devices deployed in differ-ent branches or locations, with a unified management policy across the network for maximum efficiency.Features (Continued)Botnet C&C Prevention• Discover intranet botnet host by monitoring C&C connections and block further advanced threats such as botnet and ransomware• Regularly update the botnet server addresses• Prevention for C&C IP and domain• Support TCP, HTTP, and DNS traffic detection• IP and domain whitelistsIP Reputation• Identify and filter traffic from risky IPs such as botnet hosts, spammers, Tor nodes, breached hosts, and brute force attacks• Logging, dropping packets, or blocking for different types of risky IP traffic• Regular IP reputation signature database upgradeApplication Control• Over 4,000 applications that can be filtered by name, category, subcategory, technology and risk• Each application contains a description, risk factors, dependencies, typical ports used, and URLs for additional reference• Actions: block, monitor• Provide multi-dimensional monitoring and statistics for applications running in the cloud, including risk category and characteristics• Support encrypted applicationQuality of Service (QoS)• Support encrypted application• Max/guaranteed bandwidth tunnels or IP/user basis• Tunnel allocation based on security domain, interface, address, user/user group, server/server group, application/app group, TOS, VLAN• Bandwidth allocated by time, priority, or equal bandwidth sharing• Type of Service (TOS) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) support• Prioritized allocation of remaining bandwidth• Maximum concurrent connections per IP• Bandwidth allocation based on URL category• Bandwidth limit by delaying access for user or IPIPv6• Management over IPv6, IPv6 logging and HA• IPv6 tunneling, DNS64/NAT64 etc• IPv6 routing protocols, static routing, policy routing, ISIS, RIPng, OSPFv3 and BGP4+• IPS, Application identification, Antivirus, Access control, ND attack defense VSYS• System resource allocation to each VSYS• CPU virtualization• Non-root VSYS support IPS, URL filtering, Policy, QoS, etc.• VSYS monitoring and statistics• Support backup of all VSYS configurations at onceSSL Proxy• SSL offload: SSL traffic decryption• SSL require/ exempt: SSL traffic allowed or block based on the policy rules without decryptionFlexible Traffic Analysis and Control• Support 3 operation modes: Route/NAT (layer 3) , Transparent (layer 2) with optional bypass interface, and TAP mode (IDS Mode) with Hillstone Firewall Integration• Traffic analysis and control based on policy rules by source/destination zone, source/destination IP address, users, service or applications High Availability• Redundant heartbeat interfaces• AP and peer mode• Standalone session synchronization• HA reserved management interface• Failover:- Port, local & remote link monitoring- Stateful failover- Sub-second failover- Failure notification• Deployment Options:- HA with link aggregation- Full mesh HA- Geographically dispersed HAVisible Administration• Management access: HTTP/HTTPS, SSH, telnet, console• Central Management: Hillstone Security Manager (HSM), web service APIs • Two-factor authentication: username/password, HTTPS certificates file• System Integration: SNMP, syslog, alliance partnerships• Rapid deployment: USB auto-install, local and remote script execution• Dynamic real-time dashboard status and drill-in monitoring widgets• Storage device management: storage space threshold customization and alarm, old data overlay, stop recording.• Language support: EnglishLogs and Reporting• Logging facilities: local storage for up to 6 months, multiple syslog servers and multiple Hillstone Security Audit (HSA) platforms• Encrypted logging and log integrity with HSA scheduled batch log uploading • Reliable logging using TCP option (RFC 3195)• Detailed traffic logs: forwarded, violated sessions, local traffic, invalid packets • Comprehensive event logs: system and administrative activity audits, routing & networking, VPN, user authentications, WiFi related events• Log aggregation: support aggregation of AV and C&C logs• IP and service port name resolution option• Brief traffic log format option• Granular Reporting with User Targeted Viewpoints- HA Management/C-level View- Business System Owner View- Network Security Administrator ViewStatistics and Monitoring• Application, URL, threat events statistic and monitoring• Real-time traffic statistic and analytics• System information such as concurrent session, CPU, Memory and temperature• iQOS traffic statistic and monitoring, link status monitoring• Support traffic information collection and forwarding via Netflow (v9.0)• Cloud-based threat intelligence push service• Geographical distribution of external network attacksCloudView• Cloud-based security monitoring• 24/7 access from web or mobile application• Device status, traffic and threat monitoring• Cloud-based log retention and reporting500 GB (optional)Dimension (W×D×H, mm)16.9 × 11.8 × 1.7 in(430×300×44mm)17.1×12.6×1.7 in(436x 320x 44mm)16.9 x 14.8 x 1.7 in(430x375x44mm)Weight14.3 lb (6.5 kg)14.33 lb (6.5kg)22.0 lb (10 kg)Temperature32-104°F (0-40°C)32-104°F (0-40°C)32-104°F (0-40°C) Relative Humidity5-85% (no dew)10%~95% (no dew)5-85% (no dew)14 GbpsConsumption 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1Dimension (W×D×H, mm)16.9 × 19.7 × 3.5 in(430×500×88mm)16.9 × 19.7 × 3.5 in(430×500×88mm)17.1×21.3×1.7 in(436x542x44mm)Weight35.3 lb (16 kg)35.3 lb (16 kg)32.6 lb (14.8kg)Temperature32-104°F (0-40°C)32-104°F (0-40°C)32-104°F (0-40°C) Relative Humidity5-85% (no dew)5-85% (no dew)10%~95% (no dew)ModuleIOC-S-4GE-B-LIOC-S-4SFP-LIOC-S-4GE-BIOC-S-4SFPIOC-S-8SFPIOC-S-4GE-4SFPI/O Ports 4 x SFP Ports4 × SFP Ports 4 × GE and 4 × SFP Ports Dimension slot)1U (Occupies 1 generic slot)slot)1U (Occupies 1 generic slot)generic slot) 1U (Occupies 1 generic slot)Weight0.22 lb (0.1 kg)0.22 lb (0.1 kg)0.33 lb (0.15 kg)0.33 lb (0.15 kg)0.55 lb (0.25 kg)0.55 lb (0.25 kg)ModuleIOC-S-2SFP+IOC-S-4SFP+IOC-S-4SFP-BIOC-S-2SFP+-BIOC-S-4SFP+-BIOC-S-4GE-B-HIOC-S-4GE-4SFP-HI/O Ports 2 × SFP+ Ports 4 × SFP+ Ports 4 × SFP Bypass Ports 2 × SFP+ Bypass Ports 4 × SFP+ Bypass Ports 4 × GE Bypass Ports 4 × GE and 4 × SFP Ports Dimension 1U (Occupies 1 generic slot)1U (Occupies 1 generic slot)1U (Occupies 1 generic slot) Weight0.44 lb (0.2 kg)0.88 lb (0.4 kg)0.33 lb (0.15 kg)ModuleIOC-S-8GE-B-HIOC-S-8SFP-HIOC-S-4SFP-HIOC-S-2SFP+-HIOC-S-4SFP+-HIOC-S-4SFP-B-HIOC-S-2SFP+-B-HI/O Ports 8 × GE Bypass Ports 8 × SFP Ports 4 × SFP Ports 2 × SFP+ Ports 4 × SFP+ Ports 4 × SFP Bypass Ports 2 × SFP+ Bypass Ports Dimension 1U (Occupies 1 generic slot)1U (Occupies 1 generic slot)1U (Occupies 1 generic slot) Weight0.55 lb (0.25 kg)0.33 lb (0.15 kg)0.88 lb (0.4 kg)Module OptionsNOTES:(1) IPS throughput data is obtained under HTTP traffic with all IPS rules being turned on;(2) Maximum concurrent connections are obtained under TCP traffic; and it can be upgraded with Additional Enhanced License (AEL);(3) New sessions are obtained under TCP traffic.Unless specified otherwise, all performance, capacity and functionality are based on StoneOS5.5R5. Results may vary based on StoneOS ® version and deployment.ModuleIOC-S-4SFP+-AIOC-S-2MM-BE-AIOC-S-2SM-BE-AIOC-S-2QSFP+-AI/O Ports 4 × SFP , MM bypass (2 pairs of bypass ports) 2 × QSFP+Dimension 1U1UWeight2.09 lb (0.96 kg)2.09 lb (0.96 kg)2.09 lb (0.96 kg)2.09 lb (0.96 kg)。
英语作文-如何在互联网上获取权威的健康知识传播影响评估网络社区规划方法
英语作文-如何在互联网上获取权威的健康知识传播影响评估网络社区规划方法With the rapid development of the internet, accessing authoritative health knowledge online has become easier than ever before. However, the vast amount of information available on the internet can be overwhelming and it is crucial to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources. In this article, we will discuss effective methods for obtaining authoritative health knowledge and assessing the impact of disseminating this information within online communities.Firstly, when seeking health information online, it is important to rely on reputable sources. Government health agencies, academic institutions, and well-established medical organizations are reliable sources of information. Websites ending in .gov, .edu, and .org are generally more trustworthy compared to those ending in .com. These sources undergo rigorous review processes and adhere to scientific standards, ensuring the accuracy and validity of the information provided.Secondly, it is essential to critically evaluate the information found online. Just because a website appears professional or has a high search ranking does not guarantee its credibility. One should consider the author's qualifications, the date of publication, and whether the information is supported by scientific evidence. Peer-reviewed articles and studies are generally more reliable than personal anecdotes or opinions. Cross-referencing information from multiple reputable sources can also help verify its accuracy.Furthermore, engaging in online communities dedicated to health discussions can provide valuable insights and perspectives. Participating in forums or social media groups allows individuals to share their experiences, ask questions, and learn from others. However, it is important to remember that not all information shared within these communities is accurate or evidence-based. Therefore, it is crucial to critically evaluate the information shared and verify it with reliable sources before accepting it as factual.In order to assess the impact of disseminating health knowledge within online communities, it is important to consider the reach and engagement of the information shared. Tracking metrics such as the number of views, likes, shares, and comments can provide insights into the level of interest and engagement from the online community. Additionally, analyzing the quality and relevance of the comments and discussions can help evaluate the impact and influence of the information shared.To effectively plan and evaluate the dissemination of health knowledge within online communities, it is beneficial to collaborate with experts in the field. Healthcare professionals, researchers, and public health organizations can provide valuable guidance and ensure the accuracy of the information being shared. They can also help tailor the information to the specific needs and interests of the online community, increasing its relevance and impact.In conclusion, accessing authoritative health knowledge online requires careful evaluation of the sources and information found. Relying on reputable sources, critically evaluating the information, and engaging in online communities can help individuals obtain reliable health information. Assessing the impact of disseminating this knowledge within online communities involves tracking metrics and collaborating with experts. By following these methods, individuals can navigate the vast sea of online information and make informed decisions regarding their health.。
保护互联网的隐私英语作文
保护互联网的隐私英语作文Protecting Privacy in the Digital Age.In the twenty-first century, the internet has become an integral part of our lives, connecting us to information, entertainment, and each other. However, this digital revolution has also brought about new challenges,particularly in terms of privacy. As we navigate the online world, it's crucial to understand the importance of protecting our personal information and the steps we can take to safeguard it.The Value of Privacy.Privacy is a fundamental right that allows individualsto control the dissemination of their personal information. It is essential for maintaining trust, fostering creativity, and enabling free expression. When our privacy is respected, we feel safe and secure, enabling us to engage more freely with the world.Unfortunately, the internet can be a breeding groundfor privacy breaches. From online scams to cyberattacks, the consequences of compromised privacy can range from minor annoyances to severe financial and emotional losses. Therefore, it's imperative to take proactive measures to protect our privacy online.Safeguarding Your Privacy.Here are some key strategies to help safeguard your privacy while using the internet:1. Use Strong Passwords: Creating unique and complex passwords for each online account can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access. Avoid using easily guessable information, such as birthdates or pet names, and consider using a password manager to generate and store secure passwords.2. Enable Privacy Settings: Many online platforms allow you to adjust your privacy settings. Take the time toreview and customize these settings to ensure that your personal information is shared only with those you trust.3. Beware of Public Wi-Fi: Public Wi-Fi networks are convenient, but they can also be risky. These networks are often unsecured, making them vulnerable to hackers. Whenever possible, avoid conducting sensitive transactions or accessing personal information on public Wi-Fi. If you must use it, consider using a virtual private network (VPN) to encrypt your data.4. Be Mindful of Social Media: Social media platforms are a prime target for privacy breaches. Be careful about what information you share online, and consider limiting the visibility of your posts to only those you trust. Additionally, review the privacy settings of your social media accounts to ensure that your information is being shared as you intend.5. Update Software Regularly: Software updates often include security patches and bug fixes that can help protect your privacy. Make sure to keep your operatingsystem, web browser, and other software up to date to minimize the risk of exploits and vulnerabilities.6. Use Two-Factor Authentication: Two-factor authentication adds an additional layer of security to your online accounts. When enabled, it requires not only your password but also a second form of verification, such as a fingerprint scan or a code sent to your phone. This added security measure can help prevent unauthorized access even if your password is compromised.7. Protect Your Devices: Ensure that your computers and mobile devices are equipped with antivirus and antimalware software to protect against malicious software that could compromise your privacy. Additionally, consider enabling remote locking and wiping features to help protect your data if your device is lost or stolen.The Role of Policy and Legislation.Individual efforts to protect privacy are crucial, but they are not enough. Governments and organizations mustalso play their part in safeguarding privacy rights. Policies and laws that govern data collection, storage, and sharing are essential for setting clear boundaries and ensuring accountability.Moreover, companies and organizations that handle personal data should be held accountable for their practices. Transparent data usage policies, regular audits, and strict enforcement of privacy laws can help ensure that personal information is used responsibly and securely.Conclusion.In conclusion, protecting privacy in the digital age is a shared responsibility. By taking proactive measures to safeguard our personal information, we can enjoy the benefits of the internet while minimizing the risks to our privacy. Additionally, by demanding transparency and accountability from governments, organizations, and companies, we can create a safer and more secure digital world for everyone.。
物联网在安全和隐私方面的新挑战
英文文献Internet of Things–New security and privacy challengesRolf H. WeberUniversity of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and University of Hong Kong, Hong KongabstractThe Internet of Things,an emerging global Internet-based technical architecture facilitating the exchange of goods and services in global supply chain networks has an impact on the security and privacy of the involved stakeholders. Measures ensuring the architecture’s resilience to attacks, data authentication, access control and client privacy need to be established. An adequate legal framework must take the underlying technology into account and would best be established by an international legislator, which is supplemented by the private sector according to specific needs and thereby becomes easily adjustable. The contents of the respective legislation must encompass the right to information, provisions prohibiting or restricting the use of mechanisms of the Internet of Things, rules on IT-security-legislation, provisions supporting the use of mechanisms of the Internet of Things and the establishment of a task force doing research on the legal challenges of the IoT.a 2010 Prof Rolf H. Weber. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords:Data protection,Internet of Things,Privacy,RFID,Security1. Internet of Things: notion and technical backgroundThe Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging global Internet-based information architecture facilitating the exchange of goods and services in global supply chain networks.1Forexample, the lack of certain goods would automatically be reported to the provider which in turn immediately causes electronic or physical delivery. From a technical point of view,the architecture is based on data communication tools,primarily RFID-tagged items (Radio-Frequency Identification).The IoT has the purpose of providing an IT-infra-structure facilitating the exchanges of ‘‘things’’ in a secure and reliable manner.The most popular industry proposal for the new IT-infra-structure of the IoT is based on an Electronic Product Code(EPC), introduced by EPC global and GS1.The ‘‘things’’ are physical objects carrying RFID tags with a unique EPC; the infrastructure can offer and query EPC Information Services(EPCIS) both locally and remotely to subscribers.The information is not fully saved on an RFID tag, but asupply of the information by distributed servers on the Internet is made available through linking and cross-linking with the help of an Object Naming Service (ONS).The ONS is authoritative (linking meta data and services) in the sense that the entity having – centralized – change control over the information about the EPC is the same entity that assigned the EPC to the concerned item.8Thereby, the architecture can also serve as backbone for ubiquitous computing,enabling smart environments to recognize and identify objects, and receive information from the Internet to facilitate their adaptive functionality.The central ONS root is operated by the (private) company VeriSign, a provider of Internet infrastructure services.The ONS is based on the well-known Domain Name System (DNS). Technically, in order to use the DNS to find information about an item, the item’s EPC must be converted into a format that the DNS can understand, which is the typical, ‘‘dot’’ delimited, left to right form of all domain names.Since EPC is encoded into syntactically correct domain name and then used within the existing DNS infra-structure, the ONS can be considered as subset of the DNS. For this reason, however, the ONS will also inherit all of the well-documented DNS weaknesses, such as the limited redundancy in practical implementations and the creation of single points of failure.2. Security and privacy needs2.1. Requirements related to IoT technologyThe described technical architecture of the IoT has an impact on the security and privacy of the involved stakeholders.Privacy includes the concealment of personal information aswell as the ability to control what happens with this information.12The right to privacy can be considered as either a basic and inalienable human right, or as a personal right or possession.The attribution of tags to objects may not be known tousers, and there may not be an acoustic or visual signal to draw the attention of the object’s user. There by, individuals can be followed without them even knowing about it and would leave their data or at least traces thereof in cyberspace.Further aggravating the problem, it is not anymore only the state that is interested in collecting the respective data, but also private actors such as marketing enterprises.15Since business processes are concerned, a high degree of reliability is needed. In the literature, the following security and privacy requirements are described:Resilience to attacks: The system has to avoid single points of failure and should adjust itself to node failures.Data authentication: As a principle, retrieved address and object information must be authenticated.Access control: Information providers must be able to implement access control on the data provided.Client privacy: Measures need to be taken that only the information provider is able to infer from observing the use of the lookup system related to a specific customer; at least,inference should be very hard to conduct.Private enterprises using IoT technology will have to include these requirements into their risk management concept governing the business activities in general.2.2. Privacy enhancing technologies (PET)The fulfilment of customer privacy requirements is quite difficult. A number of technologies have been developed in order to achieve information privacy goals. These Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET) can be described in short as follows: Virtual Private Networks (VPN) are extranets established by close groups of business partners. As only partners have access, they promise to be confidential and have integrity.However, this solution does not allow for a dynamic global information exchange and is impractical with regard to third parties beyond the borders of the extranet.Transport Layer Security (TLS), based on an appropriate global trust structure, could also improve confidentiality and integrity of the IoT. However, as each ONS delegation step requires a new TLS connection, the search of information would be negatively affected by many additional layers.DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) make use of public-key cryptography to sign resource records in order to guarantee origin authenticity and integrity of delivered information.However, DNSSEC could only assure global ONS information authenticity if the entire Internet community adopts it.Onion Routing encrypts and mixes Internet traffic from many different sources, i.e. data is wrapped into multiple encryption layers, using the public keys of the onion routers on the transmission path. This process would impede matching a particular Internet Protocol packet to a particular source. However, onion routing increases waiting times and thereby results in performance issues.Private Information Retrieval (PIR) systems conceal which customer is interested inwhich information, once the EPCIS have been located. However, problems of scalability and key management, as well as performance issues would arise in a globally accessible system such as the ONS, which makes this method impractical.A further method to increase security and privacy are Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems, which generally show good scalability and performance in the applications. These P2P systems could be based on Distributed Hash Tables (DHT). Access control,however, must be implemented at the actual EPCIS itself, not on the data stored in the DHT, as there is no encryption offered by any of these two designs.20Insofar, the assumption is reasonable that encryption of the EPCIS connection and authentication of the customer could be implemented without major difficulties, using common Internet and web service security frameworks.In particular, the authentication of the customer can be done by issuing shared secrets or using public-key cryptography.It is important that an RFID tag having been attached to an object can – at a later stage – be disabled in order to allow for customers to decide whether they want to make use of the tag.RFID tags may either be disabled by putting them in a protective mesh of foil known a s a ‘‘Faraday Cage’’ which is impenetrable by radio signals of certain frequencies or by‘‘killing’’ them,i.e.removing and destroying them.However,both options have certain disadvantages. While putting tags in a special cage is relatively safe, it requires that every tag from every single product is put in that cage if a customer desires so. Chances are that certain tags will be overlooked and left with the client and that he/she could still be traced.Sending a ‘‘kill’’ command to a tag leaves room to the po ssibility of reactivation or that some identifying information could be left on the tag. Furthermore, businesses may be inclined to offer clients incentives for not destroying tags or secretly give them tags.Instead of killing tags, the dissolution of the connection between the tag and the identifiable object could be envisaged. The information on ONS is deleted to protect the privacy of the owner of the tagged object. While the tag can still be read, further information with potential information concerning the respective person, however, are not retrievable.Moreover, transparency is also needed for non-personally identifiable information retrieved by RFID. An active RFID can for example trace movements of visitors of an event real time without identifying the persons as such who remain anonymous; nevertheless, the question remains whether such information not coveredby traditional privacy laws might be collected without any restriction.2.3. Legal course of actionThe European Commission is aware of the security and privacy issues related to the RFID and the IoT. In a Recommendation of May 12, 2009 on the implementation of privacy and data protection principles in applications supported by radio-frequency identification27the European Commission invites the Member States to provide for guidance on the design and operation of RFID applications in a lawful, ethical and socially and politically acceptable way, respecting the right to privacy and ensuring protection of personal data (No.1). In particular, the Recommendation outlines measures to betaken for the deployment of RFID application to ensure that national legislation is complying with the EU Data Protection Directives 95/46, 99/5 and 2002/58 (No. 2). Member States should ensure that industry in collaboration with relevant civil society stakeholders develops a framework for privacy and data protection impact assessments (PIA; No. 4); this framework should be submitted to the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party within 12 months. Industry and civil society stakeholders are in the process of establishing the requested framework PIA until late 2009. The objectives of the PIA are designed to identify the implications of the application on privacy and data protection, to determine whether the operator has taken appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure respective protection, to document the measures implemented with respect to the appropriate protection, and to serve as a basis for a PIA report that can be submitted to the competent authorities before deployment of the application. Presumably, the framework should serve to determine a common structure and content of reports. In particular, RFID application description and scope, RFID application governing practices, accountability and analysis and resolution seem to be of importance. Furthermore, operators are asked to conduct an assessment of the implications of the application implementation for the protection of personal data and privacy and take appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure the protection of personal data and privacy (No. 5), and a person within a business needs to be designated for the review of the assessments and the continued appropriateness of the technical and organizational measures. In addition, Member States are invited to support the EU Commission in identifying those applications that might raise information security threats with implications for the general public (No. 6). Additional provisions of the Recommendation concern the information and transparency on RFID use, the RFIDapplications used in the retail trade, the awareness raising actions, research and development as well as follow-up actions (Nos. 7–18).In its specific Communication to the European Parliament,the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Internet of Things(an Action Plan for Europe), the EU Commission again points to the importance of security and privacy in the IoT frame-work.The particular Line of Action 2 encompasses the continuous monitoring of the privacy and the protection of personal data questions; as part of Line of Action 3 the EU Commission is envisaging to launch a debate on the technical and the legal aspects of the ‘‘right to silence of the chips’’ and expresses t he idea that individuals should be able to disconnect from their networked environment at any time.estones of an adequate legal frameworkThe implementation of the IoT architecture and the use of RFID pose a number of legal challenges; the basic questions of the agenda can be phrased as follows: Is there a need for (international or national) state law or are market regulations of the concerned businesses sufficient?If legislation is envisaged: Would existing/traditional legislation be sufficient or is there a need for new laws?If new laws are to be released: Which kind of laws are required and what is the time frame for their implementation?These legal challenges need to be embedded into the human rights and constitutional framework. Insofar, the decision of the German Supreme Court of 27 February 2008 constituting an independent fundamental right of confidentiality and integrity related to info-technical systems merits attention.3.1. Systematic approachThe establishment and implementation of an appropriate legal framework31calls for a systematic approach in relation to the legislative process. Thereby, the following aspects should be taken into account:Facts about RFID using scenarios are to be systematically developed; only under the condition that the facts are sufficiently known, adequate legal provisions can be drafted.A systematization of the legal problems potentially occur-ring can be done by coordination along the below discussed four technical axes, namely globality,verticality, ubiquity and technicity.The legal challenges of security and privacy issues related to the IoT and RFID are to be qualitatively classified.In particular, the question must be addressed how much privacy the civil society is prepared to surrender in order to increase security. Solutions should be looked for allowing considering privacy and security not as opposites, but as principles affecting each other.In light of the manifold factual scenarios, it appears to be hardly possible to come to a homogenous legal framework governing all facets of the IoT and RFID. Moreover, a heterogeneous and differentiated approach will have to be taken into account. Thereby, the technical environment can be crystallized along the four axes, representing the most important challenges to the establishment of regulation: Globality is based on the fact that goods and services in the IoT context will be globally marketed and distributed. The RFID technology is also ‘‘global’’ in the sense that the same technical processes are applied all over the world. Consequently, business and trade would be heavily complicated if differing national laws would be in place. If the RFID-tagged products are available on a global level, the legal systems need to be synchronized.Verticality means the potential durability of the technical environment. In particular, it is important for the life of the IoT that RFID-tagged products are lasting long enough to not only use them in the supply chain until the final customer, but also for example in the waste management. For the time being,this requirement is not sufficiently met in the EPC traffic.Ubiquity refers to the extent of the RFID-tagged environment; technically, RFID could indeed be used ubiquitously encompassing persons, things, plants, and animals.Technicity is an important basis for the development of rules protecting privacy objectives. Several differentiations can be taken into account, namely (i) the complexity of the tag(active and passive, rewritable, processing and sensor provided products), (ii) the complexity of background devices (reader or other linked media) and the maximum reading range which is particularly designed to cover transparency demands.These four requirements have to be taken into account when establishing a legal framework binding all participants of the IoT. Resulting from these four requirements, the framework to be established has to be global, i.e. Established by an internationallegislator, and applicable to every object on earth from its becoming until its destruction. The ubiquity needs to be addressed in particular if various objects are put together to form a new ‘‘thing’’.This new ‘‘thing’’ can either be attributed with a new tag, or the creation can carry multiple tags. While the first scenario is more practical, this solution may leave businesses with the problem that individual parts cannot be traced back to their origin.A solution may be that the one tag attached to the object makes reference to the different sources of all individual parts. A global consensus needs to be found, which is then generally applied. The question raised is also connected to the fourth requirement, technicity. If composed objects keep all the tags of integrated parts, tracing all relevant information concerning that object becomes extremely complex and difficult. As this discussion demonstrates,determining an appropriate legal framework raises various technical questions. Therefore, the inclusion of technical experts in the process-making seems inevitable. Furthermore,the discussion also shows that the framework needs to be established at an international level and address all fundamental issues. Otherwise, the IoT becomes impractical and cannot be used efficiently.The following conclusion for a potential legislation can be drawn from the mentioned systematic approach: A unique strategy will not be suitable to satisfactorily cope with the privacy challenges of the IoT. Inevitably, legislators have to make good use of several of them. In particular, due consideration of technicity seems to be of major importance.Furthermore, data protection and privacy need communication strategies establishing an effective platform for dialogue between state legislators, non-governmental organizations,public interest groups and the international private sector.3.2. State law or self-regulationThe establishment of an adequate legal framework for the protection of security and privacy in the IoT is a phenomenon giving rise to the question of the appropriate legal source.Various regulatory models are available in theory: Apart from the possibility of no regulation at all, which cannot be considered as a real ‘‘solution’’, the choice is principally between traditional national regulation, international agreements and self-regulation.As mentioned, national regulation has the disadvantage of not meeting the globalization needs of an adequate legal framework in view of the fact that transactions through the IoT are usually of a cross-border nature.(i) So far, the regulatory model in the IoT is based on self-regulation through manifold business standards, starting from technical guidelines and leading to fair information practices. In particular, the EPC-Guidelines rely on components like ‘‘Consumer Notice’’, ‘‘Consumer Education’’ and ‘‘Retention and IT-Security Policy’’.Consequently, the compliance with the EPC-Guidelines is driven by a self-control strategy.This self-regulatory model follows the well-known principle of subsidiarity,meaning that the participants of a specific community try to find suitable solutions (structures, behaviors) them-selves as long as government intervention has not taken place.The legitimacy of self-regulation is based on the fact that private incentives lead to a need-driven rule-setting process. Furthermore, self-regulation is less costly and more flexible than State law.In principle, self-regulation is justified if it is more efficient than state law and if compliance with rules of the community is less likely than compliance with self-regulation.The theoretical approaches to the self-regulatory model show a multifaceted picture: In many cases, self-regulation is not more than a concept of a private group, namely a concept occurring within a framework that is set by the government (directed self-regulation or audited self-regulation). This approach has gained importance during the last decade: if the government provides for a general framework which can be substantiated by the private sector often the term ‘‘co-regulation’’ is used. The state legislator does not only set the legal yardsticks or some general pillars of the legal framework, but eventually the government remains involved in the self-regulatory initiatives at least in a monitoring function supervising the progress and the effectiveness of the initiatives in meeting the perceived objectives.In this context, the legal doctrine has developed the notion‘‘soft law’’ for private commitments expressing more than just policy statements, but less than law in its strict sense, also possessing a certain proximity to law and a certain legal relevance.Nevertheless, the term ‘‘soft law’’ does not yet have a clear scope or reliable content. Particularly in respect to the enforceability of rules, law is either in force (‘‘hard law’’) or not in force (‘‘no law’’), meaning that it is difficult to distinguish between various degrees of legal force. Generally, it can only be said that soft law is a social notion close to law and that it usually covers certain forms of expected and acceptable.codes of conduct.This concept of self-regulation cannot overcome the lack of an enforcement strategy if compliance is not done voluntarily.Therefore, theinvolvement of the legislator seems to be inevitable.While self-regulation has gained importance during the last years, there are still critics thereof, pointing out that self-regulatory mechanisms only regulate those motivated or principled enough to take part in them as market pressure is not yet strong enough to oblige everyone to adopt the respective rules. Furthermore, it is argued that self-regulation is only adopted by stakeholders to satisfy their own interests and is therefore not effective in the protection of privacy.(ii) Therefore, even if the manifold merits of self-regulation are to be honoured, some pillars of the legal framework in the context of security and privacy need to be set by the legislator. Such law would have to be introduced on an international level. Contemporary theories addressing international law aspects tend to acknowledge a wide definition of international law, according to which this field is no longer limited merely to relations between nation states but generally accepts the increasing role of other international players such as individual human beings, international organizations and juridical entities.Since customary rules can hardly develop in a fast moving field such as the IoT, the main legal source is to beseen in the general principles of law, such as good will,equal treatment, fairness in business activities, legal validity of agreements etc.These general principles can be illustrated as ‘‘abstractions form a mass of rules’’which have been ‘‘so long and so generally accepted as tobe no longer directly connected with state practice’’.To some extent, basic legal principles are considered to be an expression of ‘‘natural law’’; practically, general legal principles may be so fundamental that they can be found in virtually every legal system.The specific problem in view of security and privacy,however, consists in the appreciation that privacy concerns are not identical in the different regions of the world which makes the application of general principles difficult in cross-border business activities. Therefore, a basic legal framework should be introduced by an international legislator; however,the details of the legal rules for the protection of security and privacy needs are to be developed by the private sector.The IoT being a new system itself, the idea of entrusting a body with its legislation and governing that is new, too, is not far-fetched. A new body would be in the position to take into account all the characteristics of the IoT. Furthermore,considering the complexity of the IoT, this body could be construed in a way to dispose of the necessary capacities.The alternative to the creation of a newbody is to integrate the task of international legislator for the IoT in an existing organization. Bearing in mind the globality of the IoT, this organization has to have a certain scope of territorial application. Furthermore, the organization should have a structure that allows for the inclusion of a body only responsible for the IoT. Finally, legislation and governing of the IoT should be encompassed by the overhead responsibilities of the organization to be appointed. When considering these requirements, the World Trade Organization(WTO) and the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) come to mind. A special Committee responsible for rule-setting and supervision in the IoT could be established as an answer to the question of an international legislator. This Committee would be made up of representatives of WTO or OECD member States, thereby assuring an international approach. The Committee could,after deliberations, issue formal agreements, standards and models, recommendations or guidelines on various issues of the IoT.This evaluation coincides with the experiences made in the field of Internet governance in general. An internationally binding agreement covering privacy and data protection does not yet exist. Even if international human rights instruments usually embody the essence of privacy, at least to a certain extent, the protection cannot be considered as being sufficient; only ‘‘extreme’’ warranties are legally guaranteed, such as the respect for private life or the avoidance of exposure to arbitrary or unlawful interference.Therefore, it is widely accepted that co-regulation is needed to secure the implementation of effective principles of privacy in the online world. Possible elements of a self-regulatory scheme may include codes of conduct containing rules for best practices worked out in accordance with substantive data protection principles, the establishment of internal control procedures(compliance rules), the setting-up of hotlines to handle complaints from the public, and transparent data protection policies.Many international instruments, such as the Guidelines of the OECD and Art. 27 of the EC Directive on the Protection of Personal Data (1995),mention self-regulation as an appropriate tool.Nevertheless, security and the protection of privacy is nota matter to be addressed exclusively by a legislator. Research and development in the field of information technology should also consider ethical consequences of new inventions.3.3. Legal categories and scenariosFuture legislation encompassing privacy and data protection issues of the IoT。
基于认证的移动网络中的信任模型——英文翻译
Certification-based trust models in mobile ad hoc networks:A survey and taxonomyMawloud Omar，nUniversite A/Mira，ReSyD，Bejaia，AlgeriaYachne Challal，Abdelmadjid BouabdallahUniversite de Technologie de Compiegne，Heudiasyc-UMR CNRS 6599，Compiegne，France AbstractA mobile ad hoc network is a wireless communication network which does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure or any centralized management. Securing the exchanges in such network is compulsory to guarantee a widespread development of services for this kind of networks. The deployment of any security policy requires the definition of a trust model that defines who trusts who and how. There is a host of research efforts in trust models framework to securing mobile ad hoc networks. The majority of well-known approaches is based on public-key certificates，and gave birth to miscellaneous trust models ranging from centralized models to web-of-trust and distributed certificate authorities. In this paper，we survey and classify the existing trust models that are based on public-key certificates proposed for mobile ad hoc networks，and then we discuss and compare them with respect to some relevant criteria. Also，we have developed analysis and comparison among trust models using stochastic Petri nets in order to measure the performance of each one with what relates to the certification service availability.Keywords: mobile ad hoc network，trust models，certificates1. IntroductionMobile ad hoc networking is emerging as an important area for new developments in the field of wireless communication. The premise of forming a mobile ad hoc network is to provide wireless communication between heterogeneous devices，anytime and anywhere，with no infrastructure. These devices，such as cell phones，laptops，palmtops，etc. carry out communication with other nodes that come in their radio range of connectivity. Each participating node provides services such as message forwarding，providing routing information，authentication，etc. to form a network with other nodes spread over an area. With the proliferation of mobile computing，mobile ad hoc networking is predicted to be a key technology for the next generation of wireless communications. They are mostly desired in military applications where their mobility is attractive，but have also a high potential for use in civilian applications such as coordinating rescue operations in infrastructure-less areas ，sharing content and network gaming in intelligent transportation systems，surveillance and control using wireless sensor networks，etc.Inherent vulnerability of mobile ad hoc networks introduces new security problems，which are generally more prone to physical security threats. The possibility of eavesdropping，spoofing，denial-of-service，and impersonation attacks increases. Similar to fixed networks，security of mobile ad hoc networks is considered from different points such as availability，confidentiality，integrity，authentication，non repudiation，access control and usage control. However，security approaches used to protect the fixed networks are not feasible due to the salient characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks. New threats，such as attacks raised from internal malicious nodes，are hard to defend. The deployment of any security service requires the definition of a trust model that defines who trusts who and how. There are recent research efforts in trust models framework to securing mobile ad hoc networks. There exist two main approaches: (1) cooperation enforcement trust models，and，(2) certification- based trust models. In Table 1，we present the major differences between cooperation enforcement trust models and certification-based trust models.Table 1Cooperation enforcement vs. certification-based trust modelsThe first trust models category is based basically on reputation among nodes. The reputation of a node increases when it carries out correctly the tasks of route construction and data forwarding. The models of this category support effective mechanisms to measure the reputation of other nodes of the network. They also incorporate techniques that isolate the misbehaving nodes that are those that show a low reputation value. Trust models based on cooperation enforcement are well surveyed in the literature. Marias et al. provided such a thorough survey of cooperation enforcement trust models. In this paper，we are interested in the category of certification-based trust models. Indeed，in this category，the trust relationship among users is performed in a transitive manner，such that if A trusts B，and B trusts C，then A can trust C. In this relationship，the principal B is called Trusted Third Party (TTP). The latter could be a central authority (like CA –Certification Authority) or a simple intermediate user. Both points of view gave birth to two categories of models: (a) Authoritarian models，and (b) Anarchic models. In this paper，we review and classify the existing certification-based trust models belonging to each category. Moreover，to determine the efficiency of a given trust model，it is very important to estimate the certification service availability with respect to mobile ad hoc networks configuration. Therefore，we have modeled the certification process of each surveyed trust model using stochastic Petri nets (SPN). As you will see in the following sections，this allows a better understanding of the performances of the different models and how to leverage some parameters forhigher certification service availability.While a number of surveys covering the issues of key management in mobile ad hoc networks，have provided some insightful overviews of the different schemes proposed in the literature，none of them focuses on issues related to certificates management thoroughly (the scheme architecture，how the certificates are stored and managed，the complexity evaluation of the certification protocol，etc.). To complement those efforts，this work provides detailed taxonomy of certification-based trust models，and illustrates in depth the different schemes by providing the advantages and drawbacks of each one with respect to relevant criteria. The careful examination and analysis has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of the proposed schemes based on an analytic evaluation. The ultimate goal of this paper is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each scheme in order to devise a more effective and practical certificate-based trust models which can achieve a better trade-off between security and performance.The remaining of this paper is structured as follows. In Section 2，we recall background material relating to basic concepts on cryptography and threshold cryptography. Then，in Section 3，we identify requirements relating to certificates management with respect to mobile ad hoc networks environment and constraints，and in Section 4 we propose a tax on o my of the existing certification-based trust models. Respectively，in Sections 5 and 6，we review the authoritarian models，and anarchic models. For each solution，we provide a brief description and discuss its advantages and short- comings. We model the different solutions using stochastic Petri nets and provide analytical results and conclusions. Then，we make a general analysis and comparison against some important performance criteria. We finally conclude this paper in Section 7 with the sender. Each public-key is published，and the corresponding private-key is kept secret by the sender. Message encrypted with the sender’s public-key can be decrypted only wit h the sender’s private-key. In general，to send encrypted message to someone，the sender encrypts the message with that receiver’s public-key，and the receiver decrypts it with the corresponding private-key authentication is a service related to identification. This function applies to both entities and information itself. Two parties entering into a communication should identify each other.The public-key certificate is a digital data structure issued by a trusted third party to certify a public-key’s ownership. Among other information a public-key certificate contains: (1) certificate number; (2) issuer’s identity; (3) owner’s identity;(4) owner’s public-key; (5) signature algorithm; (6) period of validity; and (7) the issuer’s signature，and eventually other extensions. CA (Certification Authority) is a trusted third party，which is usually a trustworthy entity for issuing certificates. If the same CA certifies two users，then they would have the same CA in common as a third trust party. The two users would then use the CA’s public-key to verify their exchanged certificates in order to authenticate the included public-keys and use them for identification and secure communication. Each CA might also certify public-keys of other CAs，and collectively forms a hierarchical structure. If different CAs certification two users，they must resort to higher-level CAs until they reach a common CA (cf. Fig. 1).Web-of-trust model does not use CAs. Instead，every entity certifies the binding of identities and public- keys for other entities. For example，an entity u might think it has good knowledge of an entity v and is willing to sign’s public-key certificate. All the certificates issued in the system forms a graph of certificates，named web-of-trust (cf. Fig. 2).2. BackgroundIn this section we recall the definition of some security services using cryptographic mechanisms.2.1. Security services and basic cryptography mechanismsConfidentiality is a service used to keep the content of information from all，but those authorized to have it. Confidentiality is guaranteed using encryption. Encryption is a cryptographic transformation of the message into a form that conceals the message original meaning to prevent it from being known or used. If the transformation is reversible，the corresponding reversal process is called decryption，which is a transformation that restores the encrypted message to its original state. With most modern cryptography，the ability to keep encrypted information secret is based not on the cryptographic encryption algorithm，which is widely known，but on a piece of information called a key that must be used with the algorithm to produce an encrypted result or to decrypt previously encrypted information. Depending on whether the same or different keys are used to encrypt and to decrypt the information We distinguish between two types of encryption systems used to assure confidentiality: Symmetric-key encryption: a secret key is shared between the sender and the receiver and it is used to encrypt the message by the sender and to decrypt itby the receiver. The encryption of the message produces a non-intelligible piece of information; the decryption reproduces the original message. Public-key encryption: also called asymmetric encryption，involves a pair of keys (public and private keys)3. Design issuesThe distribution of public-keys and management of certificates have been widely studied in the case of infrastructure-based networks. In the latter，several issues have been well discussed. However，the certificates management in mobile ad hoc networks addresses additional new issues appeared from the constraints imposed，in particular，by the ad hoc network environment. These issues can be resumed in the following points:Certification service availability issue: In mobile ad hoc networks，due to the frequent link failures，nodes mobility，and limited wireless medium，it is typically not feasible to maintain a fixed centralized authority in the network. Further，in networks requiring high security，such a server could become a single point of failure. One of the primary requirements is to distribute the certification service amongst a set of special nodes (or all nodes) in the network.Resources consumption issue: Since the nodes in mobile ad hoc network typically run on batteries with high power consumption and low memory capacity，the certification service must be resource-aware. That means the time and space complexity of the underlying protocols must be acceptably low in terms of computation，communication，and storage overheads.Scalability issue: Many applications in mobile ad hoc networks involve a large number of nodes. When the certificates management is handled through a centralized authority，the latter may become overloaded due to the number of nodes request. Otherwise，if the certification service is designed in a fully distributed way among several nodes in the network，each participant to the service must maintain a local repository，which contains a maximum number of certificates concerning the other nodes in the network. Hence，the storage overhead will be linear to the network size，which may compromise the system scalability to large ad hoc networks.Handling heterogeneity issue: As in the case of wired networks，the certifying authorities might be heterogeneous even in mobile ad hoc networks. This means that two or more nodes belonging to different domains (mainly in term of certification policy) may try to authenticate each other. In such a case，there must be some kind of trust relationship between the two domains.4. TaxonomyIn Fig. 4，we propose a tax on o my of the existing certification-based trust models for mobile ad hoc networks. We divide existing solutions into two categories depending on the existence or not of central authorities.4.1 Authoritarian modelsIn this category，there exist one or more authorities that are trusted by the whole community of ad hoc nodes. Depending on the number of authorities，this category can be further divided into monopolist models and oligopolist models:1.Monopolist models. In this subcategory，the system is ensured by acertification authority. To cope with the spontaneous nature of mobile ad hoc networks，the service is distributed among several servers，which ensure collectively the CA’s role using a (k，n) threshold cryptography scheme. The CA’s private key is divided into n private-shares，such that each server holds one private-share. In order to deliver a certificate to a given client node，each server creates a partial certificate (certificate signed using a private-share). The system processes the client request，such that the combination of any k partial certificates gives as a result a valid certificate signed by the CA’s private-key.This subcategory is divided into:(a) Single distributed CA，where the certification service，in the whole system，is ensured by only one CA，which is distributed among several servers.(b) Hierarchical CAs，where the certification service is ensured by several homogeneous CAs organized into a hierarchy. Each or some CAs in the system is distributed among several servers. A trust relationship should be established among the different CAs in this case.2.Oligopolist models. In this subcategory，the system is composed ofseveral heterogeneous CAs. Each CA has its own policy of certification. Each or some CAs in the system are distributed among several servers.4.2. Anarchic modelsIn this category of models，there is no central authority. Or in other words，each user acts as an authority independently of other users in the network. The propagation of trust in the network forms what is commonly called web-of-trust. As previously outlined，the web-of-trust is managed by users themselves. This model isdecentralized in nature，and so very adequate for mobile ad hoc networks. In this category of trust models，two main operations are addressed: (1) the initial web-of-trust construction and (2) the certificates chain discovery. This subcategory can be further divided into proactive models and reactive models:1. Proactive models. In this subcategory，the protocol of certificates collection is executed systematically among neighboring nodes. Thus，when the node needs to verify a certificate，it is done instantly since the required chain of certificates would have been already retrieved from the network.2. Reactive models. In this subcategory，the certificates collection protocol is executed on-demand. When the node needs to verify a certificate，it collects in a distributed manner the appropriate chain of certificates from the network. This prolongs the delays of certificates verification.In the following sections，we give detailed descriptions of certification-based trust models belonging to each category. We give for each trust model an overview，advantages，drawbacks，and eventually the proposed extensions. Then，for each category，we give an analytical modeling and an overall comparison with respect to the criteria presented in Section 3.5. Authoritarian modelsIn this section we present and discuss certification-based trust models belonging to the authoritarian models category.5.1. Monopolist modelsIn this class of trust models，the certification service is ensured by a single or several homogeneous CA.5.2. Oligopolist modelsIn this class of trust models，the certification service is composed of several heterogeneous CAs，which each one has its own policy of certification.5.3. Modeling and discussionIn order to measure the degree of the possibility to get a successful certification process，we have opted to model trust models using SPN (Stochastic Petri Network). This model is adequate in the sense that the availability of servers at a given moment for a given node requester is probabilistic and depends on many parameters such as mobility，nodes availability，radio links failure，etc. Then，the servers must collaborate collectively to generate a public-key certificate which requires the synchronization of at least k servers. Indeed，SPNs consist of places and transitions as well as a number of functions. Enabled transitions fire according to exponential distributions; characteristic of Markov processes. It allows the quick construction of a simplified abstract model that is numerically solved for different model parameters. In Fig. 10，we present SPNs corresponding to each trust model belonging to this category，and we note in Table 3 the most used terminology in this subsection.Description……7. ConclusionsIn this paper we focused on certification-based trust models in mobile ad hocnetworks. We provided an overview of the objectives and requirements relating to certificates managements with respect to mobile ad hoc networks environments: service availability，resources awareness，scalability，and handling the heterogeneity. We have classified existing solutions into two approaches: (1) Authoritarian models，where the certification service is provided through one or several certification authorities. In order to take into consideration the above-mentioned requirements，and especially availability and resources awareness，the certification service is distributed among a set of special nodes cooperation to provide the service through threshold cryptography. (2) Anarchic models，where each user in the network considers itself as a certification authority and establishes its own trust relationships according to some rules that may require the cooperation of other users in the network. Again，to take into consideration the above-mentioned requirements，some techniques are used to make certificates chain verification fasterwith low certificates storage overhead. We have further divided these two categoriesinto fine grained sub-categories to illustrate the different organizational and performance aspects of the proposed solutions in the literature. We believe that the proposed taxonomy provides a global and precise insight over existing solutions，with a better understanding of the design choices decided by their authors.In order to measure the service availability degree，we have modeled the reviewed certification-based trust models using SPNs(Stochastic Petri Nets)，followed by comparisons and analytical discussions of each trust model. We have showed，in the authoritarian models，that there are two criteria that influence on the certification system availability. The first criterion is the coalition of servers providing the certification service: how to choose the servers? And how many servers can be available to respond to a certification requests? The second criterion is the choice of the threshold value (k). We have studied the impact of these two parameters on the successful certification rate of the existing trust models. This allowed us to further categorize the solutions into performance classes depending on the variation of these parameters dictated by the design of each trust model. In the other category of anarchic models，we have showed that there are two significant criteria that influence on the authentication service availability. The first criterion relates to the management of certificates repository servers，and especially their availability to respond to client nodes requests. The second criterion is the policy nature of certificates chain recovery，and especially，the induced length of certificates chain requiring verification during the certification process. We have then studied the impact of these parameters on the rate of successful service of authentication. This culminated to the categorization of existing solutions into performance classes depending on the design of each trust model.This survey should help shed some light on certification-based trust models in mobile ad hoc networks. It should be especially useful to get a global and precise insight of existing solutions through a fine grained taxonomy and a thorough performance modeling，evaluation and comparison.Journal of Network and Computer Applications2011 Elsevier Ltd.中文译文基于认证的移动网络中的信任模型：调查及分类奥玛拉.马洛德阿尔及利亚倍及亚热赛德巴黎米拉大学亚森.查拉，阿伯丁伊德德·堪培根科技大学，法国国家科学研究院摘要：移动网是一种无线通信网络，不依赖于已有的基础设施或任何的集中管理。
网络信息安全做英语作文
Network Information SecurityIn the digital era, network information security has become paramount. As we increasingly rely on technology for communication, transactions, and storage of sensitive information, the need to protect this data from unauthorized access and malicious intent has never been greater.The cornerstone of network information security is a robust firewall. A firewall acts as a barrier between a private network and the internet, screening incoming and outgoing network traffic. It identifies and blocks unauthorized access attempts, thus preventing hackers from gaining entry into a system.Another crucial aspect is encryption. Encryption is the process of converting readable data into a coded format that requires a specific key to decode. This ensures that even if data is intercepted, it cannot be easily understood without the appropriate decryption key.Regular updates and patches for software and hardware are also essential. Software vulnerabilities are a common entry point for hackers, and keeping systems updated with the latest security patches helps to close these gaps.User education is another key factor. Employees should be trained to recognize phishing scams, avoid clicking on suspicious links, and handle sensitive information with care. A culture of security awareness can significantly reduce the risk of internal breaches.In conclusion, network information security is a multifaceted and ongoing process. It requires a combination of technological solutions, regular updates, and user education to ensure the protection of critical data. As we continue to migrate to an increasingly digital world, investing in robust network security measures is an investment in the security of our personal and corporate information.在数字时代，网络信息安全至关重要。
可信网络连接--TNC
TNC具体执行过程
4、假定AR和NAA之间的用户认证成功完成，则NAA通知 TNCS有一个连接请求到来。 5、TNCS和TNCC进行平台验证。 6、假定TNCC和TNCS之间的平台验证成功完成。TNCS通知IMV 新的连接请求已经发生，需要进行完整性验证。同时TNCC通 知IMC新的连接请求已经发生，需要准备完整性相关信息。 IMC通过IF-IMC向TNCC返回IF-M消息。
可信网络三个基本属性的紧密联系 的好处
• 可生存性设计：在系统脆弱性不可避免以 及攻击和破坏行为客观存在的状况下，提 供资源调度等提高服务生存性的行为控制， 提高包括安全服务在内等关键服务的持续 能力。
可信网络三个基本属性的紧密联系 的好处
• 可控性设计：完成对网络节点的监测以及 信任信息的采集，根据信任分析决策的结 果实施具体的访问接纳和攻击预警等行为 控制手段，从而建立起内在关联的异常行 为控制体系，结束当前安全系统分散孤立 的局面，全面提升对恶意攻击和非恶意破 坏行为的对抗能力。
• 网络本身存在安全漏洞
根本原因
起因
• 网络体系结构的研究主要考虑了如何提高数据传输的效率 • 构成Internet的一些早期网络协议也很少考虑安全问题 • 攻击迅速，容易、廉价的，难于检测和追踪
• 即使网络体系结构设计很完美，设备软硬件在实现过程中的脆 弱性也不可能完全避免 无法避免因
素
“可信网络”的定义
structure of web application system
确保系统正常运行 保护系统和数据不被未被授权的用户使用或篡改
2018/11/29
• 在网络开放环境中很难确保安全性
我们将WAS进行划分，这样就存在5种类 型的安全漏洞：Network system security bug, Operating system security bug,Web server security bug,Database and application program security bug.
网络隐私保护和信息拓展英语作文
网络隐私保护和信息拓展英语作文英文回答：Internet Privacy and Information Dissemination.The internet has revolutionized the way we access and share information. However, with increased connectivity comes concerns about privacy and the potential for information to be used in ways that we may not intend or desire.Privacy Concerns.One of the primary concerns with internet privacy isthe collection and use of personal data. Websites, apps,and other online services often collect information about our browsing habits, location, and even our personal preferences. This data can be used for targeted advertising, but it can also be shared with third parties or even stolen by hackers.Information Dissemination.The internet has also made it easier for information to be disseminated on a global scale. This has led to increased access to information, but it has also created challenges in terms of verifying the accuracy andreliability of the information we encounter online.Balancing Privacy and Information.Balancing the need for privacy and the benefits of information dissemination is a complex issue. There is no easy solution, but there are several steps that can be taken to protect our privacy while still allowing for the free flow of information.Privacy Protections.There are a number of privacy protections that can be implemented to help protect our personal data. These include:Using strong passwords and security measures.Being cautious about sharing personal information online.Using privacy-focused browsers and search engines.Opting out of targeted advertising.Information Verification.Verifying the accuracy and reliability of information online is essential to avoid misinformation and disinformation. Some tips for verifying information include:Checking multiple sources.Looking for reliable and reputable sources.Being aware of biases and misinformation tactics.Using fact-checking websites.Conclusion.The internet has brought about tremendous benefits, but it is important to be aware of the privacy risks and challenges associated with information dissemination. By taking steps to protect our privacy and by verifying the accuracy of information, we can continue to enjoy the benefits of the internet while minimizing the risks.中文回答：网络隐私保护和信息拓展。
计算机网络网络安全与隐私保护
计算机网络网络安全与隐私保护Chapter 1: IntroductionIn recent years, the importance of network security and privacy protection has been growing rapidly due to the increasing reliance on computer networks for personal and business purposes. Computer networks such as the internet, intranets, and extranets are core components of the modern world, enabling global communication and collaboration. However, these networks are vulnerable to various security risks and data breaches that threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. To address these challenges, various security mechanisms and privacy protection techniques have been developed to secure computer networks from unauthorized access and misuse.Chapter 2: Network security threats and vulnerabilitiesNetwork security threats and vulnerabilities are the primary factors that contribute to security risks and data breaches. The most common network security threats include:1. Malware: Malware is a type of software that is designed to infiltrate computer systems without the users' consent and cause harm, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, ransomware, and adware.2. Cybercrime: Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that are committed on computer networks, such as identity theft, phishing, fraud, cyberbullying, hacking, and cyber-espionage.3. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks: A DoS attack is a type of attack that aims to disrupt the normal operation of a computer network by overwhelming its resources and preventing legitimate users from accessing the network.4. Social engineering: Social engineering is a type of attack that exploits human weaknesses and emotional manipulation to trick individuals into disclosing sensitive information or performing actions that may lead to the compromise of the network.Chapter 3: Network security measuresTo address the network security threats and vulnerabilities mentioned above, various measures have been taken to enhance network security.1. Firewalls: Firewalls are hardware or software components that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic. They can prevent unauthorized access by blocking incoming traffic from untrusted sources and allow only carefully reviewed and selected traffic to reach its intended destination.2. Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS): IDPS are software or hardware components that monitor network traffic formalicious behaviors and alert system administrators to potential security breaches.3. Encryption: Encryption is a method of transforming data into an unreadable format to protect it from unauthorized access or viewing. It is a crucial security measure for protecting sensitive information like passwords, credit card data, and personally identifiable information (PII).4. Virtual private network (VPN): VPNs are used to secure remote access to private networks by creating an encrypted tunnel between the remote user and the private network.Chapter 4: Privacy protection in computer networksPrivacy is the ability of individuals to control and manage their personal information. Computer networks often process a vast amount of personal information, which creates a significant privacy risk if the information falls into unauthorized hands. Therefore, privacy protection in computer networks is critical to prevent data breaches and protect personal information.1. Access control: Access control is a method of managing user access to sensitive information by creating a permission-based system that grants access only to authorized personnel.2. Anonymity: Anonymity is a measure that allows individuals to conduct transactions without revealing their identity. It is commonlyused to protect online privacy and prevent the tracking and profiling of individuals.3. Data minimization: Data minimization is a principle that involves limiting the collection, use, and retention of personal information to only what is necessary for business purposes. It is an essential privacy protection measure that minimizes the risk of data breaches and protects personal information.Chapter 5: ConclusionNetwork security and privacy protection are critical components of any computer network. By implementing the appropriate security mechanisms and privacy protection techniques, organizations can reduce the risk of cyber threats and protect sensitive information. However, the field of network security and privacy protection is continually evolving, and new security and privacy threats are emerging every day. Therefore, it is essential to stay up-to-date with the latest security trends and implement the best practices in network security and privacy protection.。
互联网可靠性信息系统外文翻译文献
互联网可靠性信息系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The Reliability of Internet-Based Information SystemSummary of papers focused on the reliability of the information system with the wide area network and server structure development. Existing customers of the system and an amendment to the transformation server HTTP task to perform analysis and advanced graphics. At the same time, the article is also on the global information network and the technical background, as well as, client /server systems analysis explained. With systems development, design engineers and reliability analysts can more quickly and easily on an analysis of the reliability of the system. Keywords: information system, WWW, client / server architecture, the reliability of 1. The introduction of information systems have a wide range of practical application, it can be useful for the judge to make a decisive strategy. Is generally believed that the information system is built on the model of the organizational structure of a particular data flow. In reliability engineering, researchers in the access and data analysis will be some difficulties. The system development process is the accumulation of data from the majority of analysts to obtain the reliability. In the component data, computer failure rate for each component, the application-specific data (for example, the importance of the application, function of the number of pins, and so on.) Developers for the design of the system are very important in terms of . Institutions in the organization, client / server architecture has been integrated as a good way of computer data. With the traditional focus on the computer environment, the client / server environment, users share data, applications, are easier to deal with the process [1]. Ability to work depends on the balance of the application of client / server system, an important role.Support the development of the Internet as an interactive data display and distribution of the means of transmission. Internet client and server interaction in the standardization of information was a great success. Similarly, in the development of client and server software or network protocol, if not require special resources, Internet-based system can quickly create.In this chapter, we explained the Internet-based and client / server technology to achieve the reliability of information systems. ChapterII provides an overview of client / server computing in response to the Internet. Chapter III describes the reliability of information systems implementation details, and Chapter IV of further study were summarized and discussed.2. Internet and client / server architectureClient / server structure of the relationship between the two processes can be said to be running a number of tasks in cooperation. It supports the integrity of information systems and scalability [2]. Lyu (1995) demonstrated that the client / server structure of the four advantages: cost reduction, productivity improvement, system life cycle availability of a longer and better. Therefore, client / server system architecture is considered a viable structure of information systems. With the development of the Internet to achieve client / server structure of the simplest possible way out is the task of the client software is displayed and the format of the information obtained from the server using a web browser. Many bibliographic retrieval system is the typical example. In a web browser as a client access to an existing client / server platform, only a class of system code (HTML and help code) need to maintain.But for other systems, the client software on behalf of the server in the implementation of additional tasks or users, the co-ordination mechanisms need a web browser-based client to run these jobs. A typical solution is to use the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) program. However, due to various reasons, this approach is not satisfactory.. In a CGI-based system, all are usually handled by the client task must be simulated by the CGI program. Increase the burden on the server. Another from the standard Internet browser access to client / server applications is invented by the Dossick and Kaiser [3].They have put forward a HTTP proxy to connect to the existing client / server network system. HTTP proxy to intercept HTTP requests for data and use the original set of requests for their transfer to the source system.The use of APIs is similar to Netscape's embedded browser-specific tools to create client / server system, browser-based client is feasible. However, the use of such APIs generated by the Web-based client software to limit the use of a proprietary platform, as well as a dedicated web browser. Unnecessary restrictions which offset a lot of clients to create Web-based benefits.3. SystemElectronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) has developed ERIS is called the reliability of information systems. It can be synthesized using a computer system failure rate and reliability of the calculation [4]. ERIS clients include procedures by the two neutral components, they are different hardware platforms: workstations and personal computers. Not familiar with the UNIX environment, users will be inconvenient to use.Needs to be noted that the reliability of software tools made by Birolini. In order to become useful to the user software, as opposed to other requirements, a large enough database is very important. In stand-alone environment, the user can have an independent data storage. This will be a waste of computer resources and time. Most existing tools are independent, to share data between users inconvenient. Based on the above in the ERIS test requirements and the views collected, we set the following elements:- Friendly user interface: man-machine interface for the effective handling large amounts of data is very important. At the same time,his understanding of the results of the analysis is very helpful.- Openness: information services must be widely used. Open the same end-users in the reliability of the information can be used in the client easy access to other applications.- Data sharing: Once part of the data into the DBMS, then this data should be shared by other users.- User Management: User information is stored can effectively deal with the increase in users.- Security: safe design must be appropriate to consider the design data in order to prevent the outside world open. Only those with only the correct user identification number (ID) and password of the user to enter the database server.Based on the above-mentioned requirements, ERIS functions of the development of the following. The system is divided into the following two categories: user / database management and reliability analysis.We are a combination of methods to connect to the Internet as well as the source client / server structure of the development of ERIS. Web browser in the display and formatting information can be used effectively for all users. Web browser management concepts used for ERIS. ERIS allows management through the user's web browser application. Home users can apply for ERIS through the use of ID. Once his / her registration ID in the user database, he / she can be in any place to download the client program ERIS.ERIS's the realization of client similar to Windows program. Conducive to the server through the client to deal with the original function-specific applications. They have a better and easy to store a user-friendly interface, in order to merge the reliability of learning, provide them with a good query to the design process. Server processand client processes is in line with the TCP / IP protocol standard data requirements. ERIS provides me with Internet and client / server architecture of the composite structure. CGI and COM servers have two processes. CGI solution components from a web browser client to issue the HTTP request and return the corresponding results. COM is to manage the process of data link request. There is a temporary database error filter components and user information. Only authenticated users and the information data can be registered.UNIX server operating system is the use of workstations, the client is the PC. Informix database management system used to manage users and data. Server process through the ESQL / C language. Client through the MS Visual C + + and Delphi development tools for development.4. ConclusionERIS is to design engineers and reliability analysts widely used development system. Succession through a combination of Internet and client / server structure of the concept, we have the scope in the design of the engine, set up quickly to understand the reliability of the design environment. Through the use of the Internet, the distribution of time to install a tool to reduce a lot than before. ERIS also via the Internet to provide services to other organizations. Internet technology development and will stimulate popular Internet-based system to the traditional client / server system changes.译文：基于互联网的可靠性信息系统论文主要讨论的是信息可靠性系统随着广域网和服务器构造的发展。
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Internet Web Trust System Basedon Smart ContractShaozhuo Li,Na Wang(&),Xuehui Du,and Aodi LiuHe’nan Province Key Laboratory of Information Security,Zhengzhou450001,Henan,Chinatwftina_w@Abstract.The current Internet web trust system is based on the traditional PKIsystem,to achieve the purpose of secure communication through the trustedthird party.However,with the increase of network nodes,various problemsappear in the centralization system of public key infrastructure(PKI).In recentyears,in addition to cryptographic problems,attacks against PKI have focusedon the single point of failure of certificate authority(CA).Although there aremany reasons for a single point of failure,the purpose of the attack is toinvalidate the CA.Thus a distributed authentication system is explored toprovide a feasible solution to develop distributed PKI with the rise of theblockchain.Due to the automation and economic penalties of smart contracts,aPKI system is proposed based on smart contracts.The certificate chain wasconstructed in the blockchain,and a mechanism was adopted for auditing accessto CA nodes in the blockchain.Experimental results show that securityrequirements of CA are met in this system.Keywords:Public key infrastructureÁBlockchainÁSmart contract1IntroductionThe current Internet web trust system is based on the traditional PKI system.Public Key Infrastructure(PKI)is a key management platform that follows established standards.It provides cryptographic services such as encryption and digital signatures and the key and certificate management systems necessary for all web applications.PKI technology is the core of information security technology and the key and basic technology of e-commerce.This third-party-based trust mechanism is now facing serious security challenges, resulting in frequent security incidents.For example,DigiNotar was invaded in2011 [1].DigiNotar is a Dutch company whose main business is to issue certificates to the public and is thefirst CA to be completely invaded.The forged certificate caused a very serious man-in-the-middle attack in Iran,collecting a large number of Gmail pass-words,and it’s root certificate was revoked.In December2013,TurkTrust CA issued a false certificate[2].TURKTRUST Inc.incorrectly created two CA branches(*.ego.-gov.tr and ).The CA of .TR branch was subsequently used to issue a false digital certificate to*.This deceptive certificate may be used to perform phishing attacks or man-in-the-middle attacks on ©Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.2019X.Cheng et al.(Eds.):ICPCSEE2019,CCIS1058,pp.295–311,2019.https:///10.1007/978-981-15-0118-0_23310S.Li et al.At the same time,we also set up a revocation certificate list,using the advantage of short blockchain update time to achieve faster update of the revocation certificate, avoiding the problem of revocation not effective.5Conclusions and Future WorkThis paper describes a Internet web trust system based on smart contract.In the article, the specific content and implementation methods of each function are described,and the architecture is also elaborated.Finally,through experiments,the feasibility of this distributed PKI system is proved.At present,the smart contract-based PKI system of this paper has many advantages for the existing distributed PKI system,and it is very feasible,but it also has its own shortcomings.These shortcomings are mainly due to the disadvantages of the blockchain itself.The blockchain itself is difficult to complete the storage of big data,so the storage of a large number of certificates becomes the bottleneck of the system.At the same time,key recovery is also a problem that needs to be solved.In the identity management based on blockchain,we mustfirst guarantee the security of the certificate.Secondly,the number of nodes needs to be guaranteed,and everyone can join the blockchain to view the certificate.So our consensus mechanism must ensure scalability and security.In blockchain-based identity management,it is inevitable to store some private identity information on the blockchain,but the blockchain itself is publicly accessible.Therefore,we must ensure the accessibility of the identity information on the blockchain and the privacy protection of the information [15].The above questions are the next step for us.Acknowledgements.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(grant No.61802436and No.61702550)and the National Key Research and Development Plan(grant No.2018YFB0803603and No.2016YFB0501901).References1.Is This MITM Attack to Gmail’s SSL?(5).https:///forum/#!msg/gmail/3J3r2JqFNTw/oHHZLJeed-HMJ.Accessed20Mar20192./articles/tech/220690.htm.Accessed20Mar20193.Ellison,C.,Schneier,B.:Ten risks of PKI:What you’re not being told about public keyput.Secur.J.16(1),1–7(2000)4.Nakamoto,S.:Bitcoin:a peer-to-peer electronic cash system.Consulted(2008)5.A next-generation smart contract and decentralizedapplication 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