糖尿病基础知识-英文
糖尿病(全英文版)DiabetesMellitus
Lab test
blood glucose is higher than 33.3 mmol/l, usually 33.3-66.6 mmol/l and serum osmolality > 350 mmol/l
Introduction
There are more and more people suffer from diabetes with the development of society, population aging and changes of life style.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic
Stage 5: clinical diabetes
Stage 6: beta cells of the clients who
have longtime diabetes are damaged
thoroughly, blood insulin level is very low
Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Stage 1: genetics emotivity Stage 2: start autoimmune Stage 3: immunology abnormality
Stage 4: progressive dysfunction of beta cells
gestational diabetes mellitus
糖尿病(全英文版)DiabetesMellitus
▪ Factors associated with diabetes include obesity, aging, and ethnic group.
.
Classification
Type 1 diabetes
Stage 1: genetics emotivity Stage 2: start autoimmune Stage 3: immunology abnormality
▪ Nursing diagnosis 4: potential complications hypoglycemia
▪ Nursing diagnosis 5: potential complications DKA, hyperosmolar coma
.
.
lethargy, illusion, disorientation, seizure and coma.
.
Lab test
blood glucose is higher than 33.3 mmol/l, usually 33.3-66.6 mmol/l and serum osmolality > 350 mmol/l
Subjective data Objective data
.
▪ Nursing diagnosis 1: Deficient Knowledge:
Diabetes, medical regimen, diet, exercise, self-care management skills (insulin injection, SMBG) related to new diagnosis or changes in treatment
therapy, keep balance of electrolyte and acid-base, prevent and manage complications Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma
糖尿病相关单词
糖尿病相关英文词汇DM 相关英文词汇小结1.Diabetes mellitus 糖尿病2.hyperglycemia 高血糖3.abnormalities 异常4.insulin secretion 胰岛素分泌5.insulin sensitivity 胰岛素敏感性6.microvascular complications 微血管并发症7.macrovascular complications 大血管并发症8.neuropathic complications 神经并发症9.ensue 出现、发生10.immune-mediated destruction pancreatic β-cells 免疫介导的胰岛β细胞损伤11.long preclinical period 亚临床期长12.transient remission 疾病短暂好转13.honeymoon phase 蜜月期of14.autoantibodies 自身抗体15.islet cell antibody 胰岛细胞抗体17.insulin antibodies 胰岛素抗体18.lipolysis 脂肪分解19.free fatty acid production 游离脂肪酸生成20.increasedhepatic glucose production 肝糖生成增加21.decreased skeletal muscle uptake of glucose 肌肉组织对葡萄糖摄取下降22.adiabetogenic lifestyle (excessive calories，inadequate exercise，and obesity) 易导致糖尿病的生活方式（能量过度摄入、锻炼不足、肥胖）23.superimposed upon 协同24.asusceptible genotype 易感基因25.glucocorticoids 糖皮质激素26.pentamidine 喷他脒27.niacin 医学英文词汇小结-ENDO128.α-interferon α-干扰素29.Impaired fasting glucose，IFG 空腹血糖受损（5.6–6.9 mmol/L）30.impaired glucose tolerance，IGT 糖耐量受损（7.8–11.40 mmol/L）31.retinopathy DM 视网膜病变32.neuropathy DM 神经病变33.nephropathy DM 肾病34.coronary heart disease 冠心病35.stroke 中风36.peripheral vascular disease 外周血管病变37.prone to developdiabetic ketoacidosis 自发酮症倾向38.severestress 严重应激39.insulincounterregulatory hormones 胰岛素对抗激素40.asymptomatic 无症状41.unrelated blood testing 随机血糖42.Lethargy 无精打采43.polyuria 多尿44.nocturia 夜尿45.polydipsia 烦渴46.Hemoglobin A1C （glycosylated hemoglobin）糖化血红蛋白（≥6.5%为诊断标准）46.Fasting plasma glucose 空腹血糖（≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)为诊断标准）47.oralglucose tolerance test (OGTT) 口服糖耐量检测48.75 g anhydrous glucose 75g 无水葡萄糖（折合82.5g 一水葡萄糖）49.Two-hour plasma glucose 2 小时血糖（≥200 mg/dL (111.1 mmol/L) 为诊断标准）50.A random plasma glucose concentration 随机血糖（≥200 mg/dL (111.1 mmol/L)为诊断标准）51.hyperglycemic crisis 高血糖危象52.positivefamily history 家族史阳性53.ameliorate symptoms of hyperglycemia 控制高血糖症状54.Glycemic Goals 医学英文词汇小结-ENDO1 血糖控制目标55.Preprandial plasma glucose 餐前血糖56.Postprandial plasma glucose 餐后血糖57.American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 美国临床内分泌医师学会AACE58.American College of Endocrinology 美国内分泌学会ACE59.American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病协会ADA60.aggressive management 强化控制61.smoking cessation 戒烟62.treatment of dyslipidemia 调节血脂异常63.intensiveblood pressure 强化血压控制64.antiplatelet therapy 抗血小板治疗65.dietary and exercise modifications 改变饮食锻炼习惯66.self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) 自我血糖监测67.low in saturated fat 饱和脂肪限量68.caloric restriction 控制热量69.Bedtime and betweenmealsnacks 睡前及餐间零食70.Aerobic exercise 有氧锻炼71.sedentary patients 既往运动较少的病人72.atherosclerotic disease 动脉粥样硬化疾病73.subcutaneously 皮下注射74.Humalog (insulin lispro) 赖脯胰岛素（优泌乐?）75.NovoLog (insulin aspart) 门冬胰岛素（诺和锐?）76.Apidra (insulin glulisine) 赖谷胰岛素（Apidra?，目前还没有中文名）77.Rapid-acting insulins 速效胰岛素78.Short-acting insulins 短效胰岛素79.Humulin R (regular) 优泌林?R80.Novolin R (regular) 诺和灵?R81.Intermediate-acting insulins (neutral protamine Hagedorn) 中效胰岛素（中性鱼精蛋白胰岛素，NPH）Hagedorn为发明者名字82.Humulin N 医学英文词汇小结-ENDO1 优泌林?N83.Novolin N 诺和灵?N84.Long-acting insulins 长效胰岛素ntus (insulin glargine) 来得时?（甘精胰岛素）86.Levemir (insulin detemir) 诺和平?（地特胰岛素）87.Premixed insulins 预混胰岛素88.Humalog Mix 75/25 (75%neutral protamine lispro,25% lispro) 优泌乐?MIX75/25（75%鱼精蛋白赖脯胰岛素；25%赖脯胰岛素）89.Humalog Mix 50/50 (50%neutral protamine lispro,50% lispro) 优泌乐?MIX50/50（50%中性鱼精蛋白赖脯胰岛素；50%赖脯胰岛素）90.Novolog Mix 70/30 (70% aspart protamine suspension,30% aspart)阿福特罗诺和锐?MIX70/30(70%鱼精蛋白门冬胰岛素；30%门冬胰岛素)91.NPH-regular combinations 中效-短效组合92.Humulin 70/30 优泌林?70/3093.Novolin 70/30 诺和灵?70/3094.Exenatide (Byetta) 艾塞那肽（百泌达）GLP-195.Liraglutide (Victoza) 利拉鲁肽（诺和力）96.Pramlintide (Symlin) 普兰林肽（人胰淀素类似物）97.delayedpostmealhypoglycemia 迟发性餐后低血糖98.nocturnal hypoglycemia 夜间低血糖99.fasting hyperglycemia 空腹高血糖100.Glucagon （1 g intramuscularly）胰高血糖素（肌肉注射）101.Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)Agonists 胰高血糖素样肽1激动剂102.gastric emptying 胃排空103.Sulfonylureas 磺脲类104.equipotent doses 等效剂量105.Glipizide 格列吡嗪（普通片，控释片（XL）瑞易宁?）106.glyburide 格列本脲（普通片：Diabeta?,优降糖?；微乳制剂：Micronase?）107.Glimepiride 格列美脲(Amaryl?,亚莫利?)108.Short-acting insulin secretagogues 短效胰岛素促泌剂（餐时促泌剂）医学英文词汇小结-ENDO1109.Nateglinide 那格列奈（Starlix?，唐力?）110.Repaglinide 瑞格列奈（Prandin?，孚来迪?）111.Biguanides 双胍类112.Metformin 二甲双胍（格华止?，Glucophage?）113.Metformin extendedrelease 二甲双胍缓释片（格华止?，Glucophage XR ?）114.Thiazolidinediones 噻唑烷二酮类115.Pioglitazone 吡格列酮（艾可拓?，Actos?）116.Rosiglitazone 罗格列酮（文迪雅?，Avandia?）117.α-Glucosidase inhibitors α-糖苷酶抑制剂118.Acarbose 阿卡波糖（拜糖平?，Precose?）119.Miglitol 米格列酮（Glyset?）120.Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors 二肽基转肽酶-4抑制剂121.Sitagliptin 西格列汀（捷诺维?，Januvia?）122.Saxagliptin 沙格列汀（安立泽?，Onglyza?）123.Glyburide/metformin 格列本脲/二甲双胍（Glucovance?）124.Glipizide/metformin (N) Metaglip 格列吡嗪/二甲双胍（Metaglip?）125.Rosiglitazone/metformin 罗格列酮/二甲双胍（文达敏?，Avandamet?）126.long half-life drugs 长半衰期药物127.skip meals,误餐128.exercise vigorously 高强度锻炼129.skin rash 皮疹130.hemolytic anemia 溶血性贫血131.GI upset 胃肠道不适132.cholestasis 胆汁淤积133.Hyponatremia 低钠血症134.glucose dependentinsulin release 葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素释放（格列奈类）135.the medication should alsobe skipped 误餐，当餐药物也无需服用136.insulin-sensitive tissues 胰岛素敏感组织137.hepatic and peripheral (muscle) tissues 医学英文词汇小结-ENDO1 肝脏及外周（肌肉）组织138.basal-bolus therapy 基础联合餐时胰岛素方案136.glycemic lability.血糖不稳定137.preprandial SMBGlevel 餐前血糖监测水平138.upcoming activity level 未来运动量139.anticipated carbohydrate intake 预计摄食水平140.Carbohydrate counting 碳水化合物计量141.diminish aggregation 减少聚集142.greater glycemic control 严格控制血糖143.erratic postprandial control 餐后血糖控制不佳144.judiciously titrated based on GI adverse effects andpostprandial glycemic goals 根据胃肠道不良反应及血糖控制水平调整剂量145.Symptomatic patients 有症状的患者146.worsen insulin resistance 加重胰岛素抵抗147.therapeutic lifestylemeasures 治疗性生活方式改善148.Obese patients (>120% ideal body weight) 肥胖患者（标准体重120%）149.Near-normal-weight patients 体重基本正常的患者150.disease progresses on metformintherapy 应用二甲双胍期间病情进展151.on multipletherapies 正在应用多种治疗方案152.bedtime injection 晚间（胰岛素）注射153.Intensify management 强化治疗方案154.Less intensive management 非强化治疗方案155.intact hypoglycemiaawareness 有低血糖症状（未受损伤）ed at the discretion of the clinician 在医师的监护下用药157.ophthalmologist 眼科医生158.regress 恢复ser photocoagulation 激光光凝治疗160.Paresthesias 感觉异常161.numbness 麻木162.predominant symptoms 主要症状医学英文词汇小结-ENDO1 甲氧氯普胺163.tricyclic antidepressants,三环类抗抑郁药物164.anticonvulsants 抗惊厥的药165.gabapentin 加巴喷丁166.pregabalin 普瑞巴林167.carbamazepine 卡巴咪嗪168.topiramate 托吡酯169.duloxetine,度洛西汀170.venlafaxine,文拉法辛171.topical capsaicin 辣椒素（表面应用）172.analgesics 止痛药173.tramadol 曲马多174.Gastroparesis 胃瘫175.Erythromycin 红霉素176.debilitating 使人虚弱的177.metoclopramide 胃复安178.orthostatic hypotension 体位性低血压179.mineralocorticoids 盐皮质激素180.Diabetic diarrhea 糖尿病腹泻181.nocturnal 夜间（五更泻）182.doxycycline 多西环素183.metronidazole 甲硝唑184.Octreotide 奥曲肽185.Erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍186.sildenafil 西地那非187.vardenafil 伐地那非188.tadalafil 他达那非189.retarding the progression ofestablished nephropathy 延缓神经病变进程190.Diuretics 利尿剂191.volume-expanded states 容量增加状态医学英文词汇小结-ENDO1 192.Claudication 跛行193.correction of dyslipidemia 纠正血脂异常194.antiplatelet therapy 抗血小板治疗195.Cilostazol 西洛他唑(Pletal?)196.select patients 选定的病人197.Local debridement 去死皮198.The National Cholesterol EducationProgram Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines 国际胆固醇教育项目成人治疗专家指南200.Niacin 烟酸201.fibrate 贝特类药物202.polyuria 多尿203.polydipsia 多饮，烦渴204.Finer insulin adjustments 更为精细的血糖调节205.nocturnal sweating 夜汗206.palpitations 心悸207.microalbuminuria 微量白蛋白尿208.albuminuria 白蛋白尿209.dilated ophthalmologic exams 散瞳查眼底210.influenza and pneumococcal vaccine 流感及肺炎疫苗Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
few
less then type 2 DM leading cause of death
low or lack
usually + insulin dependence
FPG FPG
(mmol/L)
DM
7.0
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱIFG
IG
6.1
T
NGT
IGT
7.8 11.1
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
75gOGTT 2hPG
(mmol/L)
Comparison of type 1 and type 2 DM
Usual age of onset Mode of onset weight
symptoms
Other specific types Gestational diabetes**
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
Other specific types
Genetic defects of beta-cell function Genetic defects in insulin action Diseases of the exocrine pancreas Endocrinopathies Drug- or chemical-induced Infections Uncommon forms of immune-
Type 2 DM：amyloidosis of pancreas
糖尿病基础知识-英文
编辑版ppt
5
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Gestational Diabetes Other types:
❖LADA (
❖MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of youth) ❖Secondary Diabetes Mellitus
In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis or a non– ketotic hyperosmolar state may develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death.
People with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease.
编辑版ppt
4
Burden of Diabetes
The development of diabetes is projected to reach pandemic proportions over the next10-20 years.
医学英语糖尿病专业词汇
医学英语糖尿病专业词汇A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 醣化血色素A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链Acanthosis nigrans, 皮肤棘状黑色素瘤Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer]Accountability measures 质量改善度评量ACCU-Check Compact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词]ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂长效型Adhesion molecule 黏着分子与动脉硬化形成相关，可被HDL 抑制Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐乙酰醋酸Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]Acetone 丙酮Acetylsalicylic acid： [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林Acidosis 酸血症Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 烟碱酸类降脂剂Acromegaly肢端肥大症Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂新降血糖药物Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型人体胰岛素Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之添加剂ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相对应生活质量Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相对应生活质量Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP IIIAER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率。
医学英语（31）：糖尿病
糖尿病 diabetes mellitus ，DM 成人晚发自身免疫性糖尿病 latent autoimmune diabetes in adult，LAD 口服葡萄糖耐量试验oral glucose-tolerance test, OGTT 糖尿病大血管病变 diabetic macroangiopathy 糖尿病微血管病变 diabetic microangiopathy 糖尿病肾病diabetic nephropathy 糖尿病视网膜病变 diabetic retinopathy 糖尿病神经病变 diabetic neuropathy 蜜月期 honeymoon period 正常糖耐量 normal glucose tolerance 空腹血糖异常 impaired fasting tolerance 代谢综合征 metabolic syndrome 磺脲类 sulfonylureas 双胍类 biguanides 葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂glucosidas inhibitor 噻唑烷二酮类 thiazolidinedione 普通胰岛素 regular insulin 中性胰岛素 neutral protamine hagedorn 鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素 protamine zinc insulin 胰岛素抵抗 insulin resistance 糖尿病酮症酸中毒diabetic ketoacidosis，DKA 高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷
糖尿病简介 英文版
Diabetes - IntroductionIntroductionDiabetes is a disease that affects millions of Americans every year. Your health care provider may have informed you that you have diabetes. Although there is no known cure for diabetes, there are several treatments which can control this disease. The success of any diabetes treatment depends largely on you, the patient. This reference summary will help you develop a better understanding of diabetes and how to control this disease.What is DiabetesThe body is made of millions of cells that need energy to function. The food you eat is turned into sugar, called glucose. Glucose is carried to the cells through the blood stream. It is one of many substances needed by the cells to make energy.For glucose to enter the cells, two conditions must be present. First, the cells should have enough “doors,” called receptors. Second, a hormone called insulin is needed to “unlock the receptors.” Once these two conditions are met, glucose enters the cell and is used by the cell to make energy. Without energy, all cells die.Insulin is a hormone, which is manufacturedin the pancreas. Insulin levels in the bloodvary with the amount of glucose present inthe blood. Diabetes is a disease that makesit difficult for the cells of the body to get theglucose they need to make energy.There are two ways in which diabetes canmake it difficult for the cells of the body toreceive adequate amounts of glucose. First,insulin may not be made by the pancreas.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Because insulin is needed to “unlock the receptors,” glucose cannot enter the cells. Therefore, glucose levels increase in the blood. This is known as Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is present in enough quantities, but there is a decrease in the number of receptors on the cells to allow glucose to enter. Even though insulin is present, it cannot be used effectively, a situation called “Insulin Resistance” and results in high levels of glucose in the blood.Type 2 diabetes is more common than Type 1. The exact causes of diabetes are unknown. However, it tends to run in families. Diabetes is not contagious.Signs and Symptoms Of DiabetesDiabetes is detected when your health care provider finds a high level of sugar in your blood or urine. The most reliable test results are obtained when the sugar level in the blood is checked before any food or liquid is ingested. This is known as a fasting blood sugar. A range for a normal fasting blood sugar is between 60 and 99 mg/dL. Levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL are considered pre-diabetic levels.Common signs and symptoms of diabetesinclude:•Excessive thirst.• Frequent urination.• Excessive Hunger.• Weight loss.• Fatigue.• Changes in vision.•Slow-healing cuts or infections.•Persistent itching of the skin.Treatment OptionsDiabetes cannot be cured. It can, however, be controlled by keeping the level of glucose in the blood within its normal range. The treatment and management of diabetes varies from patient to patient. Your health care provider and diabetic care team will decide what form of treatment is best for you.The success of your treatment depends largely on you. When you learn AND practice how to control your glucose level, you will enjoy a healthier life.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Controlling DiabetesYou can control diabetes by:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.1. Eating right.2. Exercising.3. Monitoring your blood glucose level.4. Taking prescribed medications.5. Learning about diabetes.Your dietitian or diabetes educator will explain to you howyou can plan your meals and answer any questions youmay have. The three goals of eating right are:1. Controlling your weight2. Keeping the level of blood glucose at normal levels,and3. Reducing fat in the body.A healthy diet may include changing what you eat, howmuch you eat, and how often you eat. However, you maybe surprised by how many healthy and tasty food options you have.Exercise helps people with diabetes in many ways. It lowers glucose levels, helps weight-loss, and maintains a healthy heart and circulation. In addition, exercisinghelps relieve stress and strengthens muscles. Your health care team will discuss your exercise plan with you. Always check with your health care team before starting a new exercise program.Blood glucose testing is important to find out if your blood glucose level is where itshould be. If your blood glucose is too low or too high, you may need a change in your diabetes medication, diet, or exercise plan. If a change is needed, your health care provider or diabetic care team will give you instructions on what you should do. Your blood glucose level is determined by testing asmall drop of blood obtained from one of your fingers.This drop of blood is obtained by sticking your fingerwith a lancet. Blood glucose is usually checked one tofour times each day, usually before meals. This can bedone at home. Most people with diabetes become verycompetent at checking their own blood glucose.Your diabetes educator will teach you how to test your blood glucose correctly and will tell you the times of day to do the tests. He or she will also teach you how to make changes in diabetes medication, diet, or exercise to help control your blood glucose. The diabetes educator will also review your blood glucose records and make any necessary changes in your therapy.In cases of very high blood glucose levels that do not respond to diet and exercise plans, medications may be needed. You health care provider will tell you if you need medications or insulin. If insulin is needed, it can onlybe injected. Insulin is needed for all patients with Type1 diabetes and for some patients with Type2 diabetes.Blood glucose levels are very important to determinewhether diabetes is controlled at the specific time theblood test is done. There is also another blood testknown as Hemoglobin A1C. This blood test determineshow well glucose has been controlled over the previous3 months. A normal level in people who do not have diabetes is usually 5% or less.People with diabetes should try to maintain their Hemoglobin A1C at 6% or less as long as they don’t have symptoms of hypoglycemia. A 6% level is equivalent to an estimated average blood sugar of 126 mg/dL. The lower the Hemoglobin A1C is, the less the chances of having complications from diabetes.Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)When controlling your diabetes, your blood glucose can become too high or too low. These conditions should be taken seriously. Fortunately, you can regain control of your blood glucose.When too much sugar is in your blood, this condition is called hyperglycemia. Hyper is Greek and means “more.” Glycemia is also Greek and means, "sugar in the blood." Hyperglycemia can be caused by eating too much food, eating sugary, sweet foods, or by not taking your medication. It can also happen when you are sick. If not treated, hyperglycemia can cause you to go into a coma.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Signs of high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, include:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.• Dry mouth.• Thirst.• Frequent urination.• Blurry vision.• Fatigue or drowsiness.• Weight loss.When you have high blood glucose, drink water or othersugar-free liquids. Check your blood glucose and stick toyour diet plan. If your blood glucose remains high callyour health care team. Your health care team will tell you what is considered high foryou. If it is too high, you may need to go to the hospital.Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)Hypoglycemia occurs when too little glucose is present in your blood. Hypo is Greek and means “less.” Hypoglycemia usually occurs with patients who take insulin or other medications. It can be caused by taking too much insulin. That is why it is also known as insulin shock. It can also be caused when you decrease your food intake or skip a meal, or when you exercise more than usual.Signs of low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, include:• Sweating, shaking, nervousness.• Hunger, dizziness, faintness.• Pounding heart, personality change, confused thinking,impatience, crankiness.• Numbness of lips and tongue, headache, blurred vision,and slurred or slowed speech.If not treated, low blood sugar can lead to fainting or seizures. Alow blood sugar can happen quickly and be life threatening.People with diabetes experience different signs when theirblood glucose is low. You should become aware of how youfeel when your blood glucose is too low. Some patients do notexperience any signs when their blood glucose is low.These patients must depend on blood glucose testing to find out if they have hypoglycemia.If you have low blood glucose, immediately eat or drink something containing fast-acting glucose. Examples include any of the following: 3-4 glucose tables, half a cup of fruit juice, 1/2 can of regular soda pop, ten gumdrops, or 2 teaspoons of sugar or honey. If your symptoms do not disappear in 15 minutes or your blood glucose remains less than 80 mg/dL, take another dose of fast-acting sugar. Repeat every 10 to 15 minutes until the blood glucose is greater than 80.If it is less than 30 minutes until your next meal, eat that meal. If it is more than 30 minutes, eat a snack such as half a sandwich or 3 Graham Crackers. Eat the meal or snack after you have taken a dose of fast-acting sugar. Do not subtract the snack from your next meal plan.Do not drive or operate equipment if you feel your blood glucose is low. You should inform your family members and friends that you have diabetes, and if they ever find you unconscious or not making sense, they should take you to a hospital immediately or call “911.”Complications of DiabetesWhen you control the level of glucose in your blood, the signs of diabetes become less frequent. You will feel better and have more energy. If you do not follow your diet, exercise, and perform blood glucose tests, serious complications can arise. Complications of diabetes include damage to the nerves and blood vessels of the body.Nerve damage is known as diabetic neuropathy. It usuallyinvolves the nerves going to the legs and feet. The feet orlegs could feel numb or unusually cold. Non traumaticlower limb amputations can occur in people withuncontrolled diabetes.People with diabetes who have poor sensation in theirfeet must be very careful to avoid damaging their feet withill-fitting shoes, hot water, or other forms of injury. Checkyour feet every day for cuts, sores, redness, or swelling.Use a mirror if needed.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.When visiting the clinic, ask your health care provider to check your feet.Sexual dysfunction can occur. In men with diabetes, the most common problem is impotence due to damaged nerves going to the sexual organs. Urologists can help treat impotence with surgical and non-surgical treatments. In women with diabetes, damaged nerves in the pelvic organs and genitals can lead to impaired sexual arousal and painful intercourse. If this happens, your health care provider can recommend a treatment.Because the nerves that go to the heart may be affected, people with diabetes who have a heart attack may not experience the typically described chest pain. People with diabetes should therefore be very suspicious when they feel chest heaviness, arm numbness or indigestion. These could be symptoms of a heart attack. Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates 2 to 4 times higher than adults without diabetes. The risk of stroke is 2 to 4 times higher among people with diabetes.High blood glucose can cause damage to large and small blood vessels. Fat in the blood is deposited on the walls of blood vessels. This causes hardening of the arteries or arteriosclerosis. Hardening of the arteries can occur in arteries leaving or entering the heart. It can also occur in the legs.Your diet plan is designed to lower the level of fat and cholesterol in the blood. When small blood vessels are narrowed by plaque and fat, the blood flow to the organs becomes insufficient. This causes the death of cells dependent on receiving the blood. It can also cause bleeding from narrowed blood vessels.The thickening of small blood vessels is mostnoticeable in the kidney and in the back of the eye.Diabetes is the leading cause of new cases ofblindness among adults.Diabetes may stop the kidneys from cleaning wasteout of the blood. In addition, proteins that shouldstay in the body may leak into the urine. Yourhealth care provider can test for small amounts ofprotein in your urine to determine if there are earlysigns of kidney diseases. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.People with diabetic kidney disease often develop high blood pressure. It is very important that the high blood pressure be treated with blood pressure lowering medicines because this helps to prevent worsening of the kidney problems.If you have diabetic kidney disease, your health care provider may also prescribe a special diet that is low in protein and restricted in salt. In rare cases, dialysis and even kidney transplants may become necessary.Gum disease is more common in people with diabetes. Among young adults, those with diabetes have about twice the risk of gum disease as those without diabetes. If you have diabetes and smoke, talk to you health care provider about smoking cessation support.All health care providers feel that controlling your diabetes will help prevent damage to blood vessels and nerves. Proper control of diabetes is a combination of diet plan, medication, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and good hygiene.SummaryThanks to advances in medicine, diabetes can be successfully controlled. The role of the patient is essential in making a diabetes management plan succeed.Diabetes management consists of:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.• Following a diet plan• Testing blood sugar• Exercising• Taking all prescribed medication on time• Ensuring good hygiene• Learning about diabetesYour diabetic health care team will explain to you yourspecific diabetes control plan. When you follow these instructions, the possibility of experiencing the problems of diabetes discussed in this program can be significantlyreduced.This reference summary is made available to you by your health care team to help you enjoy a healthier lifestyle while controlling diabetes.。
糖尿病简介 英文版
Diabetes - IntroductionIntroductionDiabetes is a disease that affects millions of Americans every year. Your health care provider may have informed you that you have diabetes. Although there is no known cure for diabetes, there are several treatments which can control this disease. The success of any diabetes treatment depends largely on you, the patient. This reference summary will help you develop a better understanding of diabetes and how to control this disease.What is DiabetesThe body is made of millions of cells that need energy to function. The food you eat is turned into sugar, called glucose. Glucose is carried to the cells through the blood stream. It is one of many substances needed by the cells to make energy.For glucose to enter the cells, two conditions must be present. First, the cells should have enough “doors,” called receptors. Second, a hormone called insulin is needed to “unlock the receptors.” Once these two conditions are met, glucose enters the cell and is used by the cell to make energy. Without energy, all cells die.Insulin is a hormone, which is manufacturedin the pancreas. Insulin levels in the bloodvary with the amount of glucose present inthe blood. Diabetes is a disease that makesit difficult for the cells of the body to get theglucose they need to make energy.There are two ways in which diabetes canmake it difficult for the cells of the body toreceive adequate amounts of glucose. First,insulin may not be made by the pancreas.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Because insulin is needed to “unlock the receptors,” glucose cannot enter the cells. Therefore, glucose levels increase in the blood. This is known as Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is present in enough quantities, but there is a decrease in the number of receptors on the cells to allow glucose to enter. Even though insulin is present, it cannot be used effectively, a situation called “Insulin Resistance” and results in high levels of glucose in the blood.Type 2 diabetes is more common than Type 1. The exact causes of diabetes are unknown. However, it tends to run in families. Diabetes is not contagious.Signs and Symptoms Of DiabetesDiabetes is detected when your health care provider finds a high level of sugar in your blood or urine. The most reliable test results are obtained when the sugar level in the blood is checked before any food or liquid is ingested. This is known as a fasting blood sugar. A range for a normal fasting blood sugar is between 60 and 99 mg/dL. Levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL are considered pre-diabetic levels.Common signs and symptoms of diabetesinclude:•Excessive thirst.• Frequent urination.• Excessive Hunger.• Weight loss.• Fatigue.• Changes in vision.•Slow-healing cuts or infections.•Persistent itching of the skin.Treatment OptionsDiabetes cannot be cured. It can, however, be controlled by keeping the level of glucose in the blood within its normal range. The treatment and management of diabetes varies from patient to patient. Your health care provider and diabetic care team will decide what form of treatment is best for you.The success of your treatment depends largely on you. When you learn AND practice how to control your glucose level, you will enjoy a healthier life.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Controlling DiabetesYou can control diabetes by:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.1. Eating right.2. Exercising.3. Monitoring your blood glucose level.4. Taking prescribed medications.5. Learning about diabetes.Your dietitian or diabetes educator will explain to you howyou can plan your meals and answer any questions youmay have. The three goals of eating right are:1. Controlling your weight2. Keeping the level of blood glucose at normal levels,and3. Reducing fat in the body.A healthy diet may include changing what you eat, howmuch you eat, and how often you eat. However, you maybe surprised by how many healthy and tasty food options you have.Exercise helps people with diabetes in many ways. It lowers glucose levels, helps weight-loss, and maintains a healthy heart and circulation. In addition, exercisinghelps relieve stress and strengthens muscles. Your health care team will discuss your exercise plan with you. Always check with your health care team before starting a new exercise program.Blood glucose testing is important to find out if your blood glucose level is where itshould be. If your blood glucose is too low or too high, you may need a change in your diabetes medication, diet, or exercise plan. If a change is needed, your health care provider or diabetic care team will give you instructions on what you should do. Your blood glucose level is determined by testing asmall drop of blood obtained from one of your fingers.This drop of blood is obtained by sticking your fingerwith a lancet. Blood glucose is usually checked one tofour times each day, usually before meals. This can bedone at home. Most people with diabetes become verycompetent at checking their own blood glucose.Your diabetes educator will teach you how to test your blood glucose correctly and will tell you the times of day to do the tests. He or she will also teach you how to make changes in diabetes medication, diet, or exercise to help control your blood glucose. The diabetes educator will also review your blood glucose records and make any necessary changes in your therapy.In cases of very high blood glucose levels that do not respond to diet and exercise plans, medications may be needed. You health care provider will tell you if you need medications or insulin. If insulin is needed, it can onlybe injected. Insulin is needed for all patients with Type1 diabetes and for some patients with Type2 diabetes.Blood glucose levels are very important to determinewhether diabetes is controlled at the specific time theblood test is done. There is also another blood testknown as Hemoglobin A1C. This blood test determineshow well glucose has been controlled over the previous3 months. A normal level in people who do not have diabetes is usually 5% or less.People with diabetes should try to maintain their Hemoglobin A1C at 6% or less as long as they don’t have symptoms of hypoglycemia. A 6% level is equivalent to an estimated average blood sugar of 126 mg/dL. The lower the Hemoglobin A1C is, the less the chances of having complications from diabetes.Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)When controlling your diabetes, your blood glucose can become too high or too low. These conditions should be taken seriously. Fortunately, you can regain control of your blood glucose.When too much sugar is in your blood, this condition is called hyperglycemia. Hyper is Greek and means “more.” Glycemia is also Greek and means, "sugar in the blood." Hyperglycemia can be caused by eating too much food, eating sugary, sweet foods, or by not taking your medication. It can also happen when you are sick. If not treated, hyperglycemia can cause you to go into a coma.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Signs of high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, include:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.• Dry mouth.• Thirst.• Frequent urination.• Blurry vision.• Fatigue or drowsiness.• Weight loss.When you have high blood glucose, drink water or othersugar-free liquids. Check your blood glucose and stick toyour diet plan. If your blood glucose remains high callyour health care team. Your health care team will tell you what is considered high foryou. If it is too high, you may need to go to the hospital.Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)Hypoglycemia occurs when too little glucose is present in your blood. Hypo is Greek and means “less.” Hypoglycemia usually occurs with patients who take insulin or other medications. It can be caused by taking too much insulin. That is why it is also known as insulin shock. It can also be caused when you decrease your food intake or skip a meal, or when you exercise more than usual.Signs of low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, include:• Sweating, shaking, nervousness.• Hunger, dizziness, faintness.• Pounding heart, personality change, confused thinking,impatience, crankiness.• Numbness of lips and tongue, headache, blurred vision,and slurred or slowed speech.If not treated, low blood sugar can lead to fainting or seizures. Alow blood sugar can happen quickly and be life threatening.People with diabetes experience different signs when theirblood glucose is low. You should become aware of how youfeel when your blood glucose is too low. Some patients do notexperience any signs when their blood glucose is low.These patients must depend on blood glucose testing to find out if they have hypoglycemia.If you have low blood glucose, immediately eat or drink something containing fast-acting glucose. Examples include any of the following: 3-4 glucose tables, half a cup of fruit juice, 1/2 can of regular soda pop, ten gumdrops, or 2 teaspoons of sugar or honey. If your symptoms do not disappear in 15 minutes or your blood glucose remains less than 80 mg/dL, take another dose of fast-acting sugar. Repeat every 10 to 15 minutes until the blood glucose is greater than 80.If it is less than 30 minutes until your next meal, eat that meal. If it is more than 30 minutes, eat a snack such as half a sandwich or 3 Graham Crackers. Eat the meal or snack after you have taken a dose of fast-acting sugar. Do not subtract the snack from your next meal plan.Do not drive or operate equipment if you feel your blood glucose is low. You should inform your family members and friends that you have diabetes, and if they ever find you unconscious or not making sense, they should take you to a hospital immediately or call “911.”Complications of DiabetesWhen you control the level of glucose in your blood, the signs of diabetes become less frequent. You will feel better and have more energy. If you do not follow your diet, exercise, and perform blood glucose tests, serious complications can arise. Complications of diabetes include damage to the nerves and blood vessels of the body.Nerve damage is known as diabetic neuropathy. It usuallyinvolves the nerves going to the legs and feet. The feet orlegs could feel numb or unusually cold. Non traumaticlower limb amputations can occur in people withuncontrolled diabetes.People with diabetes who have poor sensation in theirfeet must be very careful to avoid damaging their feet withill-fitting shoes, hot water, or other forms of injury. Checkyour feet every day for cuts, sores, redness, or swelling.Use a mirror if needed.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.When visiting the clinic, ask your health care provider to check your feet.Sexual dysfunction can occur. In men with diabetes, the most common problem is impotence due to damaged nerves going to the sexual organs. Urologists can help treat impotence with surgical and non-surgical treatments. In women with diabetes, damaged nerves in the pelvic organs and genitals can lead to impaired sexual arousal and painful intercourse. If this happens, your health care provider can recommend a treatment.Because the nerves that go to the heart may be affected, people with diabetes who have a heart attack may not experience the typically described chest pain. People with diabetes should therefore be very suspicious when they feel chest heaviness, arm numbness or indigestion. These could be symptoms of a heart attack. Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates 2 to 4 times higher than adults without diabetes. The risk of stroke is 2 to 4 times higher among people with diabetes.High blood glucose can cause damage to large and small blood vessels. Fat in the blood is deposited on the walls of blood vessels. This causes hardening of the arteries or arteriosclerosis. Hardening of the arteries can occur in arteries leaving or entering the heart. It can also occur in the legs.Your diet plan is designed to lower the level of fat and cholesterol in the blood. When small blood vessels are narrowed by plaque and fat, the blood flow to the organs becomes insufficient. This causes the death of cells dependent on receiving the blood. It can also cause bleeding from narrowed blood vessels.The thickening of small blood vessels is mostnoticeable in the kidney and in the back of the eye.Diabetes is the leading cause of new cases ofblindness among adults.Diabetes may stop the kidneys from cleaning wasteout of the blood. In addition, proteins that shouldstay in the body may leak into the urine. Yourhealth care provider can test for small amounts ofprotein in your urine to determine if there are earlysigns of kidney diseases. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.People with diabetic kidney disease often develop high blood pressure. It is very important that the high blood pressure be treated with blood pressure lowering medicines because this helps to prevent worsening of the kidney problems.If you have diabetic kidney disease, your health care provider may also prescribe a special diet that is low in protein and restricted in salt. In rare cases, dialysis and even kidney transplants may become necessary.Gum disease is more common in people with diabetes. Among young adults, those with diabetes have about twice the risk of gum disease as those without diabetes. If you have diabetes and smoke, talk to you health care provider about smoking cessation support.All health care providers feel that controlling your diabetes will help prevent damage to blood vessels and nerves. Proper control of diabetes is a combination of diet plan, medication, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and good hygiene.SummaryThanks to advances in medicine, diabetes can be successfully controlled. The role of the patient is essential in making a diabetes management plan succeed.Diabetes management consists of:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.• Following a diet plan• Testing blood sugar• Exercising• Taking all prescribed medication on time• Ensuring good hygiene• Learning about diabetesYour diabetic health care team will explain to you yourspecific diabetes control plan. When you follow these instructions, the possibility of experiencing the problems of diabetes discussed in this program can be significantlyreduced.This reference summary is made available to you by your health care team to help you enjoy a healthier lifestyle while controlling diabetes.。
糖尿病基础知识英文讲课讲稿
It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.
People with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease.
Burden of Diabetes
The development of diabetes is projected to reach pandemic proportions over the next10-20 years.
Often symptoms are not severe, or may be absent, and consequently hyperglycaemia sufficient to cause pathological and functional changes may be present for a long time before the diagnosis is made.
In most Western societies, the overall prevalence has reached 4-6%, and is as high as 10-12% among 6070-year-old people.
糖尿病全英文
Postural hypotension
Impotence
Ⅰ、Definition and Types Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms Ⅲ、Diagnosis and Treatment
Time of Check Plasma blood glucose
Range (mmol/l)
Diabetes in Adults )
Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms
About Type 2 diabetes
insufficient insulin Insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia X Syndrome
insulin resistance hyperlipidimia hypertension obesity(apple figure) coronary heart disease
Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms
Differences between type1 and type2
feature
Type 1
Type 2
Insulin production Age at onset
Physical appearance Symptoms
Treatment
absent
normal or abnormal
insulin
Diabetes complications
Acute decompensation
Hyperosmolar coma
ketoacidosis
chronic complications
nerve damage
Macrovascular disease
糖尿病简介英文版
糖尿病简介英文版Diabetes Mellitus: An OverviewIntroduction:Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. It affects millions of individuals worldwide and poses a significant healthcare challenge. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of diabetes, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.Types of Diabetes:There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.1. Type 1 Diabetes:Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, typically occurs in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. It is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Initially, it can be managed with lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and possibly oral medications. In severe cases, insulin therapy may be required.3. Gestational Diabetes:Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. It occurs when hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to insulin resistance. If left uncontrolled, it can pose risks for both the mother and the baby. Proper monitoring and management are crucial to prevent complications.Causes of Diabetes:The causes of diabetes vary depending on the type:1. Type 1 Diabetes:The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes make individuals more susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes, and environmental triggers, such as viral infections, may initiate the autoimmune response.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes is primarily attributed to lifestyle factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, and genetic predisposition. Excessive body weight and abdominal fat accumulation increase insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.3. Gestational Diabetes:The hormonal changes during pregnancy are the main cause of gestational diabetes. These hormones can obstruct the action of insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels.Symptoms of Diabetes:The symptoms of diabetes can vary, but some common signs include:1. Frequent urination2. Excessive thirst3. Unexplained weight loss4. Fatigue5. Blurred vision6. Slow healing of wounds7. Tingling sensation or numbness in the hands and feetDiagnosis of Diabetes:Diabetes can be diagnosed through various tests, including:1. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours.2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Measures blood sugar levels before and 2 hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink.3. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Test: Measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months.Management of Diabetes:Diabetes management aims to keep blood sugar levels within the target range to prevent complications. It primarily involves:1. Healthy Eating: A well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential. Avoiding sugary foods and drinks helps control blood sugar levels.2. Regular Exercise: Engaging in physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.3. Medications: Depending on the type and severity of diabetes, oral medications, injectable drugs, or insulin may be prescribed to manage blood sugar levels effectively.4. Regular Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and periodic check-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for adjusting treatment plans and preventing complications.Conclusion:Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition requiring lifelong management. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies is crucial in effectively controlling blood sugar levels and preventing complications. By adopting a healthy lifestyle and working closely with healthcare professionals, individuals with diabetes can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risks associated with the disease.。
糖尿病健康教育内容 英语
糖尿病健康教育内容英语《Diabetes Health Education》Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels. It is a serious health concern that affects millions of people worldwide. However, with proper education and management, individuals with diabetes can lead healthy, active lives.One of the most important aspects of diabetes health education is understanding the importance of monitoring blood sugar levels. People with diabetes should be taught how to use a glucose meter to check their blood sugar levels regularly. This helps individuals to understand how different foods, activities, and medications can affect their blood sugar and allows them to make informed decisions about their lifestyle.Another key component of diabetes health education is the emphasis on a healthy diet. People with diabetes should be encouraged to follow a diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while minimizing their intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats. Additionally, portion control and meal timing are important factors in managing blood sugar levels.Regular physical activity is also important for individuals with diabetes. Exercise can help lower blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and maintain a healthy weight. People with diabetes should be educated on the benefits of exercise and provided with guidance on how to incorporate physical activityinto their daily routine.Medication management is another crucial aspect of diabetes health education. People with diabetes should understand the importance of taking their prescribed medications as directed and be aware of potential side effects. They should also be educated about the signs and symptoms of high or low blood sugar and how to respond to these situations.Finally, diabetes health education should include information on the potential complications of diabetes and how to prevent them. People with diabetes should be aware of the increased risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and nerve damage associated with diabetes. By managing their blood sugar levels, following a healthy lifestyle, and receiving regular medical care, individuals with diabetes can reduce their risk of these complications.In conclusion, diabetes health education plays a critical role in empowering individuals with diabetes to take control of their health. By understanding the importance of monitoring blood sugar levels, following a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing medications, people with diabetes can effectively manage their condition and lead a healthy, fulfilling life.。
糖尿病基础知识-英文
The development of diabetes is projected to reach pandemic proportions over the next10-20 years. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) data indicate that by the year 2025, the number of people affected will reach 333 million –90% of these people will have Type 2 diabetes.
Hale Waihona Puke In most Western societies, the overall prevalence has reached 4-6%, and is as high as 10-12% among 6070-year-old people.
The annual health costs caused by diabetes and its complications account for around 6-12% of all health-care expenditure.
The long–term effects of diabetes mellitus include progressive development of the specific complications of retinopathy with potential blindness, nephropathy that may lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot joints, and features of autonomic dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction. People with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease.
糖尿病基础知识英文课件
Insulin Deficiency or Resistance
In Type 1 diabetes, there is a significant reduction in insulin production by the pancreas, while in Type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, leading to inadequate glucose uptake and utilization.
Macrovascular Complications
Diabetes also increases the risk of macrovascular complications, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, due to the damaging effects of chronic hyperglycemia on larger blood vessels.
Acute Complications
Diabetes can also lead to acute complications such as hypoglycemic episodes (low blood sugar) or diabetic ketoacidosis (a life-threatening condition caused by severe insulin deficiency).
Global impact of diabetes
Prevalence
Diabetes has become a global health concern, with millions of people worldwide being affected. The prevalence has been increasing rapidly, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
糖尿病健康教育内容 英语
糖尿病健康教育内容英语Diabetes Health Education1. Introduction to Diabetes:- Explanation of what diabetes is and how it affects the body.- Differentiating between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.- Risk factors and causes of diabetes.2. Blood Sugar Monitoring:- Importance of regular blood sugar monitoring.- How to use a blood glucose meter.- Understanding target blood sugar levels and what they mean.3. Healthy Diet:- Balanced meal planning with a focus on low glycemic index foods.- Portion control and mindful eating.- The importance of including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.4. Carbohydrate Counting:- Understanding carbohydrates and their impact on blood sugar levels.- How to count carbohydrates and adjust insulin dosages accordingly.- Managing carbohydrates in meals and snacks.5. Medications and Insulin:- Explanation of commonly prescribed medications for diabetes. - Proper administration of insulin.- The importance of medication adherence and follow-up with healthcare professionals.6. Physical Activity:- Benefits of regular exercise in managing diabetes.- Types of physical activities suitable for individuals with diabetes.- Developing an exercise plan and setting realistic goals.7. Managing Stress:- The link between stress and blood sugar levels.- Stress reduction techniques such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, and yoga.- Seeking support from family, friends, or support groups.8. Foot Care:- Importance of regular foot care to prevent complications.- Checking feet daily for cuts, wounds, or changes in skin color. - Proper footwear selection to prevent injuries.9. Regular Health Check-ups:- The necessity of regular check-ups to monitor diabetes control. - Medical tests and screenings to detect complications early.- Collaborating with healthcare professionals to manage diabetes effectively.10. Pregnant Women with Diabetes:- Special considerations for pregnant women with diabetes.- The importance of tight blood sugar control during pregnancy. - Collaborating with healthcare providers to ensure a healthypregnancy.Note: These educational topics are for informational purposes and should not replace individualized advice from a healthcare professional.。
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Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Gestational Diabetes Other types:
❖LADA (
❖MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of youth) ❖Secondary Diabetes Mellitus
In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis or a non– ketotic hyperosmolar state may develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death.
Type 1 diabetes
Was previously called insulin-dependentቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱdiabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood glucose.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus may present with characteristic symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, and weight loss.
Often symptoms are not severe, or may be absent, and consequently hyperglycaemia sufficient to cause pathological and functional changes may be present for a long time before the diagnosis is made.
In most Western societies, the overall prevalence has reached 4-6%, and is as high as 10-12% among 6070-year-old people.
The annual health costs caused by diabetes and its complications account for around 6-12% of all health-care expenditure.
People with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease.
Burden of Diabetes
The development of diabetes is projected to reach pandemic proportions over the next10-20 years.
Diabetes Mellitus
Dr. Rasha Salama
PhD Public Health, Suez Canal University, Egypt Diabetes MSc, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
What is diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) data indicate that by the year 2025, the number of people affected will reach 333 million –90% of these people will have Type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Long-term Effects
The long–term effects of diabetes mellitus include progressive development of the specific complications of retinopathy with potential blindness, nephropathy that may lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot joints, and features of autonomic dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.