英语词汇学(第八讲)精品PPT课件
英语词汇学通论
英语词汇学通论一、基本概念部分。
1. 单词（Word）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词。
- 定义：具有一定语音形式、表示一定意义、可以独立运用的最小语言单位。
例如，“book”（书）、“run”（跑）等都是单词。
2. 词素（Morpheme）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词。
- 定义：是语言中最小的语义单位。
词素分为自由词素（Free Morpheme）和粘着词素（Bound Morpheme）。
自由词素可以独立成词，如“man”（男人）；粘着词素不能独立成词，如“ -ment”（表示行为、结果等的后缀，如“development”发展）。
3. 词根（Root）- 发音：[ruːt]- 词性：名词。
- 定义：是单词的核心部分，包含着单词的基本意义。
例如，在“unhappiness”中，“happy”是词根，表示“高兴”的基本意义。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. 派生法（Derivation）- 发音：[ˌderɪˈveɪʃn]- 词性：名词。
- 解释：通过在词根上加前缀（Prefix）或后缀（Suffix）来构成新词的方法。
- 示例：- 加前缀：“un -”（表示否定） + “happy”（高兴的） = “unhappy”（不高兴的），“un -”的发音是[ʌn]。
- 加后缀：“teach”（教）+“ -er”（表示人） = “teacher”（教师），“ -er”的发音是[ə(r)]。
2. 合成法（Compounding）- 发音：[kəmˈpaʊndɪŋ]- 词性：名词。
- 解释：把两个或两个以上的词组合成一个新词的方法。
- 示例：- “black”（黑色的）+“board”（木板） = “blackboard”（黑板），“black”发音为[blæk]，“board”发音为[bɔːd]。
- “day”（天）+“break”（打破，破晓） = “daybreak”（黎明），“day”发音为[deɪ]，“break”发音为[breɪk]。
英语词汇学课件 Unit 8
三个角度：词义范围、词义褒贬、词义转移
8.2 Semantic broadening and narrowing
8.2.1 Semantic broadening 8.2.1.1 definition
semantic broadening (the widening/ extension/generalization of meaning) : the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g. the meaning of bird, formerly ‘young bird’, was extended, in the early history of English, to mean ‘bird’ in general. mill/journal/bonfire/butcher/companion
8.2.1.2 different types of broadening 从特指到泛指: sun “江” 、“河” 从具体到抽象: place, thing(a public assembly, Old English and Old Norse / an entity of any kind) circumstance 从术语到一般词语 allergic, feedback 从专有名词到普通名词 sandwich newton ampere
8.3.2 semantic degradation
the degradation/degeneration/pejoration of meaning: Change by which a word develops a less favorable sense.
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
Chapter 8 English Idioms 英语词汇学 教学课件
Stylistic Features
❖ A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people:
❖ in deep water, tide over, take the helm by seamen;
❖ kill two birds with on stone, if you run after two hares, you will catch neither used by hunters;
❖ Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms
❖ Replacement ❖ Addition or deletion ❖ position-shifting ❖ shortening ❖ dismembering.
First
❖ Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
Introduction
❖ for example: ❖ fly off the handle, put up with ❖ In a broad sense, idioms may include
Rhetorical Features
❖ Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as:
英语词汇学 第八章课件详细版.ppt
8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
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❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
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❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
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8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
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8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
词汇学之构词法课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 构词法简介 • 前缀构词法 • 后缀构词法 • 合成词构词法 • 转化词构词法 • 总结与展望
01 构词法简介
什么是构词法
01
构词法是研究词汇变化和形成的 科学，它主要研究词素组合的方 式、词素替换的规则等。
02
构词法包括词根、前缀、后缀、 词尾等元素，这些元素可以组合 、替换、变化，形成新的词汇。
构词法的重要性
构词法是语言学中重要的分支学科， 它对于理解语言的形成和发展、词汇 的变化规律以及语言的实际应用都有 重要的意义。
通过学习构词法，可以更好地理解词 汇的构成和意义，提高语言表达能力 。
构词法的分类
合成法
派生法
将两个或多个词素组合在一起形成新词的 方法。例如，“bookstore”由“book” 和“store”组合而成。
特点
前缀构词法是一种相对简单且易于掌 握的构词方法，通过添加前缀可以快 速创造新词。
规律
限制
虽然前缀构词法可以创造大量新词， 但并不是所有词根都可以随意添加前 缀，需要考虑到语言的语法和语义规 则。
前缀构词法有一定的规律可循，如 “dis-”通常表示否定意义，“re-” 通常表示重复或再次。
03 后缀构词法
04 合成词构词法
合成词的定义与构成方式
合成词定义
由两个或两个以上的词素组合而成的词。
构成方式
通过不同的组合方式，如名词+动词、形容词+名词、副词+动词等，形成具有特 定意义的合成词。
常见英语合成词举例
名词+动词
bookcase（书架）、 playground（操场）
形容词+名词
英语词汇学教程课件第8章English Lexicology 8上
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
词汇学及相关学科.ppt
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
英语词汇学串讲资料（unit8-完）
Unit Eight: Changes in Word MeaningVocabulary is the most unstable element of a language. It has been undergoing constant changes both in form and content and these changes are characterized by the following modes:1 Extension/Generalization, a process in which the specialized meaning has become generalized1) from specific to general picture, a painting or drawing—photo film or anything beautiful rubbish, rubble—waste or worthless thing2) from proper to nouns to common nouns sandwich, Earl of Sandwich, an English nobleman—slices of bread with meat between champagne, a province of East France—white wine3) from concrete to abstract matter, timber, the hard part of tree—substance, material, importance business, state of being busy—one’s employment, trade and getting of money, duty4) words from technical terms to general catalyst, a chemical term—anything triggers an event bomb, a technical term—anything quick or particularly effective2 Narrowing/Specialization, a process by which the word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense1) from general to specific meat, food and drink—flesh of animals as food, excluding that of fish and birds garage, any safe place—building where cars are stored or repaired hospital, place for shelter or entertainment of travelers—place where people are treated for illness or injuries2) from abstract to concrete gear, habits, manners; then, equipment, apparatus—a set of toothed wheels working together in a machine catch, act of seizing and holding a ball—a hook or an apparatus for fastening something3) from common nouns to proper nouns Mediterranean, (of land) remote from coast or (of water) landlocked—The Mediterranean Seas far east, remote area in east—Far East, the area in east Asia3 Elevation/Amelioration, a process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance minister, the head of the government department—humble servant to the king diplomat, person with art and skill at dealing with people and getting them to agree—messenger sending official statement to another part4 Degradation/Deterioration, a process by which words with a commendatory meaning fall into derogatory sense villein, feudal serf—villain, scoundrel/wench, young woman—a lewd woman, prostitute5 SemanticTransfer, a process in which the word used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else paper, an African plant papyrus used to make paper—a flat sheet of substance for writing brigand, light-armed, irregular foot soldier—armed thief, dishonest and deceitful mani. associated transfer: lip of wound/tongue of a bell/nose of a plane ii. subjective and objective meaning transfer:pitiful/hateful/fearful/suspicious iii. transfer of sensation: sweet music/loud color6 Causes for Semantic Changes1) Extra-linguistic Factorsa Historical, change illustrated by a diachronic development car from Latin carrus meaning chariot, a four-wheeled carriage with back seats—a vehicle driven by a motor atom, originally regarded as the smallest indivisible particle of matter—proved to be further divisible with the discovery of proton, neutron and electronb Social, that reflecting the impact of social development intelligence, power of reasoning or understanding mainly referring to human—applied to that of machine as in artificial intelligence democracy, rule by people, in contrast with monocracy or autocracy—used with different senses in different societies and to different peoplesc Psychological, change deriving from various psychological motives of love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, sarcasm, contempt, hatred or respective euphemistic use and associated transfer clown, a performer who acts to amuse people by dressing funnily or with jokes, and tricks—person acts foolishly or stupidly with strong derogative sense copperhead, a venomous snake in North America—a despised person who were secretly aiding and abetting the South in the American Civil War angel, martyr and paradise all have their meanings elevated because of the influence of Christianity2) Linguistic Factorsa Ellipsis, word retained to represent the meaning of a phrase private for private soldier/bulb for light bulb b Associated Transfer, word whose meaning transfers by association fall, descend or go down freely—fall of leaves—autumnc Borrowing,word whose meaning changes because of borrowed words deer, formerly meaning animal—a large fast 4-footed animal, d Analogy, word whose meaning changes because of another word that is like it fortuitous, accidental of happening by chance —lucky, following fortunateUnit Nine: Semantic Changes from the Literal Use to Figurative UseParallel with the generalization and specialization of denotative meaning change and elevation and degeneration of connotative meaning change, another important semantic change is from literal to figurative1 Metaphor, a figure of speech which makes an implied comparison between two unlike elements without the connecting words of like or asImperialism is a paper tiger1) Anthropomorphic, comparison of inanimate objects to the parts of human bodyeye of needle/teeth of comb/lip of cup/mouth of river/nose of car/head of hammer/leg of table/foot of wall/arm of chair/hand of clock/ear of wheat/2) Animal, inanimate objects called after an animala dark horse, one who wins in a race out of expectation black sheep, one regarded with disfavor or shame as compared with others in a group3) Synaesthetic, a direct association between form and meaning of language based on similaritywarm and cold weather (literal)—warm and cold voice (metaphorical) a golden crown (literal)—a golden opportunity (metaphorical) a stormy day (literal)—a stormy quarrel (figurative)2 Simile, a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements with at least one point of resemblance in appearance, quality, action or effect, using connecting word such as like or as He looks like his brother Food is important to people as water to fish3 Metonymy, a language device involving substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it1) according to names of persons Uncle Sam, US government/John Bull, the English nation personified2) according to names of animals the Bear, the Soviet Union/the Dragon, Chinese3) according to names of parts of the body foot, infantry/mother tongue, native language/thumb of sth, the rule, principle of sth4) according to names of professions mass media, newspaper, magazine, TV and radio/bench, the judge5) according to location or building White House/Pentagon/Whitehall/Downing Street/Wall Street/Capitol Hill/Hollywood6) according to abstract words beauty, one who is very beautiful/7) according to the container for the thing bottle, wine/dish, food brought to table8) according to the material for the thing made board, a table where people sit around9) according to ellipsis a daily for daily paper/private for private soldier4 Synecdoche, a figure of speech involving the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part1) the part for the whole We are no longer short of hands (helper) 2) the whole for the part Australia beat Canada in cricket. (the team)5 Euphemism, the substitution of a word with more pleasant connotation for the one with unpleasant connotationwash-room for toilet; lavatory/sanitation engineer for cleaner the call of nature for pass water; urinate or empty the bowels; go on stooluntidy for dirty/unwise for foolish/untruthful for lyingTo h with it for To hell with it/Why on earth not for Why the hell notdownturn for recession for depression for slump for economic crisisFor Reasons of Taboo, a custom of avoiding using certain expressions for religious, cultural or other social concernsIn western countries, people tend to avoid using religious words, thus they say:Goodness/My Goodness/Goodness me/For Goodness’ sake/Thank GoodnessBy Heaven/Good Heavens/Heaven forbid/Heaven knows/Gracious HeavenGracious me/My Gracious/Gracious/My Gum/By Gum6 Personification, a figure of speech in which something impersonal is incarnated with life to act and conductThe pot calls the kettle black/Action speaks louder than words Fire and water are good servants but bad masters7 Rhetorical FeaturesRhetoric refers to the art of speaking or writing by ways of arrangement of word and its sound so as to produce special effect1) Phonetic Manipulation, an arrangement of words with similar or same sound to produce a particular effecta alliteration, the appearance of the same sound in the first two words as in might and main/part and parcelb rhyme, the ends of the same sound in words as in kith and kin/fair and square/A little pot is soon hot2) Lexical Manipulation, the arrangement of words to produce a particular effecta reiteration, the duplication of synonyms pick and choose; select with much care/odds and ends; remnantsb repetition, the reuse of the same word in an expression all in all; totally/out and out; thoroughlyc juxtaposition, the placement of antonyms side by side hit or miss/treat or trick/rain or shine/sooner or laterd miscellaneous manipulation for syntactic effects as contrast/parallelismUnit Ten: Word Meaning and ContextContext of situation refers to the whole set of external world features considered to be relevant in the analysis of an utterance at different levels. It states the meaning of a word in terms of the speech in which it is used. There are following examples:A phatic communion, a speech situation in which the words do not express meaning but a purely social action as “How are you?”B language deictics, expression identifying objects, persons and events in terms of their relations to the speaker in space and time as a spatial relations of here and there/this and that/come and go/bring and take b time relations of now andthen/yesterday and tomorrow c social relations denoting politeness, familiarity or seriousness. They reflect the style of speech which mainly entail the following features4 " > a ) p r o v i n c e , c o n c e r n e d w i t h e x p r e s s i o n s o f o c c u p a t i o n o r p r o f e s s i o n a l a c t i v i t y b ) s t a t u s , r e l a t e d t o f o r m a l i t y a n d u s e o f p o l i t e a n d c o l l o q u i a l l a n g u a g e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g s o c i a l o c c a s i o n s c ) m o d a l i t y , p e r t a i n e d t o t h e c h o i c e o f e x p r e s s i o n a p p l i c a b l e t o r e l e v a n t l a n g u a g e b o d y s u c h a s p o e t r y a n d p r o s e , e s s a y a n d s h o r t s t o r y , m e m o r a n d a , t e l e g r a m s o r j o k e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 15 " > T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f c o n t e x t s : l i n g u i s t i c a n d e x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c . T h e f o r m e r i n c l u d e s l e x i c a l a n d g r a m m a t i c a l o n e s a n d t h e l a t t e r c o m p r i s e s t h a t o f s i t u a t i o n , c u l t u r e a n d s t y l e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 16 " > W o r d m e a n i n g v a r i e s a n d t h e v e r y s e n s e o f t h e w o r d i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e c o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 17 " > 1 E x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c w h i c h i n v o l v e s t h e s p e a k e r s i n t e n t i o n , t h e h e a r e r s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d t h e o c c a s i o n o f t h e u t t e r a n c e .A n d i t m a y e m b r a c e t h e e n t i r e c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 8 " > 2 L i n g u i s t i c w h i c h c o m p r i s e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 9 " > 1 ) L e x i c a l , t h e s t a t e i n w h i c h o n e w o r d m e a n i n g i s a f f e c t e d a n d d e f i n e d b y t h e n e i g h b o r i n g w o r d s A s h e e t o f p a p e r / a w h i t e p a p e r / a t e r m p a p e r / e x a m i n a t i o n p a p e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 0 " > 2 ) G r a m m a t i c a l , t h e c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d i s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e s t r u c t u r e w h e r e t h e w o r d a p p e a r s T h i s s o r t o f b e h a v i o r s e l d o m b e c o m e s a p e r s o n i n y o u r p o s i t i o n ( s u i t ) W h a t w i l l b e c o m e o f y o u i f t h e c o m p a n y g o e s b a n k r u p t ? ( h a p p e n t o ) D a y d r e a m s h a v e b e c o m e r e a l i t i e s . ( t u r n i n t o ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 1 " > 3 T h e R o l e s o f C o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 2 " > 1 ) E l i m i n a t i o n o f A m b i g u i t y H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n t o d e a l w i t h I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n l i k e s M a r r y . I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n I d o J e a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 3 " > 2 ) I n d i c a t i o n o f R e f e r e n t s I w a n t t o t e l l . ( a m b i g u o u s ) I w a n t t o t e l l t h i s t o h i m n o w h e r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 4 " > 3 ) P r o v i s i o n o f C l u e s f o r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 5 " > a d e f i n i t i o n : P e r h a p s t h e m o s t s t a r t l i n g t h e o r y t o c o m e o u t o f k i n e s i c s , t h e s t u d y o f b o d y m o v e m e n t , w a s s u g g e st e d b y D r . C o l e m a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 6 " > b e x p l a n a t i o n : I t s j u s t o n e m o r e i n c r e d i b l e r e s u l t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s t h o s e t i n y p a r t s o f a c o m p u t e r c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s s i l i c o n c h i p s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 7 " > c e x a m p l e : M a n y U N e m p l o y e e s a r e p o l y g l o t s . M s . M a r y , f o r e x a m p l e , s p e a k s f i v e l a n g u a g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 8 " > d s y n o n y m y : T h e i r g r e a t e s t f e a r w a s o f a c o n f l a g r a t i o n , s i n c e f i r e w o u l d d e s t r o y t h e i r f l i m s y w o o d e n s e t t l e m e n t b e f o r e h e l p c o u l d a r r i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 9 " > e a n t o n y m y : A s t h e f i g h t i n g o n a l l f r o n t s r e a c h e d i t s p e a k , t h e e c o n o m y n e a r e d i t s n a d i r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 0 " > f h y p o n y m y : T h e v i l l a g e h a d t h e u s u a l a m e n i t i e s : a p u b , a l i b r a r y , a p o s t o f f i c e , a v i l l a g e h a l l , a m e d i c a l c e n t e r a n d a s c h o o l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 1 " > g w o r d s t r u c t u r e : C o p e r n i c u s b e l i e v e d i n a h e l i o c e n t r i c u n i v e r s e , r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e g e o c e n t r i c t h e o r y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > h R e l e v a n t d e t a i l s : D o g e t m e a c l o p , s h e s a id , s m a c k i n g he r l i p s , b u t h e r b r o t h e r , w i t h a s c o r nf u lg l a n c e u p a t th e b r a n c h e s , s ai d t h a t t he r e w e r e n o n e r i p e y e t . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 3 3 " > U n i t E l e v e n : E ng l i sh I di o m s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 34 " > I d i o m s c o n s i s t o f s e t p h r a s e s a n d s h o r t s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h a r e p e c u l i a r t o t h e l a n g u a g e i n d i s c u s s i o n a n d l o a d e d w i t h t h e n a t i v e c u l t u r e s a n d i d e a s . T h e r e f o r e , i d i o m s a r e c o l o r f u l , f o r c i b l e a n d t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g . T h e y a r e t h e e x p r e s s i o n s n o t r e a d i l y u n d e r s t a n d a b l e f r o m t h e i r l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s . I n a b r o a d s e n s e , i d i o m s i n c l u d e c o l l o q u i a l i s m s , c a t c h p h r a s e s , s l a n g e x p r e s s i o n s , p r o v e r b s , e t c . . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 35 " > 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 36 " > 1 ) S e m a n t i c U n i t y : A n i d i o m m a y c o n s i s t o f m o r e t h a n o n e w o r d , b u t e a c h i s a s e m a n t i c u n i t y , w i t h t h e w o r d s i n v o l v e d l o s i n g t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 37 " > 2 ) S t r u c t u r a l S t a b i l i t y : U n l i k e t h a t o f f r e e p h r a s e s , t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a n i d i o m t o a l a r g e e x t e n t i s u n c h a n g e a b l e . T h e w o r d o r d e r c a n n o t b e i n v e r t e d n o r w o r d r e p l a c e d ; t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s c a n n o t b e d e l e t e d o r a d d e d t o ; a n d m a n y i d i o m s a r e g r a m m a t i c a l l y u n a n a l y s a b l e T h e i d i o m a t i c i t y o f e x p r e s s i o n s i s g r a d a b l e o n a s c a l e w i t h f o r m s o f t r u e i d i o m s , s e m i - i d i o m s a n d f r e e p h r a s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 38 " > 2 C r i t e r i a o n I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 39 " > 1 ) S h i f t / S p l i t T e s t: T h e m a c h i n e t u r n s o n t h e c e n t r a l p i v o t ( r o t a t e ) P o p m u s i c t u r n s m a n y p e o p l e o n ( e x c i t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 2 ) P a r t i c l e D e l e t i o n T e s t : R o b e r t d r e w o u t 2 0 p o u n d s f r o m h i s s a v i n g s a c c o u n t ( w i t h d r a w ) H i s p r o m o t i o n s t e p p e d u p h i s s o c i a l s t a t u s ( e l e v a t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 3 ) R e p l a c e m e n t T e s t : T h e w e a t h e r r e a l l y m u c k e d u p o u r w e e k e n d ( m e s s u p ) O n e s h o u l d n e v e r t u r n s u p h i s n o s e a t a n y o n e h e d i s l i k e s . ( s h o w d i s d a i n f o r ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > 3 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = "1 4 3 " > I n t e r m s o f s t r u c t u r e , i d i o m s f a l l i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : 1 ) L e x e m i c I d i o m s ; t h o s e f o r m e d a r o u n d m a i n w o r d s a s l i k e t h e b r e e z e m e a n i n g e a s i l y2 ) P h r a s e o l o g i c a l I d i o m s ; t h o s e c o m i n g i n t o a n e n t i r e c l a u s e s i n l e n g t h a s f l y o f f t h e h a n d l e m e a n i n g l o s e c o n t r o l o f o n e s e l f3 ) S e n t e n c e I d i o m s ; t h o s e e s t a b l i s h e d p o p u l a r s a y i n g s a n d p r o v e r b s a s A l l i s n o t g o l d t h a t g l i t t e r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 14 4 " > S t y l i s t i c a l l y , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o r m s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 45 " > 1 ) c o l l o q u i a l i s m , a f a m i l i a r , i n f o r m a l w a y o f c o n v e r s a t i o n a s h a n g i n m e a n i n g n o t g i v e u p 2 ) s l a n g , a k i n d o f e x p r e s s i o n n o t a c c e p t a b l e i n s e r i o u s s p e e c h a s b u c k f o r d o l l a r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 46 " > 3 ) l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s i o n , a f o r m o f l a n g u a g e n o t u s e d i n o r d i n a r y o c c a s i o n b u t f o r t h e l i t e r a c y i n t h e f o r m a l s t a t e m e n t a s b e i t t h a t m e a n i n g e v e n t h o u g h / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 47 " > F o r r h e t o r i c a l p u r p o s e s , i d i o m s a p p e a l i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y s : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 48 " > 1 ) p h o n e t i c m a n i p u l a t i o n a a l l i t e r a t i o n a s n e i t h e r f i s h , f l e s h , n o r f o w l m e a n i n g d i f f i c u l t t o c l a s s i f y b r h y m e a s f a i r a n d s q u a r e m e a n i n g j u s t o r h o n e s t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 49 " > 2 ) l e x i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n a r e i t e r a t i o n a s b i t s a n d p i e c e s m e a n i n g o d d s a n d e n d s b r e p e t i t i o n a s b y a n d b y m e a n i n g g r a d u a l l y c j u x t a p o s i t i o n a s r a i n o r s h i n e m e a n i n g u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > A c c o r d i n g t o f i g u r a t i v e s p e e c h , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 1 ) s i m i l e a s e a t l i k e a h o r s e m e a n i n g h u n g r i l y 2 ) m e t a p h o r a s c r o c o d i l e t e a r s m e a n i n g s h o w i n s i n c e r e s o r r o w 3 ) m e t o n y m y , a s m a k e u p o n e s p u r s e m e a n i n g r a i s e m o n e y 4 ) s y n e c d o c h e a s e a r n o n e s b r e a d m e a n i n g m a k e a l i v i n g 5 ) p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n a s A c t i o n s p ea k s l o u d e r t h a n w o r d s 6 ) e u p h e m i s m a s p e r f u m e d t a l k m e a n i n g i n d e c e n t t a l k / p > pb d s f i d = "1 52 " > U n i t T w e l v e : E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 53 " > A d i c t i o n a r y i s a r e f e r e n c e b o o k c o n t a i n i n g w o r d s u s u a l l y a l p h a b e t i c a l l y a r r a n g e d a l o n g w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r f o r m s , p r o n u n c i a t i o n s , f u n c t i o n s , e t y m o l o g i e s , m e a n i n g s a n d s y n t a c t i c a l a n d i d i o m a t i c u s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 54 " > 1 T y p e s o f D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 15 5 " > 1 ) m o n o l i n g u a l , b i l i n g u a l a n d m u l t i - l i n g u a l 2 ) l i n g u i s t i c a n d e n c y c l o p e d i c ; o n e d e f i n e s w o r d s a n d t h e o t h e r e x p l a i n s f a c t s a n d c o n c e p t s 3 ) u n a b r i d g e d , d e s k a n d p o c k e t 4 ) g e n e r a l a n d s p e c i a l i z e d / s u b j e c t 5 ) s y n c h r o n i c a n d d i a c h r o n i c6 ) p r i n t e d a n d e l e c t r o n i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 2 T h e H i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 57 " > T h e h i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y b e g a n w i t h g l o s s a r i e s i n t h e M i d d l e E n g l i s h p e r i o d a n d h a v e u n d e r g o n e f i v e p e r i o d s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 58 " > 1 ) M i d d l e A g e s - e n d o f 1 6 t h c e n t u r y , g l o s s a r y - m a k i n g ; T h o m a s C o o p e r s T h e s a u r u s L i n g u a e R o m a n a e o f B r i t a n n i c a e o f 1 5 6 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 59 " > 2 ) B e g i n n i n g o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , h a r d w o r d s d e a l i n g ; R o b e r t C a w d r e y s A T a b l e o f A l p h a b e t i c a l E n g l i s h W o r d s o f 1 6 0 4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 3 ) M i d d l e - e n d o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , e t y m o l o g i c a l s t u d y ; S t e p h e n S k i n n e r sE t y m o l o g i c a l L i n g u a e A n g l i c a n a e o f 1 6 6 7 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 4 ) 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n ; S a m u e l J o h n s o n s A D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 7 5 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 5 ) 1 9 t h - 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , i m p r o v e m e n t a n d m a t u r i t y ; / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > a . C h a r l e s R i c h a r d s o n s A N e w D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 3 6 b . T h e O x f o r d E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 2 8 c . T h e C o n c i s e O x f o r d D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 1 1 d . N o a h W e b s t e r s T h e A m e r i c a n D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 2 8 e . W e b s t e r s T h i r d N e w I n t e r n a t i o n a l D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 9 6 1 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 3 C o n t e n t o f t h e D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 1 ) s p e l l i n g i n c l u d e s s t a n d a r d f o r m , a l t e r n a t i v e s a n d v a r i a n t s ; i r r e g u l a r v e r b s ; f o r m s o f c o m p o u n d - - - s o l i d , h y p h e n a t e d a n d o p e n ; s y l l a b i c a t i o n o f w o r d s ; a n d c a p i t a l i z a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 2 ) p r o n u n c i a t i o n : B r i t i s h d i c t i o n a r i e s g e n e r a l l y u s e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P h o n e t i c A l p h a b e t a n d A m e r i c a n o n e s e m p l o y W e b s t e r s s y s t e m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 3 ) d e f i n i t i o n , t h e m a i n b o d y o f d i c t i o n a r y i n w h i c h p o l y s e m a n t s a r e l i s t e d c h r o n i c a l l y w i t h e a r l y m e a n i n g c o m i n g i n f i r s t , a n d p r i n c i p a l l y l i t e r a l u s e a r r a n g e d b e f o r e f i g u r a t i v e , g e n e r a l b e f o r e s p e c i a l , c o m m o n b e f o r e r a r e . T h e a p p r o a c h t o d e f i n i t i o n m a y t a k e t h e f o r m s o f e x p l a n a t i o n s , s y n o n y m s , i l l u s t r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s a n d e v e n a i d i n g p i c t u r e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 4 ) u s a g e c o m p r i s e s u s a g e l e v e l : s t a n d a r d , s u b s t a n d a r d , n o n - s t a n d a r d , i l l i t e r a t e ; s t y l e : f o r m a l , i n f o r m a l , c o l l o q u i a l , s l a n g , b i b l i c a l , p o e t i c ; c u r r e n c y : o l d - f a s h i o n e d , a r c h a i c , o b s o l e t e ; r e g i s t e r : l a w , c h e m i s t r y , m e d i c i n e , B r E , A m E ; c o l o r i n g : a p p r e c i a t i v e , d e r o g a t o r y , e u p h e m i s m , h u m o r , p o m p o u s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 5 ) g r a m m a r c o v e r s w o r d c l a s s e s , i n f l e c t i o n s a n d s y s t e m o f v e r b p a t t e r n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 6 ) u s a g e n o t e s a n d l a n g u a g e n o t e s U s a g e n o t e s e x p l a i n t h e s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w o r d s o f s i m i l a r m e a n i n g s ; d i f f i c u l t p o i n t s o f g r a m m a r / p > / d i v > / d i v > d i v c l a s s = " m o r e - b o e " b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > d i v c l a s s = " r e a d _ m o r e _ m a s k " b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > / d i v >。
英语词汇学
英语词汇学
英语词汇学发展历史与现状： 20世纪80年代中期以后，西方语言学家开始 承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于 20世纪80年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。20 世纪末至21世纪初，英语词汇学作为一门独立学 科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。
英语词汇学
Nature and domain of English lexicology:
Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability；but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.Therefore， “all national character”is the most important of allfeatures that may differentiate words of common use from all others.
英语词汇学
Most words of this stock have five characteristics: a. All national character b. Stability c. Productivity d. Polysemy e. Collocability
英语词汇学
Of course，not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics.
英语词汇学
d. Argot :can-opener e. Dialectal words f. Archaisms:thou,wherein g. Neologisms:microelectronics,futurology,data bank 2.By notion,words can be grouped into A. Content words(notional,full words) Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs and numerals. They constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is growing.
英语词汇学课件chapter 8 Meaning and Context
(1) They saw her duck. (2) The ball was attractive.
Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity, e.g.
Chapter 8
Meaning and Context
Context refers to the words around a word, phrase etc., often used for helping to explain the meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
behavior.
(2) become + pron. /n (used as object), meaning ‘suit, befit’, e.g. 1) This sort of behavior hardly becomes a person in your position. 2) Sarcasm doesn’t become you.
Context is of great importance for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the whole speech situation as well. Meaning lives in context and the context throws light on meaning. This chapter will discuss the relationship between meaning and context and the ways in which context affects the meaning of words.
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit8
A. Grammatical Meaning:
1. Word-class/ part of speech
girl (singular)– girls (plural) The dog bit the man. (SVO) modern (a.) modernize (v.) modernization (n.)
2) Morphological motivation: (form)
shoe-maker flat-foot night-cap sweet-tooth
8
这些汉字啥意思？
孬 甭 嫑 歪 忈
9
槑 奤 覅 奣 氼
嘦 勥 巭 恏 兲
10
3) Semantic motivation: (meaning)
16
3. Social/ Stylistic Meaning:
（ 社会/ 文体意义）
The appropriateness of language finds its way in the following aspects: 1) The social relationship between Speakers and correspondents; 2) The specific occasion; 3) The subject matter; 4) The mode of discourse.
17
The Five Clocks- Martin Joos (1967)
1) frozen style 2) formal style 3) consultative style 4) casual style 5) intimate style
Note: None of these style is better than any other; appropriateness is the key to the good use of the various styles.
初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (8)
Meaning in the text: 诱惑，诱 使（尤其是得不到的东西）
Tantalus.
e. Argus-eyed.
Argus: the name of a giant in Greek mythology who have 100 eyes.
Modern meaning : 机警的看 守人
Meaning in the text:强求一致
Procrustes.
d. tantalize.
Tantalize is derived from the Greek myth of Tantalus, a son of Zeus. As a punishment, he had to stand in water under a fruit tree. If he reached for food, the branches lifted and if he bent down to drink, the water receded.
Yahoo
Shylock.
A cunning and greedy businessman from Shakespeare’ the Merchant of Venice.
Here it refer to a greedy man who lend money to others and ask for a very high profit
Yahoo.
It is from Guillver’ Travel, the name of a very diguisting animal which is like people
In the text, it is refer to a person who has a very bad character and cause others to hate him or her.
英语词汇学 第八章
Chapter 8
Meaning and context
词义和语境
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8.1 Types of Context 语境的类型
❖ In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. 从狭义上讲，语境是指一个词所 在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言语境, 可 以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。
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❖ 3) Example.举例 ❖ In some cases, instead of giving a formal
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❖ 2) Explanation. 诠释 ❖ If the concept is complicated and must
involve technical terms in its definition, the author might explain the idea in simple words. That is, he might make a restatement in known words. 如果概念很复杂，而且在其定义中必须涉及 术语，作者应用简单词汇来解释这个概念。 也就是说，他应用常见的单词来重新陈述 。
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8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context非语言语境
❖ When we talk about context, we usually think of linguistic context , hardly aware of the non- linguistic context situation, which can often exercise greater influence on the meaning of words than we realize. 当我们谈到语境时，我们通常 想到语言语境，很少意识到非语言语境，非 语言语境对词义施加的影响比我们想象的要 大。
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B.regular structure, unclear meaning To have a bee in one’s bonnet [head] →to have a strange fixed idea about something. C.irregular structure, unclear meaning (to do) through thick and thin →through both good and bad times; in spite of
a single word, or even a sentence, with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from its structure.
An idiom is a multi-word expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from the sum of its separate parts. That is, it has a holistic meaning which cannot be retrieved from the individual meanings of the component words.
evening next month. →arrange; perform
2. The features of English idioms
1) Very short or rather long An Indiod things come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席
English Lexicology
第八讲
The Idiomatic Aspect of English Word Combination
I. Chunks in English
Definition
In linguistics, a chunk is a unit of language that forms a syntactic or semantic unit but also has its internal structure.
Example: A: When did you leave the party? B: I got out of there as soon as they
ran out of food.
A few chunks sentential How do you do? The majority lexical in kind and
phrasal in form
Lexical chunks, also calld
lexical phrases
There are two subtypes of lexical chunks, notably collocations and idioms.
Collocations in English
Collocation is the way in which words are used together.
Collocations are the words that tend to co-occur in a language---in grammatical patterns, compounds or fixed phrases.
all the difficulties.
3) Fixed and partly fixed idioms a. A stitch in time saves nine. →一针及时，可省九针；及时处理，事半功倍 b. to come to a bad end
nasty, sticky, no good, untimely take forty winks have, enjoy
Example:
The doctor performed the operation while the committee was holding a discussion.
II. English Idioms
1.Definition An idiom is a fixed group of words or
4) It has a special meaning. 5) It is relatively widely used. 6) They consist of obsolete（废弃） words. hither and thither---in all directions kith and kin--- friends and relations 7) They represent a semantic unit. make up one’s mind: decide look down on: depise
to spill the beans
Idioms and free phrases
blue sky, blue jacket blue moon I haven’t seen you in a blue moon. 我很久没见到你了。 We get up early yesterday. The students will get up an English
2) Take different structures A. irregular and illogical structure I am good friends with him. Diamond cut diamond. The devil take the hindmost. (irregular meaning, clear meaning)
Specifically, it refers to a unit of language longer than a word (though often shorter than a sentence) and it plays a facilitative role in comprehension and production.