2012.6.1-6.25 EVA Gel-content
EVA 编码
39211100.00 EVA发泡材料39211100.00 EVA产品39211100.00 EVA发泡制品39211100.00 EVA卷材39211290.90 EVA垫39211990 EVA海绵片39211990 彩色EVA海绵垫39211990 EVA包装材料39211990 EVA制品39211990 闭孔型EVA泡沫塑料板材39211990 开孔型EVA发泡材料39211990 EVA一次发泡体39211990 EVA发泡底39211990 EVA发泡产品39211990 EVA高发泡胶39211990 EVA高发泡产品39211990 双面EVA39211990 模压EVA发泡材料39211990 EVA泡棉39211990 EVA发泡片材39211990 EVA高发泡制品39211990 EVA产品39211990 EVA双面海绵胶带39211990 EVA彩色片材39211990 EVA发泡胶39211990 导电EVA泡棉39211990.00 EVA海绵39211990.00 EVA发泡中底39211990.00 EVA低发泡卷材39211990.00 EVA发泡板39211990.00 EVA发泡板材39211990.00 EVA二次发泡海绵39211990.00 EVA发泡带胶海绵39211990.00 EVA发泡鞋材39211990.00 EVA泡沫39211990.00 EVA一次发泡海绵39211990.00 EVA塑料发泡材料39211990.00 EVA鞋材 39219090.90 EVA压模制品39219090.90 EVA中底39231000 EVA箱39231000 EVA防震盒39231000 EVA盒39231000 EVA包装盒39231000 EVA眼镜盒39231000 EVA电子包装盒39231000 EVA手表盒39231000 EVA首饰盒39231000 EVA压模箱39232100 EVA环保拉链袋39239000 EVA泡棉制品39239000 EVA衬垫39239000 EVA珍珠棉护架39239000 无味EVA产品39239000 EVA托盘39239000 EVA电子包装产品39239000 热压EVA产品39239000 EVA冲压垫39239000 EVA橡胶脚垫39239000 EVA护架39239000 EVA地胶垫39241000 EVA杯垫39249000 EVA浴帽39259000 PE、EVA复合防水卷材39261000 EVA笔套39261000 EVA文具盒39261000 EVA塑胶制品39261000 EVA发泡笔护套39261000 EVA铅笔护套39261000 EVA软笔套39262000 EVA纸复手套39262000 EVA无菌手套39262000 EVA染发手套39262000 EVA口水肩39262000 EVA雨衣39264000 EVA垫39269090 彩色EVA制品39269090 热压EVA成型产品39269090 热压EVA包装护架39269090 EVA杂件39269090 EVA冲压件39269090 EVA泡棉防滑避震脚垫39269090 EVA制品39269090 EVA绳39269090 EVA冲压垫39269090 阻燃EVA垫39269090 EVA箱包盖39269090 EVA异型胶条39269090 EVA震垫39269090 EVA拉杆箱箱盖39269090 EVA包装制品39269090 EVA水箱39269090 EVA相架39269090 EVA滑鼠垫39269090 EVA防震垫39269090 EVA胶垫39269090 EVA自粘垫39269090.00 双面胶EVA橡塑防震垫39269090.00 双面胶EVA阻燃橡塑发孔垫块39269090.00 EVA+亮胶纸垫39269090.00 EVA+压胶纸垫39269090.00 EVA支架39269090.00 EVA玩具地板39269090.00 EVA碎片39269090.00 EVA锁挂39269090.00 EVA贴纸39269090.00 EVA鼠标垫39269090.00 EVA双面胶带39269090.00 EVA手柄39269090.00 EVA垫39269090.00 EVA海绵胶垫39269090.00 EVA脚垫39269090.00 EVA防水卷材39269090.00 EVA复合材料39269090.90 EVA脚垫39269090.90 EVA胶垫40081100 EVA泡垫40169990 EVA减震隔音材料40169990 EVA发泡把套40169990 EVA密封条40169990 EVA防撞泵把40169990 EVA餐垫40129090 EVA发泡胎40151900 EVA手套40159090 EVA儿童浴帽40169100 EVA垫40169100 EVA拼装地毯40169100 EVA瑜珈垫40169100 EVA脚垫40169100 EVA地垫板40169100 EVA防潮垫40169310 EVA密封条40169390 EVA胶垫40169990 EVA橡胶垫40169990 EVA相片鼠标垫40169990 EVA小杯垫40169990 EVA底/橡胶底鼠标垫40169990 彩色EVA垫40169990 EVA托码40169990 EVA防震垫40169990 红色EVA垫40169990 EVA减震隔音材料40169990 EVA发泡把套40169990 EVA密封条40169990 EVA防撞泵把40169990 EVA餐垫95030060 EVA拼图95030089 EVA泡绵玩具95030089 EVA益智玩具95030089 EVA面具95030089 EVA玩具95030089 EVA手柄棉跳绳95030089 EVA彩色智力魔方95030089 漂磁EVA玩具95030089 EVA球95030089 EVA球枪95030089 EVA拼图95030089 EVA儿童拼图95036000 EVA儿童智力拼图95039000 EVA儿童智力玩具95039000 EVA二次发泡球95039000 EVA发泡玩具95039000 EVA花球95039000 EVA球枪。
优雅品牌的高可见度橡胶外套产品说明说明书
Instructions d'emploi : Vêtement de pluie, coupe vent et vêtement de signalisation classe 3 permettant d'être parfaitement vu de jour comme de nuit en extérieur et par tous les temps dans la lumière des phares. Vêtement prévu pour une bonne protection contre la pluie (Résistance évaporative Ret = > classe 1). Dans certaines circonstances, les vêtements appartenant à la classe 1 (*) en respirabilité peuvent être portés seulement pour une durée limitée. Cette parka est équipée d'une doublure amovible de signalisation classe 2 permettant d'être parfaitement vu de jour comme de nuit en extérieur et par tous les temps dans la lumière des phares.
Matériaux : Tissu 100% polyester Oxford enduit PVC - 250 g/m² Doublure fixe Taffetas 190T 100% polyester - 55 g/m² Gilet amovible 100% polyester Oxford enduit PVC - 250 g/m² avec manches amovibles en laine polaire 100% polyester - 220 g/m² Doublure Taffetas 100% polyester matelassée - 55 g/m² Garnissage 100% Polyester - 100 g/m² Bandes rétroréfléchissantes NESTAR REF 2471 (80% polyester 20% coton enduit PU et billes de verre) (25 lavages max à 30°C).
芬尼斯参考资料
7
DAMA
高密度海绵
8
WZ-OIL-OZ
光面革及皮毛一体手工加脂柔软剂
9
WZ-OL-60
溶剂型手工加脂剂（适合强力型脱脂使用）
10
DC-0099
高档油皮，皮鞋及服装革专用手工加脂剂 （适合严重脱油型皮革使用）
11
TOP-OIL-300
高档绒面，磨砂，反转革水洗纤维柔软剂（适 合染水着色时添加）
75
WZ-435/3
绒面，磨砂及油皮多功能色泽恢复剂（紫罗兰）
76
WZ-435/4
绒面，磨砂及油皮多功能色泽恢复剂（黑色）
77
WZ-435/5
绒面，磨砂及油皮多功能色泽恢复剂（棕色）
78
WZ-435/6
绒面，磨砂及油皮多功能色泽恢复剂（柠檬黄）
79
WZ-435/7
绒面，磨砂及油皮多功能色泽恢复剂（深棕）
80
WZ-435/8
绒面，磨砂及油皮多功能色泽恢复剂（绿色）
81
WZ-435/9
绒面，磨砂及油皮多功能色泽恢复剂（酒红色）
82
HP10色
超细腻色膏
83
MOILD REMOVER
霉斑去除剂
84
INK REMOVER
墨渍去除剂
85
TEXTILE CLEANER
纺织品清洗剂
86
MICROFIBER CLEANER
17
WZ-BINDERK
高档皮革裂面修复剂
18
R-01-REMEDY=MENDER
多功能补伤膏（适合鞋面、服装及沙发）
19
WZ-CAT-01
绒面，磨砂及油皮高强度防渗封闭剂（适合 油腊感强的皮革）
电子束熔融辐照对EVA绝缘性能的影响
绝缘材料 2024,57(3)黄亚琼等：电子束熔融辐照对EVA绝缘性能的影响电子束熔融辐照对EVA绝缘性能的影响黄亚琼1，李建喜2（1.湖北科技学院核技术与化学生物学院，湖北咸宁437000；2.中国科学院上海应用物理研究所，上海201800）摘要：采用电子束熔融辐照的方法对EVA材料进行辐照改性，研究不同辐照剂量对EVA样品凝胶含量、力学性能、体积电阻率、介电性能、击穿特性和分子结构的影响。
结果表明：EVA样品的凝胶含量随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低，在辐照剂量为100 kGy时，凝胶含量达到了95.7%；辐照会降低EVA样品的断裂伸长率，而拉伸强度随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低；辐照后EVA样品的绝缘性能均有不同程度的提高，随着辐照剂量的增加，体积电阻率先增大后减小，介电常数先减小后增大，电气强度先增大后减小。
关键词：EVA；电子束辐照；熔融；绝缘性能中图分类号：TM215 DOI:10.16790/ki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.005Effect of electron beam melting irradiation on insulating properties of EVAHUANG Yaqiong1, LI Jianxi2(1. College of Nuclear Technology and Chemical Biology, Hubei University of Sscience and Technology,Xianning 437000, China;2. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China) Abstract: The EVA material was modified by electron beam melting irradiation, and the effects of different irradiation does on gel content, mechanical properties, volume resistivity, dielectric properties, breakdown characteristics and molecular structure of EVA samples were studied. The results show that the gel content of EVA sample first increases and then decreases with the increase of irradiation dose. When the irradiation dose is 100 kGy, the gel content reaches 95.7%. Irradiation can reduce the elongation at break of EVA samples, while the tensile strength first increases and then decreases with the increase of irradiation dose. After irradiation, the insulating properties of EVA samples improve to varying degrees, with the increase of irradiation dose, the volume resistivity first increases and then decreases, the dielectric constant first decreases and then increases, and the electric strength first increases and then decreases.Key words: EVA; electron beam irradiation; melting; insulating properties0 引言绝缘材料用于隔离带电或不同电位的导体，使电流能沿着特定方向流动，这类材料主要由聚合物构成。
纤维蛋白封闭剂：重拾失落的时光
纤维蛋白封闭剂：重拾失落的时光•2013-03-18 来源：米内网专稿在线投稿核心提示：纤维蛋白封闭剂，又称医用生物蛋白胶、纤维蛋白粘合剂。
是一种新型安全、可靠的生物止血材料，广泛运用于各种外科手术。
纤维蛋白封闭剂主要成分为纤维蛋白原、凝血酶和抑肽酶，加上溶解液，一般分为四瓶。
各成分混合后，用专用注射器喷洒于创面上，模拟体内凝血的最后阶段，在创面覆盖形成稳定的交联纤维蛋白多聚体，有效起到止血、促愈合、填充缺损、防止粘连等作用。
临床上主要分为人血源封闭剂和动物源封闭剂两类。
国内市场格局相对稳定纤维蛋白封闭剂的研究，始于2O世纪初。
80 年代，奥地利Immuno公司生产了一个可吸收性生物止血胶商品Tissuccol，自问世之初便在欧洲市场迅速推广。
其后90年代，在欧洲、澳大利亚、日本等发达国家临床上也普及迅速。
美国FDA至1998年批准第一个产品Tisseel上市。
现阶段海外市场上主要有德国Behring公司的Beriplast、法国CRTS公司的Biocol和Baxter公司(百特医疗)的Tisseel。
我国于20世纪80年代由上海生物制品研究所从人血中提取相关成分，研制出医用纤维蛋白粘合剂，并进行临床应用。
但由于人血采集来源受限，成本高昂，并且存在人体血源性疾病的隐形威胁，未形成商品化。
1994年，广州倍绣生物技术有限公司(原名广州倍特)以哺乳动物血液作为原料，研制出猪源纤维蛋白胶。
原料来源丰富，经过处理既降低了成本，又排除了人体血源性疾病的感染机会。
其于1998年获得器械上市许可后，国内先后有上海利康瑞生物工程有限公司、上海松力生物技术有限公司生产的动物源封闭剂以医疗器械形式上市。
2003年后行业开始起步。
从米内网—医疗器械注册批文数据库查询可见，在2006年之前，国内有5家企业获得Ⅲ类批文：此外，国内市场上还有上海莱氏、华兰生物等血液制品企业按照生物制品生产的人血源冻干制剂，市场格局相对稳定。
velvet elastic英汉互译
velvet elastic英汉互译Velvet Elastic绒面弹性带是一种常见的辅助材料，广泛应用于服装、鞋帽、箱包、家居等行业。
它的英文名称"Velvet Elastic"可以直译为"绒面弹性带"，下面将从材质、特点、应用等方面介绍这种材料。
绒面弹性带的材质一般由绒面和弹性纤维构成。
绒面常采用聚酯纤维、尼龙纤维等材料，具有柔软、亲肤、耐磨等特点。
而弹性纤维则常使用橡胶、氨纶等材料，具有良好的弹性和拉伸性能。
这两种材料的结合使得绒面弹性带既具有绒面的舒适感，又有弹性纤维的伸缩性，能够适应不同尺寸的需求。
绒面弹性带的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 舒适性：绒面材质柔软亲肤，穿着舒适，不易刺激皮肤，适合直接贴身穿戴。
2. 弹性：弹性纤维的加入使得绒面弹性带具有良好的弹性和回弹性，不易变形，能够长时间保持紧固度，不易松脱。
3. 耐磨性：绒面材质具有较好的耐磨性，能够经受长时间的摩擦和拉伸，不易磨损或断裂。
4. 多样性：绒面弹性带的颜色、宽度、厚度等参数可以根据客户需求进行定制，满足不同产品的设计要求。
绒面弹性带在各行业有着广泛的应用。
在服装行业，它常用于内衣、裤子、裙子等的腰部、裤脚、袖口等部位，起到束缚、修身的作用。
在鞋帽行业，绒面弹性带常用于鞋子的鞋口、鞋带等部位，能够提供舒适的穿着体验。
在箱包行业，绒面弹性带可用于包包的肩带、手提带等部位，增加舒适度和牢固度。
在家居行业，绒面弹性带可以应用于床品、沙发套等产品的固定和包裹，起到美观、实用的作用。
绒面弹性带的生产工艺一般包括编织、染色、整理等环节。
首先，根据客户需求选择合适的绒面和弹性纤维进行编织，通常采用纺织机或者编织机进行生产。
然后，对编织好的带子进行染色，根据需要进行单色、多色或渐变色的染色处理。
最后，对染色后的带子进行整理，包括整平、烘干、定型等工序，使其符合质量要求和客户需求。
绒面弹性带的质量标准主要包括产品的弹性度、染色牢度、耐磨性等指标。
鞋业英语大全
鞋業英語大全-顔色漢語英文/簡寫鞋子shoe顔色colour黑色black紅色red米色bone beige白色white金色gold珠光金色Pearlied gold 淺金色Light gold白金色platinum銀色silver珠光銀色pearized silver 古銅色bronze紅銅色copper藍色blue灰色gray棕色T an深灰smoke冰色ice淺棕色light tan混色mixtz卡其khaki紫色purple酒紅色deep wine桔色orange粉紅色pink桃紅色fuchsia咖啡色coffee石頭紋王彩tiffany駱駝棕camel tan鏽色rust骨色bone鞍棕色saddle.tan龜/玳瑁tortoise栗褐色chestnut黃色yellow綠色green透明色clear luctte拉鏈紋PU raffia pu沙丁布satin麻布linen沙綢mesh提花布tmaterial山東綢gorsgrain泰國綢Thai silk綢布mircofabric拉菲草raffia鏡面ratent燙金wash gold透明PVC clear pvc透明跟clear heel蛇紋snakeAR-18PU truekid wet puD-3PU wet pu珍珠沙pearl彈性stretch皺布micro fab編織woven牛皮calf羊皮sheepskin巴西PU Brazilian pu牛巴革nubuck植毛絨velvet金屬PU semwtauic pu/met pu 金屬PVC semwtauic pvc半PU（仿PU）mipu.semi柔軟PVC casiling pvc毛孔蚊PVC regularpvc雙包探紋PU pulgup pu鞋結構構型construction材料material型體號style#art.co楦last跟heel中底insole大底outsole鞋面upper vanp內裏lining鞋頭toe鞋墊sock lining商標/布標logo label布扣ornament鞋扣buckie鞋眼eyelet鞋帶lace防水台platform三角跟wedge包頭tip binding內腰inside處腰outside層皮跟leather stack heel 印刷跟printed.heel沿條welt配湯色matching（鞋面）車線upper stttch 裁斷組大底outsole鞋墊sock tining質腹bottom filler鞋跟墊片heel pad皮泉硬紙eather board心紙底板shank board牛皮leather仿牛皮imitation leather 裁刀cutting dies裁斷墊皮cutting pad布料cloth material燈心絨corduroy帆布canvas反毛皮suedePU poly urethane尼龍nylon麻布flax特立可得tricot毛巾布terry cloth泡棉foam綢面mesh法蘭絨flannel不織布non woven橡膠發泡Rubber pange 長毛裏boa加溫式貼合flame中底insole鏡面皮putent leather小牛皮calfskin leather小山羊皮kidskin leather 豬皮pigskin leather磨面皮smooth leather壓花皮embossed leather 皮克龍Picalon鞋頭開口open toe鞋後開口open back鞋後密口closed back鞋後密口open shank鞋面upper鞋面前端vamp鞋腰quarter鞋舌tongue鞋舌扣環tongue coop後上片mustache處包片outside counter 裏包片inside counter鞋領collar裝飾帶ornament鞋流shaft of boot後跟包皮heel cover中底邊insole binding鞋口滾邊topline binding 反口領cuff成型組後踵heel curre跟踵crown of last鞋頭翹度toe spring處理劑primer膠水cement中底insole大底outsole鞋帶lace中底墊皮sock lining單底unit sole生膠底plantation crepe 射出底injection crepe中底midsole釘書針staple釘子nail螺絲釘screw前幫機lasting pincers夾子lasting攀鞋用手頭釘Lasting tacks楦頭潤滑劑Last slip根皮Heel cover橡膠糊Rubber cement藥水糊Neoprene模子底shell sole模子底moulded sole鞋口topline停留時間time dwell中底滾邊insole binding鞋後高度back height鞋頭長度vamp length鞋眼開口部位eyestay opening 填腹bottom filler後跟墊片heel pad中底釘合insole attacching前幫機toe lating腰幫機side lasting後幫機heel seat砂紙型打粗機sand paper砂輪式打粗stone roughing後踵整型back part大底壓著outsole press撥楦pull out last定型加硫箱neat setter撥絲釘pull last大底車線outsole冷凍箱cooling chamber放置鐵心putting on shank貼底outsole包裝用字紙盒box紙盒印字Box priting紙版card board紙箱carton箱上貼簽Carton lable嘜頭Mark尼龍帶nylon band包裝packing裝箱單packing list雙數pairage同面包裝Side by side packing 配雙pairing價格標price ticket乾燥劑silica fee包裝紙tissue paper膠帶tape標簽Iag lable tichet客戶號碼order NO客戶型號article NO箱號carton NO號碼size雙數/數量quantity毛重gross weight淨重net weight材料字樣五克力紗絨布acrylic全部人造材料All man人造皮artifical裝飾邊緣edging配料accessory拉著劑Adhesive安第石油Antique oil硫化劑Bridging agent棉布Cotton flannel軟皮Casting leather硬化劑hardener發泡劑Blowing agent鞋扣Buckie培林Bearing毛刷Brush鞋帶Weave tape冰刀Blade包跟Cover heel打臘皮Burnished leather鬆緊帶Elastic band / gore催化劑觸媒CatalystAabrasion耐磨試驗機accessory配件ABSacrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin丙烯晴丁二烯苯乙烯樹脂action of sulphur vapor test耐硫化測試activation活化activator活化劑adhesion test黏著測試adhesive膠水adjust調整aerobic shoe有氧舞蹈鞋after ski boot雪靴age resister抗老化劑aging tester老化試驗機air gun氣槍all man-made material全人造材料alligator skin鱷魚皮aluminum last鋁楦amalfi construction條狀外幫式涼鞋結構american size scale美制尺度amphibious boot水陸兩用靴angle on insole中底發角aniline finish leather苯染皮ankle boot短靴, 足果靴ankle足裸anteiope leather羚羊皮antique oil安第古油appearance外觀applique裝飾品approve認可apron鞋頭蓋arch cookie月眉片; 腳掌弓形片arch support足弓墊arch足弓arithmetic grading算朮級放artificial leather人造皮artisan; shoemaker鞋匠assembly成型,裝配athleisure shoe休閒運動鞋available size運動鞋適用尺寸Bbaby shoe嬰兒鞋back cone height後錐體高度back cone top plane後錐頂平面back cone後錐體back height後幫高度; 後跟高度back part width後踵寬度back part後踵back seam height鞋後踵高度back seam tack後踵高度位置back seam鞋後踵縫合bak stay後貼片back stap too high後帶太高back stap鞋後片?還是鞋後帶? back tab overlay後套接片back lab後上片backer補強襯裏backing補強襯裏bagging袋翻法balance均衡ball girth足掌圍ball足掌ballerina無內裏平底女鞋ballet shoe芭蕾舞鞋balmoralbanlnry橡膠用密閉式混合機bar shoe條扣鞋barring條狀之補強車縫base plane基礎平面baseball shoe棒球鞋basketball shoe籃球鞋beachcomber海灘鞋beaded shoe串珠鞋面beaded鞋面飾珠beige灰棕色; 米色belly皮革肚邊部位bending test彎曲試驗binding滾邊black黑色blade針杆blending agent混合劑blended insole叠合中底blind eyelet隱藏式鞋眼blowing agent發炮劑Bluches外耳式鞋blue藍色boa長毛布boat shoe船用鞋boaded leather搓紋皮bone骨色BONTEX中底板的一家廠商boot vamp moulding machine靴面定型機boot靴, 長統靴bootee輕巧女靴bottom鞋底台bottom filler底部填充物bottom patten底部紙樣bottom thread縫鞋底的線bottom view底視圖bow蝴蝶結bowling shoe保齡球鞋box紙盒印刷box printing紙盒印刷boxing鞋面格狀補強車縫boxing shoe拳擊鞋boy's shoe男童鞋brand name商標名稱breast line跟胸線breat of heel鞋跟腹牆breathable leather透氣皮bridging agent架橋劑bright color明亮的顔色brocade shoe浮花織棉鞋brogue布洛克鞋brown咖啡色brush毛刷buck skin公鹿皮buckle子母扣, 飾扣buff軟牛皮buffalo hide水牛皮built heel叠式鞋跟bull hide公牛皮burgundy酒紅色burnished leather打蠟皮burnishing皮邊整燙bursting strength tester破裂強度試驗機butt臀部皮革butted seam平頭接縫buttress heel nail鞋跟固定釘Ccable stitching粗線車縫cabretta skin綿羊皮CAD(computer-aided design)電腦輔助設計CAD gradamatic system電腦級放體系calf hide; calf skin小牛皮California slip-lasted construction加州入楦式成型法CAM(computer- aided manufacture)電腦輔助製造cabrelle襯裏布camel駱駝色canvas帆布cap鞋前套cape skin小羊皮cardboard filler紙板襯cardboard紙板carpincho hide河馬皮carton label紙箱標簽carton making machine紙箱成型機carton number(C/NO)箱號carton外箱, 紙箱case箱casting leater軟皮casual shoe便鞋catalyst催化劑cattle hide大牛皮cement skinning膠水表層凝固現象cement膠水cemented construction貼合結構法cemented lining貼合內裏cementing上膠central grading中心級放central seam後踵中央接縫centreline中線certificate of inspection檢驗證書chain stitch連環車縫法check檢查chelsea boot側邊裝有鬆緊帶的短靴cherokee加洛基式涼鞋chic style新潮款式children's shoe童鞋children's footwear童鞋類chilling冷凍定型chip碎屑chromed tanned leather鉻鞣皮chukka boot恰克靴; 馬球靴ciao boot俏靴(有鞋帶的短統平底靴)clarino可麗柔人造皮classical shade傳統色調clicking裁斷clip打釘clobber鞋匠close shoe滿幫鞋close toe & close back滿幫式closing縫合cobalt blue鈷藍collar領口collar foam領口泡棉collar lining領口裏; 反口裏; 滾口裏collection一系列款式color顔色color code顔色的標識(代碼)color fading test褪色試驗color not matching顔色不配合color stability色彩穩定性color variation色差colored tape色帶coloring agent著色劑; 色膠coloring match配色; 著色; 對色comfort footwear舒適鞋component元件compound混合料compression test耐壓縮試驗cone heel圓錐形跟cone top surface楦錐體頂面cone top surface outline錐體頂面周線confirm確認confirm sample確認樣品construction結構continental size歐洲尺寸control panel控制板conveyor輸送帶cookie足弓墊cooling system冷卻系統co-ordinated grading調和級放cording滾邊corduroy絨布cork軟木corrected grain leatrer磨面皮cotton cloth棉布cotton woven棉織物cotton yarn棉紗counter後段; 鞋後踵counter lasting machine後幫機counter lining後踵內裏, 後套裏counter pocket reinfocer後套補強counter pocket鞋後套counter preforming machine後踵套預先定型機counter sample對等樣品court shoe草場上用鞋(網球鞋, 足球鞋等) cover heel包皮跟cow hide母牛皮cowboy boots牛仔長統靴cowhide leather牛皮cracking test耐擾試驗crampons釘鞋(冰上行走)crepe生膠crocodile skin鱷魚皮crooked屈曲不平cross-country shoe越野賽跑鞋cross linking agent架橋劑crown楦底冠弧Cuban heel古巴跟cuboid骰型cuff鞋領口cushion墊(壓墊, 軟墊等)cushion collar有軟墊之領口custom shoe定制鞋customs checking海關檢查cutcut out鞋面開洞cutter 切割機; 裁斷機cutting裁斷cutting board切割板; 裁斷板cutting die裁刀cutting direction裁斷方向cutting machine裁斷機cutting plank斬板Ddark blue深藍色dark color暗色decoration裝飾物decoreative stitching裝飾車縫deep color深色deer skin鹿皮defects surface皮面瑕疵denim牛仔布design設計design of style型式設計designer設計師die斬刀digitizer數位板diluent稀釋劑direct injection直接射出成型direct vulcanized process直接硫化制程dispersion kneader捏合機distance between stitchings線距dogtail quarter狗尾式後幫double check復查, 雙重檢查double loop terry雙圈毛巾布double sole雙層底double stitching車雙針draft草圖dress shoe盛裝鞋dressed leather熟皮dressing塗鞋油dressy盛裝的, 考究的drilling machine鑽孔機dry process PU leather幹式PU皮dry time乾燥時間drying乾燥drying tunnel乾燥箱duck細帆布dull color暗色duraplush長絲絨dust collector集塵器Dutch Boy toe荷蘭式男鞋頭Dutchman填隙片dyeing decoloring tester染色脫色試驗機Eedging飾邊egg crate蛋裝法elastic band鬆緊帶elegant幽雅的alongation test延伸率試驗amboss壓花; 壓紋ambossed leather壓(印)花皮ambossing machine壓紋機ambroidered刺繡embroidery shoe繡花鞋amary tape grinding machine砂帶研磨機amery wheel grinding machine砂輪研磨機amery leather; patent leather漆皮engineer boot工程靴English size scale英制尺度equipment設備espadrille包痲底台布面鞋ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)EVA sheetEVA塑膠片EVA soleEVA底everyday general purpose日常穿著exercise aandal健康鞋exhibition last樣品楦eye針眼eyelet鞋眼eyelet fasting machine鳩目機eyelets punching打鞋眼eyelet puncher鞋眼打孔機eyelet stay鞋眼片eyestay鞋眼syestay lining鞋眼內裏eyestay overlay鞋眼飾片eyestay reinforcer鞋眼補強Ffabric布料; 纖維fabric/textile footwear direct moulded construction face-to face packingfacing鞋正面fashion流行時尚; 流行款式fashion boot流行長靴fastening固定feather edge底邊緣felt shoe毛氈鞋ferule鐵套管filler填充物; 填腹finish整飾fishing wader釣魚鞋fitness shoe健身運動鞋fitting試穿fitting stool試穿凳fixing整理flake white片白flange heel凸緣形跟flared heel細腰形跟flash trimming machine鞋底溢料削除機flat bed sewing machine平臺式針車flat foot扁平足flaty shoe平底便鞋flesh side生皮內層flesher綿羊榔皮flexibility彎曲性flexing tester曲折測試機floater 輕便鞋flocked leather舒美絨皮foam pasting machine泡棉貼合機floding machine滾邊機floding包邊; 折邊foot腳football shoe足球鞋foot guage量腳器foot measurement腳的測量foot pad鞋墊footwear鞋類footwear of leather皮鞋footwear of plastic塑膠鞋footwear of rubber橡膠鞋footwear of textile fabric紡織鞋fore & hind shank前後肢鐵心foreman領班forepart前段; 鞋頭前片forepart centerline楦底面前段中心線forepart featherline plane前段幫腳線切面forme半面平版forme cutting半面平版樣剪裁formula配方foxing邊條較常用的應該是指後套---FT所謂外後蹄foxing underlay後套裏層foxing underlay logo後套下片商標foxing like band類似邊條foxing logo後套商標foxing reiforcer後套補強; 邊條補強freezing tester耐寒試驗機French size法國尺碼fringe鞋面之須墜front cone heigth前錐體高度front cone profile前錐體側視圖front cone前錐體frosting吐霜frye boot馬靴full-breast heel卷跟full-grain leather珠面皮full-iron bottom全鐵片楦底full lining全內裏full size全套尺寸full sock全片式鞋墊function功能fur長毛絨布Ggender性別geometric grading幾何級放get mildew發黴Gibson吉布生鞋girth meaurement圍度測量glazed leather鏡面皮glue膠水glue cleaning machine清膠機goat skin山羊皮golf shoe高爾夫球鞋Goodyear welt construction固特異延條結構Goodyear welt shoe固特異延條鞋gore鬆緊帶grade級放grade increment級放尺寸grade radio級放率grading級放grading by hands手工級放grading theory級放原理grain leather珠面皮green綠色grey灰色grind edge of shoe磨鞋邊grinding腰邊grip the foot包住腳groove針車溝gross weight毛重guide導杆gum boot長統橡膠靴gusset boot側邊裝有鬆緊帶的短靴gusset折檔: 三角片gym shoe健身鞋Hhairy起毛half boot中統靴half iron bottom半鐵片楦底half sock半截式鞋墊hammer錘子hand cutting手裁切hand tag吊牌hardness guage硬度計hardness plank硬板hardness tester硬度計heat resistance耐熱性heat sealing熱熔結合heat setting熱定型heat shrinkage test熱收縮試驗heated chamber加熱器具heating加熱heavy重heavy duty wear耐用鞋類heel appearance後跟外觀heel breast鞋跟腹牆heel centerline後跟座中心線heel covering包鞋跟heel crown跟踵heel cup鞋跟杯heel curve後踵背弧度heel curve angle後踵弧度角度heel aelevation楦跟高度heel feather line plane後跟幫腳線切面heel fit on outsole後跟與底密接heel flap卷跟皮heel height後跟高度heel impact test鞋跟衝擊試驗heel lasting後幫heel lift天皮heel not straight跟不正heel pad鞋跟踵墊heel pitch鞋跟斜度heel plate後跟鐵片heel point後跟端點heel seat後跟heel seat pounding & shaping machine後踵整形機heel seat width後跟座寬度heel steel tip鞋跟鐵片heifer skin小母牛皮herring bone forme魚骨法hide大件皮high cut高統hinge鈕鍵hinge cut兩截式楦hinge last插銷孔hinge pin holes鈕鍵插銷hinge slot鍵槽hook魔術勾帶hydrolysis水解Iimpression外觀in pair配雙industrial/safety footwear工作安全鞋infant' shoe嬰兒鞋infants'嬰兒injection-moulded PU射出PUinjection-moulded PVC射出PVCinner booty鞋舌內套inner box label內盒標inner box內盒inner sole中底indside forme內腰平面樣insole pattern中底紙樣inspector檢查員instep girth背圍instep point腳背點JJapanese size日本尺碼jockey boot騎馬用鞋jogging shoe慢跑鞋joined together接合jute cloth麻布Kkangaroo skin袋鼠皮kid skin小羊皮kiln乾燥室kiltie鞋面之須墜kip skin小牛皮knee boot長統靴knife刀子kraft牛皮紙kung fu shoe功夫鞋Llab實驗室label標簽lace鞋帶lace hole鞋帶孔lacelock眼扣lace loop系帶鞋laced shoe穿帶孔lacquer漆ladies shoe淑女鞋lamb skin羔羊皮lapped seam叠合接縫laser cutting鐳射刀剪裁last楦頭last ball break楦底接地線last bottom centerline楦底中心線last bottom featherline幫膠線last bottom width楦底寬度; 掌面寬度last centerlinelast centerline plane楦頭中心線切面last putting machine入楦機last slipping脫楦lasting allowance鉗幫寬容lasting鉗幫; 入楦術latest design最新的款式latex天然橡膠, 白膠latexing machine上膠機layer層, 層次layout流程佈置leather皮革leather board皮漿板leather footwear皮革鞋類leg of the boot靴統leisure shoe休閒鞋length長度lift叠式鞋跟之每一層light輕light blue淺藍色line up産前問題分析linen yarn亞麻紗lining內裏lining stamp鞋裏印刷lining trimming machine修內裏機linking tape黏扣帶litterway construction李威特結構lizard skin蜥蜴皮loafer包子鞋lock stitch鎖縫logo商標long heel girth 跟口圍度long heel plate長跟鐵片楦底loop魔術毛帶loose鬆散loose thread脫線loss損耗louis heel劉易斯跟low cut低統low heel casual低跟休閒鞋Mmachine sewn construction機器車底結構mackay construction馬凱結構mackay stitcher內線機magic strap魔術帶magic tape粘扣帶magnet hook磁扣main mark正麥manufacture製造margin邊距(針車)marking做記號marking pen記號筆mary jane背帶式平底女鞋mass production大量生産mean forme中庸平面樣mean forme showing dimensional check points中庸平版樣核對點medallion鞋頭上似獎牌的飾物men's shoe男鞋men's footwear男士鞋類metal金屬metal detector金屬探測器metal ornament金屬飾物metallic PVC leather金蔥膠皮methyl ethyl keton(MEK)microprocessor control微處理控制middle sole中插midsole中底; 內底mighty bond強力膠migration移行miner's boot礦工鞋misses shoe少女鞋mixing roller開放式混合機moccasin馬克森鞋mock stitching假飾縫mock welt假革條model型體modity修改moisture tester濕度計mold release脫模劑mondopoints蒙多點制monk shoe僧侶鞋monofilament mesh透明細布moon boot月球鞋mould模具mould wedge模造中插monlding 定型mountaineering shoe腰腹; 擋泥片mule shoe前密後開之拖鞋mulling 鞋面加熱烘軟mutispandex佳積布Nnail釘子nail detector鐵釘探測器nail puller拔釘器nail sticks out (protrudes)釘子露出來nailing maching 打釘機nappa柔軟皮nature rubber latex天然橡膠液navy海軍藍色neck頸部皮革needle車針net patterns工作凈樣(純樣品???)net weight凈重neutral中性色調non-slipping sole防滑底non-woven fabric不織布non-yellowing test耐黃變試驗not in pair不配雙notch記號圈;記號齒nubuck磨絨面皮nurse shoe護士鞋nylon band尼龍帶nylon zipper尼龍拉鏈Ooil resistant耐油性oil-tanned leather油鞣皮old fashion老式的, 過時的one-piece bottom一片式大底one-piece pump單片式女高跟鞋open back鞋後開口式open seam露邊接縫open toe鞋頭\開口式operation操作operator操作員orange橘色original equipment manufacture(OEM)原廠委託製造original sample原樣orthopedic shoe矯正鞋ostrich skin鴕鳥皮other footwear其他鞋類out last拔楦out seam stitcher外線機out stape拔釘outer shoe外底out-of-fashion過時的output産量outside forme外腰平面樣outside welting stitching車縫外線outsole大底outsole not smooth大底不平oval toe橢圓形鞋頭oven烘箱over shoe鞋套overlay裝飾片oxford牛津鞋(緊鞋帶淺幫鞋)Ppacking包裝packing list裝箱單包裝明細?packing machine打包機padded collar有軟墊的領口painting噴漆pair雙pairage雙數pairing配雙pantongraph縮圖器paper filler紙團paper pattern紙版paper slipper紙拖鞋paratroop boot傘兵靴pairs blue巴藍parts零件pasting machine上膠糊機patent leather漆皮pattern cutting紙版pattern designer(pattern cutter)紙樣剪裁師; 樣版師pattern engineering樣版工程pattern grading machine樣版級放機pattern wheel shaft stand橡膠片壓紋機patterns cutting & design紙樣剪裁及設計peacock blue孔雀藍peccary skin野豬皮peeling test剝離試驗peeptoe shoe露趾尖式涼鞋pelt生毛皮penny loafer(coin shoe)有硬幣袋式包子鞋perforation打孔permanent compression test壓縮永久變形試驗permanent tnesion test永久伸長率試驗permanent white純白picalon皮克隆(紙版中底的)pieces鞋面皮piecer沖孔器(衝子)pig skin豬皮pigment finish leather塗料皮pincer鉗子, 前幫機的夾頭pinch in縮進去pink粉紅色pinned top-piece天皮釘pintuck鞋面褶縫piped seam(piping)滾邊接縫plain pump素面女高跟鞋plane cutting press平面式裁斷機plastic chipping machine塑膠切碎機plastic last塑膠楦plastic塑膠platform鞋台platform cover底台包皮plug鞋栓pneumatic heel tacking machine氣壓釘跟機pneumatic last slipping machine氣壓拔楦機point針尖point toe尖形鞋頭polybag塑膠帶polyvinyl chloride(PVC)polybutadiene rubber(BR)正丁膠polyisoprene rubber(IR)異戊膠polyurethene leather (PU) leatherPU皮popsicle加洲式結構拖鞋pot life可使用時間postion部位power consumption耗電量press重壓, 衝床press cutting斬刀裁斷pressure vessel加硫罐; 壓力容器prewalker學步鞋price ticket價格標簽prick mark針孔記號priest shoe; monk shoe僧侶鞋primer處理劑primering藥水處理process流程processing制程produce生産production control生産管制production trial生産試作profile側面圖PU-coated split leatherPU榔皮pull-out last拔楦pump高跟鞋punching沖孔pure rubber天然橡膠pureple紫紅色put-on last入楦PVC sheetPVC塑膠布PVC shoePVC塑膠底python skin蟒蛇皮Qquality control; QC質量管理quarter腰身鞋身quarter insertion插腰quarter iron bottom鞋身中段鐵片楦底quarter lining鞋身內裏; 鞋腰內裏quarter overlay鞋身飾片quarters鞋身中段Rrain boot雨靴rand延條raw eyelet沒有包金屬眼套的鞋眼raw hide生皮rayon yarn嫘縈紗red紅色reel heel圓軸材料reflection material反光材料reinforcing貼補強reject不接受remove solvent去除溶劑remove tacks去釘repaking翻箱repair cementing補膠resin樹脂relain the shape保持形狀returning collar lining翻反口裏rib內延條ribbed insole肋條中底rich color濃色ridge楦脊riding boot騎馬用靴rigid backer硬質後踵片rink system圓形小組式生産系統riveting machine鉚合機roller skate溜冰鞋rope sole麻繩編底rotary vacuum vulcanizing machine回轉式真空加硫定型機rough(upper, bottom)打粗(面底)roughing打粗round aquare toe方圓形鞋頭tound toe圓形鞋頭royal blue寶藍rubber橡膠rubber band橡皮筋rubber chopper橡膠切碎機rubber cement stirrer橡膠糊攪拌機rubber footwear橡膠鞋類rubber mixing mill橡膠混合機rubber slicing machine橡膠切片機rubber smoked sheet煙膠片rubber sole橡膠底rubber sponge sole橡膠海綿鞋底rubberlon合成橡膠發泡板runner跑步者running shoe跑步鞋rust test 耐腐蝕試驗rust鐵紅色Ssabot木鞋saddle shoe鞍形鞋saddle鞋鞍片safety shoe安全鞋sales sample推銷樣品sample maker樣品製作師sample working pattern樣品生産紙樣sample樣品sandal涼鞋satin shoe緞面鞋scissors剪刀scoop wedge heel杓形跟scoop wedge杓形中插screw driver起子scribing machine劃線機scrub磨sea blue 海藍seal skin海豹皮sealant填隙材料seam縫合線seat back heel後座式跟seat lasting後幫seat sock跟座墊section grading部分級放sectional pattern各部位樣版semi-product半成品senpor感應器separate last楦蓋分離式鞋楦setter定型機shade色度; 色調shaft鞋統; 鞋胴shank鐵芯; 楦腰shank board(中底後插紙板)於鐵芯的中底版shank not straight鐵芯不正shank plug鐵芯栓shank riveting machine鐵芯鉚釘機shank too loose鐵芯太松shape形式;模型shape distortion變形shape of heel鞋跟的形式sharkskin 鯊魚皮sharp銳利; 鋒利sheepskin綿羊皮shell forme脫殼法shipping designer裝船標識shipping sample裝船樣品shoeshoe cream鞋面乳膏shoe designer鞋樣設計師shoe factory鞋廠shoe finish鞋子表面處理shoe horn鞋拔shoe machinery鞋機shoe material鞋材shoe tree鞋撐shoemaking制鞋shoes tagged附標簽shoes tied for packing鞋子綁合包裝short heel girth跟背圍度shoulder肩部皮革shrink leather皺紋皮side by side packing邊對邊包裝side gore boot側面有鬆緊帶的靴子side lasting腰幫side leather半開皮side vamp兩側幫鞋side view側視圖side wall鞋邊牆silhouettes cement process車內線延條法silica jel乾燥劑silver white銀白simple簡易的size尺寸size notch尺寸記號size ranges尺碼的分段size scale尺度size stick尺碼量尺skeleton lining鞋裏墊皮sking boot滑雪靴skin皮skiving削薄skiving machine削皮機slant toe斜形鞋頭slate conveyor板條式輸送帶slender toe細長形鞋頭sling back後帶挑空式涼鞋slinhback court後吊帶式盛裝鞋slippers拖鞋slip lasted construction入楦成型結構slip resistance test耐滑試驗slipper拖鞋slipper sock鞋襪slope cutting machine斜度切削機(EVA用) slotted construction鞋面由中底邊緣之切口插入slotted fabric forme平面樣切割法slotting 中底打洞smooth平滑snakeskin蛇皮snap fastener按扣sneaker膠底帆布運動鞋snow boot雪靴snow mabile boot滑雪靴soaking浸水soccer shoe足球鞋sock laying入鞋墊sock lining鞋墊sock stamp中底燙金soft color柔和色softener軟化劑sole底部; 鞋底sole attaching貼底sole comes off底脫膠sole edge底邊緣sole edge inking machine大底邊上墨機sole edge varnishing maching大底邊噴漆機sole laying not proper貼底不正確sole laying貼底sole press壓底sole pressing壓底sole thread stitching車大底線solid接著劑solid forme實心法solid last全楦solid rotating conveyor立體回轉式輸送帶solid content固成份solvent溶劑solvent based cement溶劑型接著劑special purpose特定目的specfic gravity比重specfication規格spectro heel仿叠式跟spike heel錐形跟split leather二榔皮splitting片皮splitting machine片皮機sponge海綿sponge leather乳膠皮sport footwear運動鞋類sport shoe運動鞋sporting shade運動色調sporty有動感的square toe方形鞋頭stability安定性stabilizer安定劑stain污染; 斑點stamping machine燙金機standard forme標準平版樣standard making標準樣的裁版standard標準staple空氣釘steam heating pressing machine蒸汽式熱風燙平機steel tip鞋頭鐵片steel toe鋼頭steer hide閹牛皮step-in便鞋(有鬆緊帶式)step-on便鞋(無鬆緊帶式)stick黏著stick length楦頭程度stiffener裏襯(補強)stitch down process shoes外翻幫鞋stitch guage針目計(量針距用)stitch length針距stitch marking車縫記號stitch down construction鞋面外翻以鞋墊縫合的結構stitching車縫stitching function縫線功能stitching machine針車stitching not even車縫不均勻stitching not on the mark未照記號車縫stock no.庫存編號storage有效存放時間strain拉緊strap cutting machine剪帶機strengthen補強string lasted construction拉幫結構strip cutting machine切條機strip長片stripping抽條stripy sandal多帶式涼鞋strong shade強烈的色調stuck on construction黏貼結構stud飾釘style式樣; 款式stylist式樣設計師styrene butadiene ribber(SBR)苯乙烯丁二烯橡膠suede絨面羊皮supplier供應商support支撐surface measuring & calculating machine量皮機surface scoured表面研磨surface表面swing beam cutting press搖臂式裁斷機swoosh面飾synthetic合成的synthetic leather合成皮synthetic resin合成樹脂synthetic rubber合成橡膠Ttab鞋舌片tabi日式礦工鞋tack鞋跟固定釘tack hole打釘子(楦底孔供打中底用)tack holes打釘孔tack range粘性維持時間tag標簽take-out last拔楦頭tan棕色tanning agent鞣製劑tanning鞣革tape膠帶taping forme貼膠帶法tassel穗飾taut拉緊tearing test撕裂試驗tennis shoe網球鞋tensibility伸張性tensile force test拉應力試驗tensile strength tester拉力試驗機terms of last楦頭朮語terry cloth毛巾布test測試test piece試片Texon中底板之慣稱; 廠牌之一the gathering sttching車縫鞋面兩部分合而爲一thermoplastic rubber(TPR)熱可塑性橡膠thermoplastic toe puff applying machine熱熔膠套頭印置機thickness gauge厚度計thigh boot統高至大腿之靴子thimble嵌環thimble hole centerline嵌環恐中心線thimble location嵌環孔位置thin shade淺色調thong sandal夾趾涼鞋thread車縫線throat opening鞋口長度throat reinforcer前襯補強throat鞋喉點tight緊tip前套; 鞋跟尖tip reinforcer前套補強tissue paper包裝紙toe鞋頭toe bottom shape楦頭尖端底面圖toe box套頭; 前套toe broken down鞋頭下陷toe cap鞋頭toe lasting前幫toe part鞋頭部分toe plate頭尖鐵片toe point楦頭尖端點toe profile楦頭側視圖toe puff鞋頭襯toe spring鞋尖高度; 鞋點翹度toe to heel packing鞋頭對鞋跟包裝tongue鞋舌tongue binding鞋舌滾邊tongue bottom鞋舌下片tongue foam鞋舌泡棉tongue hid鞋舌中片tongue label stitching車鞋舌標tongue label鞋舌標tongue lining舌內裏tongue sleeves舌系帶tongue stitching接鞋舌tongue top鞋舌上片tongue top foam鞋舌上片泡棉too hard太硬too soft太軟tool工具top bumper鞋頭套墊top collar外反口top eyestay眼上片top piece鞋跟接地部位top thread上線top view上視圖toplift天皮topline鞋口topsider平底便鞋total quality control(TQC)全員品管tower drier立式烘乾機trainer shoe訓練鞋transfer搬運tread point 著地點treeing & packing整理&包裝tread department成品鞋整理部門trend流行趨勢tricot特利可得trimming修邊trimmings飾物turn shoe construction回翻結構turn yellow變黃tying綁標簽Uuneven shade色調不均勻uniformity of color染色均勻度unique別致的, 奇特的unit sole整片式大底universal materials tester萬能材料試驗機universal sole sttaching machine自調式壓底機upper鞋面upper conditioner鞋面蒸軟機upper edge trimmer鞋面修邊機upper ruffler鞋面褶景機up-to-date最新的urethane leatherPU皮UV system紫外線照射Vvacuum forming真空成型法vacuum tank vnlcanizing machine真空箱式加硫定型機vamp鞋面前片vamp heating humidifier鞋面蒸濕加熱機vamp length鞋頭長度vamp lining鞋頭內裏vamp open up鞋面掀開vamp point鞋口點vamp split off鞋面裂開vamp tack套前位置點vamp wing鞋面前片兩翼位置various kinds of last楦頭的類型varnish塗料veeingV型補強車縫vegetable fibers shoe植物纖維制鞋類vegetable tanned leather植物鞣皮velcro魔術帶veldtchoen construction外翻幫結構velour leather絨皮vinyl/plastic footwear塑膠鞋類viscosity meter黏度計volleyball shoe排球鞋vulcanize硫化vulcanizing accelerator硫化促進劑vulcanzing agent硫化劑vulcanzing tester硫化試驗機Wwaist鞋腰waist girth腰圍; 楦頭腰圍walking shoe走路鞋(散步鞋)wall楦牆面walled shoe attaching machine牆式壓底機walrus skin海象皮warehouse倉庫water-base cement水性膠water jet cutting 水刀裁斷water resistence耐水性water treament test浸水試驗water vapor absorption test吸水量試驗waterproof/wellington boots防水靴waterproof shoes防水鞋waxing打蠟waxing machine打蠟機weak color淡的顔色wedge中插wear test試穿wedge angle後跟面角度wedge heel楔形跟weight loss by aging老化減量試驗welt 延條welt attaching machine貼延條機welted construction延條結構welted seam加延條接縫welting rolling輪邊wet blue藍濕皮wet process PU leather濕式PU皮wet salting鹽淹皮white白色white lead鉛白whole vamp全幫width寬度wine酒色wing tip翼形前片式winter boot冬靴wiper掃刀wire tacker打鋼絲機women's footwear女士鞋類women's/ladies'女鞋wood bottom木底wood last木楦work shoe工作鞋work ticket工作單working pattern生産紙樣work-in progress(WIP)在製品wrapping攀鞋wrestling shoe摔角鞋wrinkle皺紋wrong pattern樣版錯誤Yyellow黃色youths'大童鞋Zzinc white鋅白zipper拉鏈zoris夾趾涼鞋鞋類英語——耗材五克力紗絨布：acrylic全部人造材料：all man人造皮：artifical裝飾邊緣：edging配料：accessory鞋扣：buckie鞋帶：weave tape包跟：cover heel鬆緊帶：elastic band/gore打釘：clip棉布：cotton flannel包裝：紙盒印字：box priting紙版：card board箱上貼標：carton lable箱：case層：layer尼龍帶：nylon band雙數：pairage同面包裝：side by side packing 配雙：pairing價格標：price ticket乾燥劑：silica fee包裝紙：tissue paper膠帶：tape標簽：iag lable ticket客戶型號：article no客戶號碼：order no箱號：carton no成型：後踵：heel curre跟踵：crown of last鞋頭翹度：toe spring處理劑：primer膠水: cement鞋帶：lace中底墊皮：sock lining單底：unit sole生膠底：plantation crepe射出底：injection crepe中插：wedge後跟：heel天皮：top life釘書針：staple釘子：nail螺絲釘：screw前幫機：lasting tacks楦頭潤滑劑：last slip根皮：heel cover橡膠糊：rubber cement藥水糊：neoprene模子底：shell sole模子底：moulded sole。
E.Z.N.A Gel Extraction Kit
琼脂糖凝胶回收试剂盒E.Z.N.A Gel Extraction Kit适合于D2501-**,D2500-**&D2502-**准备工作1. 浓缩的SPW Buffer需用乙醇按如下稀释:D2500-00&D2501-00&D2502-00 加入20ml 100%的乙醇;D2500-01/02&D2501-01/02&D2502-01/02 每瓶加入100ml 100%的乙醇;注意:稀释后的DNA Wash Buffer需室温保存;所有步骤必须在室温下进行.操作方案配制琼脂糖EB凝胶,电泳以分离DNA片段.任何类型或等级的琼脂糖都可以使用.我们强烈的推荐使用新鲜的TAE/TBE电泳缓冲液.不要重复使用电泳缓冲液,旧的电泳缓冲液PH会增加而降低DNA的回收产量;2. 电泳足够时间后,在紫外灯下小心地把所需的DNA片段切下来.并尽量去除多余的凝胶.注意:DNA在紫外灯下的曝光的时间不要超过30秒,同时在紫外灯下操作的时候一定要戴保护眼镜.3.称取空离心管的重量,切下带目的片段的凝胶装在1.5ml离心管中并称其重量,求出凝胶块的重量,近似地确定其体积.一般情况下,凝胶的密度为1g/ml,于是凝胶的体积与重量的关系可按下面换算:凝胶薄片的重量为0.2g 则其体积为0.2ml;加入等倍凝胶体积的Binding Buffer,把混合物置于55℃~65℃水浴中温浴7min至凝胶完全融化,其间每隔2-3分钟混匀一次;重要提醒:在凝胶完全溶解之后,注意凝胶-Binding Buffer混合物的pH值.如果其pH值大于8的话,DNA的产量将大大减少.观察混合物的颜色,如果是橙色或红色,则要加入5μl 浓度为5 M,pH为5.2的醋酸钠,以调低其pH值.经过这一调节,该混合物的颜色将恢复为正常的浅黄色.一般情况下,使用新鲜的电泳缓冲液,凝胶-Binding buffer混合物的PH值的不会升高;4.转移700μl的DNA-琼脂糖溶液到一个HiBindTM DNA柱子,并把柱子装在一个干净的2ml收集管内,室温下,10,000×g离心1min,弃去液体.一个HiBind DNA柱子最多可容纳700μl的溶液,如果DNA-琼脂糖混合物的体积大于700μl,可先转移700μl溶液至柱子,离心完后,将余下的溶液继续加上柱子上.但是每一个HiBindTM柱子最多可以结合25~30μg DNA.如果预期产量较大,则把样品分别加到合适数目的柱中.5. 将柱子重新套回收集管中,加300μl Binding Buffer至HiBind DNA 柱子中;室温下,10,000×g离心1分钟,去弃滤出液;这一步相当关键,不要忽略此步.6.将柱子重新套回收集管中,加入700μl SPW Wash buffer至HiBind DNA柱子中,室温下,10,000×g离心1分钟,去弃滤出液;注:SPW Wash buffer在使用前必须按瓶子标鉴要求用无水乙醇进行稀释.7. 将柱子重新套回收集管中,重复加入700μl SPW Wash buffer至HiBind DNA柱子中,室温下,10,000×g离心1分钟, 弃去滤出液;,将空柱子重新套回收集管中,10,000×g离心1min以甩干柱基质残余的液体.这步可以去除柱子基质上残余的乙醇,不要省略此步―――对得到好的DNA产量是十分重要的.8. 把柱子装在一个干净的1.5ml离心管上,加入30~50μl洗脱液或灭菌水上柱子膜上,10,000×g离心1分钟,离心管中的溶液就是纯化的DNA产物,保存于-20度.如果再洗脱一次的话可以把残余的DNA洗脱出来,不过那样的浓度就会较低.DNA的产量及质量:把纯化产物的样品稀释一定的倍数后,分别在260nm和280nm下测其光吸收值,回收得到的DNA的浓度可按以下公式来计算: DNA浓度=光吸收260×50×稀释倍数μg/ml长度大于500bp的片段通常能纯化得到80%的产量. 而50bp~500bp的带则可达到55%~80%的回收率.(光吸收260/光吸收280)的比率是核酸纯度的一个标记.如果此值1.8,则意味着核酸的纯度>90%.另一方面,如果纯化产物的产量较低时,可以用琼脂糖EB电泳估算产物的浓度.载体。
高分子化学中英文对照
05. 高分子化学高分子物质brush polymercoiling type polymer聚合与高分子化学反应17环状单体cyclic monomer18共聚单体comonomer19聚合［反应］polymerization20均聚反应homopolymerization21低聚反应，齐聚反应 (曾用名)oligomerization22调聚反应telomerization23自发聚合spontaneous polymerization 24预聚合prepolymerization25后聚合post polymerization26再聚合repolymerization27铸塑聚合, 浇铸聚合cast polymerization28链［式］聚合chain polymerization29烯类聚合，乙烯基聚合vinyl polymerization30双烯［类］聚合diene polymerization31加［成］聚［合］addition polymerization32自由基聚合，游离基聚合 (曾用名)free radical polymerization, radical polymerization33控制自由基聚合，可控自由基聚合controlled radical polymerization，CRP 34活性自由基聚合living radical polymerization35原子转移自由基聚合atom transfer radical polymerization，ATRP36反向原子转移自由基聚合reverse atom transfer radicalpolymerization， RATRP37可逆加成断裂链转移reversible addition fragmentation chaintransfer，RAFT38氮氧[自由基]调控聚合nitroxide mediated polymerization39稳定自由基聚合stable free radical polymerization，FRP40自由基异构化聚合free radical isomerizationpolymerization41自由基开环聚合radical ring opening polymerization 42氧化还原聚合redox polymerization43无活性端聚合，死端聚合 (曾用名)dead end polymerization44光［致］聚合photo polymerization45光引发聚合light initiated polymerization46光敏聚合photosensitized polymerization47四中心聚合four center polymerization48电荷转移聚合charge transfer polymerization49辐射引发聚合radiation initiated polymerization 50热聚合thermal polymerization51电解聚合electrolytic polymerization52等离子体聚合plasma polymerization53易位聚合metathesis polymerization54开环易位聚合ring opening metathesis polymerization，ROMP55精密聚合precision polymerization56环化聚合cyclopolymerization57拓扑化学聚合topochemical polymerization 58平衡聚合equilibrium polymerization 59离子［型］聚合ionic polymerization60辐射离子聚合radiation ion polymerization 61离子对聚合ion pair polymerization62正离子聚合，阳离子聚合cationic polymerization63碳正离子聚合carbenium ionpolymerization,carbocationicpolymerization64假正离子聚合pseudo cationic polymerization65假正离子活［性］聚合pseudo cationic living polymerization 66活性正离子聚合living cationic polymerization67负离子聚合，阴离子聚合anionic polymerization68碳负离子聚合carbanionic polymerization69活性负离子聚合living anionic polymerization70负离子环化聚合anionic cyclopolymerization71负离子电化学聚合anionic electrochemical polymerization 72负离子异构化聚合anionic isomerization polymerization 73烯丙基聚合allylic polymerization74活［性］聚合living polymerization75两性离子聚合zwitterion polymerization76齐格勒-纳塔聚合Ziegler Natta polymerization77配位聚合coordination polymerization78配位离子聚合coordinated ionic polymerization79配位负离子聚合coordinated anionic polymerization80配位正离子聚合coordinated cationic polymerization 81插入聚合insertion polymerization82定向聚合，立构规整聚合stereoregular polymerization, stereospecific polymerization83有规立构聚合tactic polymerization84全同立构聚合isospecific polymerization85不对称诱导聚合asymmetric induction polymerization 86不对称选择性聚合asymmetric selective polymerization87不对称立体选择性聚合asymmetric stereoselectivepolymerization88对映［体］不对称聚合enantioasymmetric polymerization 89对映［体］对称聚合enantiosymmetric polymerization90异构化聚合isomerization polymerization91氢转移聚合hydrogen transfer polymerization 92基团转移聚合group transfer polymerization，GTP 93消除聚合elimination polymerization94模板聚合matrix polymerization,templatepolymerization95插层聚合intercalation polymerization96无催化聚合uncatalyzed polymerization97开环聚合ring opening polymerization98活性开环聚合living ring opening polymerization 99不死的聚合immortal polymerization100酶聚合作用enzymatic polymerization101聚加成反应，逐步加成聚合 (曾用名)polyaddition102偶联聚合coupling polymerization103序列聚合sequential polymerization104闪发聚合，俗称暴聚flash polymerization105氧化聚合oxidative polymerization106氧化偶联聚合oxidative coupling polymerization 107逐步［增长］聚合step growth polymerization108缩聚反应condensation polymerization，polycondensation109酯交换型聚合transesterification typepolymerization,ester exchange polycondensation110自催化缩聚autocatalytic polycondensation 111均相聚合homogeneous polymerization112非均相聚合heterogeneous polymerization 113相转化聚合phase inversion polymerization114本体聚合bulk polymerization, masspolymerization115固相聚合solid phase polymerization 116气相聚合gaseous polymerization,gas phase polymerization117吸附聚合adsorption polymerization 118溶液聚合solution polymerization119沉淀聚合precipitation polymerization 120淤浆聚合slurry polymerization121悬浮聚合suspension polymerization122反相悬浮聚合reversed phase suspensionpolymerization123珠状聚合bead polymerization, pearlpolymerization124分散聚合dispersion polymerization125反相分散聚合inverse dispersion polymerization126种子聚合seeding polymerization127乳液聚合emulsion polymerization128无乳化剂乳液聚合emulsifier free emulsion polymerization 129反相乳液聚合inverse emulsion polymerization130微乳液聚合micro emulsion polymerization131连续聚合continuous polymerization132半连续聚合semicontinuous polymerization133分批聚合，间歇聚合batch polymerization134原位聚合in situ polymerization135均相缩聚homopolycondensation136活化缩聚activated polycondensation137熔融缩聚melt phase polycondensation138固相缩聚solid phase polycondensation139体型缩聚three dimensional polycondensation 140界面聚合interfacial polymerization141界面缩聚interfacial polycondensation142环加成聚合cycloaddition polymerization143环烯聚合cycloalkene polymerization144环硅氧烷聚合cyclosiloxane polymerization145引发剂initiator146引发剂活性activity of initiator147聚合催化剂polymerization catalyst148自由基引发剂radical initiator149偶氮［类］引发剂azo type initiator1502,2′偶氮二异丁腈2,2'- azobisisobutyronitrile, AIBN 151过氧化苯甲酰benzoyl peroxide, BPO152过硫酸盐引发剂persulphate initiator153复合引发体系complex initiation system154氧化还原引发剂redox initiator155电荷转移复合物，电荷转移络合物charge transfer complex, CTC156聚合加速剂，聚合促进剂polymerization accelerator157光敏引发剂photoinitiator158双官能引发剂bifunctional initiator， difunctionalinitiator159三官能引发剂trifunctional initiator160大分子引发剂macroinitiator161引发-转移剂initiator transfer agent, inifer162引发-转移-终止剂initiator transfer agent terminator,iniferter163光引发转移终止剂photoiniferter164热引发转移终止剂thermoiniferter165正离子催化剂cationic catalyst166正离子引发剂cationic initiator167负离子引发剂ionioic initiator168共引发剂coinitiator169烷基锂引发剂alkyllithium initiator170负离子自由基引发剂anion radical initiator171烯醇钠引发剂alfin initiator172齐格勒-纳塔催化剂Ziegler Natta catalyst173过渡金属催化剂transition metal catalyst174双组分催化剂bicomponent catalyst175后过渡金属催化剂late transition metal catalyst 176金属络合物催化剂metal complex catalyst177［二］茂金属催化剂metallocene catalyst178甲基铝氧烷methylaluminoxane, MAO179μ氧桥双金属烷氧化物催化剂bimetallic μ-oxo alkoxides catalyst180双金属催化剂bimetallic catalyst 181桥基茂金属bridged metallocene182限定几何构型茂金属催化剂constrained geometry metallocenecatalyst183均相茂金属催化剂homogeneous metallocene catalyst 184链引发chain initiation185热引发thermal initiation186染料敏化光引发dye sensitized phtoinitiation 187电荷转移引发charge transfer initiation188诱导期induction period189引发剂效率initiator efficiency190诱导分解induced decomposition191再引发reinitiation192链增长chain growth, chain propagation193增长链端propagating chain end194活性种reactive species195活性中心active center196持续自由基persistent radical197聚合最高温度ceilling temperature of polymerization 198链终止chain termination199双分子终止bimolecular termination200初级自由基终止primary radical termination201扩散控制终止diffusion controlled termination202歧化终止disproportionation termination203偶合终止coupling termination204单分子终止unimolecular termination205自发终止spontaneous termination206终止剂terminator207链终止剂chain terminating agent208假终止pseudotermination209自发终止self termination210自由基捕获剂radical scavenger211旋转光闸法rotating sector method212自由基寿命free radical lifetime213凝胶效应gel effect214自动加速效应autoacceleration effect215链转移chain transfer216链转移剂chain transfer agent217尾咬转移backbitting transfer218退化链转移degradation (degradative) chaintransfer219加成断裂链转移［反应］addition fragmentation chain transfer 220链转移常数chain transfer constant221①缓聚作用②延迟作用retardation222阻聚作用inhibition223缓聚剂retarder224缓聚剂，阻滞剂retarding agent225阻聚剂inhibitor226封端［反应］end capping227端基terminal group228聚合动力学polymerization kinetics229聚合热力学polymerization thermodynamics230聚合热heat of polymerization231共聚合［反应］copolymerization232二元共聚合binary copolymerization233三元共聚合ternary copolymerization234竞聚率reactivity ratio235自由基共聚合radical copolymerization236离子共聚合ionic copolymerization237无规共聚合random copolymerization238理想共聚合ideal copolymerization239交替共聚合alternating copolymerization240恒［组］分共聚合azeotropic copolymerization241接枝共聚合graft copolymerization242嵌段共聚合block copolymerization243开环共聚合ring opening copolymerization244共聚合方程copolymerization equation245共缩聚copolycondensation246逐步共聚合step copolymerization247同种增长homopropagation248自增长self propagation249交叉增长cross propagation250前末端基效应penultimate effect251交叉终止cross termination252Q值Q value253e值e value254Q,e概念Q, e scheme255序列长度分布sequence length distribution256侧基反应reaction of pendant group257扩链剂，链增长剂chain extender258交联crosslinking259化学交联chemical crosslinking260自交联self crosslinking261光交联photocrosslinking262交联度degree of crosslinking263硫化vulcanization264固化curing265硫［黄］硫化sulfur vulcanization266促进硫化accelerated sulfur vulcanization 267过氧化物交联peroxide crosslinking268无规交联random crosslinking269交联密度crosslinking density270交联指数crosslinking index271解聚depolymerization高分子物理化学与高分子物理12立构嵌段stereoblock13有规立构嵌段isotactic block14无规立构嵌段atactic block15单体单元monomeric unit16二单元组diad17三单元组triad18四单元组tetrad19五单元组pentad20无规线团random coil21自由连接链freely-jointed chain22自由旋转链freely-rotating chain23蠕虫状链worm-like chain24柔性链flexible chain25链柔性chain flexibility26刚性链rigid chain27棒状链rodlike chain28链刚性chain rigidity29聚集aggregation30聚集体aggregate31凝聚、聚集coalescence32链缠结chain entanglement33凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement34物理缠结physical entanglement35拓扑缠结topological entanglement36凝聚相condensed phase37凝聚态condensed state38凝聚过程condensing process39临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 40线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition41受限链confined chain42受限态confined state43物理交联physical crosslinking44统计线团statistical coil45等效链equivalent chain46统计链段statistical segment47链段chain segment48链构象chain conformation49无规线团模型random coil model50无规行走模型random walk model51自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model52卷曲构象coiled conformation53高斯链Gaussian chain54无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension55扰动尺寸perturbed dimension56热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere 57近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction 58远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction 59链间相互作用interchain interaction60链间距interchain spacing61长程有序long range order62近程有序short range order63回转半径radius of gyration64末端间矢量end-to-end vector65链末端chain end66末端距end-to-end distance67无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance68均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance 69伸直长度contour length70相关长度persistence length71主链；链骨架chain backbone72支链branch chain73链支化chain branching74短支链short-chain branch75长支链long-chain branch76支化系数branching index77支化密度branching density78支化度degree of branching79交联度degree of crosslinking80网络network81网络密度network density82溶胀swelling83平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling84分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly85自组装self assembly86微凝胶microgel87凝胶点gel point88可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel89溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation90临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC91组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity,compositional heterogenity92摩尔质量平均molar mass average又称“分子量平均”93数均分子量number-average molecular weight,number-average molar mass94重均分子量weight-average molecular weight,weight-average molar mass95Z均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight,Z-molar mass96黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass97表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass98表观分子量apparent molecular weight99聚合度degree of polymerization100动力学链长kinetic chain length101单分散性monodispersity102临界分子量critical molecular weight103分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD104多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID105平均聚合度average degree of polymerization106质量分布函数mass distribution function107数量分布函数number distribution function108重量分布函数weight distribution function109舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution110最概然分布most probable distribution 曾用名“最可几分布”111对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution 又称“对数正则分布”112聚合物溶液polymer solution113聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction114溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent115均方末端距mean square end to end distance116均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyration117θ温度theta temperature118θ态theta state119θ溶剂theta solvent120良溶剂good solvent121不良溶剂poor solvent122位力系数Virial coefficient曾用名“维里系数”123排除体积excluded volume124溶胀因子expansion factor125溶胀度degree of swelling126弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory127哈金斯公式Huggins equation128哈金斯系数Huggins coefficient129χ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter130溶度参数solubility parameter131摩擦系数frictional coefficient132流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere 133流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume134珠-棒模型bead-rod model135球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model136流动双折射flow birefringence, streamingbirefringence137动态光散射dynamic light scattering138小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering139沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium140沉降系数sedimentation coefficient141沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method142沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method143相对黏度relative viscosity144相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment145黏度比viscosity ratio146黏数viscosity number147[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer148毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer149落球黏度计ball viscometer150落球黏度ball viscosity151本体黏度bulk viscosity152比浓黏度reduced viscosity153比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmicviscosity number154特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limitingviscosity number155黏度函数viscosity function156零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity157端基分析analysis of end group158蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO159辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering ofradiation160折光指数增量refractive index increment161瑞利比Rayleigh ratio162超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio163粒子散射函数particle scattering function164粒子散射因子particle scattering factor165齐姆图Zimm plot166散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering167解偏振作用depolarization168分级fractionation169沉淀分级precipitation fractionation170萃取分级extraction fractionation171色谱分级chromatographic fractionation172柱分级column fractionation173洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation174热分级thermal fractionation175凝胶色谱法gel chromatography176摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit177溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution]chromatography178分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit179洗脱体积elution volume180普适标定universal calibration181加宽函数spreading function182链轴chain axis183等同周期identity period184链重复距离chain repeating distance185晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period186构象重复单元conformational repeating unit187几何等效geometrical equivalence188螺旋链helix chain189构型无序configurational disorder190链取向无序chain orientational disorder191构象无序conformational disorder192锯齿链zigzag chain193双[股]螺旋double stranded helix194[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation195结晶聚合物crystalline polymer196半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer197高分子晶体polymer crystal198高分子微晶polymer crystallite199结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity 200高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism201聚合物形态学morphology of polymer202片晶lamella, lamellar crystal203轴晶axialite204树枝[状]晶体dendrite205纤维晶fibrous crystal206串晶结构shish-kebab structure207球晶spherulite208折叠链folded chain209链折叠chain folding210折叠表面fold surface211折叠面fold plane212折叠微区fold domain213相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model 214接线板模型switchboard model215缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model216折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal217平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal218伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal219球状链晶体globular-chain crystal220长周期long period221近程结构short-range structure222远程结构long-range structure223成核作用nucleation224分子成核作用molecular nucleation225阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation226主结晶primary crystallization 227后期结晶secondary crystallization 228外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallizationepitaxial growth229外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长230织构texture231液晶态liquid crystal state232溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal233热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal234热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism235近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal236近晶中介相smectic mesophase237近晶相smectic phase238条带织构banded texture239环带球晶ringed spherulite240向列相nematic phase241盘状相discotic phase242解取向disorientation243分聚segregation244非晶相amorphous phase曾用名“无定形相”245非晶区amorphous region246非晶态amorphous state247非晶取向amorphous orientation248链段运动segmental motion249亚稳态metastable state250相分离phase separation251亚稳相分离spinodal decomposition252bimodal decomposition253微相microphase254界面相boundary phase255相容性compatibility256混容性miscibility257不相容性incompatibility258不混容性immiscibility259增容作用compatiibilization260最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST261最高临界共溶(溶解)温upper critical solution temperature ,度UCST262浓度猝灭concentration quenching263激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence264激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence265激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy266单轴取向uniaxial orientation267双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation268取向度degree of orientation269橡胶态rubber state270玻璃态glassy state271高弹态elastomeric state272黏流态viscous flow state273伸长elongation274高弹形变high elastic deformation275回缩性，弹性复原nerviness276拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio277泊松比Poisson's ratio278杨氏模量Young's modulus279本体模量bulk modulus280剪切模量shear modulus281法向应力normal stress282剪切应力shear stress283剪切应变shear strain284屈服yielding285颈缩现象necking 又称“细颈现象”286屈服应力yield stress287屈服应变yield strain288脆性断裂brittle fracture289脆性开裂brittle cracking290脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition291脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature292延性破裂ductile fracture293冲击强度impact strength294拉伸强度tensile strength 又称“断裂强度,breaking stren gth”295极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength296抗撕强度tearing strength 又称“抗扯强度”297弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength298弯曲模量bending modulus299弯曲应变bending strain300弯曲应力bending stress301收缩开裂shrinkage crack302剪切强度shear strength303剥离强度peeling strength304疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance305挠曲deflection306压缩强度compressive strength307压缩永久变形compression set308压缩变形compressive deformation309压痕硬度indentation hardness310洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness311布氏硬度Brinell hardness312抗刮性scrath resistance313断裂力学fracture mechanics314力学破坏mechanical failure315应力强度因子stress intensity factor316断裂伸长elongation at break317屈服强度yield strength318断裂韧性fracture toughness319弹性形变elastic deformation320弹性滞后elastic hysteresis321弹性elasticity322弹性模量modulus of elasticity323弹性回复elastic recovery324不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation325裂缝crack 俗称“龟裂”326银纹craze327形变；变形deformation328永久变形deformation set329剩余变形residual deformation330剩余伸长residual stretch331回弹，回弹性resilience332延迟形变retarded deformation333延迟弹性retarded elasticity334可逆形变reversible deformation335应力开裂stress cracking336应力-应变曲线stress strain curve337拉伸应变stretching strain338拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation339热历史thermal history340热收缩thermoshrinking341扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA342应力致白stress whitening343应变能strain energy344应变张量strain tensor345剩余应力residual stress346应变硬化strain hardening347应变软化strain softening348电流变液electrorheological fluid349假塑性pseudoplastic350拉胀性auxiticity351牛顿流体Newtonian fluid352非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid353宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid354冷流cold flow355牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity356剪切黏度shear viscosity357表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity358剪切变稀shear thinning359触变性thixotropy360塑性形变plastic deformation361塑性流动plastic flow362体积弛豫volume relaxation363拉伸黏度extensional viscosity364黏弹性viscoelasticity365线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity366非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity367蠕变creep368弛豫[作用]relaxation 又称“松弛”369弛豫模量relaxation modulus370蠕变柔量creep compliance371热畸变温度heat distortion temperature372弛豫谱relaxation spectrum373推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum374弛豫时间relaxation time375推迟时间retardation time376动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior377动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity378热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve379动态转变dynamic transition380储能模量storage modulus381损耗模量loss modulus382复数模量complex modulus383复数柔量complex compliance384动态黏度dynamic viscosity385复数黏度complex viscosity386复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity387介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor388介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant389介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time390玻璃化转变glass transition391玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature392次级弛豫secondary relaxation393次级转变secondary transition394次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature395开尔文模型Kelvin model396麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model397时-温叠加原理time-temperature superpositionprinciple398玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle399平移因子shift factor400WLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation 401软化温度softening temperature402平衡熔点equilibrium melting point403物理老化physical ageing高分子加工技术和应用。
粘胶面料英语
粘胶面料英语Viscose Fabrics: An Exploration in EnglishViscose fabrics are a type of man-made fiber that has gained significant popularity in the textile industry. These fabrics are known for their soft, silky, and draping properties, making them a versatile choice for a wide range of applications, from clothing to home furnishings.The term "viscose" refers to the chemical process usedto produce the fiber, which involves the regeneration of cellulose from wood pulp or other natural sources. This process results in a fiber that shares many similarities with natural fibers, such as cotton and silk, but with its own unique characteristics.One of the key advantages of viscose fabrics is their breathability. The inherent porosity of the fiber allowsfor efficient moisture wicking and air circulation, making viscose fabrics comfortable to wear, especially in warm climates. This property also contributes to the fabric's ability to regulate body temperature, making it a popular choice for summer apparel.Another notable feature of viscose fabrics is their excellent drapability. The fiber's flexibility and softhand allow the fabric to flow and drape elegantly, creating a flattering silhouette for garments. This attribute makes viscose a popular choice for clothing items such as blouses, dresses, and skirts, where a flowing and feminine look is desired.Viscose fabrics are also known for their versatility in terms of color and print applications. The fiber's abilityto absorb dyes easily allows for a wide range of vibrantand intricate color options, making it a suitable choicefor both solid-colored and patterned textiles. This versatility extends to the manufacturing process, where viscose can be blended with other fibers, such as cotton or polyester, to create unique fabric combinations.In terms of sustainability, viscose fabrics have faced some challenges in the past due to concerns over the environmental impact of the manufacturing process. However, advancements in technology and the implementation of more eco-friendly production methods have helped to addressthese issues. Many viscose manufacturers now prioritize theuse of sustainable wood sources and the implementation of closed-loop systems to minimize waste and water consumption.Despite these challenges, viscose fabrics continue to be a popular choice among consumers and designers alike. The fiber's inherent softness, draping properties, andversatility in terms of color and print make it a valuable addition to the textile industry. As the demand for sustainable and ethically produced textiles continues to grow, the viscose industry is working to improve its environmental footprint and provide consumers with responsible fiber options.粘胶面料：探索中国视角粘胶面料是一种人造纤维,在纺织工业中广受欢迎。
凝胶(gel)
（2）弹性凝胶是柔性的成型 polemer所形成的凝胶，如橡胶，明 胶，琼脂等。分散质具有柔性，因 为具有弹性，变形后能恢复原状。 它在吸收或释放出液体时，往往 改变体积，表现出膨胀性质，对液 体的吸收具有明显的选择性，例如 橡胶可以吸收苯而膨胀，但在水中 不膨胀，而明胶则恰恰相反。
2、根据凝胶中含液量的多少，将凝 胶分为冻胶和干胶。 冻胶：液体含量90%以上，如琼脂 冻胶99.8%是水，多具有柔性的大分 子构成，具有弹性。 干胶：液体含量少的凝胶，如明胶。 15%半透膜也属于干胶。Polymer构 成的干胶在吸收含水的液体后变成冻 胶。
6、化学反应： 由于凝胶内部的液体不能“自由”流动，所
以在凝胶中发生的反应没有对流现象。如果反应
中有沉淀生成，则沉淀物基本上是存在于原位而 难以移动，形成Liesegang环 。
AgNO3溶 液 Ag2Cr2O7沉淀 空白区（内含 AgNO3溶液 Ag2Cr2O7沉淀 空白区
K2Cr2O7）
最新一代控释型胶体电解质
4、吸附作用：非弹性凝胶的干胶表面积较大，有较强的
吸附能力。而弹性凝胶的干燥几乎无吸附能力. 5、凝胶中的扩散作用：凝胶骨架空隙的大小对大分子有筛分作
用，这是凝胶色谱法的基本原理。许多半透膜（如火棉胶膜、醋酸
纤维膜等）都是凝胶或干凝胶，这些膜对某些物质的渗析作用就是 利用了凝胶骨架空隙大小的筛分作用。
3、触变现象：有一类凝胶在外加的机械作用下会液化成溶胶,
静止片刻以后,又会恢复原来的凝胶状态,这种等温可逆的转变过程 称为触变过程。产生触变现象的起因是凝胶结构的不稳定,胶粒间仅 以很弱的范德华力相连,在外力作用下很容易被破坏,但也容易重建, 这就产生了触变现象。浓度较高的片状或长杆状凝胶容易变成触变 体系。通常见到的触变凝胶有： V2O5凝胶，Fe(OH)3凝胶，流沙， 泥浆，油漆等。例如，看上去干燥的沼泽地是泥浆凝胶，当有动物 踩上去，凝胶被破坏，变成溶胶，动物下沉后表面上又恢复为凝胶 状态。
纺织纤维日中英对照表
Kapok
Lino Modacrilica Modal
Capoc
Kapok
Lin
Leinen
Modacryliq Modacryl
ue Modal
Modal
木棉 木絲 棉 亞麻
晴綸類
莫代爾
Modal
Modal
Modal
Metallica Maquey
Nylon
Metallique
Metallisc h
Polyethyle ne
Polyaethy len
聚乙烯纖維
Carta tessile
Papetier
Papiergar n
紙紗線
Poliestere Polyester Polyester 滌綸
Polipropilen Polypropyl Polypropy 聚丙烯纖維 用於快乾
ica
ene
len
国際的によく 英語 用いられてい る略号
日本でよく用 JIS L による繊維名 繊維製品品質表示規
いられている 称 略号
程による表示
AB
Manila
Hemp
AC
Acetate
A
AF
Other Fibres
AG
Alginate
AL
Alfa
AS
Asbestos
Carbon fiber CF
CA
Hemp
CC
Sunn
印度麻
Triacetato Triacetate Triacetat 三醋酯纤维
Residui
Residustex Textilres
tessilio
tiles ou te oder
RAL油漆颜色对照表
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日本EVA系列产品(2014年10月版)
品牌货号日文名称中文名称参考图官方售价(日元)官方售价(RMB)混批1000元以上散批TAKARA TOMMY5212101139000000新劇場版：Q チョロQヱヴァ輸送専用貨物車4台セットEVA：Q 机体迷你运送回力车套装JPY 3,000￥180￥110￥120MEDICOM TOY5212101135000000新劇場版：破 RAH 渚カヲル (制服版)EVA：破 渚熏RAH校服版12寸兵人JPY 16,800￥1,008￥600￥650MEDICOM TOY5212101134000000新劇場版：破 RAH 碇シンジ (制服版)EVA：破 碇真嗣RAH校服版12寸兵人JPY 16,800￥1,008￥600￥650YANOMAN5219001044000000コンパクトピースパズル新劇場版：貞本義行 アスカAsukaEVA拼图-明日香JPY 1,200￥72￥45￥50YANOMAN5219001045000000コンパクトピースパズル新劇場版：貞本義行 マリMariEVA拼图-真希波JPY 1,200￥72￥45￥50YANOMAN5219001046000000コンパクトピースパズル新劇場版：貞本義行 レイReiEVA拼图-凌波丽JPY 1,200￥72￥50￥55YANOMAN5219001043000000EVA STORE ジグソーパズル屋上にて (貞本義行)EVA拼图-校服合照JPY 2,000￥120￥75￥80KAWADA5219001049000000ナノブロック (レイプラグスーツ)EVA积木-凌波丽（战斗服）JPY 1,400￥84￥55￥60KAWADA5219001052000000ナノブロック (ペンペン)EVA积木-企鹅JPY 1,400￥84￥55￥60KAWADA5219001051000000ナノブロック (第6の使徒)EVA积木-第六使徒JPY 1,400￥84￥55￥60KAWADA5219001050000000ナノブロック (レイ制服)EVA积木-凌波丽（校服）JPY 1,400￥84￥55￥60KAWADA5219001047000000ナノブロック (アスカプラグスーツ)EVA积木-明日香（战斗服）JPY 1,400￥84￥55￥60KAWADA5219001048000000ナノブロック (アスカ制服)EVA积木-明日香（校服）JPY 1,400￥84￥55￥60KAWADA5219001053000000ナノブロック (初号機ヘッド)EVA积木-初号机头JPY 3,000￥180￥120￥130CCP(Character Contents Production)5212101138000000CCP PROJECT 第4の使徒ノーマルVer.EVA手办-第四使徒JPY 9,400￥564￥380￥420KAIYODO5212101047000000リボルテックヤマグチエヴァンゲリオン初号機EVA可动手办-初号机JPY 3,314￥199￥180￥200KAIYODO5212101053000000リボルテックヤマグチエヴァンゲリオン零号機(改)EVA可动手办-零号机改JPY 3,314￥199￥180￥200KAIYODO5212101105000000リボルテックヤマグチエヴァンゲリオン2号機本体EVA可动手办-贰号机JPY 3,314￥199￥180￥200KAIYODO5212101202000000リボルテックヤマグチエヴァンゲリオン8号機αEVA可动手办-八号机αJPY 3,314￥199￥180￥200KAIYODO5212101129000000リボルテックヤマグチ2号機 新型装備 『新劇場版：破 TV版』 次回予告Ver.EVA可动手办-贰号机TV版JPY 4,267￥256￥200￥220KOTOBUKIYA5533101023000000EVA筷子-初号机JPY 1,500￥90￥70￥80KOTOBUKIYA5533101022000000エヴァンゲリヲン チョップスティック Mark.06EVA筷子-六号机JPY 1,500￥90￥70￥80。
eva橙汁是什么意思
eva橙汁是什么意思
eva橙汁这个梗，出自动漫《eva》，在《eva》剧情中，橙汁是淡黄色粘稠液体，带有血腥味，是动物体基础形态，被称为“生命之水”，当人类注射“橙汁”，就会拜托肉体的束缚，都会变成“橙汁”，因此观众戏称为人类橙汁计划，因此成梗
动漫《eva》以发生了“第二次冲击”大灾害的2015年的世界为舞台，主要讲述了14岁少年少女们操控巨大泛用人形决战兵器”EVA”，与袭击第3新东京市的神秘敌人“使徒”之间的战斗故事。
另外，动漫《eva》与1970年代的《宇宙战舰大和号》及1980年代的《机动战士高达》并肩，成为了对后世动画作品产生影响的第三代动画作品，引发了动画热潮。
2012年世界非织造布生厂商40强过滤材料产品_陆荣生
２１９ 科技资讯 ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ ＆ ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ ＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ２０１３ ＮＯ．２７ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ ＆ ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ ＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ学 术 论 坛２０１２年非织布生产商４０强排名是根据销售业绩来确定的，４０强名单中有新面孔。
４０强主要生产非织造布，用于屋面防漏、医疗卫生、路基、个人防护等产品，其中１／３厂家涉足过滤材料产品，有些已成为企业的主业。
下面对４０强中有关过滤材料产品做简单介绍，让涉猎该领域的企业家和科研人员对新兴产业获取些微借鉴和帮助。
１ 微纳米过滤材料产品１．１ｓａｎｄｌｅｒ （Ｎｏ．１１）＊１盛德ＴＭ公司是欧洲唯一一家大型家族式无纺布行业历史较悠久的企业之一，２０１２年全球排名第１１。
盛德ＴＭ的过滤介质应用于抽油烟机、室内和车辆空调系统以及工业生产设备的滤材，也用于吸尘器内的合成滤袋。
盛德？过滤用无纺布耐用，能够适应高湿度、温度剧变等环境因素，可制成满足多种过滤级要求的滤材，备受知名滤材生产商的青睐。
盛德ＴＭ的微纳米过滤产品有以下几个品种。
（１）室内通风技术用过滤介质。
盛德ＴＭ提供机固结和热固结的垫式与袋式过滤介质，满足ＥＮ７７９至Ｈ１０标准等级的要求。
（２）微尘滤清器（滤袋）。
盛纺格林ＴＭ（ｓａｗａｓｃｒｅｅｎR ｅｃｏ）系列熔喷无纺布由聚丙烯材料制成，结构独特，过滤性能卓越。
盛纺格林ＴＭ系列适于制作袋式过滤介质，过滤级数可达Ｆ５至Ｆ９级。
根据不同的过滤需求，可增覆预过滤层。
采用热固结技术，不含粘合剂，满足Ｇ３至Ｆ５级分离等级要求。
ｓａｗａｌｏｏｍR ／ｓａｗａｆｉｌｌR 系列的洁净空气输出面经针刺而成，容尘能力高，压差低，满足Ｇ３至Ｆ５级分离等级要求。
（３）打褶／褶皱滤材。
用超精细纤维制成的厚型褶皱过滤介质多用于加强型滤材。
此类滤材常制成Ｖ字型槽，用于浮尘滤清器的最终过滤。
ｓａｗａｓｃｒｅｅｎR 打褶型微纤维过滤介质由聚丙烯材料经熔喷工艺制成，满足Ｆ５至Ｈ１０级过滤等级要求。
EVA用阻燃剂阻燃机理及应用研究进展
2019年第5期Sum 284 No. 5化学工程师Chemical EngineerDOI : 10」6247/ki.23-1171 /tq.20190574综木EVA 用阻燃剂阻燃机理述及应用研究进展*周波,唐宝华，杨守生，王晓东(中国人民警察大学基础学科应用与发展研究中心，廊坊065000)摘 要:总结了近年来国内采用无机镁铝阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂、膨胀类阻燃剂对乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)阻燃改性研究进展,对每种类型阻燃剂的优缺点、阻燃机理以及各类阻燃剂对EVA 基复合材料性能的影响进行了归纳，并对EVA 用阻燃剂研究的发展方向予以展望，期望为研发更为 高效的EVA 用阻燃剂提供有效参考。
关键词:EVA ;阻燃剂；阻燃机理;研究进展中图分类号:TQ323.5 文献标识码:AResearch progress on flame retardant mechanism and application of flame retardant for EVA*ZHOU Bo,TANG Bao-hua,YANG Shou-sheng WANG Xiao-dong(Basic Subject Application and Development Research Center,China People's Police University,Langfang 065000,China)Abstract ：The research progress of flame retardant modification of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA )with inorganic magnesium-aluminium flame retardant, phosphorus flame retardant, nitrogen flame retardant, silicon flame retardant and intumescent flame retardant in recent years was summarized. The advantages and disadvantagesof various flame retardants, the flame retardant mechanism and the effects of flame retardants on the properties of EVA composites were summarized. The development trend of flame retardants for EVA was also prospected, whichis expected to provide an effective reference for the development of more efficient flame retardants for EVA.Key words ： EVA; Flame retardant; Flame retardant mechanism; Research progress乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)是一种常见的聚烯姪 材料,VA (醋酸乙烯)含量一般在5%~40%,具有结晶度低,柔韧性、抗冲击性、填料相溶性和热密封性高等特点,广泛用于包装材料、发泡材料、农用薄膜、 电线电缆、注塑制品材料等领域，市场需求量呈现逐年增大的趋势〔叫但EVA 氧指数值只有17%~19%,易燃烧,且在燃烧时产生有毒有害气体，并伴有熔滴现象,火灾危险性大，严重制约了 EVA 在相关领域 的应用与发展，所以对EVA 进行阻燃改性，降低其火灾危险性，提高EVA 使用范围，变得极为重要⑶。
eva泡棉成分
eva泡棉成分一、介绍EVA泡棉，全称为乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物（Ethylene Vinyl Acetate），是一种高分子材料。
它由乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚树脂与起发泡作用的物质共同制成。
EVA泡棉以其轻盈、柔软、防震抗压的特性，在日常生活中被广泛应用于保护、填充和缓冲等方面。
本文将以EVA泡棉的成分为中心，探讨它的特性及其应用领域。
二、EVA泡棉的成分EVA泡棉的主要成分是乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚树脂。
乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚树脂是一种特殊的合成橡胶，具有优良的柔韧性、耐冲击性和耐候性。
此外，发泡作用的物质也是EVA泡棉的重要成分之一。
三、EVA泡棉的特性1. 轻盈柔软EVA泡棉由于其材料本身的特性，具有轻盈柔软的特点。
它重量轻、柔软且易于加工，可以根据需要将其制成各种形状和厚度。
2. 防震抗压由于EVA泡棉材料具有较好的弹性和吸震性能，它可以有效地吸收和分散外部冲击力，降低冲击对物体的影响。
因此，它被广泛应用于各种缓冲和保护的场合，如运动器材、电子产品等。
3. 耐用耐候EVA泡棉具有较好的耐用性和耐候性能。
它不易受到水、油、化学品等外界环境的侵蚀，可以长时间保持其稳定的特性。
4. 环保健康EVA泡棉材料无臭、无毒，不含有害物质，对人体和环境无害。
它符合环保要求，可以安全地使用。
四、EVA泡棉的应用领域EVA泡棉由于其出色的特性，在各个领域都有广泛的应用。
1. 运动器材由于EVA泡棉具有防震抗压的特点，因此它被广泛应用于运动器材的制作。
例如，运动鞋中的中底垫、护膝、头盔等，都会使用EVA泡棉来提供舒适和保护。
2. 电子产品EVA泡棉可以有效地保护电子产品免受振动、震动和碰撞带来的损坏。
因此，在手机、电脑、相机等电子产品的包装中，通常会使用EVA泡棉来加固和保护。
3. 家居用品EVA泡棉还可以用于制作一些家居用品，如地垫、坐垫等。
它柔软舒适，具有一定的隔热、隔音效果，可以提供更加舒适的居家环境。
4. 包装材料EVA泡棉由于其轻盈柔软的特性，是一种理想的包装材料。
EVA中VA含量的红外光谱法测定的改进
当代化工研究J乙Modem Chetnlcal Resewch基础研究2020・23 EVA中VA含量的红夕卜光谱法测定的改进*梁亚辉*顾松明（中国石化扬子石油化工有限公司质检和管理中心江苏210048）摘要：乙烯-乙酸乙烯脂共聚物（EVA）中乙酸乙烯脂（VA）分析采用GB/T30925-2014红外光谱法.分析过程中观察到方法准确度不够理想，现通过观察影响准确度的关键因数对实验结果的影响，来优化实验方法，结果取得了较好的准确度，校正曲线相关系数可达0.9988,方法可用于EVA中VA含量的红外光谱法测定.关键词：傅里叶变换红外光谱；EVA;VA中图分类号：0632.12文献标识■码：AImprovement of Determination of VA Content in EVA by Infrared SpectrometryLiang Yahui*,Gu Songming(Quality Inspection and Management Center of Sinopec Yangzi Petrochemical Co.,Ltd.,Jiangsu,210048) Abstract i Vinyl acetate(VA)in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA)was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy(IR)method(GB/T30925-2014).It was observed that the accuracy of t he method was not ideal in the analysis p rocess.The experimental method was optimized by observing the influence of t he key f actors affecting the accuracy on the experimental results.The results obtained g ood accuracy,and the correlation coefficient of t he correction curve was up to0.9988.This method can be usedfor the determination ofVA content in EVA by infrared spectrometry.Key words：Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy^EVA；VAEVA工艺是聚烯坯工业的一个重要分支，其产品是对聚烯桂的重要补充，产品性能优异，应用广泛。
ASTM.D2765 Determination of Gel content and swell ratio of crosslinked ethylene plastics
Designation:D2765–01(Reapproved2006)Standard Test Methods forDetermination of Gel Content and Swell Ratio of Crosslinked Ethylene Plastics1This standard is issued under thefixed designation D2765;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1The gel content(insoluble fraction)produced in ethyl-ene plastics by crosslinking can be determined by extracting with solvents such as decahydronaphthalene or xylenes.Such extraction test methods are described herein.They are appli-cable to crosslinked ethylene plastics of all densities,including those containingfillers,and all provide corrections for the inert fillers present in some of those compounds.1.2Test Method A,which permits most complete extraction in least time,is to be used for referee tests,but two alternative nonreferee Test Methods B and C are also described.Thefirst of these differs from the referee test method only in sample preparation;that is,it requires use of shavings taken at selected points in cable insulation,for example,rather than the ground sample required by the referee test method.Because the shaved particles are larger,less total surface per sample is exposed to the extractant,so this test method ordinarily yields extraction values about1to2%lower than the referee method.The second of the alternative test methods requires that a specimen in one piece be extracted in xylenes at a constant temperature of110°C.At this temperature and with a one-piece specimen, even less extraction occurs(from3to9%less than the referee test method)but swell ratio(a measure of the degree of crosslinking in the gel phase)can be determined.1.3Extraction tests can be made on articles of any shape. They have been particularly useful for electrical insulations since specimens may be selected from those portions of the insulation most susceptible to insufficient crosslinking.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.The inch-pound units in brackets are for information only.N OTE1—ISO10147is similar to this test,but is not equivalent.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Sections6,10,and25.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D297Test Methods for Rubber Products—Chemical AnalysisD618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD883Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1603Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin PlasticsD1998Specification for Polyethylene Upright Storage TanksD3351Test Method for Gel Count of Plastic Film3E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3.Terminology3.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1gel content—the percentage by mass of polymer insoluble in a specified solvent after extraction under the specified conditions.3.1.2soluble—capable of being loosened or dissolved,sus-ceptible of being dissolved in or as if in afluid.(See Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary,1988.)3.1.3swell ratio—the ratio of the gel volume in the swollen state to its volume in the unswollen state.3.2Terms as shown in Terminology D883are applicable to this test method.4.Summary of Test Methods4.1Specimens of the crosslinked ethylene plastic are weighed and then immersed in the extracting solvent at the temperature specified by the procedure selected and for the time designated by that procedure.After extraction,the speci-mens are removed,dried,and reweighed as directed.The amount of material extracted is calculated and,if desired,swell1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15on Thermoplastic Materials.Current edition approved April1,2006.Published April2006.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2001as D2765–01.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Withdrawn.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.ratio also may be determined by the means described in alternative Test Method C.5.Significance and Use5.1Many important properties of crosslinked ethylene plas-tics vary with the gel content.Hence,determination of the gel content provides a means of both controlling the process and rating the quality offinished products.5.2Extraction tests permit verification of the proper gel content of any given crosslinked ethylene plastic and they also permit comparison between different crosslinked ethylene plastics,including those containingfillers,provided that,for the latter,the following conditions are met:5.2.1Thefiller is not soluble in either decahydronaphtha-lene or xylenes at the extraction temperature.5.2.2The amount offiller present in the compound either is known or can be determined.5.2.3Sufficient crosslinking has been achieved to prevent migration offiller during the ually it has been found that,at extraction levels up to50%,the extractant remains clear and free offiller.5.3Since some oxidative degradation of the material can occur at the reflux temperature of the extractants,a suitable antioxidant is added to the extractant to inhibit such degrada-tion.5.4Before proceeding with this test method,reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation,conditioning,dimensions,or testing parameters,or a combination thereof,covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those men-tioned in this test method.If there are no material specifica-tions,then the default conditions apply.6.Precautions6.1This test method measures a much larger three–dimensional polymer network than that measured by Test Method D3351and should not be confused with it.6.2It has been reported that crosslinked ultra-high molecu-lar weight polyethylene fails to completely dissolve in this procedure at times.7.Conditioning7.1Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at236 2°C[73.463.6°F]for not less than40h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618,for those tests where conditioning is required.In cases of disagreement,the tolerance shall be61°C[61.8°F].7.2Test Conditions—Prepare samples in the standard labo-ratory atmosphere of2362°C[73.46 3.6°F],unless otherwise specified in the test methods.In cases of disagree-ment,the tolerance shall be61°C[61.8°F].TEST METHOD A(REFEREE TEST METHOD)8.Apparatus8.1The extraction apparatus shall be of the following general type,as illustrated in Fig.1:8.1.1Round-Bottom Flask,with large-mouth ground-glass or cork joint.For one or two determinations at one time,a 500-mLflask is appropriate.For several determinations at one time,but not exceeding six,a2000-mLflask is suitable.8.1.2Heating Mantle tofit theflask and with sufficient heating capacity to boil decahydronaphthalene(boiling point 190to193°C)or xylenes(boiling point138to141°C).8.1.3Reflux Condenser with ground-glass or cork joint to fit intoflask.8.1.4Ring Stand and Appropriate Clamps.8.2Grinding Equipment,suitable for reducing the sample to afineness between30and60mesh.A bench-top laboratory mill4,5is satisfactory,although any procedure which will produce a sample of the requiredfineness without generating excessive heat may be used.8.2.1U.S.No.30and U.S.No.60Sieves.8.2.2U.S.No.120Stainless Steel Wire Cloth.8.3Vacuum Oven,with vacuum source capable of creatinga vacuum of at least710mm[28in.]Hg and equipped with a thermometer capable of measuring150°C.8.4Analytical Balance,capable of weighing to0.001g.N OTE2—If a slightly higher degree of accuracy is desired(about1to 2%)a modified Soxhlet Extractor;Kontes Catalog No.586100-0023, Size C,Kontes Glass Co.,Vineland,NJ or equivalent may be employed wherein the specimen is held in an extraction thimble.The extraction thimble,with extra-coarse fritted glass disk sealed in;Kontes586500-0023,45-mm body diameter,130-mm height or equivalent(height must subsequently be cut to75mm).The fritted disk is extra-coarse with fused edge;Kontes952000-4025,40-mm diameter or equivalent.Glass wool13 to19mm thick[1⁄2to3⁄4in.]placed on the bottom of the extraction thimble to support one gram30–60mesh ground sample which is covered with13 to19mm thick layer of glass wool,a fritted glass disk and a small glass weight.The extraction thimble assembly rests upon the55-mm portion of the thimble previously cut off,the latter inserted into the modified Soxhlet.9.Reagents9.1Decahydronaphthalene,anhydrous,boiling point189to 191°C.9.2Xylenes,ACS reagent grade,boiling point138to141°C.9.32,28-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol)5,610.Safety Precautions10.1Xylenes and decahydronaphthalene are toxic andflam-mable solvents and as such should be handled e only in a ventilated hood.Check the effectiveness of the hood before starting the tests.Do not inhale the vapors.Excessive inhalation of the vapors may cause dizziness or headache,or both.In the event of excessive inhalation,seek fresh clean air.11.Test Specimens11.1At least two specimens each containing0.30060.015g of ground polymer weighed to the nearest0.001g shall be tested.4A Wiley Cutting Mill,Intermediate Model,or equivalent,Catalog No.08-338, available from Fisher Scientific Co.,711Forbes Ave.,Pittsburgh,PA15219,has been found satisfactory for this purpose.5If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.6Antioxidant,available from Cytec under the trade name Cyanox2246,has been found satisfactory for this purpose.Cytec Industries,Polymer Additive Department, 5Garret Mountain Plaza,West Paterson,NJ07424.11.2The test samples shall be ground to a fineness that will pass through a 30-mesh sieve.Shake this sieved material over a 60-mesh sieve and reject any material that passes through.11.3Test specimens originating from insulation cut from wire should be homogeneous and consist of an equal mixture of samples representative of insulation nearest to the conductor and samples representative of insulation nearest the outer periphery of the construction unless specific portions of the insulation are being examined for insufficient crosslinking.12.Procedure12.1Prepare a specimen holder by cutting a piece of 120-mesh stainless steel cloth measuring approximately 80by 40mm [3by 11⁄2in.].Fold this to form a square measuring approximately 40mm [11⁄2in.].Fold two sides of this square closed by folding the cloth at the edges about 6to 7mm [1⁄4in.]and stapling those folds.In that manner,a pouch open at the top is obtained.Weigh this pouch (W 1).12.2Place approximately 0.3g of the ground and screened sample in the weighed pouch.Weigh the pouch and specimen (W 2).Fold over the open side of the pouch and staple the edge to form a cage.Weigh the cage and sample (W 3).12.3Fill a round-bottom flask as described in 8.1.1with enough solvent to immerse the 120-mesh cage and sample completely.Three hundred fifty grams in a 500-mL flask or 1000g in a 2000-mL flask is sufficient.Dissolve 1%of antioxidant in the decahydronaphthalene or xylenes to inhibit further crosslinking of the specimen.12.4Boil the decahydronaphthalene or xylenes vigorously enough to ensure good agitation of the solution.Twenty to 40drops/min from the condenser,while using 1000g of solvent,is a satisfactory boiling rate.Suspend the cage and specimen in the solvent so that the bottom edge of the cage is almost touching the bottom of the flask.A small wire,attached to the cage and extending through the reflux condenser can be used for suspending the cage.Extract the specimen for 6h in decahydronaphthalene or for 12h in xylenes.N OTE 3—Since most of the extraction occurs within less than the specified time,the period of extraction may be shortened for control tests on the basis of experience.If this is done,the time of extraction must be reported.For referee tests,extraction time is to be as specified by this test method.12.5After extraction,place the cage and specimen imme-diately in a vacuum oven preheated to 150°C.DrytheA—Identification tag and fine wire attached to cage.B—Reflux condenser.C—Ring stand clamp.D—Water inlet.E—Ground-glass or cork joint.F—Large-mouth round-bottom flask.G—Variable transformer.H—Water outlet.I—Ring stand.J—Decahydronaphthalene or xylene.K—Heating mantle.L—120-mesh wire cage containing the specimen.FIG.1ExtractionApparatusspecimen to constant weight under at least710mm[28in.]Hg vacuum.Cool and weigh(W4).If the compound absorbs moisture,cool the specimen in a desiccator before weighing. N OTE4—It has been reported that drying time sometimes can be materially shortened if the cage and sample are cooled for15min and then are placed either on a suspended screen or on lint-free absorbent material to remove excess solvent before being put into the vacuum drying oven.12.6If extraction tests are regularly made,the apparatus may be left assembled and the extracting solvent(containing inhibitor as directed)may be reused until it darkens.However, if there is any doubt about the values obtained with reused extractant,the test should be repeated with fresh extractant. N OTE5—If the modified Soxhlet apparatus is used,the complete thimble assembly containing1g of sample is weighed to the nearest 60.0001g before extraction and after vacuum drying.13.Calculation13.1Calculate the solvent extraction in percent as follows:Extract,%5~weight lost during extraction!/~weight of original specimen2weight offiller!(1)5[~W32W4!/~~W22W1!2F~W22W1!!#31005[~W32W4!/~~12F!~W22W1!!#3100where:W1=weight of the pouch(sealed on three sides,one side open),W2=weight of the specimen and the pouch(sealed on three sides,one side open),W3=weight of the specimen and the cage,after being stapled shut,W4=weight of the specimen and the cage after extraction and drying,F=fraction offiller(which must be insoluble in decahy-dronaphthalene or xylenes)in the polyethylene com-pound,andgel content=100−percent extract.N OTE6—If the fraction offiller in the material is not known,the test methods described in Test Method D1603or in Test Methods D297,may be used to determinefiller content.14.Report14.1Report the following information:14.1.1Complete identification of the compound,14.1.2Density of the polyethylene in the compound(usu-ally as identified by its supplier),14.1.3Weight percent of polyethylene in the compound (usually as identified by its supplier,although it may be determined by the test methods identified in Note6),14.1.4Percent extract;the value for each specimen and the average for the sample,14.1.5Solvent used,time of extraction,and any pertinent sample preparation,and14.1.6Any unusual or abnormal behavior observed during the test.TEST METHOD B(NONREFEREE TEST METHOD)15.Scope15.1This modification of the referee test method was developed particularly for wire and cable insulations and differs from the referee test method only in specimen prepara-tion.15.2In using this alternative test method,it should be recognized that the values obtained may be lower than those obtained by referee Test Method A for the reason given in1.2.16.Test Specimens16.1Using a wood plane,shave a strip approximately0.4 mm[0.015in.]thick parallel to the axis of the insulated conductor.The test strip used for extraction should be taken next to the conductor only when strand shielding tapes or compounds are not employed.In high-voltage cable employing strand shielding tapes or compounds,the strip should be shaved as closely as possible along the shielded surface,being careful not to include any of the semiconducting compound (see Fig.2).16.2A section approximately6mm[1⁄4in.]wide,depend-ing on cable size,is cut longitudinally through the center portion of the strip obtained as described in15.1.The outer sections of this strip are discarded,thus leaving only a sample of the material closest to the conductor or shielded surface. This sample then is cut or diced into pieces measuring approximately6by6mm[1⁄4by1⁄4in.]for extraction.16.3The dimensions given in16.2are for cable sizes1/0 AWG and larger.For Size2AWG and smaller,the dimensions should be proportionately less.17.Procedure17.1Place approximately0.3g of the diced sample,pre-pared as described in Section16,in a previously weighed pouch(W1)and then reweigh(W2).Close the pouch by folding over the open side and stapling it to form a cage.Weigh this cage and the sample again(W3)(see Section12of Test MethodA).17.2Conduct the extraction as described in Section12, using decahydronaphthalene as theextractant.A—Shaved strips to be discarded.B—Semiconducting strand shield.C—Area most susceptible to insufficient crosslinking.D—Crosslinked polyethylene insulation.E—Specimen for solvent extraction(shaded area).FIG.2Enlarged Cross-Sectional View of High-Voltage CableShowing SampleLocation17.3After extraction,dry the specimen and reweigh also as described in Section12.18.Calculation18.1Calculate solvent extraction in percent as described in Section13of the referee test method.19.Report19.1See Section14but include identification of the alter-native test method used(Test Method B).TEST METHOD C(NONREFEREE TEST METHOD)20.Scope20.1Degree of crosslinking is determined by measuring the swell and extraction occurring in a solvent that attaches that portion of the polymer which is not crosslinked.Both mea-surements are obtained in one test.The degree of crosslinking is not expressed as a percent of total crosslinkability or similar expression,but is judged from swell ratio and percent extract based on experience with the particular polymer-solvent sys-tem under consideration.20.2This test method is applicable to crosslinked ethylene plastics of any density and including those containingfillers, provided that thefillers are insoluble in the extractant.20.3In using this alternative test method,it should be recognized that the extraction values obtained will be lower than those obtained by either Test Method A or Test Method B for the reasons given in1.2.However,this test method permits swell ratio to be determined.21.Summary of Test Method21.1Specimens of the crosslinked polymer are weighed, immersed in hot xylene for24h,removed,weighed in the swollen state,and dried and reweighed.The swell ratio and percent extract are calculated from these weight measurements.22.Significance and Use22.1This test method provides useful measurements when the temperature of the solvent in which the polymer is immersed is above the crystalline melting point of the polymer and below the temperature at which chemical degradation begins to occur.Xylene,which thermodynamically is a good solvent for polyethylene,depresses the melting point of poly-ethylene(in accordance with Flory’s theory of diluent forces) about30°C.In the presence of xylene,polyethylene in the density range from0.910to0.925g/cm3(low density)has a melting point less than80°C,and polyethylene in the density range from0.941to0.965g/cm3(high density)has a melting point less than110°C.Thus,tests on both types of polyethylene can be made at110°C.22.2The percent extract is a measure of the amount of polymer that is soluble or is not entrapped in the main gel phase,or both,at the end of the immersion period.Provided that no chemical degradation occurs,the greater the degree of crosslinking the lower the amount of extract(lower percent extract).22.3Swell ratio is a relative measure of crosslinking in the main gel phase.Provided that no chemical degradation occurs,the lower the swell ratio the greater the crosslinking and the lower the molecular weight between crosslinks.23.Apparatus23.1Oil Bath at110°C,agitated to ensure temperature uniformity.23.2Wide-Mouth Glass Jars,8-oz,with screw caps.23.3Analytical Balance,accurate to0.001g.23.4Forceps,long,250-mm[10-in.]23.5Cutting Devices to cut specimens from sample. 23.6Vacuum Oven at100°C,with pump and cold trap. 23.7Flasks,100-mL,24/40joint.23.8Desiccator,containing drying agent.23.9Weighing Bottles,30-mL and60-mL.23.10Pipet,100mL,or Bottle Top Dispenser capable of dispensing100mL of liquid.24.Reagents and Materials24.1Xylenes,ACS reagent grade,boiling point138to 141°C.24.2Oil,stable at110°C.24.3Acetone,technical grade.24.4Dry Ice.25.Safety Precautions25.1Xylenes are toxic andflammable and as such should be handled e only in a ventilated hood.Check the effectiveness of the hood before starting the tests.Do not inhale the vapors.Excessive inhalation of the vapors may cause dizziness or headache,or both.In case of excessive inhalation, seek fresh clean air.26.Test Specimens26.1At least two specimens each containing0.50060.020g of polymer shall be weighed to the nearest0.001g.26.2The test specimens shall be cut with sharp tools from the sample and all edges shall be smooth and clean.The surface-to-volume ratio shall be kept as small as reasonably possible.26.3Test specimens consisting of insulation cut from wire shall be slit longitudinally.If necessary,they may be cut into two or three pieces crosswise so that they can be completely submerged in the solvent.27.Procedure27.1Place the weighed test specimen in an8-oz jar;add100 60.1mL of xylenes with the automatic pipet;make sure the test specimen is completely immersed in the solvent(Note7); screw the cap on the jarfinger tight.N OTE7—The solvent must cover the swollen test specimen at the conclusion of the immersion period to obtain reliable results.Tests shall be discarded and repeated with a fresh test specimen if specimens are not covered with solvent at the conclusion of the extraction step.27.2Place the jar in the oil bath so that the level of the oil is at or slightly above the level of the solvent in the jar.The temperature of the oil bath must be110°C and the bath must be at that temperature within60.5°C no less than1⁄2h after thejaris placed therein.If necessary,place a weight on the jar or clamp it to hold it in place.27.3Maintain the oil bath at the proper temperature within 60.5°C for24h,with agitation.N OTE8—The immersion period specified seems to be adequate to reach an approximate equilibrium state for swell measurements.Increasing this period to72h had no significant effects on the results.However,a longer immersion period does slightly increase the values for percent extract.27.4Remove the jar after24h in the hot oil bath and transfer the swollen test specimen with the forceps without delay to a clean,dry tared weighing bottle(Note9).Handle the swollen test specimen gently and carefully.Blow the surfaces (Note10).Stopper the weighing bottle.N OTE9—The size of the swollen test specimen dictates the size of the weighing bottle to be used.N OTE10—Extreme care must be used in handling the swollen test specimen to obtain reliable results.The test specimen should not be squeezed with the forceps.The transfer of the test specimen should be made quickly.The surfaces should not be subjected to excess blowing(too long or more than once on each side);otherwise more than the surface xylene will be removed.Test specimens that break up during the immersion period(usually very low degrees of crosslinking)can be caught on a60-mesh orfiner stainless steel screen,transferred to a weighing bottle,and treated in the specified manner.Results obtained from such specimens are of limited value.If the system is unfilled,the swell ratio will be in error because it is impossible to eliminate the surface xylene,but the percent extract will be correct if all the gel particles were collected.If the system isfilled,both the swell ratio and the percent extract will be erroneous because of loss offiller. 27.5Place the weighing bottle in the desiccator,allow to cool to room temperature,and weigh to the nearest0.001g.27.6Place the opened weighing bottle with the swollen test specimen in the vacuum oven at100°C.Apply vacuum slowly. Cool cold trap with dry ice and acetone to catch and condense xylene vapor.Heat in vacuum until xylene is all removed,as determined by repeated weighing.Formulations containing low-density polyethylene usually require24h and those containing high-density polyethylene require16h to reach weight equilibrium.28.Calculation(See Note11for Derivation)28.1Calculate the swell ratio as follows:Swell ratio5@~W g2W d!/~W o2W e!#K11(2) 28.2Calculate the percent extract as follows:Extract,%5[~W s2W d!/W o#3100(3) where:f=polymer factor(the ratio of the weight of the polymer in the formulation to the total weight of the formu-lation)W o=original polymer weight(the amount of polymer in the specimen being tested)W s=weight of specimen being testedW o=fW sW e=weight of extract(amount of polymer extracted from the specimen in the test)W g=weight of swollen gel after the immersion periodW d=weight of dried gelW e=W s−W d,weight of xylene in swollen gelW p=weight of insoluble polymer in swollen gelW p=W o−W eD p=density of polymer at the immersion temperatureV p=volume of polymer in gelV p=(W o−W e)/D p=W p/D pW x=weight of solvent in gelW x=W g−W dD x=density of solvent at the immersion temperatureV x=volume of solvent in gelV x=(W g−W d)/D x=W x/D xK=ratio of density of polymer to that of the solvent at the immersion temperature.This ratio is approximately1.07for low-density polyethylene at80°C and1.17for high-density polyethylene at110°C28.3High swell ratios indicate a low degree of crosslinking, that is,a high molecular weight between crosslinks.Low swell ratios indicate a more tightly bound structure.Low values of percent extract indicate a high degree of crosslinking.N OTE11—Derivation of calculations:Swell ratio=(volume of polymer in gel+volume of absorbed xylene)/(volume of polymer in gel)=(V p+V x)/V p=((W p/D p)+(W x/D x))/(W p/D p)=1+(D p/W p)(W x/D x)=1+(D p/D x)(W x/W p)=1+K(W x/W p)=1+K((W g−W d)/(W o−W e))=1+K[(W g−W d)/(W d−(1−f)W s)]Extract,%=(weight of extract/original polymer weight)3100=(W e/W o)3100=[(W s−W d)/W o]3100=[(W s−W d)/fW s]310029.Report29.1Report the following information:29.1.1Complete identification of the compound,29.1.2Density of the polyethylene polymer in the com-pound(usually as identified by its supplier),29.1.3Weight percent of polyethylene in the compound (usually as identified by its supplier,although it may be determined by the methods identified in Note6),29.1.4Swell ratio;the value for each specimen and the average for the sample,29.1.5Percent extract;the value for each specimen and the average for the sample,29.1.6Identification of the method used,that is,Method C, 29.1.7Any deviations from this test method and the reasons for such deviations,and29.1.8Any unusual or abnormal behavior observed during the test.30.Precision and Bias730.1Test Method A—Table1is based on a round robin conducted in1967involving six materials tested by three laboratories.For each material,all the samples were prepared at one source,but the individual specimens were prepared at the laboratories that tested them.Each test result was the result of one individual determination.Each laboratory obtained three test results for each material.30.2Test Method B—Table1is based on a round robin conducted in1967involving six materials tested by one7Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters.RequestRR:D20-45.。