2015Summary
summary范文
Summary范文引言本文将以一篇范文的形式介绍如何撰写一个完整的summary，并通过使用Markdown文本格式进行展示。
summary是对某个主题或文章进行简洁、准确的描述和总结。
通过阅读本文，读者将了解到如何组织summary的结构、选择重要信息以及使用合适的语言描述等技巧。
正文1. 选择合适的文章选择一个合适的文章是撰写summary的第一步。
这篇文章应该与要写的summary的主题相关，并且内容应当丰富、有足够的信息量。
文章可以从报纸、杂志、学术论文等各种渠道获取。
2. 阅读并理解文章在开始撰写summary之前，首先需要仔细阅读并理解所选择的文章。
对文章的主题、结构和观点有清晰的理解是撰写一个好的summary的重要基础。
3. 确定summary的结构一个有效的summary应该有清晰的结构，包括引言、主要内容和结论三个部分。
引言部分应该简要介绍文章的主题和目的；主要内容部分应该总结文章的核心观点和关键信息；结论部分则总结summary的要点。
4. 提取关键信息在总结文章内容时，需要提取并准确表达关键信息。
关键信息通常包括文章的主题、目的、观点、论证和结论等。
对重要的信息进行概括和精炼是写好一个summary的重要技巧。
5. 使用准确的语言描述一个好的summary应该使用简洁、准确的语言描述文章的内容。
避免使用术语、俚语或复杂的句子结构。
选择恰当的词汇和句式可以增强summary的可读性和理解性。
6. 使用Markdown文本格式Markdown是一种轻量级的标记语言，广泛用于撰写文档和博客。
使用Markdown文本格式可以使summary更加清晰、易读，并且方便转换成其他格式。
以下是一个使用Markdown 格式写的summary的示例：引言：这篇文章是关于阅读的益处以及为什么阅读对每个人都很重要的。
文章强调了阅读对个人发展和思维能力的积极影响。
主要内容：文章指出了阅读对人类大脑的益处，包括拓宽视野、增强思维能力和提高语言表达能力。
summary 范文
Original:My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself!Summary:The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox.Original:Why do some animals die out?In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out.Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.Summary:In the past two hundred years, many kinds of animals have died out. There are several reasons for it. First, people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods, which destroys animals' homes. Then, hunters' killing has also caused some animals to become extinct. Besides, some animals aren't able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat because of pollution and climatic changes.Love languagesDo you know love what “love languages” are? Love languages are different ways that people show their love to others. We all want to have relationships where we can show our love to others and have them communicate love to us in return. In order to be successful in communicating love, we need to understand what the different love languages are. There are five important love languages that people need to know about to communicate effectively with others.The first love language is Quality Time which refers to spending time together with the person you are trying to show your love to. This love language will cause people to feel loved when they are taken out on special dates, when their friend changes their schedules to be with them, or when they turn the television off to talk with them. It means giving all of your attention to another person.Another love language is Words of Attention as a way to show your love. Telling your boyfriend or girlfriend how you appreciate them, encouraging them, and through words praising them will show people that you love them. Telling someone “I believe in you” can really make someone feel loved. With this love language you can express yourself through both spoken and written words.Gifts is another type of love language. Gifts are not just material objects, they are expressions of your love. The most important aspect is not the cost, but the fact that you were thinking of them and spent the time to go and buy them a gift. Big or little, your gift will be a symbol of your love for the other person.Fourth is the love language called Acts of Service which means you express your love by helping someone else. You could help them with a difficult assignment ot help them fix their bicycle when it is broken. The most important part of this love languages is taking the time to do things for them that require thought, energy and time. Don’t wait to only do what they ask you to, but volunteer to show your kindness.The last love language is Physical Touch. A simple touch on the arm, hug or backrub will convey your love to them. Sit beside them when you have the chance and hole their hand when you are walking down the street. With this love language, just being near them and showing your care through touch will make them feel very loved.Just knowing about these love languages is not enough as they way in which people feel loves by others is different. It is important to know which love language is strongest for the person you are trying to love. Sometimes if you serve them, they will feel more loved than if you give them a gift. Or perhaps holding their hand will not be as meaningful to them as if you had spent two hours together. I recommend that you find out what the love language is of the person you are trying to love. Don’t forget that there is more than just one love language. As you learn how to give and receive love, you will find that your relationships with others will be richer and more satisfying.Olympic GamesOf all the games held throughout Greece, those staged at Olympia in honor of Zeus are the most famous. The Games, like all Greek games, were an intrinsic part of a religious festival. Held every four years between August 6 and September 19, they occupied such an important place in Greek life that time was measured by the interval between them – an Olympiad. Although the first Olympic champion listed in the records was one Coroebus of Elis, a cook, who won the sprint race in 776 BC, it is generally accepted that the Games were probably at least 500 years old at that time. According to one legend, they were founded by Heracles, son of Alcmene.The Games were held at Olympia in the city-state of Elis, on a track about 32 meters (35 yards) wide. The racing length was one stade, a distance of about 192 meters (210 yards) which was one length of the track. At the meeting in 776 BC, there was apparently only one event, the stade, but other events were added over the ensuing decades. In 724 BC a two-length race, diaulos, roughly similar to the 400-meter race, was included and four years later, the dolichos, a long-distance race possibly to be compared to the modern 1500- or even 5000-meter event, was added . wresting and the pentathlon were introduced in 708BC. The latter was an all-around competition consisting of five events – the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, foot race, and wresting.Boxing was introduced in 688 BC, and in 680 a chariot race. In 648, the pancratium, a kind of all-strength, or no-hold-barred, wresting was included. Kicking and hitting were allowed; only biting and gouging (thrusting a finger ot thumb into an opponent’s eye) were forbidden. Between 632 and 616 BC, events for boys were introduced. And from time to time, further events were added including contests for fully armed soldiers, for heralds, and for trumpeters. The program must have been as varied as that of the modern Olympics, although the athletics (track and field) events were limited: there was no high jumping in any form and no individual field event, except in the pentathlon.Until the 77th Olympiad (472 BC) all of the contests took place on one day; later they were spread, with, perhaps, some fluctuations, over four days, with a fifth devoted to the closing ceremony presentation of prizes and a banquet for the champions. Sources generally agree that women were not allowed as competitors or, except for the priestess of Demeter, as spectators. In most events, the athletes participated in the nude.The Olympic Games were originally restricted to free-born Greeks. The competitors, including those who came from the Greek colonies, were amateur in the sense that the only prize was a wreath or garland. The athletes underwent a most rigorous of supervised training, however, and eventually, the contestants were true professionals. Not only were there substantial prizes for winning, but the Olympic champion also received adulation and unlimited benefits from his city. Athletes became fulltime specialists –a trend that in the modern games has caused a long and bitter controversy over amateurism.Summary example:In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest record Olympic Games held in Greece. It is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. In the first Games there was only one event, however as time went on, different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wresting and the pentathlon. They even added events specially for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the Games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However, a trend started where athletes became full-time specialists which ahs caused a lot of controversy.The original:A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the formation of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship. It is obviously not the idea themselves that are dear to us, but our self-esteem, which is threatened. We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished. In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing. We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them. The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do. Summary:❖ A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong. We may have been heedless in their formation, but our self-esteem will not permit us to change. We may have to give up, but we are not convinced. We donot study the origin of our beliefs; we believe as we have been accustomed tobelieve, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do.。
summary的写法（范本）
summary的写法summar y的写法 1.读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。
认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。
尽量简短，精炼。
段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。
有时也会变态的在当中。
3.概括主旨写出文章的t hesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。
（二）基本结构和技巧1.重新拟定标题给s ummar起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是t he autho r…….）。
接着写出要阐述的ma in ideas（主要观点）和s upportin g points（对主要观点的支持）。
3.词汇运用注意概述的oher ene（连贯性），运用好tran sition o rds（过渡词）,like h oever, f urthermo re, none theless,besides, theref ore et.4.删除细节只保留主要观点。
5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
“ H e as har d up for mone an d as bei ng press ed b his reditor.”可以概括为：“He as in f inanialdiffiult ies.”“H is ourag e in bat tle migh t ithout exagger ation bealled l ion-like.”可以概括为：”Heas ver b rave inbattle.”“He as h ard up f or moneand as b eing pre ssed b h is redit or.”可以概括为：“H e as infinanial diffiul ties.”6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
ResultsSummary
13 October 2015Irish Responses October 2015 Bank Lending Survey___________________________________________________________________________Results Summary:∙Credit standards were unchanged on loans to enterprises across all loan categories examined during the third quarter of 2015 and are expected to remain unchanged during the fourth quarter. Overall demand for credit from enterprises increased in the third quarter.∙Credit standards tightened with respect to lending to households for house purchases while remaining unchanged with respect to consumer credit and other lending. Household loan demand for house purchases remained unchanged in the third quarter, while increasing for consumer credit and other lending.∙Access to retail and wholesale funding sources was mostly unchanged during the third quarter of 2015 and is expected to remain unchanged during the fourth quarter of 2015. The EAPP was reported to have improved market financing conditions, but not to have had an impact on credit standards or terms and conditions to enterprises or to households.I. EnterprisesAs detailed in Table 1, credit standards were unchanged on loans to enterprises across all five categories examined during the third quarter of 2015. Consistent with this, all of the factors impacting credit standards were reported as unchanged, as were the terms and conditions offered on new loans or credit lines to enterprises.Table 1: Changes in Credit Standards on Loans to EnterprisesQ4 2014 Q1 2015 Q2 2015 Q3 2015 Enterprises: Overall 3.25 3.00 3.00 3.00Small/medium enterprises 3.25 3.00 3.00 3.00Large enterprises 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Short-term loans 3.25 3.00 3.00 3.00Long-term loans 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Key: 1 = tightened considerably, 2 = tightened somewhat, 3 = remained basically unchanged, 4 = eased somewhat, 5 = eased considerably.For the third successive quarter, the share of loan applications from enterprises that were completely rejected has remained unchanged. Overall loan demand from enterprises increased for the seventh successive quarter albeit at a lower rate than during late-2014/early-2015 (Table 2). Loan demand increased from SMEs and for both short- and long-term loans, while loan demand from large enterprises remained unchanged. Regarding the factors affecting loan demand, there was an increase in demand for fixed investment, which corresponds with demand for long-term loans. The other main driver of loan demand was foraccumulation of working capital. All other demand factors remained unchanged in the third quarter (Figure 1).Table 2: Changes in Loan Demand from EnterprisesQ4 2014 Q1 2015 Q2 2015 Q3 2015 Enterprises: Overall 3.75 3.50 3.25 3.25Small/medium enterprises 4.00 3.50 3.25 3.25Large enterprises 3.75 3.25 3.25 3.00Short-term loans 3.50 3.50 3.25 3.25Long-term loans 3.75 3.75 3.50 3.25Key: 1 = decreased considerably, 2 = decreased somewhat, 3 = remained basically unchanged, 4 = increased somewhat, 5 = increased considerably.Looking forward to the fourth quarter of 2015, credit standards are expected to remain unchanged in respect of loans to enterprises across all five loan categories examined. Loan demand is expected to remain constant for large enterprises once again, but to increase further overall and for SMEs.Figure 1: Changes in Loan Demand from Enterprises and Factors affecting Loan Demand.Key: A response less than 3 indicates that a factor contributed to a reduction in demand while a response greater than 3 indicates that a factor contributed to increased demand.II.HouseholdsCredit standards on loans to households for house purchases tightened during the third quarter of 2015, having tightened in the first quarter and eased marginally in the second quarter. Lending terms and conditions were also reported to have tightened, including loan-to-value ratios, other loan size limits and the margins on average loans to households for house purchase. Competition from other banks or from non-banks continues to have no impact on credit standards for house purchases (Figure 2).Figure 2: Change in Credit Standards: Lending to Households for House Purchases and Factors affecting Credit Standards.Key: A response less than 3 indicates that a factor contributed to a tightening in credit standards while a response greaterthan 3 indicates that a factor contributed to an easing in credit standards.Credit standards on loans to households with respect to consumer credit were reported to be unchanged in the third quarter, with all factors affecting credit standards reported to be unchanged. There was a reported tightening in the terms and conditions on loans to households for consumer credit in terms of loans margins. Overall, for the fourth quarter, the respondents reported an expected tightening in credit standards for house purchase and easing in credit standards for consumer credit.Table 3: Changes in Loan Demand from HouseholdsQ4 2014 Q1 2015 Q2 2015 Q3 2015 Loans for House Purchases 4.00 3.80 2.80 3.00Loans for Consumer Credit 3.60 3.40 3.60 3.60Key: 1 = decreased considerably, 2 = decreased somewhat, 3 = remained basically unchanged, 4 = increased somewhat, 5 = increased considerablyTable 3 shows that demand for mortgage lending remained unchanged in the third quarter, having fallen in the second quarter. This represented the first reported decrease in demand for loans for house purchase since the first quarter of 2012. There was a considerable increase in demand during 2014, peaking in the third quarter of 2014.Lower demand for mortgage lending in the third quarter of 2015 was attributed to the regulatory/fiscal regime of housing markets. Factors which had acted to increase demand for mortgages included consumer confidence and house price developments/prospects for the housing market.Demand for loans for household credit continued to increase in the third quarter, driven by spending on durable consumer goods and higher levels of consumer confidence. The share of household loan applications completely rejected remained unchanged in the third quarter of 2015, both in terms of consumer credit and loans for house purchases. Loan demand from households is expected to increase across both categories during the fourth quarter.III. Ad-Hoc QuestionsThe October round of the BLS included four ad-hoc questions examining (i) access to retail and wholesale funding sources and (ii - iv) the impacts of the Expanded Asset Purchase Programme (EAPP).According to responses received, access to retail funding has remained largely unchanged over the last three months. With regard to wholesale funding, there was a reported easing of market access for securitisation of home loans over the last three months and an expected further easing in the next three months.It was reported that the EAPP improved bank profitability and improved market financing conditions, particularly with regard to covered bonds and unsecured bank bonds. The EAPP is expected to continue to improve market financing over the next three months.The additional liquidity arising from the EAPP was reported to have had little impact over the past six months. Additionally, it is also expected to have little impact over the next six months. Regarding the impact of the EAPP on bank lending behaviour, it was reported that there was no impact in terms of either credit standards or terms and conditions. This followed for both enterprises and households.。
summary 范文
Original:My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself!Summary:The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox.Original:Why do some animals die out?In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out.Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.Summary:In the past two hundred years, many kinds of animals have died out. There are several reasons for it. First, people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods, which destroys animals' homes. Then, hunters' killing has also caused some animals to become extinct. Besides, some animals aren't able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat because of pollution and climatic changes.Love languagesDo you know love what “love languages” are? Love languages are different ways that people show their love to others. We all want to have relationships where we can show our love to others and have them communicate love to us in return. In order to be successful in communicating love, we need to understand what the different love languages are. There are five important love languages that people need to know about to communicate effectively with others.The first love language is Quality Time which refers to spending time together with the person you are trying to show your love to. This love language will cause people to feel loved when they are taken out on special dates, when their friend changes their schedules to be with them, or when they turn the television off to talk with them. It means giving all of your attention to another person.Another love language is Words of Attention as a way to show your love. Telling your boyfriend or girlfriend how you appreciate them, encouraging them, and through words praising them will show people that you love them. Telling someone “I believe in you” can really make someone feel loved. With this love language you can express yourself through both spoken and written words.Gifts is another type of love language. Gifts are not just material objects, they are expressions of your love. The most important aspect is not the cost, but the fact that you were thinking of them and spent the time to go and buy them a gift. Big or little, your gift will be a symbol of your love for the other person.Fourth is the love language called Acts of Service which means you express your love by helping someone else. You could help them with a difficult assignment ot help them fix their bicycle when it is broken. The most important part of this love languages is taking the time to do things for them that require thought, energy and time. Don’t wait to only do what they ask you to, but volunteer to show your kindness.The last love language is Physical Touch. A simple touch on the arm, hug or backrub will convey your love to them. Sit beside them when you have the chance and hole their hand when you are walking down the street. With this love language, just being near them and showing your care through touch will make them feel very loved.Just knowing about these love languages is not enough as they way in which people feel loves by others is different. It is important to know which love language is strongest for the person you are trying to love. Sometimes if you serve them, they will feel more loved than if you give them a gift. Or perhaps holding their hand will not be as meaningful to them as if you had spent two hours together. I recommend that you find out what the love language is of the person you are trying to love. Don’t forget that there is more than just one love language. As you learn how to give and receive love, you will find that your relationships with others will be richer and more satisfying.Olympic GamesOf all the games held throughout Greece, those staged at Olympia in honor of Zeus are the most famous. The Games, like all Greek games, were an intrinsic part of a religious festival. Held every four years between August 6 and September 19, they occupied such an important place in Greek life that time was measured by the interval between them – an Olympiad. Although the first Olympic champion listed in the records was one Coroebus of Elis, a cook, who won the sprint race in 776 BC, it is generally accepted that the Games were probably at least 500 years old at that time. According to one legend, they were founded by Heracles, son of Alcmene.The Games were held at Olympia in the city-state of Elis, on a track about 32 meters (35 yards) wide. The racing length was one stade, a distance of about 192 meters (210 yards) which was one length of the track. At the meeting in 776 BC, there was apparently only one event, the stade, but other events were added over the ensuing decades. In 724 BC a two-length race, diaulos, roughly similar to the 400-meter race, was included and four years later, the dolichos, a long-distance race possibly to be compared to the modern 1500- or even 5000-meter event, was added . wresting and the pentathlon were introduced in 708BC. The latter was an all-around competition consisting of five events – the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, foot race, and wresting.Boxing was introduced in 688 BC, and in 680 a chariot race. In 648, the pancratium, a kind of all-strength, or no-hold-barred, wresting was included. Kicking and hitting were allowed; only biting and gouging (thrusting a finger ot thumb into an opponent’s eye) were forbidden. Between 632 and 616 BC, events for boys were introduced. And from time to time, further events were added including contests for fully armed soldiers, for heralds, and for trumpeters. The program must have been as varied as that of the modern Olympics, although the athletics (track and field) events were limited: there was no high jumping in any form and no individual field event, except in the pentathlon.Until the 77th Olympiad (472 BC) all of the contests took place on one day; later they were spread, with, perhaps, some fluctuations, over four days, with a fifth devoted to the closing ceremony presentation of prizes and a banquet for the champions. Sources generally agree that women were not allowed as competitors or, except for the priestess of Demeter, as spectators. In most events, the athletes participated in the nude.The Olympic Games were originally restricted to free-born Greeks. The competitors, including those who came from the Greek colonies, were amateur in the sense that the only prize was a wreath or garland. The athletes underwent a most rigorous of supervised training, however, and eventually, the contestants were true professionals. Not only were there substantial prizes for winning, but the Olympic champion also received adulation and unlimited benefits from his city. Athletes became fulltime specialists –a trend that in the modern games has caused a long and bitter controversy over amateurism.Summary example:In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest record Olympic Games held in Greece. It is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. In the first Games there was only one event, however as time went on, different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wresting and the pentathlon. They even added events specially for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the Games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However, a trend started where athletes became full-time specialists which ahs caused a lot of controversy.The original:A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the formation of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship. It is obviously not the idea themselves that are dear to us, but our self-esteem, which is threatened. We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished. In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing. We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them. The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do. Summary:❖ A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong. We may have been heedless in their formation, but our self-esteem will not permit us to change. We may have to give up, but we are not convinced. We donot study the origin of our beliefs; we believe as we have been accustomed tobelieve, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do.。
10篇英语summary范文
10篇英语summary范文1. Summary of "Climate Change"In the article "Climate Change", the author discusses the causes and effects of global warming. He explains how human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation have led to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing the Earth's temperature to rise. The author also highlights the potential consequences of climate change, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruption to ecosystems. He emphasizes the urgent need for individuals, governments, and industries to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.2. Summary of "The Benefits of Exercise""The Benefits of Exercise" explores the numerous advantages of physical activity on both physical and mental wellbeing. The author explains how exercise can help maintain a healthy weight, improve cardiovascular health, and boost the immune system. Furthermore, exercise has been proven to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression by releasing endorphins, which are natural mood boosters. The article concludes by encouraging readers to incorporate regular exercise into their daily routines for overall health improvement.3. Summary of "Advancements in Technology"In the article "Advancements in Technology", the author discusses the rapid progress of technology in recent years. He highlights advancements in various fields, including artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and renewable energy. The author also discusses the potential benefits and concerns associated with theseadvancements. While technology has brought efficiency and convenience, it also raises ethical questions, such as privacy and job displacement. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of embracing and adapting to technological advancements while addressing the associated challenges.4. Summary of "The Importance of Education""The Importance of Education" emphasizes the value of education in personal and societal development. The author explains how education provides individuals with knowledge, skills, and critical thinking abilities necessary for success in various aspects of life. Additionally, education plays a crucial role in promoting equality, social cohesion, and economic growth. The article emphasizes the need for accessible and quality education for all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic backgrounds.5. Summary of "The Impact of Social Media""The Impact of Social Media" discusses the influence of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram on society. The author explores both the positive and negative aspects of social media. On one hand, it has created new opportunities for communication, networking, and social activism. On the other hand, it has also contributed to issues such as cyberbullying, addiction, and the spread of misinformation. The article concludes by encouraging individuals to use social media responsibly and critically evaluate the information they encounter.6. Summary of "The Importance of a Balanced Diet""The Importance of a Balanced Diet" highlights the significance of consuming a variety of foods for overall health and wellbeing. Theauthor explains how a balanced diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats provides essential nutrients that support bodily functions and prevent diseases. The article also emphasizes the need to limit the intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and excessive amounts of salt and saturated fats. By maintaining a balanced diet, individuals can reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve their overall quality of life.7. Summary of "The Impact of Tourism on Local Communities" "The Impact of Tourism on Local Communities" examines the positive and negative effects of tourism on the economy, environment, and culture of a destination. The author discusses how tourism can generate revenue, create job opportunities, and promote cultural exchange. However, it can also contribute to environmental degradation, exploitation of local resources, and the loss of cultural heritage. The article emphasizes the importance of sustainable tourism practices that minimize the negative impacts and benefit both tourists and local communities in the long run.8. Summary of "The Benefits of Volunteering""The Benefits of Volunteering" explores the positive effects of volunteering on both individuals and communities. The author explains how volunteering can enhance personal development, improve mental health, and promote social connections. Additionally, volunteering plays a crucial role in addressing societal issues and creating positive change. The article highlights the various ways individuals can get involved in volunteering and encourages readers to contribute their time and skills to make a difference.9. Summary of "The Dangers of Plastic Pollution""The Dangers of Plastic Pollution" sheds light on the environmental hazards posed by plastic waste. The author explains how plastic pollution affects marine life, ecosystems, and human health. He discusses the excessive consumption of single-use plastics, inadequate waste management systems, and the lack of recycling infrastructure as major contributors to the problem. The article encourages readers to reduce their plastic consumption, recycle properly, and support initiatives aimed at addressing plastic pollution.10. Summary of "The Importance of Mental Health""The Importance of Mental Health" emphasizes the significance of mental well-being in overall health and happiness. The author discusses the prevalence of mental health disorders and the stigma surrounding them. He highlights the importance of seeking help, practicing self-care, and creating a supportive environment for individuals with mental health challenges. The article encourages readers to prioritize their mental health, raise awareness, and advocate for better access to mental health services.。
英文summary作文万能模板
英文summary作文万能模板Title: The Universal Template for Writing an English Summary Essay。
Writing a summary essay in English can be a challenging task, especially if you are not familiar with the proper structure and format. However, with the right template and guidance, you can easily master the art of summarizing a text in a clear and concise manner. In this article, wewill provide you with a universal template for writing an English summary essay, along with some helpful tips and examples to help you get started.Introduction。
The introduction of your summary essay should provide some background information about the text you are summarizing. Start by introducing the author and the title of the text, and provide a brief overview of the main topic or theme. You should also include a thesis statement thatclearly states the main point or argument of the text.Body Paragraphs。
SUMMARY 格式及模板【范本模板】
SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总。
开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念，然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面。
关键看你要写多少字，概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内，分开概括.最后就是总结了。
有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似，确实是这样，但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了。
一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details.main idea说明文章的主旨，作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题.如何写英文摘要英文摘要如何写如何写摘要一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少.因此，写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上.国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字—200字.摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容.书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面.摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的(Deｓｃｒｉｐｔive)和资料性的(Informational）两类.陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
summary 范文
Original:My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself!Summary:The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon.Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox.Original:Why do some animals die out?In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves.Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, havebecome rare and may die out.Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.Summary:In the past two hundred years, many kinds of animals have died out. There are several reasons for it. First, people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods, which destroys animals' homes. Then, hunters' killing has also caused some animals to become extinct. Besides, some animals aren't able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat because of pollution and climatic changes.Love languagesDo you know love what “love languages”are? Love languages are different ways that people show their love to others. We all want to have relationships where we can show our love to others and have them communicate love to us in return. In order to be successful in communicating love, we need to understand what the different love languages are. There are five important love languages that people need to know about to communicate effectively with others.The first love language is Quality Time which refers to spending timetogether with the person you are trying to show your love to. This love language will cause people to feel loved when they are taken out on special dates, when their friend changes their schedules to be with them, or when they turn the television off to talk with them. It means giving all of your attention to another person.Another love language is Words of Attention as a way to show your love. Telling your boyfriend or girlfriend how you appreciate them, encouraging them, and through words praising them will show people that you love them. Telling someone “I believe in you” can really make someone feel loved. With this love language you can express yourself through both spoken and written words.Gifts is another type of love language. Gifts are not just material objects, they are expressions of your love. The most important aspect is not the cost, but the fact that you were thinking of them and spent the time to go and buy them a gift. Big or little, your gift will be a symbol of your love for the other person.Fourth is the love language called Acts of Service which means you express your love by helping someone else. You could help them with a difficult assignment ot help them fix their bicycle when it is broken. The most important part of this love languages is taking the time to do things for them that require thought, energy and time. Don’t wait to only do what they ask you to, but volunteer to show your kindness.The last love language is Physical Touch. A simple touch on the arm, hug or backrub will convey your love to them. Sit beside them when you have the chance and hole their hand when you are walking down the street. With this love language, just being near them and showing your care through touch will make them feel very loved.Just knowing about these love languages is not enough as they way in which people feel loves by others is different. It is important to know which love language is strongest for the person you are trying to love. Sometimes if you serve them, they will feel more loved than if you give them a gift. Or perhaps holding their hand will not be as meaningful to them as if you had spent two hours together. I recommend that you find out what the love language is of the person you are trying to love. Don’t forget that there is more than just one love language. As you learn how to give and receive love, you will find that your relationships with others will be richer and more satisfying.Olympic GamesOf all the games held throughout Greece, those staged at Olympia in honor of Zeus are the most famous. The Games, like all Greek games, were an intrinsic part of a religious festival. Held every four years between August 6 and September 19, they occupied such an important place in Greek life that time was measured by the interval between them – an Olympiad. Although the first Olympic champion listed in the records was one Coroebusof Elis, a cook, who won the sprint race in 776 BC, it is generally accepted that the Games were probably at least 500 years old at that time. According to one legend, they were founded by Heracles, son of Alcmene.The Games were held at Olympia in the city-state of Elis, on a track about 32 meters (35 yards) wide.The racing length was one stade, a distance of about 192 meters (210 yards) which was one length of the track. At the meeting in 776 BC, there was apparently only one event, the stade, but other events were added over the ensuing decades. In 724 BC a two-length race, diaulos, roughly similar to the 400-meter race, was included and four years later, the dolichos, a long-distance race possibly to be compared to the modern 1500- or even 5000-meter event, was added . wresting and the pentathlon were introduced in 708BC. The latter was an all-around competition consisting of five events – the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, foot race, and wresting.Boxing was introduced in 688 BC, and in 680 a chariot race. In 648, the pancratium, a kind of all-strength, or no-hold-barred, wresting was included. Kicking and hitting were allowed; only biting and gouging (thrusting a finger ot thumb into an opponent’s eye) were forbidden. Between 632 and 616 BC, events for boys were introduced. And from time to time, further events were added including contests for fully armed soldiers, for heralds, and for trumpeters. The program must have been as varied as that of the modern Olympics, although the athletics (track and field) eventswere limited: there was no high jumping in any form and no individual field event, except in the pentathlon.Until the 77th Olympiad (472 BC) all of the contests took place on one day; later they were spread, with, perhaps, some fluctuations, over four days, with a fifth devoted to the closing ceremony presentation of prizes and a banquet for the champions. Sources generally agree that women were not allowed as competitors or, except for the priestess of Demeter, as spectators. In most events, the athletes participated in the nude.The Olympic Games were originally restricted to free-born Greeks. The competitors, including those who came from the Greek colonies, were amateur in the sense that the only prize was a wreath or garland. The athletes underwent a most rigorous of supervised training, however, and eventually, the contestants were true professionals. Not only were there substantial prizes for winning, but the Olympic champion also received adulation and unlimited benefits from his city. Athletes became fulltime specialists –a trend that in the modern games has caused a long and bitter controversy over amateurism.Summary example:In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest record Olympic Games held in Greece. It is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. In the first Games there was only one event, however as time wenton, different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wresting and the pentathlon. They even added events specially for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the Games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However, a trend started where athletes became full-time specialists which ahs caused a lot of controversy.The original:A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the formation of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship. It is obviously not the idea themselves that are dear to us, but our self-esteem, which is threatened. We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished. In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing. We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them. The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.Summary:A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs andopinions are wrong. We may have been heedless in their formation, butour self-esteem will not permit us to change. We may have to give up, but we are not convinced. We do not study the origin of our beliefs; we believe as we have been accustomed to believe, and we seek arguments forcontinuing to believe as we already do.。
summary 范文
Original:【1】My neighbor's children love playing hideandseek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary:The children were playing hideandseek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox.Original:Why do some animals die out?In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die outto become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes. Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out.Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.Summary:In the past two hundred years, many kinds of animals have died out. There are several reasons for it. First, people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods, which destroys animals' homes. Then, hunters' killing has also caused some animals to become extinct. Besides, some animals aren't able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat becauseof pollution and climatic changes.Love languagesDo you know love what “love languages” are? Lo ve languages are different ways that people show their love to others. We all want to have relationships where we can show our love to others and have them communicate love to us in return. In order to be successful in communicating love, we need to understand what the different love languages are. There are five important love languages that people need to know about to communicate effectively with others.The first love language is Quality Time which refers to spending time together with the person you are trying to show your love to. This love language will cause people to feel loved when they are taken out on special dates, when their friend changes their schedules to be with them, or when they turn the television off to talk with them. It means giving all of your attention to another person.Another love language is Words of Attention as a way to show your love. Telling your boyfriend or girlfriend how you appreciate them, encouraging them, and through words praising them will show people that you love t hem. Telling someone “I believe in you” can really make someone feel loved. With this love language you can express yourself through both spoken and written words.Gifts is another type of love language. Gifts are not just material objects, they are expressions of your love. The most important aspect is not the cost, but the fact that you were thinking of them and spent the time to go and buy them a gift. Big or little, your gift will be a symbol of your love for the other person.Fourth is the love language called Acts of Service which means you express your love by helping someone else. You could help them with a difficult assignment ot help them fix their bicycle when it is broken. The most important part of this love languages is taking the time to do th ings for them that require thought, energy and time. Don’t wait to only do what they ask you to, but volunteer to show your kindness.The last love language is Physical Touch. A simple touch on the arm, hug or backrub will convey your love to them. Sit beside them when you have the chance and hole their hand when you are walking down the street. With this love language, just being near them and showing your care through touch will make them feel very loved.Just knowing about these love languages is not enough as they way in which people feel loves by others is different. It is important to know which love language is strongest for the person you are trying to love. Sometimes if you serve them, they will feel more loved than if you give them a gift. Or perhaps holding their hand will not be as meaningful to them as if you had spent two hours together. I recommend that you find out what the love language is of the person you are trying to love. Don’t forget that there is more than just one love language. As yo u learn how to give and receive love, you will find that your relationships with others will be richer and more satisfying.Olympic GamesOf all the games held throughout Greece, those staged at Olympia in honor of Zeus are the most famous. The Games, like all Greek games, were an intrinsic part of a religious festival.Held every four years between August 6 and September 19, they occupied such an important place in Greek life that time was measured by the interval between them – an Olympiad.Although the first Olympic champion listed in the records was one Coroebus of Elis, a cook, who won the sprint racein 776 BC, it is generally accepted that the Games were probably at least 500 years old at that time. According to one legend, they were founded by Heracles, son of Alcmene.The Games were held at Olympia in the citystate of Elis, on a track about 32 meters (35 yards) wide.The racing length was one stade, a distance of about 192 meters (210 yards) which was one length of the track. At the meeting in 776 BC, there was apparently only one event, the stade, but other events were added over the ensuing decades. In 724 BC a twolength race, diaulos, roughly similar to the 400meter race, was included and four years later, the dolichos, a longdistance race possibly to be compared to the modern 1500 or even 5000meter event, was added . wresting and the pentathlon were introduced in 708BC. The latter was an allaround competition consisting of five events – the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, foot race, and wresting.Boxing was introduced in 688 BC, and in 680 a chariot race. In 648, the pancratium, a kind of allstrength, or noholdbarred, wresting was included. Kicking and hitting were allowed; only biting and gouging (thrusting a finger ot thumb into an opponent’s eye) were forbidden. Between 632 and 616 BC, events for boys were introduced. And from time to time, further events were added including contests for fully armed soldiers, for heralds, and for trumpeters. The program must have been as varied as that of the modern Olympics, although the athletics (track and field) events were limited: there was no high jumping in any form and no individual field event, except in the pentathlon.Until the 77th Olympiad (472 BC) all of the contests took place on one day; later they were spread, with, perhaps, some fluctuations, over four days, with a fifth devoted to the closing ceremony presentation of prizes and a banquet for the champions. Sources generally agree that women were not allowed as competitors or, except for the priestess of Demeter, as spectators. In most events, the athletes participated in the nude.The Olympic Games were originally restricted to freeborn Greeks. The competitors, including those who came from the Greek colonies, were amateur in the sense that the only prize was a wreath or garland. The athletes underwent a most rigorous of supervised training, however, and eventually, the contestants were true professionals. Not only were there substantial prizes for winning, but the Olympic champion also received adulation and unlimited benefits from his city. Athletes became fulltime specialists –a trend that in the modern games has caused a long and bitter controversy over amateurism.Summary example:In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest record Olympic Games held in Greece. It isgenerally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. In the first Games there was only one event, however as time went on, different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wresting and the pentathlon. They even added events specially for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the Games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However, a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which ahs caused a lot of controversy.The original:A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and hardenour hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the formation of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship. It is obviously not the idea themselves that are dear to us, but our selfesteem, which is threatened. We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished. In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing. We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them. The result is that most of our socalled reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.Summary:❖ A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong. We may have been heedless in their formation, but our selfesteem will not permit us to change. We may have to give up, but we are not convinced. We donot study the origin of our beliefs; we believe as we have been accustomed tobelieve, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do.。
summary函数检验异常点和强影响点
summary函数检验异常点和强影响点异常点和强影响点是数据分析中常用的概念，用于识别数据集中的特殊值和对整体结果产生较大影响的值。
在本文中，我们将探讨如何使用summary函数来检验异常点和强影响点。
让我们了解一下summary函数的基本功能。
summary函数是一种统计函数，它可以提供关于数据集中各个变量的描述性统计信息，例如最小值、最大值、中位数、均值等。
通过查看summary统计结果，我们可以初步了解数据的分布情况和异常值的存在。
那么，如何使用summary函数来检验异常点呢？首先，我们需要将数据导入到R环境中，并使用summary函数对数据进行描述性统计。
通过观察summary统计结果，我们可以查看数据的最小值和最大值。
如果数据集中存在明显偏离常规范围的数值，即超出最小值和最大值的范围，那么这些数值很可能是异常点。
举个例子来说明。
假设我们有一组身高数据，我们可以使用summary函数来检查是否存在异常值。
假设我们的数据集有100个样本，其中一个样本的身高是300cm。
我们可以使用summary函数查看数据的最小值和最大值。
如果最小值是150cm，最大值是200cm，那么300cm显然是一个异常值。
除了使用最小值和最大值来检验异常点，我们还可以使用其他统计量，例如中位数和四分位数。
通过比较这些统计量与数据集的分布情况，我们可以进一步判断是否存在异常值。
接下来，让我们看看如何使用summary函数来检验强影响点。
强影响点是指对整体结果产生较大影响的值。
在统计分析中，我们通常使用回归分析来检测强影响点。
回归分析可以用来探讨自变量与因变量之间的关系，并通过计算回归系数来衡量这种关系的强度。
在回归分析中，我们可以使用summary函数来查看回归模型的拟合优度和各个变量的回归系数。
如果某个变量的回归系数较大，那么这个变量很可能是一个强影响点。
此外，我们还可以通过观察回归模型的拟合优度来判断整体结果是否受到某个样本的强烈影响。
Summary
World Happiness Report 2015SummaryJohn Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey SachsBackgroundThe world has come a long way since the first World Happiness Report launched in 2012. Increasingly happiness is considered a proper measure of social progress and goal of public policy. A rapidly increasing number of national and local governments are using happiness data and research in their search for policies that could enable people to live better lives. Governments are measuring subjective well-being, and using well-being research as a guide to the design of public spaces and the delivery of public services.Harnessing Happiness Data and Research to Improve Sustainable DevelopmentThe year 2015 is a watershed for humanity, with the pending adoption by UN member states of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September to help guide the world community towards a more inclusive and sustainable pattern of global development. The concepts of happiness and well-being are very likely to help guide progress towards sustainable development.Sustainable development is a normative concept, calling for all societies to balance economic, social, and environmental objectives. When countries pursue GDP in a lopsided manner, overriding social and environmental objectives, the results often negatively impact human well-being. The SDGs are designed to help countries to achieve economic, social, and environmental objectives in harmony, thereby leading to higher levels of well-being for the present and future generations.The SDGs will include goals, targets and quantitative indicators. The Sustainable Development Solutions Network, in its recommendations on the selection of SDG indicators, has strongly recommended the inclusion of indicators of Subjective Well-being and Positive Mood Affect to help guide and measure the progress towards the SDGs. We find considerable support of many governments and experts regarding the inclusion of such happiness indicators for the SDGs. The World Happiness Report 2015 once again underscores the fruitfulness of using happiness measurements for guiding policy making and for helping to assess the overall well-being in each society.Overview of the ChaptersThis report continues in the tradition of combining analysis of recent levels and trends of happiness data with chapters providing deeper analysis of specific issues.•Chapter 2, by John Helliwell, Haifang Huang, and Shun Wang, contains our primary rankings of and explanations for life evaluations.•Chapter 3, by Nicole Fortin, John Helliwell, and Shun Wang, presents a far broader range of happiness measures, and shows how they differ by gender, age and global region.•Chapter 4, by Richard Layard and Gus O’Donnell, advocates and explains the use of happiness as the measure of benefit in cost-benefit analysis.•Chapter 5, by Richard Davidson and Brianna Schuyler, surveys a range of important new results from the neuroscience of happiness.•Chapter 6, by Richard Layard and Ann Hagell, is aimed especially at the happiness of the young – the one-third of the world population that is under the age of 18 years.•Chapter 7, by Leonardo Becchetti, Luigino Bruni, and Stefano Zamagni, digs deeper into the ethical and community-level supports for happiness.•Chapter 8, by Jeffrey Sachs, discusses importance of social capital for well-being and describes ways that societies may invest in social capital in order to promote well-being.We now briefly describe the main findings of each chapter.Chapter 2: The Geography of HappinessAverage life evaluations, where 0 represents the worst possible life and 10 the best possible, range from an average above 7.5 at the top of the rankings to below 3 at the bottom. A difference of 4 points in average life evaluations separates the 10 happiest countries from the 10 least happy countries.Comparing the country rankings in World Happiness Report 2015 with those in World Happiness Report 2013, there is a combination of consistency and change. Nine of the top 10 countries in 2015 were also in the top 10 of 2013. But the ranking has changed, with Switzerland now at the top, followed closely by Iceland, Denmark and Norway. All four countries have average scores between 7.5 and 7.6, and the differences between them are not statistically significant. The rest of the top 10 (in order) are Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Sweden, New Zealand and Australia, all with average scores above 7.28. There is more turnover, almost half, among the bottom 10 countries, all with average ladder scores below 3.7. Most are in sub-Saharan Africa, with the addition of Afghanistan and a further drop for Syria.Three-quarters of the differences among countries, and also among regions, is accounted for by differences in six key variables: GDP per capita, healthy years of life expectancy, social support, trust, perceived freedom to make life decisions, and generosity. Differences in social support, incomes, and healthy life expectancy are the three most important factors.Analysis of changes in life evaluations from 2005-2007 to 2012-2014 shows big international differences in how the global recession affected national happiness. The top three gainers were Nicaragua, Zimbabwe and Ecuador, with increases ranging from 0.97 to 1.12. The biggest drop in average life evaluations was in Greece, which lost almost 1.5 points, followed by Egypt with -1.13 and Italy with -0.76 points. Of the 125 countries with data available for both 2005-2007 and 2012-2014, there were 53 countries with significant improvements, 41 with significant worsening, and 36 without significant change. These differing national experiences appear to be due some combination of differing exposure to the economic crisis and differences in the quality of governance, trust and social support. Countries with sufficiently high quality social capital appear to be able to sustain or even improve subjective well-being in the face of natural disasters or economic shocks, as the shocks provide them an opportunity to discover, use and build upon their communal links. In other cases, the economic crisis triggered drops in happiness greater than could be explained by falling incomes and higher unemployment.Chapter 3: How Does Subjective Well-being Vary around the World by Gender and Age?The analysis in this chapter extends beyond life evaluations to include a range of positive and negative experiences that show widely different patterns by gender, age and region. The positive experiences are happiness, smiling or laughter, enjoyment, feeling safe at night, feelingwell-rested, and feeling interested. The six negative experiences are anger, worry, sadness, depression, stress and pain. For life evaluations, differences by gender are very small relative to those across countries, or even across ages within a country. On a global average basis, women’s life evaluations are slightly higher than men’s, by about 0.09 on the 10-point scale, or about 2% as large as the 4-point difference between the 10 most happy and 10 least happy countries. The differences among age groups are much larger, and differ considerably by region. On a global basis, average life evaluations start high among the youngest respondents, fall by almost 0.6 points by middle age, and are fairly flat thereafter. This global picture masks big regional differences, with U-shapes in some countries and declines in others.For the six positive and six negative experiences, there are striking differences by gender, age and region, some revealing larger cross-cultural differences in experiences than had previously been studied.A parallel analysis of the six main variables used in Chapter 2 to explain international differences and changes in life evaluations also shows the value of considering age, gender and region at the same time to get a better understanding of the global trends and differences. The importance of the social context shows up strongly in the analysis by gender and age group. For example, the world regions where life evaluations are significantly higher in the older age groups are also those regions where perceived social support, freedom and generosity (but not household incomes) are higher in the older age groups. All three of those variables have quite different levels and age group dynamics in different regions.Chapter 4: Cost-benefit Analysis using Happiness as the Measure of BenefitIf the aim of policy is to increase happiness, policy makers will have to evaluate their options in a quite new way. This is the subject of Chapter 4. The benefits of a new policy should now be measured in terms of the impact of the change upon the happiness of the population. This can be achieved in a fully decentralized way by establishing a critical level of extra happiness which a project must yield per dollar of expenditure.This new form of cost-benefit analysis avoids many of the serious problems with existing methods, where money is the measure of benefit. It uses evidence to allow for the obvious fact that an extra dollar brings more happiness to the poor than to the rich. It also includes the effects of all the other factors beyond income, so it can be applied to a much wider range of policies.Chapter 5: The Neuroscience of HappinessChapter 5 highlights four supports for well-being and their underlying neural bases:1) sustained positive emotion; 2) recovery of negative emotion; 3) empathy, altruism and prosocial behavior; and 4) mind-wandering, mindfulness and “affective stickiness” or emotion-captured attention.There are two overall lessons that can be taken from the neuroscientific evidence. The first is the identification of the four highlighted elements, since they are not commonly emphasized in well-being research. The second is that the circuits we identify as underlying these four supports for well-being all exhibit plasticity, and therefore can be transformed through experience and training. There are now training programs being developed to cultivate mindfulness, kindness, and generosity. The chapter reviews evidence showing that some of these training regimes, even those as short as two weeks, can induce measurable brain changes. These findings highlight the view that happiness and well-being are best regarded as skills that can be enhanced through training.Chapter 6: Healthy Young Minds: Transforming the Mental Health ofChildrenChapter 6 turns the focus of attention to the world’s future, as embodied in the one-third of the current global population who are now under 18 years of age. It is vital to determine which aspects of child development are most important in determining whether a child becomes a happy, well-functioning adult. Studies that follow children from birth into adulthood show that of the three key features of child development (academic, behavioral, or emotional), emotional development is the best of the three predictors, and academic achievement the worst.This should not be surprising, since mental health is a key determinant of adult life satisfaction, and half of mentally ill adults already showed the symptoms by the age of 15. Altogether 200 million children worldwide are suffering from diagnosable mental health problems requiring treatment. Yet even in the richest countries only a quarter are in treatment. Giving more priority to the well-being of children is one of the most obvious and cost-effective ways to invest in future world happiness.Chapter 7: Human Values, Civil Economy and Subjective Well-BeingChapter 7 presents the history, evidence, and policy implications of the Italian Civil Economy paradigm. The approach attempts to keep alive the tradition of civil life based on friendship (Aristotle’s notion of philia), and a more socialized idea of person and community. It is contrasted with other economic approaches that give a less central role to reciprocity and benevolence.The empirical work in Chapter 7 echoes that presented in Chapters 2 and 8 in emphasizing the importance of positive social relations (as characterized by trust, benevolence and shared social identities) in motivating behavior, both contributing positively to economic outcomes as well as delivering happiness directly.The authors recommend changes to democratic mechanisms that incorporate these human capacities for pro-social actions.Chapter 8: Investing in Social CapitalWell-being depends heavily on the pro-social behavior of members of the society. Pro-sociality involves individuals making decisions for the common good that may conflict with short-run egoistic incentives. Economic and social life is rife with “social dilemmas,” in which the common good and individual incentives may conflict. In such cases, pro-social behavior – including honesty, benevolence, cooperation, and trustworthiness – is key to achieving the best outcome for society.Societies with a high level of social capital – meaning generalized trust, good governance, and mutual support by individuals within the society – are conducive to pro-social behavior. High social capital directly and indirectly raises well-being, by promoting social support systems, generosity and voluntarism, honesty in public administration, and by reducing the costs of doing business. The pressing policy question is therefore how societies with low social capital, riven by distrust and dishonesty, can invest in social capital. The chapter discusses various pathways to higher social capital, including education, moral instruction, professional codes of conduct, public opprobrium towards violators of the public trust, and public policies to narrow inequalities in the various supports for well-being, income, health and and social connections. This is important because social and economic equality is associated with higher levels of social capital and generalized trust.The Common Threads are SocialThere is a common social theme that emerges consistently from the World Happiness Report 2015. At both the individual and national levels, all measures of well-being, including emotions and life evaluations, are strongly influenced by the quality of the surrounding social norms and institutions. These include family and friendships at the individual level, the presence of trust and empathy at the neighborhood and community levels, and power and quality of the over-arching social norms that determine the quality of life within and among nations and generations. When these social factors are well-rooted and readily available, communities and nations are more resilient, and even natural disasters can add strength to the community as it comes together in response.The challenge is to ensure that policies are designed and delivered in ways that enrich the social fabric, and teach the pleasure and power of empathy to current and future generations. Under the pressures of putting right what is obviously wrong, there is often too little attention paid to building the vital social fabric. Paying greater attention to the levels and sources of subjective well-being has helped us to reach these conclusions, and to recommend making and keeping happiness as a central focus for research and practice.。
Summary英文作文
Summary英文作文I love writing summaries because it helps me to understand and remember the main points of a text. When I write a summary, I first read the text carefully and then identify the key ideas and important details. After that, I organize the information in a clear and concise way, using my own words to restate the main points. This process not only helps me to comprehend the text better but also improves my writing skills.英文，I find that writing summaries is an effective way to consolidate my understanding of a text. It forces me to think critically about the material and distill the most important information. For example, when I was studying for a literature exam, I wrote a summary of each chapter of the novel we were reading. This not only helped me remember the events and themes of the story but also allowed me to analyze the characters and their development throughout the book.中文，我发现写总结是巩固我对文本理解的有效方式。
最新-summary范文 精品
summary范文篇一：英文写作范例’(道德层面)’,(回避),“-,”25“(品格教育)”’(浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准);,,-1940,,;-(棘手的),’(薄弱的),1,700--,-(价值观教育)-(自尊)’,-’--(无指导性的),-(无是非观的),--------(思想)(渗透)-’,-1960,(胡乱摆弄)“-”,,,——,,——-(寄出)(风尚)“-”“-”,“”“,”,“”25,“-”篇二：范文'--,,,,,,,,',,,,!--,,,,,?--,'',,,,,,,',’,,,,',,,,',','“”?,,,,,“”,,,,’,,,,’,,,,619,–,,776,500,,-,32(35),192(210)776,,,724-,,400-,,,-1500-5000-,708-–,,,,688,680648,,-,--,;(’)632616,,,,,(),77(472);,,,,,,,,-,,,,,,–,1276776,,,-,,,-,,,;,,-?,-,;,篇三：英文写作方法、范例及常用句式摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
英文summary的格式
英文summary的格式
1. 标题，在摘要的开头，可以使用"Summary"或"Abstract"作
为标题，居中或者靠左对齐。
2. 摘要内容，摘要应该简明扼要地概括原文的主要内容，包括
关键信息和要点。
它应该是一个独立的段落，不超过几句话。
摘要
应该简洁明了，避免使用复杂的词汇和句子结构。
3. 结构，摘要可以按照原文的结构进行组织，包括引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。
但在摘要中，每个部分的内容应该被简化和压缩，只保留最重要的信息。
4. 长度，英文摘要的长度通常在100到300个单词之间。
在某
些学术领域，摘要的长度可能有特定的要求，请根据具体的指导准
则进行调整。
5. 语言和风格，英文摘要应该使用简练、准确的语言表达，避
免使用复杂的词汇和句子结构。
使用第三人称，避免使用个人代词。
另外，应该使用现在时态来描述研究或文章的内容。
6. 关键词，在摘要的末尾，可以列出几个关键词，用于描述文章的主题和内容。
这些关键词应该与原文的主题和关键词相关联。
总之，英文摘要的格式应该简洁明了，突出文章的核心内容和要点，同时符合学术规范和要求。
具体的格式可以根据不同的出版物或学术机构的要求进行调整。
summary 范文【范本模板】
Original：My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and—seek as all children do，but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner。
Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide。
His sister, Natalie，had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open。
The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away。
Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked。
Soon realizing what he had done，he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him。
苹果公司2015年报分析-英文
Financial Statements Analysis on Apple CompanyABSTRACTThe Company designs, manufactures, and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a vari ety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, andthird-party digital content and applications. The Company sells its products worldwid e through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third -party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers.The Company’s customers are primarily in the consumer, education, enterprise and government markets. The Company sells its products and resells third-partyproducts in most of its major markets directly to consumers through its retail and on line stores and its direct sales force. The Company also employs a variety of indirect distribution channels, such as third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. I will introduce about the financial status with two aspects in 2015, and the financial analysis is my importance in my followingcontents.Key words: Financial Status; Net Sales; Net Income.目录1、Net Sales (1)2、Net Income (2)3、Financial Status and Analysis (3)（1）Product Performance (3)（2）Segment Operating Performance (4)4、View on the Future (5)5、conclution (6)Reference (6)Financial Statements Analysis on Apple Company1、Net SalesNet sales rose27.86% or $50,920 million during 2015 compared to 2014. This resulted from growth in net sales of iPhone; ipad, Mac, and services; and Other Products.Growth in 2015 reflects strong sales of iPhone , strong performance of theOther Products and Mac, and continued growth in the Company’s online sales of apps , digital content, and services. Growth in these areas was partially offset by declines in net sales of iPad . All of the Company’s operating segments experiencedincreased net sales in 2015, with net sales growth being particularly strong in the Americas, Greater China and Japan operating segments. Similar to 2014, growth in total net sales was higher during 2015, rising $50,920 million or 28% over the same period in 2014. First half growth in 2015 was driven by iPhone introductions at or near the beginning of 2015.Apple take a lot of concepts and re-purpose them, repackage them, make them beautiful and everybody wants to have them," said Rozolis. "They always had a way to take technology and make it again affordable and easy to use and therefore popular.2、Net IncomeNet income rose.37.49% or $13,884 million during 2015 compared to Income continued rose from 2011 to 2015，Global inflation result in the growth of the manpower cost. In such circumstances, Apple company can still keep a great growth in net income which we kan see the foresight in operating and the control of the market about Apple company, also shows the unique texture and function of Apple products.3、Financial Status and Analysis（1）Product PerformanceWhen it comes to the iPhone, the growth in iPhone net sales and unit sales during 2015 resulted from increased demand for iPhone in all of the Company ’s operating segme nts primarily due to the launch of iPhone 6 beginning in September 2015 and strong on going demand for iPhone 5 and5s. All of the Company ’s operating segments experienc ed increases in net sales and unit sales of iPhone during 2015 compared to 2014. Th e year-over-year impact of higher iPhone net sales in 2015 was partially offset by a 3% rose in iPhone average selling prices in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily as a result of a shift in product mix towards lower-priced iPhone models, particularly iPhone 5. All of the Company ’s geographic operating segments experienced a decline in iPhone ASPs during 2015.Of course, the growth in net sales and unit sales of iPad during 2015 resulted from growth in Mac unit sales in all of the Company ’s operating segments. This growth was driven by the launch of Mac . The year-over-year growth rate of total Mac unit sales w as significantly higher than the growth rate of total iPad net sales for 2015 due to a red uction in iPad ASPs of 15% in 2015 compared to 2014. This decline resulted primarily from introduction of the lower priced iPad mini and the full year impact of the price reduction on iPad air2 made in 2014. The decline in iPad ASPs was experienced to various degrees by all of the Company ’s operating segments.In addition, the increase in net sales of iTunes, software and services in 2015 compare$155,041.00 $23,227.00 $25,471.00 $19,909.00$10,067.00 iPhoneiPadMacServicesOther Productsd to 2014 was primarily due to growth in net sales from the iTunes Store and so on. Growth in the iTunes Store, which includes the App Store, the Mac App Store and the iBooks Store, reflectsContinued growth in the installed base of iOS devices, expanded offerings of iOS apps and related in-App purchases, and expanded offerings of iTunes digital conten But for Apple, there is no great advantage with Mac. During 2015, ipad net sales and unit sales were down or relatively flat in all of the Company ’s operating segments. ipad ASPs increased slightly partially offsetting the impact of lower unit sales on net sales. The decline in ipad unit sales and net sales reflects the overall weakness in the market f or ipad.（2）Segment Operating PerformanceThe Company manages its business primarily on a geographic basis. Accordingly, the Company determined its reportable operating segments, which are generally based on the nature and location of its customers, to be the Americas, Europe, Greater China , Japan, Rest of Asia Pacific and Retail. The Americas segment includes both North an d South America. The Europe segment includes European countries, as well as India, the Middle East and Africa. The Greater China segment includes China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The Rest of Asia Pacific segment includes Australia and Asian countries, other than those countries included in the Company ’s other operating segments. The Retail segment operates Apple retail stores in 13 countries, including the U.S. The results of the Company ’s geographic segments do not include results of the Retail segment. Each operating segment provides similar hardware and software products and similar services. No matter how many the segments are, we can see that they all keep the increasing trend for the net sales.$93,864.00 $50,337.00 $58,715.00$15,706.00 $15,093.00AmericasEuropeGreater ChinaJapanRest of Asia PacificHere,we just see the result of the Greater China.The growth in net sales in the Greater China segment during2015resulted from two major iPhone introductions during the year.Further contributing to the growth in2015was the introduction of the fourth generation iPad and iPad air2during the secondquarter of2015and an increase in iPhone channel inventory as of the end of2015compared to the end of2014.While net sales in the China segment were up84%for all of2015,this is a great rose for the whole net sales about Apple company.4、View on the FutureIn fiscal year 2015 was the most successful year, Apple revenue growth of 28%, reached nearly $234 billion. This continued success is the results of our commitment to produce the best and the most innovative products in the world, , but also proved that the company team great execution. Apple company are to the holiday shopping season, and their product portfolio is the most powerful, including the iPhone and the iPhone 6 s Plus 6 s, Apple Watch and its expanded casing and new band combination and the Ipad Pro, etc., and new Apple TV set-top box will start shipment.The Company’s future gross margin can be impacted by multiple factors includin g,but not limited to those set forth above in Part I,Item1A of this Form10-K under th e heading“Risk Factors”and those described in this paragraph.In general,gross margi ns and margins on individual products will remain under downward pressure due to a v ariety of factors,including continued industry wide global product pricing pressures,i ncreased competition,compressed product life cycles,product transitions,potential inc reases in the cost of components,and potential strengthening of the U.S.dollar,as well as potential increases in the costs of outside manufacturing services and a potential sh ift in the Company’s sales mix towards products with lower gross margins.In response to competitive pressures,the Company expects it will continue to take product pricing actions,which would adversely affect gross margins.Gross margins could also be affe cted by the Company’s ability to manage product quality and warranty costs effectivel y and to stimulate demand for certain of its products.Due to the Company’s significant international operations,financial results can be significantly affected in the short-ter m by fluctuations in exchange rates.5、conclutionIn short-term solvency, whether it's, current ratio, quick ratio, cash ratio is superior to other electronic products industry for the company. In asset operational efficiency index, from inventory turnover, the company turnover is fastest. From this aspect we can see it also reflects the apple products widely recognized by the market, and achieves good sales performance. In the profitability, the company's gross margin and operation profit is the best in the same industry.Under the leadership of Steve Jobs, Apple has produced products that have changed the way people around the world communicate, obtain information and entertain themselves. Here's a look at Apple’s success and what sets the company apart from other computer companies as it prepares for its founder and visionary leader to step down as CEO.Whether it’s iPods, iPhones or iPads, they have become a part of daily life for people around the world. Technology analyst Francis Lun in Hong Kong said the man responsible is Apple’s chief executive of ficer, Steve Jobs.When you travel, everybody’s got one of these things, an Apple iPad. When I say everybody, I mean little kids, mothers, women who would otherwise be knitting, So we have here a very interesting contrast between the Apple sense of only doing what you can do well, versus the standard industry approach, which is stick in every possible feature you can, but in the end that’s kludgy .Reference[1] The Analysis of Financial Reports on Apple, 2013</link?url=hDp7xSXz_fxfEtmlhQUODgXTiumpaCp1r 90yOxCwLy4R1XSwI8JnrB_1WzX9E1LdqGIx-HMgpuMaN0ihooBQanjUmsqweqn xUWAzf-Pwcs3.html>.[2] 2015 10-K Annual Reports, 2015 </>.。
英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式
切记一定要区分开！概要的英语是：summary, 摘要的英语是：abstract 。
概要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
1 1/ 144) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
summary范文十篇
Summary范文十篇介绍本文将为您提供十篇summary范文，每篇都涵盖了不同的主题和领域。
这些文章旨在为读者提供全面、详细、完整且深入的讨论，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握所涉及的主题。
文章一：人工智能在医学领域的应用简介本文将介绍人工智能在医学领域的应用情况，包括图像识别、疾病诊断和医疗决策等方面。
主要内容1.人工智能在医学图像识别中的应用–使用深度学习算法进行疾病的早期诊断–自动检测和分类肿瘤2.人工智能在疾病诊断中的应用–基于大数据的医学数据分析，帮助医生提供准确的诊断结果–智能助手系统辅助医生做出治疗决策3.人工智能在医疗决策中的应用–基于数据分析和机器学习算法，提供个性化的治疗方案–帮助医生评估治疗效果和预测患者的长期疗效文章二：可再生能源的发展与应用简介本文将探讨可再生能源的发展和应用情况，包括太阳能、风能和水能等。
1.太阳能的发展与应用–太阳能电池的工作原理和研发进展–太阳能发电的应用领域和发展趋势2.风能的发展与应用–风力发电的原理和技术–风能发电的优势和挑战3.水能的发展与应用–水力发电的工作原理和类型–水能发电的可持续性和经济性文章三：大数据在商业领域的应用简介本文将介绍大数据在商业领域的应用情况，包括市场调研、客户关系管理和供应链优化等方面。
主要内容1.大数据在市场调研中的应用–利用大数据分析市场趋势和消费者行为–通过数据挖掘发现新的市场机会2.大数据在客户关系管理中的应用–基于用户数据提供个性化的产品和服务–分析客户反馈和行为，改进营销策略3.大数据在供应链优化中的应用–预测需求，减少库存和运输成本–分析供应链数据，优化物流和生产流程文章四：人工智能和物联网的融合简介本文将探讨人工智能和物联网的融合，包括智能家居、智慧城市和智能工厂等方面。
1.人工智能在智能家居中的应用–基于语音识别和图像识别的智能家居控制系统–智能家电设备的自学习和智能调控2.人工智能在智慧城市中的应用–基于传感器和数据分析的城市交通管理–基于大数据的城市安全监控和预警系统3.人工智能在智能工厂中的应用–自动化生产线的智能控制和优化–数据分析和机器学习在工厂管理中的应用文章五：区块链技术的发展和应用简介本文将介绍区块链技术的发展和应用情况，包括数字货币、供应链管理和身份验证等方面。
英文summary的汉语是什么意思
英文summary的汉语是什么意思英文summary的汉语是什么意思英文summary是一个很重要的单词，我们一定要清楚它的汉语意思。
下文是店铺为大家准备了英文单词summary所指的汉语意思以及相关例句，希望能对大家有所帮助。
英语summary的汉语意思英 [smri] 美 [smri]第三人称复数：summaries名词摘要，概要; 总结，一览形容词概括的，总结的; 即刻的，立即的相关例句形容词1. He gave a summary report of the day's events.他对一天的事件作了简要的报告。
2. The government took summary action to aid the earthquake victims.政府即刻采取行动救济地震灾民。
名词1. He made a summary of the case.他为这个案件做了一个摘要。
summary的`词典解释1. 总结;摘要;概括A summary of something is a short account of it, which gives the main points but not the details.e.g. What follows is a brief summary of the process...接下来是对此流程的一个简短概括。
e.g. Here's a summary of the day's news...下面是今日新闻简报。
2. 从速的;即决的;草草的Summary actions are done without delay, often when something else should have been done first or done instead.e.g. It says torture and summary execution are common...那上面称酷刑和草草处决很常见。