新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson41
新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记
Finding fossil man 发现化⽯石⼈人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especiallyflint, because this is easier to shapethan other kinds.They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rottedaway. Stone does not decay, and so thetools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappearedwithout trace. 读到flint 打⽕火⽯石anthropomorphic ⼈人格化拟1anthropo ⼈人类的让步⼀一⼀一trace backdate back read of read abouta trace of ⼀一些resound u叙述 Polynesian adj.波利利尼⻄西亚(中太平洋之⼀一群岛)的 Indonesia n. 印度尼⻄西亚 我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年年前近东发⽣生的事情，那⾥里里的⼈人最早学会了了写字。
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】
【导语】新概念英语作为⼀套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。
为了⽅便同学们的学习，⽆忧考为⼤家整理了⾯的新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记，希望为⼤家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!Lesson40 【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer? Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message. These ocean waves are among the earth's most complicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length). Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results. An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again. From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other 'living' thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life. The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain. from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises) 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 signature n. 签名，标记 infinity n. ⽆穷 ray n. 光线 energize v. 给与...能量 rhythm n. 节奏 transmit v. 传送 exquisite adj. ⾼雅的 phenomena n. 现象 crest n. 浪峰 trough n. 波⾕ vertical adj. 垂直的 horizontal adj. ⽔平的 actuality n. 现实 catastrophic adj. ⼤灾难的 particle n. 微粒 maturity n. 成熟 undulate v. 波动，形成波浪 tremor n. 震颤 gravitational adj. 地⼼吸⼒的 【课⽂注释】 1.transmit vt. ①传达 例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family. 吉普赛⼈经常以⼝头形式把秘⽅世代相传。
小度写范文新概念第四册课文_新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】模板
新概念第四册课文_新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】新概念英语网权威发布新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】，更多新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】相关信息请访问新概念英语网。
【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。
为了方便同学们的学习，大范文网为大家整理了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记，希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!Lesson40【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer?Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.These ocean waves are among the earth”s most complicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the troughto the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other “living” thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises)【New words and expressions 生词和短语】signature n. 签名，标记infinity n. 无穷ray n. 光线energize v. 给与...能量rhythm n. 节奏transmit v. 传送exquisite adj. 高雅的phenomena n. 现象crest n. 浪峰trough n. 波谷vertical adj. 垂直的horizontal adj. 水平的actuality n. 现实catastrophic adj. 大灾难的particle n. 微粒maturity n. 成熟undulate v. 波动，形成波浪tremor n. 震颤gravitational adj. 地心吸力的【课文注释】1.transmit vt.①传达例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family.吉普赛人经常以口头形式把秘方世代相传。
新概念英语第4册课文及译文
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新概念英语第四册单词_新概念英语第四册单词学习手册Lesson41
新概念英语第四册单词_新概念英语第四册单词学习手册Lesson41profeional[prə"feʃ(ə)n(ə)l]n.专业人员;职业运动员【单词例句】A:ItneedprofeionalkillinallfieldA:它需要领域都要求专业的技能。
B:Well,I"dbetterimprovemytecbnique.B：那么我也最好提高我的技术。
tough[tʌf]强硬的【单词例句】A:训练完后，你会变得强壮起来。
B:That"jutwhatIwant.B:那正是我想要的。
【派生词】reentfully忿恨地【单词例句】A:Shehaalwaybeenreentfultowardme.A:她对我一直都持一种厌恶态度。
B:Ihavebeenthinkingthatyouaregoodfriend.B：我还一直以为你们是好朋友呢。
undulate["ʌndjʊleɪt]v波动，形成aign[ə"aɪn]分配【单词扩充】aignto指派tremor["tremə]震颤【单词扩充】fremitu震颤dindle震颤【单词例句】A:ARerthetremoralargepieceofrockfelldownfromthecliff.A.震颤过后，一大块岩石从悬崖上落了下来。
B:DidtherockhurtanyoneB：那块岩石伤着人没有【单词例句】A:Ourboaignedmetwoproject.Nowthedeadl/nearenearandItillhaven "tfrnihedoneofthem.A：我老板分配给我2个项目。
现在期限就要到了，可我一个都没做完呢。
B:IthereanythingIcandoforyouB：我能帮上什么忙吗gravitational[,ɡrævɪ"teɪʃənəl]adj.地心引力的calf[kɑːf]腓肠，小腿pine[paɪn]消瘦【单词扩充】kumine消瘦【单词搭配】pinefor渴望【单词例句】A:Hepinedawayafierhiwifedied.A：他在妻子过世之后逐渐消瘦下去了。
新概念英语85年上外美音版第四册 第41课：The Origin of Things
新概念英语85年上外美音版第四册第41课：TheOrigin of ThingsLesson 41 The Origin of Things 事物本象Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' ininstitutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits ?So much is certain： that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births--but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is, equally equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates '--if the term can be applied to peoples without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations.This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency.' No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.inherit vt.继承 disinherit v.剥夺继承权illiterate n. 文盲 literary a. 文学的 literature n.文学circum=surrounding 周围的circus 马戏团，马戏场circumspect a. 慎重的，周到的，小心谨慎的environment n. (用单数) circumstance n. (用复数)deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人机会 rob：抢 rob sb. of sth.e.g. He deprived me of the opportunity of education. / He deprived me of freedom. / I’m deprived./downfallen.possess：拥有 dispossess sb. of sth.invest：投资 devest：拿走denude v. 使身无分文convince sb. of sth. e.g. He convinced me of his honesty. (强调结果)persuade sb. to do sth. e.g. She persuade me to go shopping with her. （强调过程）His speech is very convincing. (具有说服力)enlightened：受到启迪Listen to both sides, you will be enlightened. (兼听则明)the enlightenment 启蒙运动 We should base onunderstanding on reason.1. ancient philosopher (Aristotle)2. Renaissance (文艺复兴)3. scientific revolutionReligion always regarded human as vicious. (well-natured：人性本善)Famous figures： Bacon, Locke, Rousseau《The Confessions》。
新概念英语第四册美音版041：Training elephants
新概念英语第四册美音版041：Training elephants Lesson 41 Training elephants第41课训练大象First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin?什么时候开始训练一头被捕获的野生大象？Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.驯象有两种主要的方法，我们分别称之为强硬法和温柔法。
The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.强硬法就是驱象去干活，把它打顺从为止。
Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training,且不说道义问题，这本身就是一种愚蠢的训练方法，for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.因为这种方法训练会使动物反感，在以后某个时期可能会变成伤人的动物。
The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages,温柔法要求在最初阶段保持较大的耐心，but produce a cheerful good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.但这种方法能够训练出性情愉快、脾气温顺，能忠实为人服务多年的大象。
新概念四Lesson 41
• There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death
• when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer.
• whose training is already well advanced. • It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water
• so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see • that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions.
• But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man,
• and a very time man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. • The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams
• while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant.
• This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, • and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, • such as “ho! My son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother', according to the age and sex of the captive.
(美音版)新概念英语第四册：Lesson 41 Training elephants
(美音版）新概念英语第四册：Lesson 41 TrainingelephantsLesson 41 Training elephants第41课训练大象First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
At what point does the training of a captive wildelephant begin?Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.驯象有两种主要的方法，我们分别称之为强硬法和温柔法。
The former method simply consists of setting an elephantto work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.强硬法就是驱象去干活，把它打顺从为止。
Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.且不说道义问题，这本身就是一种愚蠢的训练方法，因为这种方法训练会使动物反感，在以后某个时期可能会变成伤人的动物。
The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produce a cheerful good-tempered elephant whowill give many years of loyal service.温柔法要求在最初阶段保持较大的耐心，但这种方法能够训练出性情愉快、脾气温顺，能忠实为人服务多年的大象。
新概念1-L41,42词汇语法讲解+综合练习
Lesson 41 Penny’s bag 彭妮的提包1.cheese /tʃi:z/ n. 乳酪，奶酪不可数名词奶酪是从经压缩过的牛奶凝聚物制成的固体食物，常是风干且陈年的。
Give me a piece of cheese. 给我一片奶酪。
I’d like a piece of pizza with/without cheese. 我想要块带/不带奶酪的披萨。
There are two cheese sandwiches on the plate. 盘子里有两块奶酪三明治。
There aren’t any cheese cakes in the fridge.冰箱里没有任何奶酪蛋糕。
Is there any cheese in my pizza? 我的比萨饼里有奶酪吗？Exercises:1. Does he like the cake with cheese?2. Take some cheese to your friends.3.我的面包里没有奶酪。
4.你的奶酪在这里。
（倒装句）2.bread /bred/ n. 面包不可数名词a loaf of /a piece of bread 一长条/一片面包brown/white bread 黑面包（粗粮面包）/白面包（精面面包）French bread 法式面包bread roll 长或圆的面包bread crust/'krʌst/ 面包皮Croissant /krwə: 'sa:nt/ 新月形面包;牛角包Be careful. Don’t drop the brea d on the floor. 小心。
别把面包掉到地上。
Take the bread out of oven. 把面包从烤箱里拿出来。
My mother’s going to make some brown bread for us. 我妈妈打算为我们做一些黑面包。
新概念41课42课
四分之一磅茶叶 a quarter of a pound of tea
一听烟丝
a tin of tobacco
There is a passport on the table.
Is there a passport on the table?
A bar of soap.
A bar of chocolate.
A bottle of milk.
A pond of sugar.
Half a pond of coffee.
A quarter of a pound of tea.
And a tin of tobacco.
Well, it’s certainly not for me! Is that tin of tobacco for me?
on the shelf There is a hammer ____________. on the shelf Is there a hammer___________? on the shelf There is one __________. Yes, there is.
some tea on the table There is _____________________ any tea on the table Is there_____________________? on the table Yes, there is. There is some _____________.
a bar of
half a pound of
四分之一
a quarter of a bottle of 一盒 a tin of a pound of 一块 a piece of 一片
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer?Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.These ocean waves are among the earth's most complicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everythingon it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other 'living' thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes： wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises)【New words and expressions 生词和短语】signature n. 签名，标记infinity n. 无穷ray n. 光线energize v. 给与...能量rhythm n. 节奏transmit v. 传送exquisite adj. 高雅的phenomena n. 现象crest n. 浪峰trough n. 波谷vertical adj. 垂直的horizontal adj. 水平的actuality n. 现实catastrophic adj. 大灾难的particle n. 微粒maturity n. 成熟undulate v. 波动，形成波浪tremor n. 震颤gravitational adj. 地心吸力的【课文注释】1.transmit vt.①传达例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family.吉普赛人经常以口头形式把秘方世代相传。
新概念第四册课文及翻译(中英)
Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 发现化石人We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.参考译文我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。
新概念英语41课讲义
Lesson41 Penny’s bag 讲义重点一、本课重要单词cheese：乳酪、干酪；不可数名词：a piece of cheese 一块乳酪；three pieces of cheese 三块乳酪；bread：面包；不可数名词：a loaf of bread 一块未切好的面包；two loaves of bread 两大块面包；a piece of bread 一片面包；soap：肥皂；不可数名词：a bar of soap 一块肥皂；two bars of soap 两块肥皂；chocolate：巧克力；不可数名词：a bar of chocolate 一块巧克力；sugar：糖；不可数名词：a pound of sugar 一磅糖；two pounds of sugar 两磅糖；coffee：咖啡；不可数名词：a cup of coffee:一杯咖啡；tea：茶；不可数名词：a cup of tea:一杯茶；tobacoo：烟草、烟丝；不可数名词；bird：鸟；可数名词；any：一些；主要用于疑问句跟否定句；some：一些；主要用于肯定句；二、本课重要知识点1. 补充知识点hundred/thousand的用法：There are hundreds of people there.那里有成百上千的人在。
在本句中hundred（百）外加thousand（千）的用法需要引起我们的注意：①hundred（百）和thousand（千）的用法相同，当他们前面有具体数词的时候，这两个词用单数形式，后边不跟of,例：one hundred, two hundred ,three hundred等等one thousand，two thousand, three thousand等等。
②当hundred（百）和thousand（千）表示不确定的数目时，hundred（百）和thousand（千）要用复数，而且后边跟of,例：hundreds of:成百上千的；thousands of :成千上万的；hundreds of cars:成百上千的小汽车；thousands of books:成千上万的书；2.本课重要语法：可数名词与不可数名词英语中名词分为可数名词与不可数名词两种，可数名词是指可以用数目计算的名词。
新概念英语第四册课文详解1~25
Lesson 1 Finding fossil man第一课发现化石人by ROBIN PLACEfrom Finding fossil man1-1。
We can read of things that happened 5，000 years ago in the Near East， where people first learned to write。
【译文】我们能读到五千年前近东发生之事，那里的人最先学会了书写。
【单词和短语】read:此处为不及物动词，意为“读到,获悉”（to find out information from books,newspapers etc。
），后接of或about，例如：He reads about the war。
他读到关于战争的消息。
Did you read of their accident in the newspapers？你在报上看到他们遭遇意外事故的消息了么？5，000 years:五千年。
另学习millennium，意为“一千年”,复数为millennia。
5，000 years 即为5 millennia。
the Near East:近东,指地中海东部沿岸地区，包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部，有时还包括巴尔干半岛.1—2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write。
【译文】但时至今日世上某些地方的人还不会书写。
【单词和短语】even now:此处意为“甚至到现在”，例如：Even now he won’t believe me. 他甚至到现在还不相信我。
even now另有两解，一为“就在此刻"，例如：Perhaps even now the time has arrived.也许正是此刻时机来到了。
另一为“尽管这样,虽然情况如此”（in spite of what has happened），例如：I have explained everything，but even now she doesn’t understand.我什么都解释了，但是尽管如此她还是不明白。
新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】
新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。
为了方便同学们的学习，大为大家了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记，希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!First listen and then answer the following question.What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer?Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.These ocean waves are among the earth"s most plicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (thehighest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other "living" thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises)signature n. 签名，标记infinity n. 无穷ray n. 光线energize v. 给与...能量rhythm n. 节奏transmit v. 传送exquisite adj. 高雅的phenomena n. 现象crest n. 浪峰trough n. 波谷vertical adj. 垂直的horizontal adj. 水平的actuality n. 现实catastrophic adj. 大灾难的 particle n. 微粒maturity n. 成熟undulate v. 波动，形成波浪 tremor n. 震颤gravitational adj. 地心吸力的1.transmit vt.①传达例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family.吉普赛人经常以口头形式把秘方世代相传。
新概念英语四册课堂笔记 Lesson41：The Origin of Things
新概念英语四册课堂笔记 Lesson41：The Origin ofThings新概念英语Lesson 41 The Origin of ThingsEducation is one of the key words of our time.A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest'in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders.Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits ? So much is certain： that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births--but our spiritual outlook would be different.We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens.If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of'college' imaginable.Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it istaught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is, equally equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain.In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all.There are no 'illiterates '--if the term can be applied to peoples without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations.This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency.' No necessity of making a living away from Home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.New words and expressions 生词短语inherit vt.继承 disinherit v.剥夺继承权illiterate n. 文盲 literary a. 文学的 literature n.文学circum=surrounding 周围的circus 马戏团，马戏场circumspect a. 慎重的，周到的，小心谨慎的environment n. (用单数) circumstance n. (用复数)deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人机会 rob：抢 rob sb. of sth.e.g. He deprived me of the opportunity of education. / He deprived me of freedom. / I’mdeprived./downfallen.possess：拥有 dispossess sb. of sth.invest：投资 devest：拿走denude v. 使身无分文convince sb. of sth.e.g. He convinced me of his honesty. (强调结果)persuade sb. to do sth.e.g. She persuade me to go shopping with her. （强调过程）His speech is very convincing. (具有说服力)enlightened：受到启迪Listen to both sides, you will be enlightened. (兼听则明)the enlightenment 启蒙运动 We should base on understanding on reason.1. ancient philosopher (Aristotle)2. Renaissance (文艺复兴)3. scientific revolutionReligion always regarded human as vicious. (well-natured：人性本善)Famous figures： Bacon, Locke, Rousseau《The Confessions》instruct：指导 instructor 辅导员 cycle of instruction 教学周期punctuate vt.增强，介入，加标点underline：增强fortify：增强（工事）intensify：强化preach sermonmissionary：带着任务到国外传教defendant n. 被告 (plaintiff：原告 prosecutor：原告（尤指刑事）MA=master of arts：硕士 PHD：博士 defendant：论文的答辩者 defend my thesismental outlook：精神面貌 world outlook：世界观vision/view/sightcapacity n. 水平 breath capacity：肺活量capability/caliber： high caliberin the capacity of：以什么身份e.g. In the capacity of a chairman, I extend a warm welcome to all the delegates.acupuncture 针灸术inherit vt.inheritor：继承人people/folk：民族（high civilized）tribe： backward Mongolian tribe 蒙古部落clan：氏族 maternal：母系 paternal：父系illiterate n. 文盲literate：有文化的antiilliteracy 扫盲compulsory service system 义务服役制compulsory course 必修科目optional/selective course：选修科目deem=regard/thinkI deem him right.He hampers my progress.block / thwartshackle：枷锁impede：阻止jungle law：丛林法则the survival of the fittest 适者生存savannah：大草原（比较潮湿的湿地） in South Americadelinquency juvenile delinquencycrime/sin/guiltcrime 非常严重 commitsin：能够饶恕的罪行 Amitabhaguilt： (抽象)犯罪 I am guilty.confront vt. 面对（face 的书面用语）confront difficulty / be confronted withThere’s a confrontation between the two nations.Notes on the text 课文注释key words：关键词 / an=once, 表强调 / victim：牺牲品 / adversedeprived：被剥夺（Only with education can a man be successful. ）经典背诵句：Education is one of the key words of our time. a man without an education, many of us believe,is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatesttwentieth-century opportunities.(As an apple is not an apple in any things until it is ripe, so a man without education is not a manin any things. )convinced of：被说服，相信=believingstates=nations=governments‘invest’：投资institutions of learning 学术机构 institutions of higher learning：高等教育‘interest’：利息in the form of / in the shape ofenlightened：有知识的 potential：潜在=possibleelite：精英work out=design 设计punctuate：增强wells：源泉 wells of wisdom：知识源泉What would…(虚拟语气)benefits：裨益without (虚拟语气的成分居多)=but for：若不是，若没有if there were not its benefits…The ideas that come to him so thick and fast, where are they now?名词疑问句=感叹句Women, who can live with them? who can live without them?that we would have 虚拟spiritual outlook：精神面貌/世界bare foot doctor：赤脚医生lay stress on：强调，重视‘facts and figures’：数字和事实（think, judge, reason）more on a good memorywoman’s wit 没有任何的解释applied psychology：应用心理学capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens (nepotism：裙带关系) / criterion：标准fashioned=designed=tailoredbookless：没有书本 Homeless / childless / treeless (a treeless mountain) 名词 less 构成反义词democratic：民主的 / imaginable：能够想象的 most imaginable/possible (后置定语)The most relax form possible is to go picnicking.equality：平等 / same footing：同起点inherited by tradition is shared by all (equality)in this respect / regard / area：在这个角度来说equip (with knowledge) for lifeideal 不具有比较级progressive：进步的regain：重新获得Education can be spread to every man possible.义务制)(9 year compulsory educational system：九年primitive cultures=in ancient timescultures：国家, different cultures：不同的国家obligation：义务binding：绑, bound (As one of the social members, youhad to take responsibility to receiveeducation. )‘illiterate’ 文盲script=word：文字compulsory：强制的，义务的 attendance：注册或到校报到=education (compulsory / forced /binding)before we deemed it necessaryI went out before it rained. (before： (1)直译，之前（2）之后 )share in：分享其中一份“happy few”： (Greece, Rome, China： private school)wilderness：荒野be equal to 名词或动名词=be qualified fornone of the hurry （拔苗助长）： to spoil a child by excessive enthusiasmfull development：全面发展 / growing personality：正在生长的人性（人格）there 指 wildernessever-present：无处不在Mother’s employment prevents her from being Home to greet their children when they returnfrom school.jungle：丛林know of：了解，听说=hear of‘juvenile delinquency’ 少年犯No necessity of making a living away from Home results in neglect of children,and no father is confronted with his inability to ‘buy’ an education for his child.e.g. No man will marry her. (对整句 man will marry her 的否定)be confronted with=face =confront。
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新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson41【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin? Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training,for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service. The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training. The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side. When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothingparticularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Twoassistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive fromeither side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets. such as'ho! my son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother', according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sorethat the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes. RICHARD CARRINGTON Elephants 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】technique n. 技术tough adj. 强硬的resentful adj. 忿恨不满的assign v. 分配，指派mahout n. 驯象人calf n. 幼仔pine v. 消瘦underline v. 着重说明，强调keep n. 生计subservient adj. 屈从的plunge v. 向前冲tame adj. 养驯服了的tether v. (用绳)拴ticklish adj. 难对付的，棘手的alarming adj. 引起惊恐的accompaniment n. 伴奏soothe v. 镇定chant n. 单调的歌reinforce v. 加强endearing adj.惹人喜爱的epithet n. 称呼susceptible adj. 易受感动的blandishment n. 奉承lash v. 猛烈地甩curl v. 使卷曲【课文注释】 1.the tough 强硬法the gentle 温柔法 2.resentful adj.愤懑不满的例句：Some Americans are resentful, so they must find an opportunity to vent their anger. 一些美国人心中不满，就要找个机会来发泄。
3.pine to death 消瘦至死pine v. ①消瘦，憔悴例句：He pined away after his daughter died. 他的女儿死后，他逐渐变得憔悴了。
②渴望例句：Alone,a lonely stranger in a foreign land,I pine for kinsfolk doubly on a holiday. 独在异乡为异客每逢佳节倍思亲n.松树 4.by some unavoidable circumstance 由于某些不可避免的情况5.deprive of 剥夺，使失去… (权利) 例句：If you don't drive carefully, I shall be obliged to deprive you of your license. 如果您不谨慎驾驶，我将不得不没收您的执照。