英语论文摘要的写法

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学术论文英文摘要格式

学术论文英文摘要格式学术论文英文摘要格式英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。

好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。

为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了学术论文英文摘要格式的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。

学术论文英文摘要格式一、论文题名1.英文题名撰写的基本要求题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。

中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。

题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。

英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。

2.英文题名撰写的注意事项除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。

(1)英文题名的结构。

英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。

短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。

(2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。

英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。

(3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。

(4)中英文题名的一致性。

同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。

在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。

总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。

二、论文摘要1.摘要的定义摘要又称概要、内容提要。

摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。

英文摘要的写法

Stokes output and good pulse shape.
资料性摘要概括地阐述论文或报告中的主要
结论，重点突出文中提及的新发现或有别于
其他同类研究的结论。
结合型摘要 (Informative Indicative Abstracts)
此类摘要综合了说明性摘要和资料性摘要
的特点
（1）This article discusses some possible roles for self-access pathways, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. （ 2 ） It suggests how pathways might influence the design and running of self-access centres, （3）and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a centre in China. Feedback is based on a minisurvey distributed to thirty users.
Abstract: （ 1 ） This paper discusses the
effect of processing temperature on the room temperature resistivity and PTC
characteristic of the PS matrix Sn-Pb alloy composite. （ 2 ） The results show that … and the low melting point of Sn-Pb alloy results in the excellent PTC characteristic.

英语摘要写法

摘要（Abstract）摘要(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述。

无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。

摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。

除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要。

此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。

一．摘要的定义摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是abstract, 一个是summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与summary 混同。

Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。

文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇。

字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）。

现在越来越多的用法是abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。

Summary (概要) 与abstract 无明显差别。

严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。

论文英文摘要格式

重庆科技学院高等教育自学考试本科毕业论文英文摘要Ⅱ 宋体五号 The Title of the thesis空一行 ABSTRACT Times New Roman 三号加粗，居中空一行Due to lack of effective ways to utilize the bottom ashes of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFB ashes), it is difficult to use widely the advanced technology of circulating fluidized bed combustion and defulfurization. In this paper, the properties of the CFB ashes are systematically analyzed and then a series of methods are proposed to evaluate the reactivity of CFB ashes. Meanwhile, the factors influencing and the method activating the reactivity of CFB ashes, and the expansion properties are investigated experimentally. The spontaneous setting, and the mechanism of activation of reactivity of CFB ashes and its expansion are investigated by XRD and SEM. Finally, the utilization in building materials of CFB ashes is studied.The properties of CFB ashes show it is difficult to utilize CFB ashes in building materials, however reasonable using its properties is possible in building materials. As concrete fine aggregate, it can improve structure of interface between aggregates and cement paste for its reactivity, then can increase the concrete flexural strength. As concrete additive can fully activate the reactivity, and can partly compensate the concrete shrinkage. Because of performance of the fresh concrete and durability, it is better to use it with FA. They both influence performance of the fresh concrete. It can produce CFB ashes-fly ash mortar used indoors and CFB ashes-fly ash-clinker mortar used outdoors with low shrinkage by using the cement and expansion of CFB ashes. CFB ashes mixed with lime, FA or cement, can be used for roadbed mixture in road engineering. Keywords ： Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, CFB Ashes, Reactivity, Expansion, Times New Rom 小四号Times New Roman 加粗小四号Times New Roman 小四号。

英文摘要如何写

一、绪论 (1)要的类型与基本内容 (1)三、英文题名 (2)四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2)五、英文摘要 (2)英文摘要如何写一、绪论文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。

美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。

通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。

而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。

因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。

论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。

国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。

而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。

摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。

语言上要求尽量简炼。

摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。

科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。

书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。

摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。

写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。

要的类型与基本内容英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。

gb 7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文）摘要。

原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。

摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。

陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题，多半不介绍内容。

资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。

它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。

英语论文摘要的写法

• 1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)．
• 2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用教学题ppt 目或题目的一部分)。12
• 摘要的作用：不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息；关键的创新点、结果和意义。
• 摘要应包含以下内容：
①研究的主要内容，指明采用怎样的方法完成了哪些工作；
②获得的基本结论和新见解。
• 摘要必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，一般不超出 300字。但英文摘要提倡扩展。
教学ppt
3
摘要的注意事项
➢ 应该用第三人称； ➢ 不加注释和评论； ➢ 不宜举例，不用引文； ➢ 不宜与其它研究工作比较； ➢ 不应用图表、公式、化学结构式等； ➢ 摘要中第一句话的注语，如“本文－－－”、“作
教学ppt
7
关键词
• 关键词是为了文献索引工作而从论文中选取出来、用以表示全文主要信息单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3-5个词作为关键词。
• 关键词应该是能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些信息或词汇可以从论文标题中选，也可从论文内容中去找。
• 关键词的作用： 1）提炼主题； 2）方便他人检索，提高检索效率和论文引用率。
• Key words: lexical variation; lexical sophistication; lexical error • 中图分类号:H319 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1004-
5112(2010)01-0040-07

英文摘要写作格式和输入规范要求

英文摘要和外文翻译的格式要求目录一、总体要求 (2)二、英文标题 (2)三、作者姓名 (2)四、摘要 (3)五、关键词 (3)六、正文。

(3)七、图表。

(4)八、参考文献。

(4)九、斜体。

(4)十、英国人姓名规则 (4)十一、英文大、小写字母的使用 (5)十二、英文回行的基本规则 (6)十三、段落规则 (7)十四、英文标点使用规则 (7)十五、英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 (19)十六、中英文标点符号的差异 (19)十七：中国学生常见标点符号错误例析 (21)一、总体要求要求英语语言较为地道、通顺、简练，语法正确，符合英语表达习惯，专业术语规范、准确。

外文页所有字体均为Times New Roman ，要在英文状态输入法下输入，注意标点符号是英文的。

请结合所给模版认真体会。

本说明未尽事项，请查阅相关规定。

二、英文标题题目应写在第一行的中间，题目左右两边的空白距离大致相等。

题目的第一个单词的第一个字母必须大写。

从第二个单词起，其中每个实义词的第一个字母大写，而冠词、介词和连词的第一个字母则一般小写。

如：A Day to RememberLet's Go in for Sports题目的另一种写法是所有单词的第一个字母全部用大写。

如：My Life As Factory WorkerA Walk Under The Rain写题目不要用括号或引号。

题目后除了问号和感叹号之外，不加其它标点符号。

1、冠词：位于标题头时，首字母大写；位于标题中时，全部字母小写；2、介词及连词：位于标题头时，首字母大写；位于标题中时，5个（含）以上字母的，首字母大写；4个（含）以下字母的，全部字母小写。

三、作者姓名居中，斜体；中国人姓名按照中国人习惯，姓前名后，姓全部字母大写，名第一个字母大写，若名为2个字，则2个字之间加短线“-”，作者姓名之间加逗号“·”最后两作者之间加“and”。

⑴XIANG Hong-qiong and FENG Zhi-xin⑵YANG Xiu-hong , WU Zong-pu and ZHANG Guo-dong⑶西方国家及其它国家人的姓名按其习慣顺序排列，如：Sophie Dupont；缩写姓名时，姓要大写，之间用句号；如：J. H. Caemmere ；M. H. Thatcher（句号后面空1字符）⑷作者姓名及其排序应与中文稿一致。

5.英文摘要的写法

Example 3 范例3 -指示性摘要
一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时及其被动语态
This section highlights early electronics milestones that have made significant contributions to aerospace and defense. Today everyone thinks digital, whereas more than 50% of electronic advances since technology founding 50 years ago were in the analog or continuous domain. It is too easy to forget that before the 1970s and 1980s analog systems had been the norm.
thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth
analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often
used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper‘s
purpose.
abstract 摘要 discipline 学科 ascertain 确定，弄清
article 期刊论文 thesis （学位）论文 review 评论
conference proceeding
会议论文集
摘要是对研究性论文、学位论文、学术评论、会议论文或任何特定领域和学科分析研究的一种简略的概述，并经常被用来使读者能够快速了解文章的意图。

英文标题和摘要的撰写

英文标题和摘要的撰写一、英文标题的撰写1.标题中study on，studies on，study of，discussion on，research on，observation on，investigation on（of），some thoughts on，a final reporton等，只是增加标题的长度，未提供新的信息，不宜使用。

2.国际标准化组织规定，标题最好不要超过10～12个词，且除通用的缩写字和特殊符号外，标题内不使用缩写字、特殊符号、化学式、上下角标等。

3.标题通常由名词短语构成，即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成，因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连接词，若出现动词，一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词形式。

例如：Models and simulation of a single-phase flow correlation measuring system.(单相流相关测量系统的模型和仿真)（两个名词加后置定语）4.取消不必要的冠词。

例如：The effects of the patient age and physician training on thechoice and dose of anti-melan-cholic drugs，题目中的3个定冠词the均可删去。

（英文题名开头第1个字尽量不用冠词（包括定冠词the，不定冠词a和an）二、英文摘要的撰写5.摘要一般分为两类，信息性摘要和指示性摘要。

绝大部分科技期刊都要求作者提供信息性摘要。

信息性摘要通常以150～250 words为宜，指示性摘要以100～150 words 为宜。

6.信息性摘要的4要素：研究的目的；研究的过程与采用的方法；主要结果或发现；主要结论和推论。

7.尽量使用主动语态。

例如“A exceeds B”要好于“B exceeded by A”。

8.通常用过去时态描述作者的工作，用现在时态描述所做的结论，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，基本不用进行时和其它复合时态。

论文英文摘要写法

2
作者姓名与作者单位英译 1) 作者姓名中国作者的汉语拼音名字采用如下拼写方法：姓前名后，中间为空格，姓氏的全部字母均大写，复姓连写，名字的首字母大写，名字不缩写。如：ZHANG Zeduan SHANGGUAN Xuzhi
英语国家的作者，采用名前姓后的形式，
其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。
论文摘要写作
I：Introduction

英文摘要的构成摘要是原始文献(一次文献)的浓缩和代表,它本身给读者一个信息, 即该文献所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要问题,帮助读者决定此论文是否有用。由于英文摘要与中文摘要面向不同读者,所以对英文摘要要求较高的完整性,即读者不看中文原始文献,只读英文摘要就能对论文有较完整的了解。它包括介绍性内容和描述性信息,相对独立于正文。
（2）一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时
刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等)。例如:The heat-pulse technique was applied to study the sternsapflow(树干液流) of two main deciduous broad-leaved tree species in July and August ,1996。需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程,也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
4
) 大小写科技论文英文摘要标题中字母大小写的情况分三种： (1)全部字母均大写。 (2)开头字母以及每个实词首字母大写, 虚词小写。 (3) 开头第一个字母和专有名词大写, 其余均小写。目前第2种形式较为普遍,第3种的使用似有增多趋势。

英文文章摘要怎么写.doc

英文文章摘要怎么写英文文章摘要怎么写?英文文章摘要范文【1】abstractthe joy luck clubis written by famous chinese american writer amy tan in the end of 1980s. it isabout the experience of four mothers immigrating fromchinaand their four american born daughtersliving in theunited states.this paper mainly discusses the application of mitchells womens estate in the joyluck club. based on the position of women in society and family, writerthoroughly analyzes the oppressions on women.the paper includes threechapters, t heory of “womens estate”, the position of women in the joy luck club and consciousness-raisingreflected in the joy luck club. accordingly, it is reveals that the oppressionsgiven by men on women in families are inevitable, only can women have theability to liberate themselves.keywords: women; families; oppressions; mitchells“womens estate”论文英文标题、摘要等的写法【2】1.英文题名(标题)1) 题名的结构。

英文摘要写作

五：Conclusion
正确全面地掌握论文研究的主题范围认真地进行主题分析，从摘要的四要素出发，找出论文所研究的具体对象、作者运用的具体方法、得出的具体结果及对结果进行剖析而得出的具有创新性的结论正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明地写出来。尤其是信息性摘要叙述要完整，清楚，简明扼要，摘要逻辑性要强，结构完整。
4.3 人称（personal pronoun）人称（）
英文摘要的人称：原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方式标明文献的性质和文献主题, 不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。
4.4、英文摘要的语态、 (voice) 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。 (1)主动语态(active voice) ：摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态，有助于文字简洁、表达有力。 (2)被动语态( passive voice) ：以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者，采用被动语态为好；被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。
英文摘要写作 English Abstracts Writing
定义
摘要的定义摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点, 简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。摘要能让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检索,数据库的建设和维护提供方便。

文献综述与论文摘要的写法（Literaturereviewandpapersummary）

文献综述与论文摘要的写法（Literature review and papersummary）All aboveI. overview1. What is the review: review, also known as review. It is a paper that USES published literature as the source material.The review includes two aspects: "heddle" and "statement". In summary, the author must summarize and analyze the large amount of material in possession, and make the material more refined, clearer, more hierarchical and more logical. The so-called statement is a review, which is a comprehensive, deep and systematic discussion on the topic. Therefore, this paper is on a particular project, a certain historical background, the previous work, the focus of debate in the field of, research status and development prospects, etc., in the opinion of the author himself of rigorous and systematic reiew, informative scientific papers.The review reflects the progress of research in a particular topic, in a certain area. Can put the project, the recent progress in the field and its branch, new discoveries, new trends, new levels, new theory and new technology is comprehensively introduced to the reader, make readers especially readers engaged in the work of the project, the research in this field have benefited. Therefore, the review is an important reference material for teaching, research and production.2. Review of the type: according to the collection of the original document number, the degree of refining processing, and academic level of organization forms of writing, this paper can be divided into the inductive, ordinary and critical three categories.(1) inductive review: inductive review is the author will collect all the documents, and according to certain order to classify arrangement, make them mutual association, coherent, and write academic papers with organized, systematic and logical. It can reflect the current research progress in a particular topic and field to a certain extent, but few authors have their own opinions or opinions.(2) the normal sexual review: regular review system has a certain academic level of the author, on the basis of collecting more data written due to the systematic and logic of the academic papers, this paper expresses the author's point of view or bias. Therefore, the paper has some guiding significance and reference value for readers who work in this topic and in this field.(3) critical review: the critical review system has a higher academic level and the author of higher attainments in the field. On the basis of collecting a lot of data, the author summarized the original material, analyzed and wrote the critical academic papers that reflected the current research progress and development prospect in this field. Due to the strong logic of the thesis, there are more authors' opinions and comments. Therefore, it has universal guiding significance to readers andhas guiding significance to the research work of readers.Second, the writing format of the reviewThe summary is different from the general scientific paper. The scientific paper focuses on the scientific nature of the method and the credibility of the results, especially the positive results. And review to write themes (a) in the project, a field of detailed information, not only to point out that the development background and the meaning of work, but also should have the authors' critiques, points out that the study of the causes of success or failure; Not only to point out that the current research hot spot and the focal point of controversy, but also should be pointed out that needs to be further exploration and the research field of virgin: not only to introduce the dynamic and the latest progress of the subject, but also should be on the basis of the review,Forecast development trend and application prospect. Review writing format is diversified, therefore, in addition to the title, name, abstract, key words (the four parts is the same as general scientific papers), generally includes preface, main body, conclusion and references four parts, the former three parts in the body of the system after the part is the basis of summarizing the writing.1. Preface: with general scientific papers, preface, also known as the introduction, is to guide readers are part of the thesis, the main purpose and the role of narrative review, an overview of the theme of the related concepts and definitions, briefly describes the history of the selected topic background,development process, present situation, the focus of debate, the application value and practical significance, and can also define the scope of review. Make the reader to review the theme of a first impression. This part is about 200 ~ 300 words.2. The main body part: main body length range is big, short of about 5000 words, the elderly can reach tens of thousands of words, the narration way agile diversity, not must follow the same pattern, used by the author according to the review, the content of the design and creation. Generally, the content of the main part can be divided into a few large parts, each part of a brief and eye-catching subtitle. Some of the criteria are varied, some are chronologically, some are subject to problems, others are based on different points of view, some are in stages of development. However, any approach should include historical development, current review and development prospects.(1) historical development: in chronological order, the context and development of the theme and the level of research in each stage are outlined.(2) status review: the focus is on the current research situation at home and abroad, focusing on which problems have been solved and which problems have not been solved, and the possible solutions are proposed. The current debate focuses on the similarities and differences of various points of view and makes theoretical explanations, and the author's opinion is bright. The theory and hypothesis of creative and developmental future are introduced in detail, and the arguments are presented to indicate possible trends.(3) prediction of development prospects: by comparing and contrasting, affirming the research level of the subject, pointing out existing problems, suggesting possible development trends, indicating the research direction, and indicating the shortcut of research.3. Summary: the summary is also called conclusion, summary or conclusion. When writing summaries, it is possible to put forward a few concise and precise opinions and Suggestions on the basis of the discourse of the subject. The main content of the main body can also be summarized briefly, and the author's own opinions are put forward to show the author's approval and opposition. For a small summary, it is possible to make a summary of the summary, but only after the contents of the main parts are discussed.4. Reference: references are the raw materials of the review. It is also the basis of the review. Therefore, it is of great importance to have sufficient references. In addition to showing respect for the work of the cited author and the information that indicates that the reference has its scientific basis, it is more important for the reader to explore the subject in depth and provide clues to the relevant literature.3. The writing steps and precautions of the reviewA review of the writing steps.(1) topic: the following principles should be followed:The topics or areas of choice: the topics that have been accumulating in recent years, which have been rapid, novel, and not yet widely available; Or research conclusions inconsistent with controversial themes or new discoveries and new technologies in our country with applied value themes.The relationship between the topic and the author: the subject should be closely related to the author. Or the subject of an interdisciplinary subject with the author; Or the subject of the author's forthcoming exploration and research; Or a subject that is not relevant to the author, but is willing to explore; Or scientific intelligence as the subject of research.The subject should be specific, specific, and the scope should not be too large.The selection must be innovative and practical.(2) collecting literature: after the topic is determined, relevant literature materials should be consulted and accumulated. This is the basis of the review. Thus, the more literature that is required, the better. The commonly used method is to consult the literature through the retrieval of reference books such as abstracts and index periodicals. We can also use microcomputer networking to search for advanced literature review methods.(3) reading and organizing literature: reading literature is an important step in writing a summary. In reading literature, therefore, must grasp the main points of the literature andargument, do a good job in "reading notes", and making literature excerpts CARDS, write in their own words when reading the resulting Revelations, experience and thoughts, from literature essence, the best raw material for review. The process of reading literature and making CARDS is actually the process of digesting and absorbing the essence of the literature. The CARDS and notes made are easy to process. They can be sorted and arranged according to the theme of the review, which can be serialized and organized. Finally, scientific analysis of the classified information, combined with the author's practical experience, wrote the experience and put forward his own viewpoint.(4) write an article: before writing a review, you should write an outline of your writing, then write the first draft and modify it after the "creative heat" is cooled.2. Write notes for review.(1) the content of the review should not be written before. If someone has published a similar review, it is generally inappropriate to repeat it, and it is not possible to use the content of other people's review as the material for the review.(2) for certain new knowledge areas and new technologies, the development of the subject can be traced back to the writing, and some basic knowledge should be added to the readers' understanding. Topics that are well known or well known should only be written about their new progress, new developments, new developments, and no repetition of previous studies that have been reviewed.(3) the material of the review comes from previous research reports, which must be faithful to the original text, not to be taken out of context, to castrate or distort the views of previous generations.(4) review of the authors must have the basic knowledge of writing subject, the history and development process, a comprehensive understanding of the latest progress, or the author itself also engaged in the research of this topic, is the theme of "experts", otherwise easy to mistake, comedy tends.(5) review, the collection of documents and materials as complete as possible, don't you just begin to write, collect some literature more taboo to read a few Chinese language materials, then made a so-called were reviewed.(6) the raw material of the review should reflect a new word.。

英文摘要写法

SCI结构式摘要案例结构式摘要案例
Abstract: Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. Patients A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Interventions Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. Main Outcome Measures Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. Results A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P = .048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = .02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P = .045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001). Conclusion For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.

英语专业论文格式规范!!!

英语专业论文格式规范A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】This paper centers on the different ex pressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。

）【Key Words】idiom; comparison; English; Chinese（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。

）1. Introduction(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying tofocus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idiomsIn English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below exa mples:(1) I don’t know。

英语论文摘要格式规范标准

英语论文摘要格式规范标准英语论文摘要格式规范标准摘要是一份文献内容的准确压缩,不加解释或评论。

下面是小编为你整理的英语论文摘要格式规范标准，欢迎阅读。

【英语论文摘要格式规范标准】1 摘要的定义与三类摘要的写法国际标准ISO214-1976指出：摘要是一份文献内容的准确压缩,不加解释或评论。

中国国家标准规定：摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。

摘要是读者判断论文价值，判断论文是否值得阅读的依据。

会议所征摘要是决定是否录用全文的依据。

写好摘要是科技人员写作所必备的基本功。

如果一篇内容价值较高的英语论文,其摘要写得平平淡淡，不能体现论文的特点和学术价值，将带来一系列不利影响：失去被刊载的机会，需要本文的读者不会阅读全文,从而失去应有的学术影响;对中文期刊论文而言,难以进入国际检索系统等。

摘要分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要、报道—指示性摘要、结构性摘要等种类。

学术期刊多采用报道性摘要，特别是试验研究和有定量数据的论文。

对新内容较少，或数据少的论文用指示性摘要或报道—指示性摘要。

摘要的内容一般由3部分组成：研究目的,研究方法,研究结果或结论。

中文摘要一般200-300字,外文摘要字数不超过250个实词。

摘要的详简程度和篇幅大小根据具体情况及要求而定，如期刊论文摘要、会议征稿摘要、博士学位论文摘要的差别很大。

期刊论文摘要通常位于署名和单位地址之后。

1.1 报道性摘要报道性摘要要求反映作者的主要成果,提供比较完整的`定量及定性信息。

篇幅一般为200-300字。

示例如下：示例1： (题名：BiSrCaCuO高温超导纤维)采用激光加热小基座法(LHPG)成功地制备出BiSrCaCuO超导纤维。

它性能稳定,工艺可重复性高。

纤维最大长度达60mm，直径范围35-500um，其中细径纤维有挠性。

超导纤维的起始转变温度为118K,零电阻温度为87K，临近电流密度为2.5kA/cm2 (77K,H=0,直流电流量)。

高中生英语摘要范文

高中生英语摘要范文高中生要写英语摘要的话，有技巧会不会更加容易上手?下面是店铺给大家整理的高中生英语摘要范文，供大家参阅!高中生英语摘要范文格式摘要：关于百度知道中网友们关于英语论文摘要所提出来的热点话题，在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法，英语论文摘要的格式参考，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。

英语论文摘要怎么写?英语论文摘要格式模板(附范例) 英语论文摘要英语专业毕业论文摘要怎么写英文论文摘要怎么写怎么写好英语论文摘要……这些都是百度知道中网友们提出来的热点话题，在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法，英语论文摘要的格式参考，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。

英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致;中文在前，英文在后。

字数为300-500字左右。

1.中文摘要①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。

③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

2.英文摘要①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(Times New Roman 小四号加粗)。

③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐)④摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key Words”( Times New Roman 小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，Times New Roman小四号)。

除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。

各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。

Self-Knowledge of Emma(空1行)Abstract(空1行)Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion. After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others’ mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma’s self-knowledge.(空1行)Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge高中生英语摘要范文A Brief Discussion on Cultural Difference between Chinese and EnglishAbstractWord is the product of society,which is the history of mankind and which is the crystallization of history and culture.It embodied a nation's social consciousness from generation to generation, history, culture, and other areas all the features of human society. The essence of which is dependent because of their different cultural background, language background and traditional factors above. chinese and english are quite different.such as mode of living,values,atandard of behavior,formality,customs. Language is is both the carrier and the product of culture, the cultural enrichment of information is an important part of culture, Language reflects the culture of development and changes, but also a direct reflection of the cultural differences.As we all know china and english has different cultural atmosphere .china has a long history and rich culture. English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in manycountries. As a symbol system, "English" is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of "English" and "English" is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants高中英语重点句子摘要Module 1: My First Day at Senior High1. And we have funfun是不可数名词，如：a lot of fun 非常快乐2.I do n’t think I will be bored in Ms Shen’s class!请注意本句中英汉在否定表示法上的区别。