rhetorical_devices____高级英语中的修辞讲解
英语常见修辞格总结
脏几乎都停止了跳动。
反语Irony['airəni]
反语（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示 其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默， 更加讽刺的效果。（正话反说或是反话正说） 1、It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning. 2、Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特 点创造出来的修辞手法。 它主要包括 拟声（onomatopoeia）、头韵 （alliteration）这两种修辞格。
拟声 Onomatopoeia [,ɒnəmætə'piːə]
Onomatopoeia 是模仿事物发出的声响的修 辞手法，与汉语的拟声用法完全相同。 1、Presently there came the click of highheeled shoes. 高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。 2、 On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶
三、句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
句法修辞法主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布 局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。 这类修辞格主要包括 叠言 rhetorical repetition, 反问rhetorical question, 对偶 antithesis等。
明喻 simile和暗喻metaphor
明喻（simile）是以两种 具有相同特征的事物和 现象进行对比，表明本 体和喻体之间的相似关 系。
修辞手法Rhetorical Devices—高级英语
Rhetorical DevicesLesson11.Onomatopoeia（拟声）is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. tinkling bells2.Alliteration(押首韵)is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. thread their way among the throngs of people3. Hyperbole(夸张) is the use of a form of words to make something sound big, loud and so on by saying this is like something even bigger, louder, etc.e.g. a flood of glistening linseed oil4. Antithesis(对偶，对语) is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.“Ask not what you country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”e.g. which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels.5. Parallelism(并列) consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.e.g. the din of stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing, of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining6. Metaphor(隐喻) makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but the comparison is implied rather than stated, without using words like, as etc. (simile)e.g. It is a vast, somber cavern of room.7. Personification（拟人）gives human form or feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions.e.g. Camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay.8. Inversion (倒装)mainly refers to the reversal of the usual order of the subject and the predicate in a sentence.e.g. In this cavern are three massive stone wheels, …Lesson21.Rhetorical question(反问) is usually defined as any question asked for a purpose other thanto obtain the information the question asks.e.g: Was I not at the scene of the crime? (rhetorical question)2.Synecdoche（提喻）is figure of speech in which a word literally denoting a part is substituted for the whole; or the whole for a part, or a specific word is used to stand for abstract one or vice versa.e.g.They were short of hands at harvest time.China beat Brazil in yesterday’s soccer game.3. Metonymy(换喻) is a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute or a thing is used to stand for another thing, and the relation between the two things is not of similarity, but of contiguity.e.g.The kettle is boiling.Wall Street, American financial centerCapital Hill, U.S. Congressthe Pentagon, U.S. Defense Department4. Anti-climax(渐降) is a figure of speech in which a series of ideas are arranged in such a way that they go from the most important to the least important with steady weakening of emotion and tone. It is usually used for humorous effect.e.g. He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen.The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes.5. Climax（层递）refers to the arrangement of series of ideas, which go from the least important to the most important with steady strengthening of emotion and tone.e.g. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested6. Euphemism (委婉语)is mild, pleasant, neutral, or inoffensive expressions used instead of harsh, blunt, coarse, or unpleasant ones. They are often used out of courtesy or consideration for other people’s feelings.e.g. pass away, go to heaven, to be gone.weight-watcher, under-achiever, perspiration, do one's business, answer the nature's call etc. Earthly care, worldly worry or concern.7.Irony (反语)is a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the direct opposite of the me aning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm to make one’s remarks forceful.e.g. Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.…on the good fortune that my illness has brought me.Lesson51.Antithesis(对照; 对立; 对偶)It is a counter-propositions and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition.Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.Rhetorical Devices in the speech•1) Periodic sentence•2) Rhetorical question•3) Parallelism•4) Inversion•5) Repetition•6) Alliteration•7) Simile•8) Metaphor•9) AntithesisLesson 61.Metaphor:...the nerves of both ... Were excessively frayed...his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.The words spat forth with sudden savagery.Her tone ...withered......self-assurance...flickered...The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.2. Euphemism:...and you took a lady friend.3. Metonym y:won 100 at the tableslost it at the barthey'll throw the book,...4. Onomatopoeia:appreciative chuckleclucked his tongueLesson 91.Metaphor eg:Mark Twain is Mirror of America2.Metonymy eg: His pen would prove mightier than his pickax 2. Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of......a memory that seemed phonographic3. Hyperbole:...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... The cast of characters... - a cosmos.4. Personification:life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with ......to literature's enduring gratitude...The grave world smiles as usual...Bitterness fed on the man...Personal tragedy haunted his entire life5. Antithesis:...between what people claim to be and what they really are...6. Euphemism:...men's final release from earthly struggle7. Alliteration:...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home...with a dash and daring......a recklessness of cost or consequences...8. Metonymy:...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe。
英文修辞 详解Rhetorical_Devices
pun
• We must all hang together, or we shall hang separately. • You will go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux. • Seven days without water makes one weak. • What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still. • What’s wrong with this fish? — Long time no sea (see). • What flower does everybody have on the face? — Everybody has tulips ( two lips) on the face.
• 4) The research shows that translation problems are primarily language problems, that the translator must have a good command of both languages, and that a translator weak in any language must upgrade it. • 5) Anne is a person of poor understanding, little information, and
Antithesis
• To err is human; to forgive, divine. • Love is an ideal thing, and marriage a real thing. • It is easy to say, but hard to do.
高级英语一 修辞格归纳
《高级英语（一）》修辞格归纳英语修辞格种类1.音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。
主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration、assonance（元韵）、consonance（辅韵）等。
2.词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。
主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion（典故）, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma（轭式修饰法）, contrast 等。
3.句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。
这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, parallelism, antithesis, apostrophe （顿呼）等。
Anti-climax 渐降、突降法It is the opposite of Climax (渐升、层进法). A climbing down from strong to weak, from most impressive to less impressive. It is often used in humorous writing.1.For God, for American, and for Yale.2.The duties of a solider are to protect his country and peel potatoes.3.O dear!What shall I do?I have lost my beau and lipstick too.4.I love my motherland,I love my people,I love my wife and my son and my daughter,I also love my pretty little dog.幽默风趣讽刺嘲笑出人意料Climax 渐升、层进法A figure of speech in which a series of words or ideas is arranged in order of increasing importance.1.We’re low---we’re very low---we’re very very low, as low as low can be.2.The audience smiled, chuckled and finally howled.3.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed anddigested.4.He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; but he who loses courageloses all.5.The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.Rhetorical Question 修辞问句Asking a question whose answer is self-evident intended to stir emotions.A question requiring no answer.不需要回答,其答案寓于问句的反面, 其作用是加强语气,表达强烈的感情, 以引起读者或听者深思。
Rhetorical Devices英语修辞
Eg. She is a pretty girl. —She is the prettiest girl in the world.
He laughed heartily. He almost died laughing. This cold is killing me. I was scared to death. Your voice is loud enough to wake the dead.
English
Rhetorical Devices
英语修辞
I. Classification
In general, English Rhetorical Devices can be classified into three categories: Lexical rehtorical devices Syntactical rhetorical devices Phonetic rhetorical devices
The term "personification" may apply to:
① A description of an inanimate object as being a
living person or animal as in: "The sun shone brightly down on me as if she was shining for me alone". In this example the sun is depicted as if having the possibility for intent and if referenced with the pronoun "she" rather than "it".
高级英语一修辞格归纳
⾼级英语⼀修辞格归纳《⾼级英语（⼀）》修辞格归纳英语修辞格种类1.⾳韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)⾳韵修辞格是利⽤词语的语⾳特点创造出来的修辞⼿法。
主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration、assonance（元韵）、consonance（辅韵）等。
2.词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)主要借助语义的联想和语⾔的变化等特点创造出来的修辞⼿法。
主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion（典故）, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma（轭式修饰法）, contrast 等。
3.句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)主要是指通过句⼦结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞⼿法。
这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, parallelism, antithesis, apostrophe （顿呼）等。
Anti-climax 渐降、突降法It is the opposite of Climax (渐升、层进法). A climbing down from strong to weak, from most impressive to less impressive. It is often used in humorous writing.1.For God, for American, and for Yale.2.The duties of a solider are to protect his country and peel potatoes.3.O dear!What shall I do?I have lost my beau and lipstick too.4.I love my motherland,I love my people,I love my wife and my son and my daughter,I also love my pretty little dog.幽默风趣讽刺嘲笑出⼈意料Climax 渐升、层进法A figure of speech in which a series of words or ideas is arranged in order of increasing importance.1.We’re low---we’re very low---we’re very very low, as low as low can be.2.The audience smiled, chuckled and finally howled.3.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed anddigested.4.He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; but he who loses courageloses all.5.The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.Rhetorical Question 修辞问句Asking a question whose answer is self-evident intended to stir emotions.A question requiring no answer.不需要回答,其答案寓于问句的反⾯, 其作⽤是加强语⽓,表达强烈的感情, 以引起读者或听者深思。
英语常用30种修辞
I Rhetorical Devices1.1Alliteration1.1.1DefinitionThe word “alliteration”derives from Latin, meaning “repeating and playing upon the same letter”. It is the repetition of initial consonant in two or more words. 1.1.2Examples(1)The great and good do not die even in this world. (- Companionship of Books)(2)Love me, love my dog. (- Companionship of Books)(3)The preacher preached a wonderful rhythmical sermon, all moans and shouts and lonely cries and dire pictures of hell, and then he sang a song about the ninety and nine safe in the fold, but one little lamb was left out in the cold. (-Salvation)1.1.3AnalysisIn the three sentence, “good”and “great”，“love”and “love”, and “preacher”and “preached”all have initial consonants; that means they are the repetitions of initial consonants in two words, so the sound rhymes are made in the three sentences. All in all, the alliterations are used in these three sentences.1.2Assonance1.2.1DefinitionAssonance is the repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, preceded and followed by different consonants. Assonance also refers to the likeness of sound in a series of words.1.2.2Examples(1)My aunt told me that when you were saved you saw a light, and something happened to you inside! And Jesus came into your life! (-Salvation)(2)It also enshrines the germs of action, for good words almost always inspire to good works.(- Companionship of Books)1.2.3Analysis(1)In the first sentence, in the “light”, the “inside”, and the “life”, the vowel sound “I[ai]”—in the stressed syllables is repeated, so the euphony is created and also it is followed by different consonants, so the assonance is applied.(2)In the second sentence, the “words”and the “works”have the likeness of sound—[wɜː], the partial–rhyme is made, so the figure of speech of this sentence is assonance.1.3Consonance1.3.1DefinitionConsonance comes from Latin, meaning “to harmonize”. It refers to the repetitionof the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different.1.3.2Examples(1)My Stroke of Luck. (--My Stroke of Luck.)(2)Yet it is often misunderstood and misinterpreted, for language is a very complicated mechanism with a great deal of magnitudes. (-Gender Bias in Language)(3)Almost without fail the masculine word is put before the feminine word. For example, Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, kings and queens, brothers and sisters, guys and dolls and host and hostess are all commonplace in today s society.(-Gender Bias in Language)1.3.3AnalysisIn the first phrase, the sounds of “ke”and “k”are same; in the second sentence, the sounds of the “d”are repeated; in the last sentence, the sounds of the “s”are the same. The consonances are used in the phrase and the two sentences to make them more metrical.1.4Pun1.4.1DefinitionPun is, in nature, a word–play. A pun involves the use of a polysemous word tosuggest two or more meanings, commonly literal meaning versus figurative meaning, or involves the use of homonyms.1.4.2Examples(1)For I was then his vision, as I am still his right hand. Literally, I was (what he often called me) the apple of his eye. He saw nature -- he saw books through me. (-Jane Eyre)(2)If we do not hang together, we shall surely hang separately. (-Benjamin Franklin)1.4.3Analysis(1)In the first sentence, the sounds “I”and the “eye”are the same.Literally, I help him see something, but figuratively, I am his eyes, and I am the apple in his eye—I am very important, so the pun is used and produces a witty effect from the juxtaposition of meanings.(2)In the second sentence, the first “hang”means “unit”, but the latter “hang”means “being killed”-one word suggests two meanings. The pun is used and both of the humorous effect and witty effect are created.1.5Repetition1.5.1DefinitionRepetition is a powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable.1.5.2Examples(1)Then he said: 'Won't you come? Won't you come to Jesus? Young lambs, won'tyoucome?"(-Salvation) (2)And I kept waiting serenely for Jesus, waiting, waiting—but he didn't come.(-Salvation) (3)I wanted to see him, but nothing happened to me. Nothing! I wanted something to happen to me, but nothing happened. (-Salvation)1.5.3AnalysisIn the first sentence, the “Won't you come?”is repeated for three times; in the second sentence, “waiting”is also repeated for three times to show the anxiousness of the author; in the third sentence, the “nothing”is repeated for three times to express that the author’s irritation or complains. The repetitions are used in the three sentences and create good rhymes to make the language more emphatic, attractive and memorable.1.6Anaphora1.6.1DefinitionThe word “anaphora”originates from Greek, meaning “carrying back”. It is a popular figure of speech involving the repetition of the same word at the beginningof successive clauses, sentences or verses.1.6.2Examples(1)Do you respect plant life? Do you stop anyone from carving in the bark of trees? Do you avoid walking on fresh grass? Do you conserve water and energy?(-Becoming A Child Of Nature：It’s A Twofold T ask of Parents and Children)(2)I loved life, and I loved being alive. (- The Light of Depression)(3)He taught me to hate hypocrisy and pious mouthing of unctuous words. He taught me that beneath gruffness there may be kindness, and that kindness is the sweetest thing in the world, and goodness is the best thing in the world. He taught me to despise money grubbing.(-A Debt to Dickens)(4)I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that myfour little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together."? （-I Have A Dream）1.6.3AnalysisIn the three sentences, the beginning words of the successive sentences are all repeated：“do you”, “I loved”, “he taught”，and “I have a dream”are all the beginning words of the successive sentences and are all repeated. Therefore, the anaphoras are used and strengthen the tone of the language to make the text more persuasive.1.7Epiphora1.7.1DefinitionEpiphora is the opposite of anaphora. It is the repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive lines, clauses or sentences.1.7.2Examples(1)That the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (-Abraham Lincoln)(2)The man takes away a woman’s virginity and a woman loses her virginity.(-Gender Bias in Language)(3)And slowly, the desire to live, the courage to want to live, began to return.(-- The Light ofDepression)1.7.3AnalysisIn the three sentences, the ending words of the successive sentences are all repeated：“the people”, “virginity”, and the “to live”are all repeated, so the figure of speech of these three sentences is the epiphora and the epiphora is used to make the speech or text more convincing.1.8Antithesis1.8.1DefinitionThe word “antithesis”comes from Greek word “antithenai”, meaning “opposition”. Antithesis, favored by many speakers when persuading, places contrasting ideas side by side for emphasis and rhythm.1.8.2Examples(1)The world will little note what we say here, but it can never forget what they didhere.(-AbrahamLincoln)(2)In American culture, a woman is valued for the attractiveness of her body, while a man is valued by his physical strength and his achieves.(-Gender Bias in Language)(3)Allen Pace Nielsen notes that there are instances when women are seen as passive while men are active and bring things into being. (-Gender Bias in Language)1.8.3Analysis(1)In the first sentence, the “little note”and the “never forget”are the contrasting ideas in order to emphasize that people will never forget what the soldiers do their country. Clearly, the antithesis is used to stress the important part of the sentence.(2)In the second sentence, the difference between women valued for attractiveness and men valued by their strength and achievements is demonstrated to show that the discrimination to the women. The antithesis is used to make the language more sharp or forceful.(3)The two contrasting ideas: “active”and “passive”are used to show the gender bias in the society. The antithesis is applied to stress the contradiction—the author’s intention can be protruded.1.9Climax1.9.1DefinitionThe word “climax”derives from the Greek word “klimax”, meaning “ladder”. As a figure of speech, climax is the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences in ascending order of importance.1.9.2Examples(1) But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannothallow thisground.(-AbrahamLincoln)(2)Men can think, feel and sympathize with each other through their favorite author.(-Companionship ofBooks)1.9.3Analysis(1)Dedicate, consecrate, hallow, the tone of the sentence is gradually increasing, the summit is the “hollow”, so climax is applied to convey the author’s thought in an ascending order of force and intensity. It can make people accept an idea gradually.(2)In the second sentence, firstly, people think, and then at a higher level people feel with each other, and the highest level is that people sympathize with each other through their favorite author. As a result, the climax is used to convince usthat books are very important to us and to make us accept the idea more easily.1.10Anticlimax1.10.1DefinitionAnticlimax is the opposite of climax. It is the figure of speech that involves stating one’s thought in a descending order of significance or intensity, from the sublime to the ridiculous, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous.1.10.2Examples(1)He gave me that zest, that immense joy in life and in people, and in their variety.(- A Debt toDickens)(2) We sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them.(-Companionship ofBooks)1.10.3Analysis(1)The first sentence, life is a very broad concept, while the people is less broad and the people’s variety is the most narrow concept among the three phrases, so the anticlimax is used and makes the sentence change from a strong tone to a weak one.(2)Firstly we grieve with them, and then enjoy with them and in the end we sympathize with them, but in the second sentence the order is reverse, so the anticlimax is used to make the sentence more humorous.1.11Syllepsis1.11.1DefinitionThe word “syllepsis”derives from the Greek word “sullepsis”, meaning “taking together”. It is a construction in which the word that governs two or more other words means differently when it is collocated with these words separately.1.11.2Examples(1)For three days I dined alone on nothing more than humiliation, shame, and an assortment of junk food from a machine strategically placed outside my room. （-Fresh Start）(2)She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. (-Reference Book)1.11.3Analysis(1)In the first sentence, “dined”has two different meanings :the “dined”with the humiliation and shame should be interpreted “suffered”while the “dined”with the junk food should be translated into the “ate”, so the figure of the speech of the sentence is syllepsis and the syllepsis makes the sentence more interesting and attracts more readers.(2)In the second sentence, the word “opened”in “opened the door”means “disclosed the door”, but in “opened her heart”it means “embraced the boy”, so the syllepsis is used to interest the readers.1.12Zeugma1.12.1DefinitionIn Greek, the word “zeugma”means “yoke”. Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a word is used to modify or govern two or more words although its use is not grammatically or logically correct with all of them.1.12.2Examples(1)At moon Mrs. Turpin would get out of the bed and humor, put on kimono, airs, and the water to boil foe coffee. (-Reference Book)(2)“During our war against Dutch,”he recalled, “I was a pacifist—but still a patriot. Other people carried guns. I carried words. Whenever people gathered, I spoke against the Dutch.(-Reference Book)1.12.3Analysis(1)The first sentence, the verbal phrase “put on”correctly governs “kimono”, “airs”in the grammar and logic, but it is incorrect to govern the word “water”, so the zeugma is used to catch the reader’s attention.(2)In the second sentence, “carry”collocates properly with “guns”, but not properly with “words”, so the zeugma is used to attract the audience.1.13Chiasmus1.13.1DefinitionThe word “chiasmus”comes from Greek word “chiasmos”, meaning “cross–wide”. It is a construction involving the repetition of words or syntactic elements in reverse order.1.13.2Examples(1)"The Shepard seeks the sheep,and not the sheep the Shepard;but I seek my master,and my master seeks not me;therefore I am no sheep.""The sheep for fodder follow the Shepard,the Shepard for food follows not the sheep;thou for wages followest thy master,thy master for wages follows not thee;therefore, thou art a sheep." —Shakespeare(2)You can fool all the people some of the time, and some people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.1.13.3Analysis(1)In this poetry, chiasmus is used because some words like “Shepard”and “sheep”, “I”and “my master”etc. are repeated in reverse order. The chiasmusmakes the sentence more humorous.(2)In the second sentence, “all”, and “some”are repeated in a reverse order to make the sentence more humorous, so the chiasmus is applied and creates a solemn and witty effect.1.14Simile1.14.1DefinitionThe word “simile”derives from Latin word“similis”, meaning “like”. In rhetoric, simile is a figure of speech by which two concepts or two dissimilar things are imaginatively or descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance.1.14.2Examples(1)In those days Hollywood was like a magnet. (--Hollywood)(2)The good and true thought may in times of temptation be as an angel of mercy purifying and guiding the soul. (-Companionship of Books)(3)Now what will become of your weariness if you suddenly raise your eyes only to catch sight of distant row of trees （or just a couple of them）standing there proudly like sentries.1.14.3Analysis(1)In the first example the “Hollywood”is the tenor and the “magnet”is the vehicle; they have one thing in common: attractiveness; also, on account of the commonest connective “like”, the figure of speech of this sentence is simile and the simile gives us a deeper insight into the idea through the association.(2)The second example, “both of the good and true thought”is the tenor and the “angel”is the vehicle; plus the commonest connective “as”, the figure of speech of this sentence is simile, and the simile explains abstract idea in simple, concrete imagery.(3)As for the third example, the tenor is “the trees”and the vehicle is the “sentries”; and the trees and sentries all stand very straight—their likeness; because of the word “like”, simile is used in this sentence to make us have a clear idea about the trees’standing.1.15Metaphor1.15.1DefinitionThe word “metaphor”derives from the Greek word “metaphora”, which means “transference, carrying over”. It is a very common figure of speech. Metaphor uses words to indicate something different from their literal meaning—one thing is described in terms of another so as to suggest a likeness or analogy between them. It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlikea simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.1.15.2Examples(1)A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life couldthink about.(-Companionship ofBooks)(2)Life is a big swing, dangling between the depths of happiness and sadness.(3)But then, remembering my aisle mate's hand clutching mine while I clutched the hand of the high school student, I feel struck by lightning all over again: the point is not to pay back kindness but to pass it on. (-When the Lightning Struck)(4)Many studio chiefs were tyrants, determined to get their own way at all costs, no matter how unscrupulous the means. (--Hollywood)1.15.3Analysis(1)In the first two sentences, the book is not the urn and the life is not the wing, so the “likeness”is implied in these two sentences; thus the metaphor is used in the first two sentences to make the abstract idea like “life”more concrete.(2)In the third sentence, literally, “I was struck by lightning”, but actually, the author wants to express that an idea occurs to me suddenly and sharply, just like being struck the lightning. The metaphor is used.(3)In the third sentence, the metaphor is applied because the studio chiefs and the tyrants are alike in their own ways of doing things, and the “likeness”is implied to illustrate the cruelty of the studio chiefs.1.16Metonymy1.16.1DefinitionThe word “metonymy”derives from the Greek word “metonymia”, which means “change of name”. It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.1.16.2Examples(1)About 80％of all American TV entertainment comes from Hollywood. (--Hollywood)(2)The virtue was a great zest for life. If he saw everything black and white, it was because life rushed out of him strong and clear, full of love and hate. (- A Debt to Dickens) 1.16.3Analysis(1)In the first sentence, though Hollywood is a place, nowadays, people are apt to regard Hollywood as a symbol of American movie industry. Therefore, the American movie industry is substituted by the Hollywood. The metonymy is used.(2)Of the second sentence, the “black”and “white”refer to “evil”and “kind”respectively. The metonymy is used to give us more space to think about the referent in a semantic way.1.17Synecdoche1.17.1DefinitionThe word “synecdoche”is from the Greek word “syneckdoche”, which means “to receive together”. It is a figure of speech by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice versa; as whole for part or part for whole, genus for species or species for genus, etc.1.17.2Examples(1)To this small, isolated creature there came one day an extraordinary accident.(- A Debt toDickens)(2)Even now, back on terra firma, walking down a Vermont road, I sometimes hear an airplane and look up at that small, glinting piece of metal. (-When the Lightning Struck)1.17.3Analysis(1)The first sentence, the creature is a very general concept, but there the author herself is a specific concept, genus for species, so the figure of speech of this sentence is synecdoche.(2)In the second sentence, the metal is the material of the airplane, part for the whole, so the synecdoche is used.1.18Personification1.18.1DefinitionPersonification is a figure of speech which attributes human characteristics to impersonal things, such as animals, inanimate objects, or abstractions.1.18.2Examples:(1)It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. (-Companionship of Books)(2)Those things never die, nor does the memory of a man who never stopped being my valentine.(-My Forever Valentine) (3)Clinical depression painted my world black while screaming quietly that I was worthless.(-The Light of Depression)1.18.3AnalysisAll the three sentences attribute human characteristics to the impersonal things like the book, those things and clinical depression: the book doesn’t have the ability of turning its back; the things don’t have life not mentioning dying; and the clinical depression can’t scream, so the personifications are used to add the vividness of the sentences.1.19Parody1.19.1DefinitionThe word “parody”derives from the Greek word “paroidia”, meaning “counter –song”. It is seen as kind of imitation which borrows the style and techniques of atext or writer’s idiolect and fits new subject matter to it.1.19.2Examples(1)There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.”But there is more wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.”(-Companionship of Books)(2)TO LIE OR NOT TO LIE—THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA.(-TO LIE OR NOT TO LIE—THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA)1.19.3Analysis(1)The proverb is the “Love me, love my dog.”And “Love me, love my book”borrows the style of the proverb, so parody is used in this sentence to make the sentence more humorous(2)The second sentence is a kind of imitation of the sentence-to be or not to be, that’s a question—written by Shakespeare. The parody is used to make the sentence more humorous.1.20Transferred epithet1.20.1DefinitionTransferred epithet is a figure of speech in which an adjective properly modifying one noun is shifted to an other noun in the same sentence.1.20.2Examples(1)Memory and desire, stirring.Dull roots with spring rain.Winter kept us warm, covering.Earth in forgetful snow, feeding.A little life with dried tubers. (-Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)(2)The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the leaThe ploughman homeward plods his weary way.(-Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)(3)Full many a flow'r is born to blush unseen,And waste its sweetness on the desert air.Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breastThe little tyrant of his fields withstood;Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest,Some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood. (-The Waste Land)1.20.3AnalysisIn the three sentences, the adjectives are all shifted to modify another noun in the same sentence: forgetful snow, his weary way, and dauntless breast. Not the snow is forgetful; not the way is weary but the ploughman; not the breast is dauntless but the village–Hampden. All in all, the transferred epithets are used in the threesentences.1.21Allegory1.21.1DefinitionAllegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a primary or surface meaning, and a secondary or under–the–surface meaning.1.21.2Examples(1)Once when a Lion was asleep a little Mouse began running up and down upon him; this soon wakened the Lion, who placed his huge paw upon him, and opened his big jaws to swallow him. "Pardon, O King," cried the little Mouse: "forgive me this time, I shall never forget it: who knows but what I may be able to do you a turn some of these days?" The Lion was so tickled at the idea of the Mouse being able to help him that he lifted up his paw and let him go. Sometime after the Lion was caught in a trap, and the hunters who desired to carry him alive to the King, tied him to a tree while they went in search of a wagon to carry him on. Just then the little Mouse happened to pass by, and seeing the sad plight, in which the Lion was, went up to him and soon gnawed away the ropes that bound the King of the Beasts. "Was I not right?" said the little Mouse.(-The Fables of Aesop)(2)The Lion once gave out that he was sick unto death and summoned the animals to come and hear his last Will and Testament. So the Goat came to the Lion's cave,and stopped there listening for a long time. Then a Sheep went in, and before she came out a Calf came up to receive the last wishes of the Lord of the Beasts. But soon the Lion seemed to recover, and came to the mouth of his cave, and saw the Fox, who had been waiting outside for some time. "Why do you not come to pay your respects to me?" said the Lion to the Fox. "I beg your Majesty's pardon," said the Fox, "but I noticed the track of the animals that have already come to you; and while I see many hoof-marks going in, I see none coming out. Till the animals that have entered your cave come out again I prefer to remain in the open air." (-The Fables of Aesop)1.21.3Analysis(1)In the first story, from the surface meaning, the lion was saved by his kindness of not killing the little mouse, but from the under–the–surface meaning, we learned that little friends might prove great friends. Allegory is used to teach moral principle.(2)In the second story, primarily, we know that fox wasn’t killed by the lion because of not entering the cave of lion; secondly, we learned that it was easier to get into the enemy's toils than out again. The allegory is used in the story to make us understand the underlying sense.1.22Allusion1.22.1DefinitionAllusion derives from the Latin word “allusio”，which means “playing with”. It isusually a casual, brief and implicit reference to a famous historical or literary figure or well–known historical event, which the writer assumes to be familiar to his readers.1.22.2Examples(1)Then just before the revival ended, they held a special meeting for children, "to bring the young lambs to the fold." (- Salvation)(2)How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas?(-Cultural Encounters)1.22.3Analysis(1)The first sentence, the Lame comes from “the Lame of God”, meaning the people who need to be saved from sins, so the allusion is used to make us to be more familiar with the concept in the sentence.(2)The “Eve”, “the Garden of Eden”, and “Jonah”are all from the Old Testament, so the allusion is applied.1.23Hyperbole1.23.1DefinitionIt is a common figure of speech popularly known as exaggeration or over–statement.1.23.2Examples(1)There is little difference between red glass and rubies to a child of six, and I remember wearing that ring with a pride that all the cards in the world could not surpass. (-My Forever Valentine)(2)If our parents didn’t get them for us, we felt our world would fall apart.(-The Virtues of GrowingOlder)1.23.3Analysis(1)In the first sentence, the ring is best in the world—it is only a kind of exaggeration to express that the author thinks the ring is very precious, so the hyperbole is used to emphasize the idea and draw the attention of the sentence.(2)In the second sentence, “the world would fall apart”is also a kind of exaggeration to express that getting good dress is the most important thing in the world, so the hyperbole is used to draw the attention of the audience to the subject so as to lay emphasis on it.1.24Understatement1.24.1DefinitionUnderstatement is a figure of speech in which an idea is deliberately expressed too weakly. It is the opposite of hyperbole.。
英语语法---修辞手法 rhetorical devices
现在可知的修辞手法：有六十三大类，七十八小类。
具体有比喻：可分为：明喻、喑喻、借喻、博喻（又名复喻）、倒喻（又名逆喻）、反喻、互喻（又名回喻）、较喻（又名强喻）、譬喻、饰喻、引喻、隐喻；有白描，比拟（又名比体），避复，变用，层递，衬垫（又名衬跌），衬托（又名反衬、陪衬），倒文，倒装，迭音，叠字复叠，顶真（又名顶针、联珠），对比，对仗（又名对偶、队仗、排偶），翻新，反复，反问，反语，仿词，仿化，飞白，分承（又名并提、合叙、合说）；有复迭错综，复合偏义，共用，合说，呼告，互体，互文，换算，回环，回文，降用，借代，设问，歧谬，排比，拈连，摹绘（又分为：摹形，摹声，摹色），列锦，连及，夸张，警策，示现，双关，重言，重叠，指代，用典，引用，移用，须真（又名联珠），谐音，歇后，象征，镶嵌，析字，委婉（又分为：迂回语、谦敬语、避讳语），婉曲，通感（又名移觉、移就），跳脱，转文。
词义修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices)metaphor（比喻）, metonymy（借代）, personification（拟人）, irony（反语）, hyperbole （夸张）understatement（低调）, euphemism（委婉语）, contrast（对照）, oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）, transferred epithet（移就）, pun（双关）, syllepsis（异叙）, zeugma（粘连）, parody（仿拟）, paradox（隽语）结构修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices)构）, antithesis（反对）, rhetoric question（设问）, anticlimax（突降）音韵修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)alliteration（头韵）, onomatopoeia（拟声）。
英语修辞手法汇总大全Rhetorical-Devices
For Death:
to be asleep in the Arms of God (本义） 安睡在上帝的怀中 to be at peace (本义）平静了 to be at rest (本义）在休息 to be called to God (本义）被召唤到上 帝那 to be called home (本义）被召回家 to be home and free (本义）到家自由了 to be taken to paradise (本义）被送进天 堂 The call of God (本义）上帝的召唤 to depart (本义）离去 The final departure (本义）最后离去 final sleep (本义）最后一觉
the transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate 转类形容法
• More example： • This bad news has brought me a
sleepless night. • They climbed to a dizzy height and then
jumped down.
7. Rhetorical question: 反诘
• A question neither requiring nor intended to produce a reply but asked for emphasis. More example: If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (Shelley: Ode to the West Wind)
8. Anti-climax: 突降法
• The sudden appearance of an trivial idea following one or more significant ideas. It is usually comic(滑稽的)in effect.
英语修辞 用典
英语修辞用典
英语修辞用典（Rhetorical Devices）是文学领域中的一个核心概念，它通常用于提升作家、演讲者口头表达的凝聚力和对观众长期记忆的可能性。
它们使用特定的修辞学方式，例如比喻、拟人、双关语、排比等，为文章和演讲带来生动、具体的例子，帮助人们理解其中的深层含义。
1、比喻（Metaphor）：比喻就是一种比较，目的是把客观的事物和抽象的概念连接起来，创造出一种富有想象力的效果，例如“他的声音像水波纹一样”。
2、拟人（Personification）：拟人指的是把抽象的概念或者非人类的事物当作是人来描述，例如：“春雨轻拂在花朵的脸上”。
3、双关语（Pun）：双关语是一种言外之意，它需要在听众和作者之间建立一座沟通的
桥梁，例如：“给我一句话，我就能做好一切准备”。
4、排比（Anaphora）：排比是一种重复的语法结构，它有助于增强作者的口头表达，例如：“你的脸上闪烁着红、白、黄；你的双眼闪烁着期待、勇气、信心”。
5、押韵（Rhyme）：押韵就是把有相同或相近的语音结尾的单词放在一起，它的目的是
在诗歌中增加音乐性，同时也可以在口头表达中增加节奏感和记忆度，例如：“让我们一起放
肆地追逐夏日，刻骨铭心、像初恋一样”。
以上就是英语修辞用典的大致内容，它们都是用来增强文章和演讲的结构和最后效果的有
效工具。
通过使用修辞设备，读者和听众能够在情感和概念的层面上更好地理解作者或演讲者
表达的内容。
英语中所有种修辞手法的全部解释和例句
英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻〕It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻〕It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比〕It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人〕It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸大〕 It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述〕 It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(成心地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉〕 It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻〕It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻〕 It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or thewhole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻〕It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语〕 It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙〕 It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losingone's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配〕 It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语〕 It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the oppositeof their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽〕 It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (挖苦〕 It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语〕 It is a figure of speech consisting of a statementor proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰〕 It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照〕 It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句〕 It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进〕 It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw,I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降〕It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong toweak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe： (顿呼〕 In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词〕 It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance,I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵〕 It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequentintervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声〕 It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movementExplanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
词义修辞格(Lexical Rhetorical Devices)
所谓修辞是指依据题旨情境恰当地选择语言手段和表达方式, 以有效地表情达意。
修辞的目的是使作品更加形象生动、引人入胜。
了解英语中的修辞, 有助于我们更好地理解、欣赏文章,也有助于在写作中丰富我们自己的表达。
英语修辞格按其构成大致可以分为三类:词义修辞格主要是指借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。
大学英语中常见的词义修辞格有以下几种:1.Simile 明喻与汉语的明喻基本相同,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系。
常用来表示明喻的喻词有like, as, as if, as though等。
如:Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back. 学如逆水行舟,不进则退。
“How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）My love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。
他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。
2. Metaphor 暗喻暗喻也是一种比喻, 但不用比喻词, 因此被称为"缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)"。
它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征, 用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。
Rhetorical-devices-and-translation分析
Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers． ( Bovee )
明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于 花朵的作用。
I felt as if the ground were slipping beneath my feet.
Because my love is come to me.
( Rossetti )
我的心像只善歌的小鸟，
小巢建在轻拂水面的嫩枝上；
我的心像棵苹果树，
沉甸的果实把树梢压弯；
我的心像天边彩虹，
它轻拂着平静的海面；
我的心比这些更喜悦，
由于我爱人将来我身边。
Of
He has a heart of stone. 他有一副铁石心肠。
He has the heart of a lion, but he does everything in a down-to-earth way.
他有狮子般的勇气，他办事十分认真。（他虽然胆 大如狮，但办事十分踏实。）
He is sometimes bad-tempered but really he’s got a heart of gold.
He never listens—you might as well talk to a brick (as talk to him).
他根本不听一同他讲话就好像同一堵墙讲话一样。
He woke them both up getting to bed，but when they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead.
高级英语-Rhetoricdevice
The north wind roared and howled. 北风呼啸.
Onomatopoeia（拟声） It is the formation or use of words to imitate what they denote. onomatopoeia（拟声法） Such as “tinkle, buzz, screech, pop, bang, splash, hiss, rumble, chirp, clash, creak, squeak, growl, roar, etc.” (See: Hiroshima)
Synecdoche（提喻） It involves the substitution of the part for the w hole, or the whole for the part. （以局部代表整体，以整体代表局部，以抽象代表具体，以具体代 表抽象，或用原材料 代表用该材料制造的东西等）.
pun
双关语
transferred epithet 移位修辞法
anti-climax
突降
Periodic sentence
Rhetorical questions
Parallelism
n put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。
I love you more than my life, more than my wife and more than the entire world. 我爱你胜过爱我的生命、我的妻子和这世上所有的一切。 Hyperbole; Parallelism
高级英语修辞格New Rhetorical Devices
Rhetorical DevicesCompiled by Zhang Jiuquan (Aaron)关于修辞格，依所使用的手段的不同可分为三类：一、使用语音手段的修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)：1.Alliteration（头韵）: A figure of emphasis that occurs through the repetition of initial consonant letters (or sounds) in two or more different words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrases. It catches the listener’s attention and fix it in their mind, and so is useful for emphasis as well as art.For example,＊She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.她在海边卖蚌壳。
＊Sea, Sun, Sand, Seclusion---- and Spain!有大海，有阳光，有沙滩，有幽静——更有西班牙风情。
＊Men may meet but mountains never.人生何处不相逢。
More examples,＊kith and kin (亲戚朋友) / be beaten black and blue (被打的青一块、紫一块) / vim and vigor （精力和活力）/ fame and fortune（名利）/ pride and prejudice（傲慢与偏见）/ sense and sensitivity（理智与情感）/ cooperation and competition （合作与竞争）＊Note:头韵：在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音，多用于诗歌和散文中。
英语修辞——精选推荐
英语修辞Rhetorical DevicesSimile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对⽐.这种共性存在于⼈们的⼼⾥,⽽不是事物的⾃然属性. 标志词常⽤like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2.I wandered lonely as cloud.3.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.4.Political and religious systems, social customs, loyalties and traditions, theyall came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree.5.Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of ahill.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,不使⽤⽐喻词as, like等，直接把本体说成喻体。
.例如:1.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewedand digested.3.Her house was an island of comfort, an oasis for the weary village men.4.Mr Houghton seemed to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible andirresistible spring in his neck.5.Speaking only for myself, I think they brought me out of the fog in which Ihad been walking.Metonymy 借喻，转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,⽽使⽤另⼀个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,以局部代整体，或以产地代产品。
论英文演讲中使用的修辞手法
On the Rhetorical Devices in the English Speech——UsingMartin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" as an example1.引言在英语演讲中，修辞手法是增强语言表现力和感染力的重要手段。
本文将以马丁·路德·金的《I Have a Dream》为例，讲解演讲稿中修辞手法的运用。
马丁·路德·金的《I Have a Dream》不仅是一篇振聋发聩的演讲，更是一篇修辞手法运用得淋漓尽致的佳作。
这篇演讲稿中，马丁·路德·金巧妙地运用了排比、反复、象征等多种修辞手法，使得语言节奏鲜明、气势磅礴，深深地打动了听众。
2.《I Have a Dream》中使用的修辞手法1.排比排比是一种常见的修辞手法，通过连续使用三个或更多的结构相似的句子，可以增强语言的气势和节奏感。
在《I Have a Dream》中，马丁·路德·金大量使用了排比手法，如：“Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado. Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. Let freedom ring from the heightened Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from the beachheads and the mountain tops of Maine and South Carolina. Let freedom ring from every hill and every valley.”让自由从科罗拉多州白雪皑皑的落基山脉响起。
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Alliteration（头韵）
• The repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in "on scrolls of silver snowy sentences" Hart Crane. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal (consonance); certain literary traditions, such as Old English verse, also alliterate using vowel sounds. (assonance)
3. The instrument for the agent（借一物以喻用
物之人；或者用工具指其行为主体） Give every man your ear, but few your voice. (Pay heed to what every man says, but say little yourself) He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown. (a gun= soldier, a cap and gown =a student) 4.a person‟s name for the things he has invented or the works he has written（用某人之名代替 此人的作品或者发明物） • At the beginning of next year, he will read Shakespeare
antithesis（对偶）
• It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.把两个相反。
• Speech is silver; silence is golden. United we stand, divided we fall. • Art is long, life is short .
Euphemism（委婉语）
• A figure of speech in which an unpleasant or offensive thing is described by a milder term. • Eg. Go west. Ladies’ room
Hyperbole（夸张）
• She sells see-shell on the sea shore. • Time and tide wait for no man. • Speaking without thinking is shooting without aiming.
Repetition（重复）
• The use of the same word, phrase, or sound etc. In a poem or speech. • Eg. She went to bed again, and thought and thought and thought it over and over again.
Transferred epithet（移就)
• The epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it doesn’t belong. • Eg. Tom looked at his girlfriend with a crying face.
Rhetorical Devices
Simile（明喻）
• A simile is a formal comparison drawn between two things which are similar at least in one respect, though quite unlike otherwise. A simile is made up of three parts, namely: • The tenor( the thing described) • The vehicle (the thing compared to) • Words such as “as”, like, “than”, „as if” etc. used to show the relationships of comparison
• Synecdoche: （提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there„s bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. • （不直接说出事物的名称，而是用另外一 种与其密切的有关的事物名称来代替）
Metonymy(借代，转喻）
Metonymy is such a figure of speech as doesn‟t express a similarity of one thing to another in some respects but express an association between the thing spoken of and the thing meant--- the mention of one thing suggests another
• An exaggerated statement • Eg. She cries oceans of tears.
parallelism （排比）
• We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice • Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Paradox（反论，逆说）
• A statement that is seemingly contradictory to common sense and yet perhaps true in fact. • Eg. My only love sprung from my only hate. Too early seen unknown, and known too late. -Romeo and Juliet one has to be cruel to be kind.
Irony（反语）
• The intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used. • Eg. This diligent student never reads an hour per month.
• 1. the container for the thing contained用容器来指被盛 的东西 • The kettle boils. • (kettle=the water in the kettle) • He tasted the dish. • (dish=food in the dish) • 2..the sign or symbol for the thing or person symbolized(用标记或者象征代表所标志的人或者物） • This man is a very able lawyer, but the bench has not yet admitted him to practice • (the bench= the judge这个人是一个非常有才干的律师，可是法官 不让他实习）
onomatopoeia 拟声
• It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate有生命的 or inanimate) or which are associated with or suggestive of some action or movement. E.g. • In the morning of my hometown, birds twitter, chicks cheep, hen chuck, geese gaggle and dogs yap, and even cows moo, horse whinny together with an ass heehaws… • 我家的清晨， 鸟儿喳喳， 小鸡吱吱， 母鸡咯 咯，鹅群嘎嘎， 狗儿汪汪，甚至和一头驴呃 呃的叫声一起，汇合着牛哞声和马嘶声。
Personification（拟人）
• A figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person. • Eg. The wind signed in the tree tops. Flowers smiled at him.
• All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. • He lives in a palace of a house.
Simile cf metaphor
• He has a wife of an angel.(like) • She was an angel of a wife.
Pun(双关)Biblioteka • Pun is a play on words, which involves an amusing use of expressions with a double meaning or the same sound but different meanings. • （双关就是一语双关。利用词语的多义性使语句所表 达的内容有两种不同的理解时，就是语义双关。而当 利用词语之间的谐音关系使词语可有两种不同的理解 时就是谐音双关。） • Seven days without water makes one weak (week)