logistics English 2009 chpter21Transport
志愿者培训-邮票英语类
The Emblem
7 flying pigeons depict a blossoming peony
The old city tower highlight the long history, brilliant culture and the hosting city of Luoyang The changing blue color symbolizes the harmonious future
LUOYANG / CHINA - CHINA 2009
SOFIA / BULGARIA - BULGARIA 2009 SEOUL / REP. KOREA - PHILAKOREA 2009 ROME / ITALY - ITALIA 2009 ANTWERP / BELGIUM - ANTVERPIA 2010 LONDON / U.K. - LONDON 2010 LISBON / PORTUGAL - PORTUGAL 2010 JOHANNESBURG / SOUTH AFRICA - JOBURG 2010 NEW DELHI / INDIA - INDEPEX 2011 TOKYO / JAPAN - PHILANIPPON 2011
Christianity-No more 13s
Hindu-No more Bulls
Part 3 Vocabulary
Specimen
Canceled Stamp
Mint Stamp
Variety
Souvenir Sheet
Miniature Sheet
Commemorative Stamp
FIP(3)
萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch21 ppt课件
maximizes the flow of international trade and investments.
Leads to “equitable” distribution of gains from trade among nations.
CHAPTER T W E N T Y O N E
21 International Economics Tenth Edition
The International Monetary System: Past, Present, and Future
Dominick Salvatore
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Confidence – knowledge that the adjustment mechanism is working adequately, and that international reserves will retain their absolute and relative values.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience
The Gold Standard Period (1880-1914)
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
人机交通行为分析
2009 International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation978-1-4244-3818-1/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE ICIMA 2009 Simulation Model of Passenger Behavior in Transport HubsZHANG Qi, HAN Baoming, LU FangBeijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China zhangqi.bjtu@Abstract —This paper presents a simulation model for passenger walking behavior considering the circumstance and interactions of passengers in transport hubs. The potential field concept is introduced to the modeling. Two categories of potential fields: circumstance potential field and individual potential field are defined to provide access to model the passenger decision process influenced by facility arrangement and interference among passengers. Three kinds of latent effects during pedestrian movement, including deterrent effect, guide effect and rejection effect are considered as major factors in the definition of individual potential field. Fundamental diagram test experiment and bi-directional walking experiment run for the model validation and coefficient performance verification. The experimental results show good performance of the model on reflecting collective behavior and behavior under particular circumstances. The presented model is effective in capturing and generating the passenger walking behavior in complicated environment. Keywords-passenger behavior; potential field; simulation model; transport hubsI. I NTRODUCTIONUnban transport hubs are important nodes in the urban transportation network, which are also necessary public places in citizens’ trip process. Most of the transport hubs experience very high levels of pedestrian density. Thus, study of passenger behavior in the hubs is significant for public safety, and also for hub operation efficiency improvement.Existing representative pedestrian models include Benefit Cost Model[1](Gipps&Marksjo,1985), Cellular Automata Model[2-7](Blue&Adler,1998), Social Force Model[8-10](Helbing,1995), Lattice-Gas Model (Hardy), Gas-Kinetic Model[11](Hoogendoorn,2000) etc.. These models provided effective method and tool for pedestrian group behavior[12-17] study. But for the passengers in hubs, existing models can’t be directly applied. Thus, study of model dedicated for passengers in hubs considering passengers behavior characteristics is necessary.Potential field[18-20] concept and methodology has been introduced to the grid-based pedestrian modeling[21]in recent years. Burstedde[22] presented Floor Field Model using static field and dynamic field to model pedestrian movement. The dynamic field generation is mainly based on pedestrian’s guiding effect. These kind of models are mainly used on simulation of evacuation movement[23, 24]. Potential field cooperation method is presented in this paper,introducing description of hub circumstance and pedestrian latent interactions to model the passenger behavior.II.P ASSENGER B EHAVIOR I NTERACTIONC HARACTERISTICSince there are time-space attributes of hub circumstance, and self-organization attributes of passenger movement, passengers behavior in the hub shows several characteristics different from other circumstances.First, passengers belong to different teams with different targets. The paths of different teams vary with dedicated regularity related to the infrastructure and capacity of facility.Second, details of passenger behavior depend on not only the common rules but also the facility limit.Third, attribute diversity of passengers influences the group performance.Fourth, passenger behavior depends on not only subjective desire, but also circumstance and effect from other passengers.These characteristics make it difficult to describe passenger behavior with common modeling methods. Thus, passenger behavior modeling has to consider the description of interaction from circumstance and other passengers.III. P ASSENGER B EHAVIOR M ODELThree inducements of passenger behavior are considered here: the individual will, circumstance of hub, and interaction from other passengers. On the basis of potential field theory considering latent effect, circumstance potential field and individual potential field are introduced to describe the effect of passenger will, hub circumstance and interaction among passengers. Tendency proportion is defined to integrate the effect of these two potential fields. Thus, passenger behavior of direction choice, adjustment and moving can be triggered.A. Basic DefinitionAccording to the ergonomics theory[25], human body can be regarded as an elliptic basic unit (61cm ×45.6cm). The model is based on a two-dimensional system with a square of cell grid as the underlying structure. The cell size, 0.45 m on a side, partitions the lattice at the individual passenger level (Fig. 1). The cell can be empty, or be occupied by a single passenger, or be occupied by hub facility. Passenger movement can be performed by continuous update.Figure 1.Passenger and movement spaceThere are several attributes of passenger behavior, including passenger target in hub (such as transfer), instant speed and instant direction. Passenger behavior is triggeredby cell attributes setting and changing. Cell attributes includepotential field value of three potential fields: circumstance potential field, waiting potential field and moving potentialfield. The last two can be regarded as individual potential field. Cell attributes are shown in Table Ι. Definition of these two kinds of potential fields are introduced in following chapters.TABLE I.C ELL A TTRIBUTE(,)x y occupyCQ ,C wE ,C mEB. Hub Circumstance Modeling1) Circumstance Potential Field DefinitionCircumstance potential field is defined to model the hub circumstance: there is a potential field in an arbitrary circumstance for passenger movement, which influences the passengers with dedicated target or motive. The circumstance potential field act on the passengers by the relative potential energy. Circumstance potential field value of each cell can be valued by the energy cost (time, distance etc.) for moving to the reference point[26](final target cell). Thus, passengers move from cell with high potential energy to those with low.2) Circumstance Potential Field GenerationCircumstance potential field is supposed to model different time and space circumstances in the hub by the setting of field generation time and mode.a) Field generation time periodPre-generated circumstance potential field is fixed according to the facility arrangement. Instant generated circumstance potential field is set and adjusted with the train arrival/departure or the change of passenger organization strategy. Fig. 2 shows a case of instant generated circumstance potential field for train alighting/boarding position in metro station.b) Field generation modeDifferent circumstance potential fields are generated for passengers with different targets. For example, in the ticket area, there are two categories of fields: one for passengers with tickets (Fig. 3(b)), who are going to the paid area. And the other is for passengers without tickets (Fig. 3(c)), whodoordoorCircumstance potential field value(b) Circumstance potential field for boarding passengersBoarding passengerdoordoor door（train departure and boarding not permitted ）doorFigure 2. Circumstance potential field generationFigure 3. Environment potential field subdivisionC. Passenger Interaction Effect ModelingThere are several latent effects during pedestrian movement. Three of them are considered as major factors in the modeling. Deterrent effect performed on the opposite passengers which may trigger preventing collision behavior (Fig. 4(a)). Guide effect performed on the passengers at back which may trigger following behavior (Fig. 4(b)). Rejection effect performed on the passengers around which may trigger bypassing behavior (Fig. 4(c)).Figure 4. Passenger latent effectsIndividual potential field is defined to describe the latenteffects in a dedicated effect area Ωr p among passengers[27].The individual potential field performs by setting value tocells according to special rules. Individual potential fieldsimulates positive and negative effects from otherpassengers, guiding the individual to act under a simulateddecision. The individual potential field is composed of twoparts: moving field generated during walking period, andwaiting field generated during stopping period(Fig. 5). TableⅡshows symbol definition.Figure 5. Individual potential fieldTABLE II. S YMBOL D EFINITIONpCtCn10,ktC mE−10,ktC wE−l()prfΩ()prgΩ,,,e m e wγγ,,,d m d wηηFig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows process of individual potentialfield valuation and evolution.10,ktC mE l−+100,()kptrC wE g−+Ω1,(kptrC mE f−+ΩFigure 6. Process of individual potential field valuation(C0 Subject k in timestep t)eγdηEntCFigure 7. Process of individual potential field evolution(Cell n in timestep t)Thus, performance area and power of individual potentialfield moves if subjects move, and enhances and diffuses ifsubjects stop and wait, and decay or disappear if subjectsleave.D.Passenger Movement DecisionTendency proportion in Moore neighborhood(r=1) isdefined to integrate the effect of circumstance potential fieldijFigure 8. Tendency proportionTendency proportion of passenger in team C0 for make adecision to a direction can be described by the function ofcircumstance potential field, moving potential field, andwaiting potential field (Equation 1).000123,,,()kkC ij ijij C C m C m C wC CP Q E E Eβββ∈=Δ+−+Δ∑(1)Where0C Q ΔDifference of circumstance potential fieldvalue (team C 0) between occupied cell and target cell,ij C mE MPFV (team C 0) of target cell 0,kk ij C mC C E ∈∑MPFV (team/teams 0C interference 0C ) of target cell0,C w E ΔDifference of WPFV between occupiedcell and target cellβ1, β2, β3Sensitive coefficient IV. S IMULATIONA. Fundamental Diagram ValidationSimulation experiments run on a circular lattice[2] of22.5×22.5m, which permits experiment under fixedpassenger density. Passengers with initial speed 1.35 m/s are distributed randomly in the lattice of cells. Fig. 9 shows comparison of presented model, CA modeland Fruin[29] data of speed-density relationship under 10density levels.Figure 9. Fundamental diagram (speed-density)Fig. 10 shows comparison of presented model, CA model and HCM[30] data of flow-occupancy relationship under 5occupancy levels.Figure 10. Fundamental diagram (flow-occupancy)Fundamantal diagrams show good performance ofpresented model on reflecting basic relationship.B. Sensitive Coefficient PerformanceBi-directional experiments run on a circular lattice of 22.5×22.5m. Two groups of passengers with equal scale take bi-directional walking with average speed of 1.35m/s. Performance of sensitive coefficients β2 and β3 is estimated when decay coefficient and diffusion coefficient are both 0.5.Fig. 11 shows instance status of simulation test.(a) 23:0:1ββ= (b) 23:1:0ββ=Figure 11. Bi-directional walking test (density=1.5 p/m 2)The results show that: β2, as sensitive coefficient of moving potential field, mainly effects on following and preventing collision behavior. β3, as sensitive coefficient of waiting potential field, mainly effects on bypassing behavior in high density area. Tendency of lane formation is easier with larger β2. Tolerance degree of stopping status decreases with larger β3. Average speed is at highest level when β2: β3=1:1. Deceleration happens for high density caused by excessive lane formation with larger β2. And also happens for high interference between two groups caused by less evident lane formation with larger β3.V.C ONCLUSIONThe presented simulation model captures individual characteristics and group behaviors which were once difficult to model. Deterrent effect, guide effect and rejection effect are considered as latent effects in passenger interaction modeling.Circular lattice experiments show perfect performance of the presented model on capturing collective behavior traits with the comparison of classic model and experience data. Bi-directional walking experiments denote that the presented model shows various performances under the condition of different sensitivity coefficients. The modeled passengers appear to exhibit reasonable intelligence and diversity, including response to the circumstances and effects from other passengers.The model provides effective methods and tools for passenger organization and safe design practices in transport hubs. Further research has to be done to perform more observations and extend the parameter calibration and validation.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThis work was sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (60674012). The authors deeply appreciate the support.R EFERENCES[1]P.G. Gipps, B. Marksjo. A Micro-Simulation Model for PedestrianFlows[J]. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 1985, 27(2): 95-105.[2]V.J. Blue, J.L. Adler. Emergent Pedestrian Streams and CellularAutomata Microsimulation[C]. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2001.[3]V.J. Blue, J.L. Adler. Emergent Fundamental Pedestrian Flows fromCellular Automata Microsimulation[J]. Transportation Research Record. 1998, 1644: 29-36.[4]V.J. Blue. Cellular Automata Microsimulation of BidirectionalPedestrian Flows[J]. Transportation Research Record. 2000, 1678: 135-141.[5]V.J. Blue, J.L. Adler. Modeling four-directional pedestrian flows[C].Washington D.C: 2000.[6]V.J. Blue, J.L. Adler. Cellular automaton model for bi-directionalpedestrian dynamics[J]. Physical Review E. 2000, 51: 4282-4286. [7]V.J. Blue, J.L. Adler. Bi-Directional Emergent FundamentalPedestrian Flows From Celluar Automata Microsimulation[C].Amsterdam: 1999.[8] D. Helbing. A Mathematical Model for the Behavior ofPedestrians[J]. Behavioral Science. 1991, 36(4): 298-310.[9] D. Helbing, P. Molnar. Social force model of pedestrian dynamics[J].Physical Review E. 1995, 51(5): 4282-4286.[10] D. Helbing. A Fluid-Dynamic Model for the Movement ofPedestrians[J]. Complex Systems. 1992(6): 391-415.[11]S. Hoogendoorn, P. Bovy. Gas-kinetic modelling and simulation ofpedestrian flows[J]. Transportation Research Record. 2000, 1710: 28-36.[12]S. Okazaki. A Study of Pedestrian Movement in Architectural Space,Part 1: Pedestrian Movement by the Application of Magnetic Models[J]. Trans of A I J,. 1979, 283: 111-119.[13]W.F. Fang, L.Z. Yang, W.C. Fan. Simulation of bi-directionpedestrian movement using a cellular automata model[J]. Physica A.2003, 321: 633-640.[14]J. Dijkstra, J. Jessurun, H. Timmermans. Simulating pedestrianactivity scheduling behavior and movement patterns using a multi-agent cellular automata model: the Amanda model system.[C]. 2001. [15]P.A. Thompson, E.W. Marchant. A Computer Model for theEvacuation of Large Building Populations[J]. Fire Safety Journal.1995, 24: 131-148. [16]J.A. Kirkland, A.A. Maciejewski. A simulation of attempts toinfluence crowd[C]. Washington, DC,: 2003.[17]W. Song, Y. Yu, W. Fan, et al. A cellular automata evacuation modelconsidering friction and repulsion[J]. Science in China(Technological Sciences). 2005(4).[18]J. Barraquand, B. Langlois, J.C. Latombe. Numerical potential fieldtechniques for robot path planning[J]. IEEE Transaction on System, Man & Cybernetics. 1992, 22(2): 224-241.[19]O. Khatib. Real-time obstacle avoidance for manipulators and mobilerobots[C]. St. Louis: IEEE, 1985.[20]H. Haddad, M. Khatib, S. Lacroix, et al. Reactive navigation inoutdoor environments using potential fields[C]. Belgium: IEEE, 1998.[21]KlüpfelH. A Cellular Automaton Model for Crowd Movement andEgress Simulation[D]. Germany: Duisburg-Essen University, 2003. [22] C. Burstedde, K. Klauck, A. Schadschneider, et al. Simulation ofpedestrian dynamics using a 2-dimensional cellular automaton[J].Physica A. 2001, 295: 507-525.[23] A. Kirchner, K. Nishinari, A. Schadschneider. Friction effects andclogging in a cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics[J].Physical Review E. 2003, 67.[24]K. Nishinari, A. Kirchner, A. Namazi, et al. Extended floor field CAmodel for evacuation dynamics[J]. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems. 2004, E87-D: 726-732.[25]T. Xu. The Research on Microscopic Pedestrian Traffic Mechanicsand Organization Planning in Urban Rail Transit Hubs[D]. Beijing Jiaotong University, 2008.[26]Q. Zhang, B.M. Han, D.W. Li. Modeling and Simulation of PassengerBehavior in Platform of MTR Stations[J]. Journal of System Simulation. 2007, 19(22): 5120-5124.[27]Q. Zhang, B.M. Han. Modeling and Simulation of PassengerInteractions in Transport Hubs[J]. Journal of System Simulation.2008, 20(20): 5442-5445.[28]J. Dijkstra, H. Timmermans. Towards a multi-agent model forvisualizing simulated user behavior to support the assessment of design performance[J]. Automation in Construction. 2002, 11(2): 135-145.[29]W. Daamen. Modeling passenger flows in public transportfacilities[D]. The Netherlands: Delft University, 2004.[30]N.R. Council. Highway Capacity Manual[R]. Washington, D.C.: ,2000.。
2009版货代英语unit12的翻译
一、课文序言介绍1-1 课文：Customs clearance in the import-export trade is one of the traditional functions of a freight forwarder. A freight forwarder should have a working knowledge of procedures prevalent in ports in order to provide an efficient service to clients.注释：customs clearance: 结关，清关，通关import-export trade: 进出口贸易 traditional: 传统的，惯例的 function: 功能，作用，职责 working knowledge: 能够实际应用的 procedure: 程序，手续 prevalent: 普遍的，流行的 efficient: 有效率的，生效的 client: 客户课文意思：在进出口贸易中，清关是货运代理的一项传统职能。
货运代理应了解各港口常见的手续以便为客户提供高效的服务。
1-2 课文：The basic customs laws or regulations applicable to the arrival and departure of ships and to goods imported or exported are more or less the same in most countries although they may differ in procedural and documentary details.注释：customs laws: 海关法规 regulation: 规则，规章 applicable: 适用的 arrival: 到港 departure: 离港 more or less: 或多或少 differ: 不同，不一致 procedural and documentary details: 程序和文件的细节课文意思：尽管各国在程序和文件的细节上可能会有不同，但在许多国家，对于船舶的到港和离港适用的基本的海关法规或多或少总有相同之处。
HumanitarianLogistics（人本物流）
Humanitarian Logistics [精装] (人本物流)∙推荐有礼：sina qzone renren kaixing douban msn qq email∙评分：(已有0人评价)∙“行知读书会”企业批量购书热线：(010)5895 5228/5227∙作者/Author: Rolando Tomasini，Luk Van Wassenhove著∙出版社/Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan∙中文书名/Chinese Title: 人本物流∙ＩＳＢＮ: 9780230205758∙出版时间/Publication Date: 2009-02-19∙页数/Pages: 256∙装帧/Format: 精装∙正文语种/Language: 英文∙所属分类/Category: 图书 > 英文原版书 > Business & Investing（商业与投资）∙定价：∙京东价：￥131.80（73折）∙库存：送至北京(无货)该商品暂时已售完，到货通知Imagine the logistics involved in planning an event like the Olympics. Now imagine planning the same event but not knowing when or where it will take place, how many spectators will attend or how many athletes will compete. The near impossibility of this task gives some insight into what humanitarian logisticians are up against. What's more, logistical shortcomings and oversights in the humanitarian context may result in serious consequences for the victims of disasters and could literally mean the difference between life and death. So they have to get it right, and fast.Emergencies test the reactivity and capacity of humanitarian agencies, and often overwhelm them in the first few days. During an emergency relief operation private sector partners can assist the humanitarian agencies with readily accessible assets and skills to meet demand in the field. This may be pro bono or at cost, helping to keep the overall expense of the operation down and enhancing speed in the first few days of a response. This is where this book comes in...The authors are grateful for the support of the INSEAD Social innovation Centre in the development of this book. The centre is a platform for cross-disciplinary research in Social innovation and aims at introducing new business models and market-based mechanisms that deliver sustainable economic, environmental and social prosperity.·查看全部>>作者简介About the AuthorROLANDO TOMASINI INSEAD Humanitarian Research Group Leader. His work focuses on the humanitarian supply chain and the role of the private sector in emergency management.LUK VAN WASSENHOVE Henry Chaired Ford Professor of Manufacturing at INSEAD and Academic Director of the Social Innovation Center.·查看全部>>媒体评论Book Reviews"This book is a great example of our commitment at INSEAD to develop responsible leaders. It is very timely given the rapidly increasing acknowledgement of the importance of the social impact of organizations. The cases and recommendations in this book will be very helpful to anyone seeking to maximize their impact on humanitarian disaster relief."--Dean Frank Brown, INSEAD"As the UN's lead logistics organization we have a responsibility to look for benchmark practices both in the traditional humanitarian community but also in the private sector. The partnership with TNT has allowed us to do just that. Humanitarian logistics are very different from private sector logistics, but we can learn a great deal from each other, as this book amply demonstrates."--Josette Sheeran, Executive Director at World Food Program"Since 2002 we support WFP with our core competences to develop supply chain solutions; moreover we acknowledge the importance of logistics in disaster relief and the role the private sector can play in this field. This book gives an insight of the importance of humanitarian logistics and the challenges that lie ahead."--Peter Bakker, TNT Chief Executive Officer"I highly recommend to humanitarian logistics professionals as well as business supply chain practitioners. This is the first book that has integrated effective approaches in humanitarian logistics and business supply chain management in a m ost instructive and inspiring manner, and both sectors can learn so much from it."--Hau Lee, Thoma Professor, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University·查看全部>>。
商务英语阅读[第二版]参考译文王关富编
![商务英语阅读[第二版]参考译文王关富编](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1f920e59caaedd3383c4d355.png)
Chapter 1 Why China Works中国是今年唯一呈现出重大发展的主要经济体（economy），由于它通常是唯一敢于打破经济教科书中每一条例的经济体。
事实上，中国不像其他五大经济体那样发展缓慢的主要原因是，它宏观调控的能力（its capacity for macro-economic control）。
为什么中国市场经济体系奏效？（market economic system）目前，欧美等国正通过银行及汽车业国有化及金融业实施新的有力规定（regulations），走向宏观调控。
但问题更加紧迫（the question has a new urgency）。
中国看上去最能驾驭（navigate）七十年内最糟的经济滑坡（downturn）。
在危机中，中国官员既能吸取像西方同行（counterparts）的传统市场工具，也能吸取中国市场经济体系的积累经验（arsenal）。
去年早期，由于房地产市场（housing market）过热，中国官员仅命令银行削减房贷（cut back on housing loans），然后随着房屋销售量下降（fall），他们提供类似更低的房屋购置税（lower taxes on home purchases）。
最近几周，他们展开类似西方的经济救援行动（launch economic rescue efforts），其中包括价值6000亿的大计划以增加政府开支和大幅利率削减（ramp up government spending）（big interests cuts）。
但同时，他们也发布在西方国家眼里是不合理的干涉的命令，例如，上周中国官员召集包括钢铁建筑等行业的国有行业并购（buy up）国内外新资产（at home and abroad）以积极（actively）发挥在经济中的作用。
曾把中国宏观调控视为不成熟经济的弊病（immature economy），现在是稳定的保障（bulwark of stability）。
国际贸易英文版教材
作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A．Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China press. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Production-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are Key Production with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of Agriculture The Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors? Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and Trade Scale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and Deindustrialization Effects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. Wages PART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not Humans How Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Other Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor Movements Foreign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Multinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual Place MNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction（第一章导论）1.1 Reasons for International Trade （国际间贸易的起因）1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （国际贸易与国内贸易的差异）1.3 Classification of International Trade（国际贸易的分类）1.4 Export and Import Procedures（进出口贸易的程序）1.5 Overview of This Book （本书的基本内容）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Two International Trade Terms（第二章国际贸易术语）2.1 Three Sets of Rules （三种贸易术语的解释规则）2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 （2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念）2.3 Application Issues（贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题）2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms （贸易术语选用的决定因素）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Three Export Price（第三章出口商品的价格）3.1 Expression of Export Price（出口价格的表达）3.2 Pricing Considerations（影响定价的因素）3.3 Calculation of Price（价格的计算）3.4 Understanding the Price（价格的评估）3.5 Communication of Price（价格的沟通）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Four Terms of Commodity（第四章商品条款）4.1 Name of Commodity （商品的名称）4.2 Specifying Quality（商品的品质）4.3 Measuring Quantity（商品的数量）4.4 Packing and Marking（商品的包装及标志）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Five Cargo Transportation（第五章国际货物运输）5.1 Ocean Transportation （海洋运输）5.2 Other Modes of Transportation （其他运输方式）5.3 Transportation Documents（运输单据）5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的装运条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance（第六章货物运输保险）6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance（货物保险的基本原则）6.2 Marine Risks and Losses（海上风险和损失）6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC（我国海上货物保险范围）6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC（协会货物保险范围）6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance（其他货物保险的种类）6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance（货物保险程序）6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的保险条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Seven International Payments（第七章国际货款支付）7.1 Issues in Concern（影响支付条件的因素）7.2 Paying Instruments（支付工具）7.3 Remittance（汇付）7.4 Collection（托收）7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit（信用证基础知识）7.6 Types of Documentary Credit（跟单信用证的种类）7.7 Letter of Guarantee（L/G）（保函）7.8 Export Financing（出口融资）7.9 Payment Problems（支付中出现的问题）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Eight Export Documentation（第八章出口单证）8.1 Significance of Documentation（单证的重要性）8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation（单证的基本要求）8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation（制单的依据）8.4 Export Documents（出口单证的种类）8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract（销售合同中有关单证的条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration（第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁）9.1 Commodity Inspection（商品检验）9.2 Disputes and Claims（争议和索赔）9.3 Force Majeure（不可抗力）9.4 Arbitration（仲裁）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Key to Exercises（练习答案）Glossary（词汇表）Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 （FOB, CFR, CIF）（附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则（FOB，CFR，CIF））Appendix 2CISG 1980 （Part II）（附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980（第二部分）) References （参考书目）帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of Contract Chapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliography. . Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易：概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳，International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS'' 1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION1.1.Types of Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration 2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe ……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论：由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础：要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策百度文库- 好好学习，天天向上第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献-21。
王关富商务英语阅读第二版参考译文chapter10
U10The alchemists of finance金融魔法点石成金May 17th 2007From The Economist print edition（本文由ECO论坛dtchengxc翻译，原文版权归经济学人集团（The Economist Newspaper Limited）所有，译文版权归译者所有，未经授权，不得转载，谢谢合作！）漫画作者玛丽亚•吉夫斯（Maria Jeeves）Global investment banks are taking ever more risk, and are devising ever more sophisticated ways of spreading it, says Henry Tricks. Is that reassuring or worrying?亨利•特里克斯(Henry Tricks)说：“全球的投资银行正承受着越来越大的风险，也在设计着越来越复杂的分散风险的方法。
”这究竟是会让人放心还是让人担心？AT LEAST since 1823, when Byron's Don Juan described “Jew Rothschild, and his fellow Christian Baring” as the “true Lords of Europe”, investment bankers have inspired awe, envy and, rightly or wrongly, a measure of disdain. Exactly 100 years ago the undisputed patriarch of the modern industry, J. Pierpont Morgan, stemmed the Panic of 1907, a financial crisis caused by unregulated trusts (the hedge funds of their day). Acting, in effect, as lender of last resort from his Wall Street office, he was briefly feted before Americans realised the danger of having such power vested in one man. Cartoonists then mercilessly mocked him. After his death in 1913 the Federal Reserve was set up.不晚于1823年——那时拜伦（Byron）在《唐璜》（Don Juan）中将“犹太人罗思柴尔德（Rothschild）和他的同伙基督徒巴林（Baring）”称为“欧洲真正的主宰”，投资银行家们博得了敬畏、羡慕以及一定程度的蔑视——不管这正确与否。
international logistics英文教材
international logistics英文教材全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hiya everyone! Today, let's talk about international logistics! Who knows what logistics means? Well, it's like a big puzzle that helps things get from one place to another. So when we talk about international logistics, we're talking about moving things between different countries.First off, we need to think about how things actually get to us from other countries. Have you ever seen a big ship in the ocean? Those are cargo ships, and they carry lots of stuff like toys, clothes, and food across the sea. Pretty cool, right?But it's not just ships that help with international logistics. We also have airplanes that fly things all over the world in no time at all! And let's not forget about trucks and trains that help move things from the ports and airports to our homes and stores.Now, when it comes to international logistics, there are lots of things to consider. We need to think about customs, which are rules and regulations that countries have about what can comein and out. We also need to think about tariffs, which are taxes on goods that are being imported or exported.And let's not forget about things like packaging and labeling. We need to make sure that everything is packed up safely so it doesn't get damaged during its journey. And we need to make sure that the right information is on the labels so people know what they're getting.So, next time you see something in the store that says "Made in China" or "Made in Italy," remember all the work that went into getting it there. International logistics is like a big team effort to make sure we can all enjoy things from all over the world. Pretty impressive, right?篇2Title: Fun and Easy Guide to International LogisticsHi friends! Today we are going to talk about something super cool called international logistics. Sounds fancy, right? But don't worry, it's actually really fun and interesting once you get to know more about it.So, what is international logistics? Well, it's like a huge puzzle where we need to figure out how to move things fromone place to another, but not just any place – we are talking about moving stuff between different countries!Imagine you have a toy that you want to send to your friend who lives in another country. How do you make sure the toy gets there safely and on time? That's where logistics comes in! We need to plan the best route for the toy to travel, make sure it's packed properly, and arrange for transportation – whether it's by ship, plane, truck, or even a combination of different methods.But wait, there's more! International logistics also involves things like customs clearance, where we have to make sure the toy (or any other item) meets all the rules and regulations of the destination country. We also need to track the toy's journey and make sure it reaches your friend's doorstep without any hiccups.So, next time you see a package being delivered to your house from a faraway land, remember that it's all thanks to international logistics! It's like a big adventure where things are constantly moving and people are working together to make sure everything arrives safely and on time.Hope you had fun learning about international logistics with me today. Remember, it's all about making sure things get from point A to point B without any bumps along the way. Until next time, happy shipping!篇3Oh wow, international logistics sound super cool! Let's learn all about it together! So, international logistics is like when things need to be moved from one country to another. Like, maybe toys from China need to go to America or cars from Germany need to go to Japan. It's like a big puzzle figuring out how to get everything where it needs to go!First, there's planning. You have to figure out what needs to be moved, when it needs to get there, and how it's gonna get there. Maybe by boat, plane, truck, or train! Then you have to make sure everything is packed up nice and safe so it doesn't break on the way.Next, there's transportation. This is when the things actually start moving! Big ships take things across the oceans, planes fly stuff through the sky, trucks drive on the roads, and trains chug along on the tracks. It's like a big adventure for all the things to get to their new homes!After that, there's tracking. This is like keeping an eye on where all the things are. With technology, we can see exactly where a package is at any time. It's like magic! We can make sure everything is going smoothly and on time.Finally, there's delivery. This is when the things arrive at their new homes. It's like a big celebration when everything gets there safe and sound! People all around the world work together to make sure everything gets where it needs to go.International logistics is like a big jigsaw puzzle with pieces from all over the world. It takes teamwork, planning, and lots of care to make sure everything gets to where it needs to go. It's a super interesting and important part of how the world works! Let's keep exploring and learning more about the amazing world of international logistics!篇4Title: Let's Learn About International Logistics!Hey there, kids! Today, we are going to learn all about international logistics. Wow, that sounds like a big word, doesn't it? But don't worry, we'll break it down and make it easy to understand.So, what is international logistics? Well, it's all about how things get from one place to another all around the world. You see, when we buy toys or clothes that were made in another country, they have to travel a long way to get to us. That's where international logistics comes in!First, let's talk about transportation. There are many ways things can travel internationally. They can go by ship, by airplane, by train, or by truck. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, ships can carry a lot of stuff, but they are slower than airplanes. Airplanes are fast, but they can't carry as much as ships. Pretty cool, right?Next, we have to think about storage. When things arrive in a new country, they need a place to stay until they are ready to be delivered. That's where warehouses come in. Warehouses are like giant storage rooms where all the things are kept safe and organized until they are needed. It's like a huge game of Tetris, making sure everything fits just right!Finally, we have to consider customs. Customs are like the gatekeepers of a country. They check all the things that come in to make sure they are safe and legal. Sometimes things can get held up at customs, which can cause delays in the shipping process. But it's all for our safety, so we don't mind waiting a little bit longer.And there you have it, kids! International logistics isn't so scary after all. It's like a big puzzle, with lots of pieces that need to fit together just right. So the next time you see a package from another country, you'll know all the work that went into getting itto you. Cool, right? Now, who's ready to learn more about the world of international logistics?篇5International logistics is like a big game of shipping and receiving stuff all around the world. It's super important because it helps make sure that things get from one place to another in a safe and timely manner.First off, let's talk about what international logistics actually means. Basically, it's the process of planning, coordinating, and managing the movement of goods and materials across borders. This includes things like transportation, warehousing, and customs clearance.One important thing to know about international logistics is that it involves a lot of different players. There are shipping companies, trucking companies, airlines, and freight forwarders, just to name a few. All of these players work together to make sure that goods get to where they need to go.Another important aspect of international logistics is documentation. When goods are being shipped from one country to another, there are a ton of forms and paperwork thatneeds to be filled out. This includes things like bills of lading, customs declarations, and import/export licenses.One of the biggest challenges in international logistics is dealing with different rules and regulations in different countries. Each country has its own set of laws and requirements when it comes to importing and exporting goods. This can make things really complicated, but that's where logistics experts come in to help navigate all the red tape.Overall, international logistics is all about making sure that goods can move freely around the world. It's a complex and dynamic field, but it's also super interesting and important. So next time you order something online and it shows up at your door, remember that it's all thanks to international logistics!篇6Title: Let's Learn About International Logistics!Hey there, friends! Today we are going to talk about something super cool and important – international logistics! But wait, what exactly is international logistics? Well, it's all about how things get from one place to another all around the world.First things first, let's talk about the different ways things can be shipped internationally. There are airplanes, ships, trucks, and trains that help move goods from one country to another. Can you imagine how exciting it must be to travel all over the world like that?Now, let's talk about how things are packaged for shipping. It's important to make sure that things are packed safely so they don't get damaged on their journey. That's why we use things like boxes, bubble wrap, and packing peanuts to keep things safe and sound.Next up, let's talk about customs. When things cross borders from one country to another, they have to go through customs. This is where they check to make sure everything is allowed to enter the country. It's like a big inspection to keep everyone safe.And finally, let's talk about delivery. Once things have passed through customs, they are on their way to their final destination. It's like a big adventure as they travel across the world to reach their new home.So there you have it, friends – that's international logistics in a nutshell! It's all about how things travel around the world to reach their destination. Pretty cool, right? Keep learning andexploring, and who knows – maybe one day you'll be a logistics expert too!篇7International logistics is like a big adventure where things are sent all over the world! It's super cool because it helps stuff get from one place to another, even if they are really far apart.First, let's talk about what logistics is. Logistics is like a giant puzzle where you have to figure out how to get things from point A to point B. It involves planning, coordinating, and managing all the steps from packaging to shipping to delivering. It's like a big game of Tetris where you have to fit everything together perfectly.Now, when we talk about international logistics, it's like playing on a worldwide level. You have to think about different countries, laws, languages, and time zones. It's a big challenge, but it's also super exciting!One of the most important things in international logistics is communication. Because there are so many different countries involved, you have to make sure everyone understands each other. That's why it's important to speak different languages and be open to different customs and traditions.Another cool thing about international logistics is all the different modes of transportation you can use. You've got planes, ships, trucks, trains, and even bikes! Each one has its own advantages and disadvantages, so you have to figure out which one is the best for the job.In the end, international logistics is like a big puzzle that you have to solve. It's challenging and exciting, but it's also super rewarding when you see everything come together. So next time you see a package from another country, think about all the hard work that went into getting it to you – that's international logistics in action!篇8Title: Let's Learn About International Logistics!Hi guys! Today we're going to talk about something super cool - International Logistics! Sounds fancy, right? But don't worry, I'll break it down in an easy and fun way for you to understand.So, what is International Logistics? It's basically how stuff gets from one place to another place in different countries. Like, how do the toys you love so much in China end up in your local toy store? That's all thanks to International Logistics!First, let's talk about transportation. There are different ways to move things around the world - like ships, planes, trucks, and trains. Ships are used to carry really big and heavy stuff across oceans. Planes are super fast and are used for urgent deliveries. Trucks are great for moving things over short distances, and trains are perfect for moving stuff across land.Next, let's talk about warehouses. These are giant buildings where goods are stored before they are sent somewhere else. Imagine a huge room filled with shelves of toys, clothes, and gadgets waiting to be shipped out to different countries.Then, there's customs. This is like a security check for goods entering or leaving a country. Customs make sure everything is allowed to go in and out, and they check for things like taxes or illegal items.Finally, we have tracking. This is how we keep an eye on where our goods are at all times. With tracking, we can see if a package is stuck in traffic or delayed because of bad weather.International Logistics is so important because it helps businesses sell their products all over the world. It's like a big puzzle where everything needs to fit perfectly to make sure goods get to their destination safely and on time.I hope you guys learned something new about International Logistics today. It may sound complicated, but it's actually pretty cool once you understand how it all works. Keep exploring and learning, and who knows, maybe one day you'll be a logistics wizard too!篇9International logistics is like a big game of moving stuff all around the world. It's all about getting things from one place to another, like toys from China to America, or bananas from South America to Europe. It's super important because without it, we wouldn't have all the cool things we do.First, let's talk about the different ways things can move in international logistics. There are planes, ships, trains, and trucks. Each one has its own pros and cons. Airplanes are super fast but can be expensive. Ships can carry a lot of stuff but they're slow. Trains are good for moving things long distances on land. And trucks are great for getting things to your door.Next, let's talk about all the people involved in international logistics. There are the suppliers who make the stuff, the manufacturers who put it all together, the distributors who send it out to stores, and the customers who buy it. And let's notforget about all the people who work in transportation and customs to make sure everything gets where it needs to go safely and on time.There are also a lot of rules and regulations in international logistics. Each country has its own laws about what can come in and out, how things need to be packaged, and how much tax you have to pay. It can get pretty tricky, but that's why we have experts called logistics managers to help figure it all out.So, next time you see a toy that says "Made in China" or a snack that says "Imported from Italy," remember that international logistics made it all possible. It's like a big puzzle with lots of pieces, and it's pretty cool how it all comes together to make our world a more connected place.篇10Hello everyone! Today we are going to learn about international logistics. International logistics is all about how things get from one place to another around the world. Sounds exciting, right?First, let's talk about what logistics actually means. Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the movement of goods and services from one place to another. Ininternational logistics, the goods are moving between different countries, which can make things a bit more complicated.One important thing to remember in international logistics is customs. Customs are rules and regulations that each country has about the things that can come in and out of the country. This means that when you are sending something to another country, you have to make sure that it meets all the customs requirements.Another important part of international logistics is transportation. There are different ways to transport goods internationally, such as by plane, ship, train, or truck. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, so it's important to choose the right one for your needs.Now let's talk about some key terms in international logistics. Freight is the word we use for goods that are being transported. Freight forwarding is the company or person that helps to arrange the transportation of goods. And supply chain management is the process of managing the movement of goods from the supplier to the customer.In conclusion, international logistics is a vital part of global trade. It involves planning, implementing, and controlling the movement of goods between different countries. Byunderstanding the basics of international logistics, we can ensure that goods are delivered safely and efficiently around the world. So let's keep learning and exploring the world of international logistics together!。
logistics-related
T h e J o s a i J o u r n a l o f B u s i n e ss A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2007 ,V o l.4,N o.1,11-192007,J o s a i U n i v e r s i t yLo g i s t i c s S o u r c i n g S t r a t e g i e si n S u pp l y C h a i n D e s i g nL i u L i w e nT s i n g h u a U n i ve r s i t y,B e i j i n g,C h i n aAbstractA company’s logistics sourcing strategy determines whether it structures and organizeslogistics within the company or company group or integrates logistics upstream and downstreamin the supply chain.First,three different types of logistics sourcing strategies in supply chaindesign are described and the theoretical background for the development of these strategies,including both transaction cost theory and network theory,is analyzed.Two special casesabout logistics sourcing strategy decision-making in China’s electric household appliance EHAindustry are discussed,based on the above theoretical analysis.Then,the factors that drive theselection of a company’s logistics sourcing strategy are analyzed.These factors include marketfactors,external logistics service provision factors and a company’s internal factors.Chinesefeatures in logistics sourcing strategies are summarized based on the above case studies.Fi-nally,some management insights are discussed.Key Words:logistics sourcing strategy,supply chain design,outsourcing,driving factor1.I n t r o du c t i o nT o d a y,s u pp l y c h a i n m a n a g e m e n t h a s b e c o m e a h o t t op i c f o r c o m p a n i e s i n v a r i o u s i ndu s-t r i e s.L o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy i s j u s t o n e o f t h e i m po r t a n t i ss u e s f o r s u pp l y c h a i n m a n a g e-m e n t t h a t d e t e r m i n e s h o w t o s t r u c t u r e a nd o r g a n i z e l o g i s t i c s w i t h i n a c o m p a n y o r c o m p a n y g r o u p o r i n t e g r a t e l o g i s t i c s u p s t r e a m a nd d o w n s t r e a m i n t h e s u pp l y c h a i n.T h e r e a s o n s w h y l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy i s b e c o m i n g m o r e a nd m o r e i m po r t a n t c a n b e s ee n f r o m t h r ee p e r s p e c t i v e s.F i r s t,i n a d y n a m i c b u s i n e ss e n v i r o n m e n t,m o r e a nd m o r e c o m p a n i e s r e c o g n i z e t h a t h i g h f r e q u e n c y b e t w ee n n e w s t r a t e g i c m o v e s a nd a c t i o n s i s r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o g e t h i g h e r op e r a t i o n a l e ff e c t i v e n e ss.S e c o nd,h i g h e r a nd h i g h e r p r e ss u r e o n p r o f i t m a r g i n s f r o m c o m p e-t i t i o n h a s p u t l o g i s t i c s a t t h e l e a d i n g e d g e.A l o t o f c o m p a n i e s h a v e b e g un t o t a k e l o g i s t i c s a s t h e n e w p r o f i t s o u r c e.T h u s,t h e d e m a nd f o r s t r a t e g i c s o u r c i n g f l e x i b ili t y h a s i n c r e a s e d g r e a t l y,e s p e c i a ll y f o r s u c h c o m p a n i e s w h o s e p r o du c t s a r e h e a vy,h u g e i n v o l u m e,a nd r e q u i r e l o n g t r a n s po r t a t i o n d i s t a n c e s.I n s u c h c a s e s,l o g i s t i c s c o s t s w ill b e h u g e,a nd c o s t r e du c t i o n s h a v e t o b e f o c u s e d o n l o g i s t i c s-r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s.T h i s p a p e r f o c u s e s o n l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy f o r s u c h k i nd s o f c o m p a n i e s.T r a d i t i o n a l l o g i s t i c s o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r a t e g i e s t e nd e d t o t a k e l o g i s t i c s a s a f un c t i o n w i t h i n t h e c o m p a n y,w h e r e a s t o d a y m o r e a nd m o r e c o m p a n i e s a r e o u t s o u r c i n g t h e i r l o g i s t i c s t o t h i r d p a r t y l o g i s t i c i a n s 3P L .H o w e v e r,d i ff e r e n t c o m p a n i e s w i t h d i ff e r e n t p r o du c t s a nd d i s t r i b u-11L o g i s t i c s S o u r c i n g S t r a t e g i e s i n S u pp l y C h a i n D e s i g nt i o n c h a nn e l s n ee d d i ff e r e n t l o g i s t i c a l p l a t f o r m s.D i ff e r e n t c o m p a n i e s w i t h d i ff e r e n t r e s o u r c e b a s e s a nd b u s i n e ss po li c i e s a l s o n ee d d i ff e r e n t l o g i s t i c s o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r a t e g i e s.I n t o d a y’s C h i n a,a l o t o f c o m p a n i e s a c t u a ll y t a k e a m i dd l e r o a d b e t w ee n t h e a bo v e t w o m o d e l s.I n t h i s p a p e r,t h e s e t h r ee d i ff e r e n t t y p e s o f l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s i n s u pp l y c h a i n d e s i g n a r e d e s c r i b e d,t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a c k g r o und f o r t h e d e v e l op m e n t o f t h e s e s t r a t e g i e s i s a n a l y z e d,a nd t h e n c o n c l u s i o n s a r e m a d e a bo u t w h a t f a c t o r s d r i v e c o m p a n i e s t o s e l e c t d i ff e r e n t l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s.T h e f o c u s i s o n C h i n a’s e l e c t r i c h o u s e h o l d a pp li a n c e E H A i ndu s t r y. T h e r e a s o n f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e E H A i ndu s t r y i s t h a t l o g i s t i c s i ss u e s a r e b e c o m i n g t h e k e y c o m-p e t i t i v e f a c t o r f o r t h e c o m p a n i e s i n t h i s i ndu s t r y.I n C h i n a,t h e E H A i ndu s t r y i s f a c i n g t h e m o s t c o m p e t i t i o n e v e r b e c a u s e t h e s u pp l y i s i n s u r p l u s c o m p a r e d t o d e m a nd.T h e“p r i c e w a r s”f o r c e c o m p a n i e s i n t h i s i ndu s t r y t o r e du c e c o s t s.I t i s p e r c e i v e d t h a t t h e r e i s n o m o r e oppo r t un i t y t o r e du c e m a t e r i a l s a nd l a bo r c o s t s,s o t h e r e f o r e l o g i s t i c s c o s t s a r e b e c o m i n g t h e l a s t p r o f i t s o u r c e f o r t h e s e c o m p a n i e s.R e c e n t l y,m a n y c o m p a n i e s h a v e t r i e d t o r e po s i t i o n t h e i r l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s.W e w ill e x p l o r e t h e k e y f a c t o r s t h a t c o m p a n i e s c o n s i d e r w h e n t h e y s e l e c t l o g i s t i c a l s t r a t e g i e s b y a n a l y z i n g t w o c a s e s i n t h i s i ndu s t r y.F i n a ll y,s o m e m a n a g e m e n t i n s i g h t s a r e d i s c u ss e d.2.L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e wT h e e a r li e s t r e l a t e d li t e r a t u r e a pp e a r e d du r i n g t h e1960’s a nd1970’s.T h e f o c u s a t t h a t t i m e w a s h o w t o i n t e g r a t e l o g i s t i c s-r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n a c o m p a n y s i n c e i t i s a c o mm o n p r a c t i c e a t t h a t t i m e t o t a k e t h e l o g i s t i c s f un c t i o n a s o n e a ff ili a t e d w i t h p r o du c t i o n o r m a r k e t-i n g a nd s a l e s f un c t i o n s i n m a nu f a c t u r i n g c o m p a n i e s.L o g i s t i c s-r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s p u r c h a s i n g,t r a n s po r t a t i o n,i n v e n t o r y a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n w e r e c o n t r o ll e d s e p a r a t e l y i n d i ff e r e n t d e p a r t m e n t s 6,11 .F r o m1980s,l a r g e c o m p a n i e s b e g a n t o r e-e n g i n ee r t h e i r l o g i s t i c s p r o c e ss e s, a nd c o rr e s po nd i n g a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h a l s o b e g a n t o a pp e a r 4,7 .O n t h e o t h e r h a nd,t h i nk i n g o n l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy b e g a n t o b ud,a nd r e l a t e d t h e o r y a nd p r a c t i c e s w e r e e x p l o r e d 5,16 .A t t h e b e g i nn i n g o f t h e1990s,c o m p a n i e s w e r e i n s p i r e d b y n e w m a n a g e m e n t c o n c e p t s s u c h a s b u s i n e ss p r o c e ss r e-e n g i n ee r i n g,s u pp l y c h a i n m a n a g e m e n t,t i m e-b a s e d c o m p e t i t i o n,a nd s o o n.A s a r e s u l t,l o g i s t i c s m a n a g e m e n t b e c a m e a i m po r t a n t p a r t o f c o m p a n y b u s i n e ss s t r a t e-g i e s,l o g i s t i c s o u t s o u r c i n g b e c a m e t h e c h o i c e o f m o r e a nd m o r e c o m p a n i e s,a nd t h i r d p a r t y l o g i s t i c s 3P L a l s o b e c a m e a pop u l a r c o n c e p t 3,14 .F r o m t h e e nd o f t h e1990s,m a n y r e-s e a r c h e r s s t ud i e d l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy i ss u e s t h e o r e t i c a ll y o r e m p i r i c a ll y.F.A e r t s e n 2 a pp li e d t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t e c o n o m i c s t o e x p l o r e t h e c o nd i t i o n s und e r w h i c h l o g i s t i c s f un c t i o n s a r e s e p a r a t e d.M a t s A b r a h a m ss o n,e t a l. 1 s u mm a r i z e d t h r ee t y p e s o f l o g i s t i c s op e r a t i o n s m o d e l s:d e c e n t r a li z e d l o g i s t i c s a ff ili a t e d t o p r o du c t i o n a nd m a r k e t i n g,c e n t r a li z e d l o g i s t i c s, a nd d i r e c t d i s t r i b u t i o n a nd l o g i s t i c s p l a t f o r m s a s a r e s o u r c e b a s e f o r m a r k e t d e v e l op m e n t. S o m e p a p e r s h a v e s t ud i e d bo t h t h e i n t e r n a l a nd e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s t h a t d r i v e c o m p a n i e s t o c h a n g e t h e i r l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s 8,13 .O t h e r p a p e r s h a v e e x p l o r e d h o w3P L s c h a n g e t h e i r s t r a t e g i e s t o c op e w i t h c u s t o m e r r e q u i r e m e n t s i n a d y n a m i c b u s i n e ss e n v i r o n m e n t.H o w e v e r,t h e r e h a v e b ee n f e w p a p e r s t h a t h a v e s t ud i e d c o m p a n y l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s f r o m t h e a s p e c t o f s u pp l y c h a i n d e s i g n.T h e r e h a s a l s o b ee n li tt l e r e s e a r c h d i s c u ss i n g t h e d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f C h i n e s e c o m p a n i e s i n l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s.12L i u L i w e n 3.T h r ee T y p e s of Lo g i s t i c s S o u r c i n g S t r a t e g i e s a nd t h e i rT h e o r e t i c a l A n a l y s i sO n e o f t h e p r e f e rr e d l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s i s t o t a k e l o g i s t i c s a s a f un c t i o n w i t h i n a c o m p a n y;t h i s i s r e f e rr e d t o a s a n i n s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy.H o w e v e r,t o d a y m o r e a nd m o r e c o m p a n i e s,e s p e c i a ll y t h o s e i n w e s t e r n c o un t r i e s,a r e o u t s o u r c i n g t h e i r l o g i s t i c s t o t h i r d p a r t y l o g i s t i c s 3P L ,a nd t h i s i s r e f e rr e d t o a s a n o u t s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy.T h e r e i s a l s o a h y b r i d m o d e l b e t w ee n t h e a bo v e t w o m o d e l s;t h a t i s,a c o m p a n y o w n s a l o g i s t i c s s u b s i d i a r y b y s e tt i n g u p o r b u y i n g a l o g i s t i c s c o m p a n y.T h i s i s r e f e rr e d t o a s a m i dd l e s t r a t e gy.T h e f o c u s i s d i ff e r e n t i n e a c h o f t h e s e s t r a t e g i e s.T h e f i r s t t y p e,a n i n s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy, f o c u s e s o n h o w t o i n t e g r a t e l o g i s t i c s-r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n a c o m p a n y.T r a d i t i o n a ll y,l o g i s-t i c s-r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s p u r c h a s i n g,t r a n s po r t a t i o n,i n v e n t o r y,a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n w e r e c o n t r o ll e d s e p a r a t e l y i n d i ff e r e n t d e p a r t m e n t s w i t h i n a c o m p a n y,s u c h a s t h e p r o du c t i o n d e-p a r t m e n t,s a l e s d e p a r t m e n t,p u r c h a s i n g d e p a r t m e n t,a nd s o o n.T o d a y,a n i n s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy i n t e g r a t e s s e p a r a t e l o g i s t i c s r e s o u r c e s i n t o o n e w i t h i n a c o m p a n y.U s u a ll y,a s p e c i a l l o g i s t i c s d e p a r t m e n t w ill b e e s t a b li s h e d a nd w ill t a k e c h a r g e o f a ll o f t h e c o m p a n y’s l o g i s t i c s-r e l a t e d op e r a t i o n s,i n c l ud i n g bo t h i n bo und a nd o u t bo und l o g i s t i c s.T h e p u r po s e o f t h i s s t r a t e gy i s t o e n h a n c e bo t h i n t e r n a l a nd e x t e r n a l op e r a t i o n a l e ff i c i e n c y.T h e s e c o nd t y p e,a n o u t s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy,m a k e s u s e o f e x t e r n a l r e s o u r c e s a s m u c h a s po ss i b l e.O n e o f t h e p u r po s e s o f t h i s s t r a t e gy i s f o r a c o m p a n y t o f o c u s i t s o w n r e s o u r c e s o n t h e c o m p a n y’s c o r e c o m p e t e n c e.A n o t h e r p u r po s e i s f o r t h e c o m p a n y t o m a k e i t s l o g i s t i c s p r o c e ss e s f l e x i b l e e n o u g h s o a s t o c op e w i t h e n v i r o n m e n t a l un c e r t a i n t y.T h u s,b u il d i n g c oop-e r a t i v e e x t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e s u pp l y c h a i n b e c o m e s t h e c r i t i c a l i ss u e i n i m p l e m e n t i n g t h i s s t r a t e gy.H o w e v e r,i f a c o m p a n y w a n t s t o b a l a n c e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f bo t h o u t s o u r c i n g a nd l o g i s t i c s c o n t r o l c a p a b ili t y,t h e t h i r d t y p e,a“m i dd l e s t r a t e gy”b e c o m e s t h e c h o i c e.I n t h i s s t r a t e gy,t h e f o c u s i s o n bo t h c o s t r e du c t i o n a nd p r o c e ss c o n t r o l.T h e r e a s o n s w h y a c o m p a n y c h oo s e s w h e t h e r o r n o t t o o u t s o u r c e t h e i r l o g i s t i c s op e r a-t i o n s c a n b y a n a l y z e d b y u s i n g t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t t h e o r y 16 a nd n e t w o r k t h e o r y.T r a n s a c t i o n c o s t t h e o r y a n a l y z e s w h e t h e r s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s a r e i n t e r n a li z e d o r s e c u r e d f r o m t h e m a r k e t.A t r a n s a c t i o n i s d e f i n e d a s a n e x c h a n g e a c r o ss a t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n t e r f a c e.W h e n a t r a n s a c t i o n i s c a rr i e d o u t,a nu m b e r o f c o s t s a r i s e a s a r e s u l t o f f r i c t i o n s i n t h e e c o n o m i c s y s t e m.T h e s e c o s t s i n c l ud e i n f o r m a t i o n c o s t s t h e c o s t s r e l a t e d t o s ee k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a bo u t t h e po t e n t i a l p a r t-n e r ,b a r g a i n i n g c o s t s c o s t s r e l a t e d t o n e g o t i a t i n g a nd d r a w i n g u p o f c o n t r a c t s i n w h i c h a ll po ss i b l e s i t u a t i o n s i n f u t u r e t r a n s a c t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d ,a nd e n f o r c e m e n t c o s t s c o s t s t o e n f o r c e p e r f o r m a n c e,r e s o l v e c o n f li c t s a nd r e n e g o t i a t e c o n t r a c t s 16 .I f t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t s a r e l o w,i t s u gg e s t s t h a t t h e a c t i v i t y s h o u l d b e p u r c h a s e d i n t h e m a r k e t.W h e n t h e t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t s a r e h i g h,t h e a c t i v i t y s h o u l d b e i n t e r n a li z e d.A cc o r d i n g t o t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t t h e o r y 16 , t r a n s a c t i o n s c a n b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h r ee c r i t i c a l d i m e n s i o n s:f r e q u e n c y,un c e r t a i n t y,a nd a ss e t s p e c i f i c i t y.A m o n g t h e s e t h r ee d i m e n s i o n s,a ss e t s p e c i f i c i t y i s t h e m a i n f e a t u r e o f t h e t r a n s a c t i o n.I t i s d e f i n e d a s i n v e s t m e n t s r e l a t e d t o a s p e c i f i c t r a n s a c t i o n a nd h a v i n g a li m i t e d v a l u e w h e n u s e d i n a l t e r n a t i v e a pp li c a t i o n s.I n v e s t m e n t s i n t r a n s a c t i o n-s p e c i f i c a ss e t s o f t e n r e s u l t i n m u t u a l d e p e nd e n c y.F o r e x a m p l e,t h e s u pp li e r i n v e s t i n g i n a s p e c i a l m a c h i n e t h a t c a n o n l y p r o du c e c o m po n e n t s f o r a s p e c i a l c u s t o m e r i s bo und t o t h e c u s t o m e r t o s o m e d e g r ee.O n t h e o t h e r h a nd,t h e c u s t o m e r i s a l s o bo und t o s o m e d e g r ee t o t h e s u pp li e r,un l e ss a l t e r n a t i v e s u pp li e r s h a v e t h e s a m e p r o du c t i o n e q u i p m e n t.T h e s e t r a n s a c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ill13L o g i s t i c s S o u r c i n g S t r a t e g i e s i n S u pp l y C h a i n D e s i g nd e t e r m i n e w h i c h l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy i s m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r a c o m p a n y.I n o t h e r w o r d s, t h e d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g i n v o l v e d i n a c o m p a n y t a k i n g a s p e c i a l l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy c a n b e e x p l a i n e d b y t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t t h e o r y.A n o t h e r p e r s p e c t i v e u s e d t o a n a l y z e a c o m p a n y’s d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g b e h a v i o r r e g a r d i n g l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy i s n e t w o r k t h e o r y 12 .T h e b a s i c a ss u m p t i o n i n t h e n e t w o r k m o d e l i s t h a t t h e i nd i v i du a l c o m p a n y i s d e p e nd e n t o n r e s o u r c e s c o n t r o ll e d b y o t h e r c o m p a n i e s. U t ili z a t i o n o f t h e s e r e s o u r c e s i s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h o t h e r c o m p a n i e s.T h e s e i n t e r a c t i n g c o m p a n i e s c o m po s e a n e t w o r k.W h il e t h i s n e t w o r k i s j u s t o n e o f t h e l a r g e nu m b e r o f po ss i b l e s t r u c t u r e s,t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h i s s p e c i a l n e t w o r k i s n o t a cc i d e n t a l;i t i s o n e e s t a b-li s h e d b y m a n a g e m e n t d e s i g n.T h e p u r po s e f o r a c o m p a n y t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n o r b u il d s u c h a n e t w o r k i s t o c r e a t e a c o m p e t i t i v e po s i t i o n b y e s t a b li s h i n g n e w r e l a t i o n s h i p s,f i nd i n g n e w p a r t n e r s,a nd m a k i n g n e w i n v e s t m e n t s.S u cc e ss f u l c o m p l e m e n t a r y i n v e s t m e n t s a nd a cc e ss t o t h e c o m p e t e n c e s o f o t h e r c o m p a n i e s t h r o u g h t h e n e t w o r k m a y b e c o m e a n i m po r t a n t a ss e t.A c o m p a n y’s r e l a t i o n s t o o t h e r c o m p a n i e s o f t e n c o n s t i t u t e i t s m o s t v a l u a b l e r e s o u r c e.A c o m-p a n y’s p e r s i s t e n t i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h o t h e r c o m p a n i e s i n t h e n e t w o r k i s a n i m po r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e d e v e l op m e n t o f n e w r e s o u r c e s a nd s k ill s.T h u s,t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l c o m p e t e n c y i n d e s i g n i n g s u pp l y c h a i n n e t w o r k s i s t h e a b ili t y o f a ss e m b li n g c h a i n s o f c a p a b ili t i e s,bo t h w i t h i n t h e c o m p a n y i t s e l f a nd w i t h t h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a lli e d w i t h t h e c o m p a n y.B o t h t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t t h e o r y a nd n e t w o r k t h e o r y s u ppo r t t h e d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g p r o c e ss i n v o l v e d w i t h a c o m p a n y’s l o g i s t i c s o u t s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy.T h e c a s e s s h o w n b e l o w a l s o c a n b ee x p l a i n e d o n t h e b a s i s of t h e s e t h e o r i e s.4.C a s e S t ud i e s4.1M e t h o d o l og yF o ll o w i n g t h e m e t h o d o l o gy o f E i s e n h a r d e 10 ,E ll r a m 9 a nd Y i n 17 ,a c a s e s t ud y m e t h o d i s e m p l o y e d t o f u r t h e r a n a l y z e a c o m p a n y’s d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g b e h a v i o r r e g a r d i n g l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy a nd t h e f a c t o r s t h a t d r i v e c o m p a n i e s t o s e l e c t d i ff e r e n t t y p e s o f l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s.T w o c a s e s h a v e b ee n e x a m i n e d,a nd bo t h o f t h e m a r e C h i n e s e c o m p a n i e s i n t h e E H A i ndu s t r y w h o h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d l o g i s t i c s c h a n g e s a nd h a v e t a k e n d i ff e r e n t l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s i n t h i s d e c a d e.T h e t r i a n g u l a t i o n m e t h o d r e c o mm e nd e d b y Y i n 17 w a s u s e d.D a t a w a s c o ll e c t e d u s i n g m u l t i p l e m e t h o d s f r o m m u l t i p l e s o u r c e s,i n c l ud i n g i n t e r v i e w s i n e a c h c o m p a n y,t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f c o m p a n y d o c u m e n t s,a nd t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m p u b li c m e d i a.A ll t h e p e r s o n s i n t e r v i e w e d a r e s e n i o r m a n a g e r s i n c h a r g e o f l o g i s t i c s i n t h e c o m p a n i e s.T h e c o m p a n i e s p r o v i d e d d o c u m e n t s w h e n t h e r e s e a r c h e r s v i s i t e d t h e m.P u b li c i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m b u s i n e ss j o u r n a l s,n e w s p a p e r s a nd t h e I n t e r n e t w a s a l s o c o l-l e c t e d.4.2C a s e1:H i C oH i C o1w a s i n c o r po r a t e d i n1984.T h e i r o n l y p r o du c t a t t h a t t i m e w a s a r e f r i g e r a t o r.O v e r t h e p a s t20y e a r s,t h e c o m p a n y h a s w i t n e ss e d s i g n i f i c a n t p r o s p e r i t y.H i C o c u rr e n t l y m a nu f a c-t u r e s a w i d e r a n g e o f e l e c t r i c h o u s e h o l d a pp li a n c e s,a nd t h e y h a v e m o r e t h a n15,000k i nd s o f i t e m s i n a bo u t100p r o du c t li n e s.H i C o’s p r o du c t s a r e e x po r t e d t o m o r e t h a n100c o un t r i e s.I n2004,H i C o’s g l ob a l s a l e s h i t a bo u t R M B101.6b illi o n a bo u t U S D12.5b illi o n .F i g u r e 1s h o w s i t s s a l e s g r o w t h w i t h i n a20y e a r p e r i o d.14L i u L i w e nT h e l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy o f H i C o h a s c h a n g e d g r e a t l y w i t h i n t h i s p a s t d e c a d e.B e f o r e1999,t h e l o g i s t i c s a c t i v i t i e s o f H iC o w e r e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e p r o du c t i o n,p u r c h a s i n g, a nd m a r k e t i n g d e p a r t m e n t s w i t h i n t h e c o m p a n y.F a c i n g i n c r e a s i n g c o m p e t i t i o n i n t h e c o n-s u m e r m a r k e t,e s p e c i a ll y t i m e-b a s e d c o m p e t i t i o n,H i C o w a n t e d t o i m p r o v e l o g i s t i c s op e r a-t i o n s s o a s t o s h o r t e n m a t e r i a l s f l o w t i m e a nd m a r k e t r e s po n s e t i m e.O f c o u r s e,t h e y a l s o w a n t e d t o r e du c e l o g i s t i c s c o s t s.A t f i r s t,t h e y c o n s i d e r e d o u t s o u r c i n g l o g i s t i c s t o a3P L c o m p l e t e l y,b u t t h e y f o und i t w a s n o t e a s y t o g e t a l o g i s t i c s p r o v i d e r w h o h a d e n o u g h a b ili t y a nd a r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e t o s a t i s f y H i C o’s r e q u i r e m e n t s.H i C o a l s o h a d s o m e a pp r e h e n s i o n s a bo u t b u s i n e ss i n f o r m a t i o n d i s c l o-s u r e.F i n a ll y,H i C o b e c a m e d e t e r m i n e d t o r e-e n g i n ee r t h e i r l o g i s t i c s p r o c e ss w i t h i n t h e c o m-p a n y.I n1999,H i C o e s t a b li s h e d a“L o g i s t i c s H e a d q u a r t e r s”r e s po n s i b l e f o r a ll o f t h e l o g i s-t i c s-r e l a t e d op e r a t i o n s i n t h e c o m p a n y,i n c l ud i n g bo t h i n bo und a nd o u t bo und l o g i s t i c s a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s m a t e r i a l s a nd p a r t s p u r c h a s i n g,i n v e n t o r y c o n t r o l,m a t e r i a l s f l o w b e t w ee n d i ff e r e n t p l a n t s,a nd p r o du c t d i s t r i b u t i o n F i g u r e2 .H i C o s u cc ee d e d g r e a t l y w i t h t h i s l o g i s t i c s m o d e l.By2004,t h e a v e r a g e i n v e n t o r y t i m e i n H i C O w a s r e du c e d f r o m30d a y s t o10d a y s,a nd t h e a v e r a g e i n v e n t o r y v o l u m e w a s a l s o154.3C a s e2:X i C oX i C o2i s t h e l a r g e s t p r o du c e r o f w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s i n C h i n a.T h e r e a r e a l s o w i d e p r o du c t li n e s i n t h i s c o m p a n y,i n c l ud i n g w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s,a i r c o nd i t i o n e r s,r e f r i g e r a t o r s,d i s h w a s h-e r s,c l o t h e s d r y e r s,f r ee z e r s,d r y c l e a n i n g m a c h i n e s,a nd s o o n.S i m il a r w i t h H i C o,X i C o i s a l s o o n e o f C h i n a’s100b i gg e s t e n t e r p r i s e s,w i t h t o t a l a ss e t s o f a pp r o x i m a t e l y R M B8b illi o n a nd a nnu a l s a l e s o f o v e r R M B10b illi o n.X i C o h a s168c i t y o ff i c e s,3,400d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n-t e r s,a nd o v e r1,500a f t e r-s e r v i c e c e n t e r s l o c a t e d a ll o v e r t h e c o un t r y.X i C o’s l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy e v o l u t i o n h a s t a k e n a d i ff e r e n t p a t h f r o m t h a t o f H i C o.F r o m2000,X i C o a nd K e C o a n o t h e r E H A m a nu f a c t u r i n g c o m p a n y t o g e t h e r e s t a b li s h e d a n e-b u s i n e ss p l a t f o r m t o p u r c h a s e m a t e r i a l s a nd p a r t s j o i n t l y.T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t s t e p f o r X i C o t o c h a n g e i t s l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e gy.J o i n t p u r c h a s i n g m a d e t w o c o m p a n i e s e n j o y t h e b e n e f i t o f c o s t r e du c t i o n b e c a u s e o f t h e e c o n o m i c s c a l e.T h e t w o c o m p a n i e s w a n t e d t o f u r t h e r r e du c e t h e i r l o g i s t i c s c o s t s b y p u tt i n g m o r e o f t h e i r l o g i s t i c s a c t i v i t i e s i n t o t h i s p l a t f o r m,a nd t h e y e v e n t r a n s f e rr e d a ll o f t h e i r l o g i s-t i c s op e r a t i o n s t o t h i s p l a t f o r m.I n o t h e r w o r d s,t h e y w a n t e d t o s e p a r a t e l o g i s t i c s op e r a t i o n s f r o m t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o m p a n i e s.H o w e v e r,s i m il a r t o t h e s i t u a t i o n f a c e d b y H i C o,t h e y a l s o f o und t h e r e w e r e n o p r o f e ss i o n a l l o g i s t i c s c o m p a n i e s i n op e r a t i o n t h a t c o u l d c o m p l e t e l y t a k e o n t h e l o g i s t i c s op e r a t i o n s o f t h e s e t w o c o m p a n i e s.S t ill,t h e y h op e d t o h a v e o n e,e s p e c i a ll y o n e t h a t c o u l d t a k e o n t h e i r l o g i s t i c s r e q u i r e m e n t s a s i t s m a i n b u s i n e ss.A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s, t h e y c o u l d g e t b e tt e r s e r v i c e.F i n a ll y,i n2002,X i C o a nd K e C o r e a c h e d a n a g r ee m e n t w i t h C o s c o,w h i c h i s t h e l a r g e s t l o g i s t i c s c o m p a n y i n C h i n a,t o e s t a b li s h a n e w l o g i s t i c s c o m p a n y j o i n t l y.T h i s c o m p a n y, N l o g i s t i c s C o,i s i n c h a r g e o f t h e l o g i s t i c s op e r a t i o n s o f t h e s e t w o c o m p a n i e s.I n t h i s n e w l o g i s t i c s c o m p a n y,60 o f i t s s t o c k i s h e l d b y C o s c o,a nd X i C o a nd K e C o e a c h h o l d20 o f t h e r e m a i n i n g s t o c k F i g u r e3 .L o g i s t i c s S o u r c i n g S t r a t e g i e s i n S u pp l y C h a i n D e s i g n16F i g u r e3T h e l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g y e v o l u t i o n of X i C oL i u L i w e nF o u r y e a r s h a s p a ss e d s i n c e N l o g i s t i c s C o w a s e s t a b li s h e d,a nd t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f X i C o’s l o g i s t i c s h a s g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d.F o r e x a m p l e,t h e c o s t o f t r a n s po r t i n g o n e w a s h i n g m a c h i n e f r o m W u x i C i t y w h i c h i s l o c a t e d n e a r S h a n g h a i t o B e i j i n g w a s R M B40b e f o r e, a nd n o w i t i s o n l y a bo u t R M B20.T h e t o t a l l o g i s t i c s c o s t o f X i C o h a s b ee n r e du c e d b y38 .A s X i C o’s v i c e-p r e s i d e n t s a y s,t h i s k i nd o f l o g i s t i c s o u t s o u r c i n g h a s r e du c e d n o t o n l y t h e v i s i b l e l o g i s t i c s op e r a t i o n c o s t s,b u t a l s o t h e und e r l y i n g c o s t s.5.D r i v i n g F a c to r s a nd C h i n e s e F e a t u r e s A n a l y s i sT h e a bo v e t w o c a s e s r e f l e c t d i ff e r e n t l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s t a k e n b y d i ff e r e n t c o m p a n i e s,a nd t h e y a l s o r e f l e c t s o m e C h i n e s e f e a t u r e s i n l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g. W e c a n s ee f r o m t h e s e c a s e s t h a t f o r t o d a y’s c o m p a n i e s,t h e l o g i s t i c s f o c u s h a s c h a n g e d f r o m o n e o f i n t e r n a l e ff i c i e n c y t o o n e o f e x t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e s u pp l y c h a i n.T r a d i t i o n a ll y, l o g i s t i c s i s r e g a r d e d b y m o s t c o m p a n i e s a s a f un c t i o n t i g h t l y c o nn e c t e d t o p r o du c t i o n a nd/o r m a r k e t i n g.I n m a nu f a c t u r i n g-o r i e n t e d c o m p a n i e s,l o g i s t i c s i s o f t e n p r a c t i c a ll y a p a r t o f t h e p r o du c t i o n s y s t e m,w h il e i n m a r k e t-o r i e n t e d c o m p a n i e s l o g i s t i c s i s m o r e o r l e ss a p a r t o f m a r k e t i n g a nd s a l e s.D u r i n g t h a t p a s t t i m e,l o g i s t i c s f o c u s w a s j u s t a bo u t i n t e r n a l e ff i c i e n c y a nd t h e op t i m i z a t i o n o f a c t i v i t i e s.H o w e v e r,du r i n g t h e p a s t d e c a d e,m o r e a nd m o r e c o m p a-n i e s h a v e r e c o g n i z e d t h a t i n o r d e r t o b e f l e x i b l e e n o u g h t o c op e w i t h e n v i r o n m e n t a l un c e r-t a i n t y,t h e y h a v e t o r e d e s i g n t h e i r s u pp l y c h a i n,c r e a t i n g t h e n ee d f o r c o m p a n i e s t o f i nd m o r e r e a s o n a b l e w a y s t o o r g a n i z e t h e i r l o g i s t i c s a c t i v i t i e s.T h e r e f o r e,l o g i s t i c s f o c u s h a s b e g un t o c h a n g e f r o m i n t e r n a l t o e x t e r n a l a s p e c t s,s p e c i f i c a ll y t h e s u pp l y c h a i n a s p e c t.M o r e s p e c i f i c a ll y,t h e f a c t o r s t h a t d r i v e c o m p a n i e s t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r o r n o t t o o u t s o u r c e t h e i r l o g i s t i c s op e r a t i o n s a r e bo t h e x t e r n a l a nd i n t e r n a l.T h e s e f a c t o r s c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r ee c a t e g o r i e s:m a r k e t f a c t o r s,e x t e r n a l l o g i s t i c s s e r v i c e p r o v i s i o n f a c t o r s,a nd c o m p a n y i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s.T h e f i r s t s e t o f f a c t o r s t h a t d r i v e c o m p a n i e s w h e n t h e y c r e a t e t h e i r l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s a r e m a r k e t f a c t o r s.T h e m a r k e t s f a c e d b y c o m p a n i e s i n v a r i o u s i ndu s t r i e s h a v e c h a n g e d g r e a t l y c o m p a r e d t o t w e n t y y e a r s a g o.P r o du c t li f e c y c l e s a r e s h o r t e n i n g,p r o du c t li n e s a r e e x p a nd i n g,a nd t i m e-b a s e d c o m p e t i t i o n h a s b e c o m e a n e w s o u r c e o f c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e.T h e s e c h a n g e s i n t h e m a r k e t h a v e l e d c o m p a n i e s t o r e po s i t i o n t h e i r l o g i s t i c s s o u r c i n g s t r a t e g i e s.A n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e a v a il a b ili t y o f e x t e r n a l l o g i s t i c s s e r v i c e p r o v i s i o n.A l t h o u g h m a n y c o m p a n i e s t o d a y a r e c o n s i d e r i n g o u t s o u r c i n g t h e i r l o g i s t i c s a c t i v i t i e s i n o r d e r t o d e v o t e t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e i r c o r e b u s i n e ss,t h e y o f t e n f i nd t h a t i t i s n o t e a s y t o f i nd s u i t a b l e l o g i s t i c s s e r v i c e p r o v i d e r s.T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s f o r t h a t.F i r s t,l o g i s t i c s o u t s o u r c i n g m e a n s t h a t t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s n o w c o n t r o ll e d w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n b e c o m e t r a n s a c t i o n s w i t h e x t e r n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s.T h u s,t h e r e w ill b e t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t s,i n c l ud i n g i n f o r m a t i o n c o s t s,b a r g a i n i n g c o s t s,a nd e n f o r c e m e n t c o s t s li k e t h o s e i n t h e a n a l y s i s i n S e c t i o n3.S u c h k i nd s o f t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t s m a y n o t b e l o w e r.S e c o nd,s e r v i c e a b ili t y i s a n o t h e r i m po r t a n t f a c t o r i n c h oo s i n g a l o g i s t i c s s e r v i c e p r o v i d e r.C o m p a n i e s o f t e n f i nd t h a t t h e e x t e r n a l l o g i s t i c s s e r v i c e p r o v i d e r s c a nn o t m ee t t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t i m e a nd q u a li t y.T h i r d,o u t s o u r c i n g l o g i s t i c s m e a n s t h a t c o m p a n i e s h a v e t o d i s c l o s u r e s o m e b u s i n e ss i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e l o g i s t i c s s e r v i c e p r o v i d e r s,s o r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t r u s t i s n ee d e d.H o w e v e r,i t i s n o t e a s y t o f i nd a t r u s t e d p a r t n e r.T h e H i C o c a s e i s o n e s u c h c a s e.T h e t h i r d c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s a c o m p a n y’s i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s w h i c h i n c l ud e c o s t p r e ss u r e, t i m e li n e ss,a nd t h e c o m p a n y’s r e s o u r c e s i n t e g r a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s.T h e d r i v i n g f o r c e o f c o s t a nd17。
商贸物流英语-运输方式
Transportation methods can be classified based on their mode of transportation, including ground transportation, water transportation, and air transportation. Each mode has its own unique characteristics and applications.
Air transportation
Air transportation is mainly used for the transportation of time-sensitive and high-value goods, such as perishable goods, high-tech products, etc.
Disadvantages
Limited payload capacity, weather and flight regulations can restrict use.
Used for scenic shipments or for shipments in remote areas.
Hot air balloons
Business Logistics English - Transportation Method
contents
目录
Introduction to Transportation Methods Land transportation mode Maritime transportation mode Air transportation mode Outlook for future transportation modes
世纪商务英语翻译教程(第三版)第二单元标识的翻译
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I. 请说出下列标识代表的企业及所属的行业,并谈谈企业标识的设计特点。（1）
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（ 美国埃克森美孚（炼油））（ 荷兰国际集团（保险））（ 美国国际集团（保险））
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Sec 6 Sec 7
（法国家乐福（食品、药品店）） （ 法国巴黎银行（金融））
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Lead-in 3. Methods and Techniques
4. Useful Words and Expressions 6. Notes
7. Practice
8. Classic Translation
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Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 4 Sec 6 Sec 7
I. 标识的语言特点 （4）
3. 具有很强的规约性
由于历史沿革和语言文化习惯等因素，很多标识用语的翻译都已约定俗 成，不宜随意变更。如“油漆未干”可能会被译作“The paint is not dry.”或“The paint is wet.”，这些译法虽然从语法来讲完全正确，但容易造成理解上的障 碍或不便，因此不宜采用。事实上，这个标识语 “地道”的译法是“Wet Paint”， 既简洁明了又完全符合英美人的语言习惯。类似的例句还有“双向行驶”、 “远离火源”，分别译为“Two Way” 和“Keep Fire Away”。在标识语翻译中，译 者应多留意英美国家常用的规范标准的标识用语，尽量使用和汉语标识相应 的、地道得体的英语语汇进行翻译。
国际货运代理专业英语,2009年版课文翻译
第一单元国际贸易1.定义及重要性国际贸易是很重要的。
国际贸易是资金，物品和服务通过国际边境或边疆地区的交换。
在大多数国家，它代表国内生产总值的很大份额。
然而国际贸易历尽昔日蹉跎，它的经济，社会，政治的重要性在最近世纪已经上升。
工业化，先进的运输系统，全球化，跨国公司，外包在国际贸易组织中都有很重要的影响。
渐增的国际贸易成为全球化继续进行的决定性因素。
国际贸易是任何一个被认为是世界强国的国家（地区）的经济利益的主要来源。
没有国际贸易，国家将会把货物和服务的生产制造限制在自己的边界范围内。
2.国际贸易与国内贸易间的区别国际贸易通常是比国内贸易更昂贵的。
理由是通常越过国有的边界涉及附加成本例如关税，由于边界的时间的费用拖延，与国家区别相关花费例如语言，法律系统，或一种不同文化。
国际贸易与国内贸易间的另一个区别是生产要素，例如，资本和劳动力等生产要素跨越国界，在一个国家内通常移动的更多比国家与国家之间。
因此，国际贸易主要限制在货物和服务贸易。
然后，在商品和服务贸易，可以作为生产要素的替代品贸易。
进口生产要素，而不是一个国家的进口货物，使生产要素的集约利用，从而体现了各自的因素。
一个例子是由美国从中国进口劳动密集型商品。
进口中国的劳动力，而不是美国从中国进口商品与中国劳动生产。
3.国际贸易风险在多边贸易中有一些风险。
他们主要包括经济风险和政治危机。
经济风险包括买主的破产的风险；支付数量的应得物的买主的故障的风险中在到期日后六月；出口的非更新的风险批准；战争冒险；征用或进口商的公司的没收的风险；一个进口禁令的强迫接受的风险在货物的发货之后；在一个进口商的公司上的政党的转移风险强迫接受。
4.世界贸易组织世界贸易组织最好地被描述为一个伞式组织正在来自多边贸易谈判的乌拉圭回合的协议哪个被收集。
世界贸易组织因此服务四基本功能:(1) 实施，管理，执行世界贸易组织协议和其附件，(2) 为正在进行多边贸易谈判按照一个论坛行事，(3) 为了解决争议担任一个仲裁法庭，(4) 查看贸易政策和成员的练习陈述。
国际贸易实务2009(英语)
Introduction Purpose: International Trade Practice is a course to study theory and practice of goods-sale . Task: Students can master basic theory, knowledge and skills of International trade through this course, and learning to carry out principles and policies of the country combining the reality of our country, and understanding the international trade practice.
1.3 The basic content of contracts for the International Sale of Goods. （1）Article of contract （2）Price of Goods （3）Obligations of the buyer （4）Obligations of the seller （5）Prevention and handle of controversy
Chapter 1：International Trade Terms Chapter 2 ：Name, Quality, Quantity and Packing Chapter 3 ：Transport of International Goods Chapter 4 ：Insurance of International Goods Chapter 5 ：Price of International Goods Chapter 6 ：Payment Chapter 7 ：Inspection, Claim, Arbitration and Force Majeure Chapter 8 ：Negotiation , Conclusion and Performance of Contract Chapter 9：Trade Forms
物流外文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve completecontrol, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the secondbest effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes. Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company'sinternal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations andcoordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problems There are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and jointapproaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
国际运输书模版
国际运输书模版International Transportation ContractContract Number: [Contract Number]Effective Date: [Effective Date]Parties:[Name of Shipper], hereinafter referred to as the 'Shipper', with the address at [Address of Shipper]AND[Name of Carrier], hereinafter referred to as the 'Carrier', with the address at [Address of Carrier]Preamble:This International Transportation Contract (hereinafter referred to as "Contract") is entered into on the Effective Date by and between the Shipper and the Carrier. The parties herein agree to the terms and conditions set forth in this Contract for the transportation of goods as described below.1. Goods Description and Quantity:1.1 The Shipper agrees to deliver the following goods for transportation:- [Description of Goods 1]- [Description of Goods 2]- [Description of Goods 3]...1.2 The quantity of goods to be transported shall be agreed upon separately between the Shipper and the Carrier for each shipment.2. Origin and Destination:2.1 Origin: [Exact Origin Location]2.2 Destination: [Exact Destination Location]3. Transportation Service:3.1 The Carrier agrees to provide transportation services for the goods from the origin to the destination.3.2 The transportation service shall include, but not limited to, the loading, unloading, and secure transportation of the goods.4. Transportation Charges and Payment:4.1 The transportation charges for each shipment shall be calculated based on the weight, volume, distance, and any other applicable factors.4.2 The Shipper agrees to pay the Carrier the agreed-upon transportation charges within [Number of Days] days from the date of invoice.5. Liability and Insurance:5.1 The Carrier shall be liable for any loss, damage, or delay caused to the goods during the transportation, except for the circumstances of Force Majeure.5.2 The Carrier shall have insurance coverage for the goods during the transportation, and in case of any loss or damage, shall compensate the Shipper based on the insurance policy.6. Force Majeure:6.1 Neither party shall be held liable for any failure or delay in the performance of their obligations under this Contract due to circumstances beyond their control, including but not limited to acts of God, war, terrorism, strikes, and governmental actions.7. Termination:7.1 This Contract may be terminated by either party in the event of a breach of the terms and conditions herein, upon [Number of Days] days written notice.7.2 Any termination of this Contract shall not affect the rights and obligations of the parties that have already accrued up to the date of termination.8. Governing Law and Jurisdiction:8.1 This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Jurisdiction Country].8.2 Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of [Jurisdiction Country].9. Entire Agreement:9.1 This Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter herein and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, or representations, whether written or oral.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this International Transportation Contract as of the Effective Date.________________________[Name of Shipper][Title of Shipper]________________________[Name of Carrier][Title of Carrier]。
供应链物流管理 02 21st-Century Supply Chain
9
第二讲 21世纪的供应链
结论
第二版
推动式 供应链
(制造创造需求)
拉动式 供应链
(按需求制造)
依然存在 问题
2019/5/17
信息扭曲的牛鞭效应 运作体系 信息技术
Zou huixia professor， Economics and Management School of Wuhan University
Result：Bullwhip Effect 牛鞭效应
2019/5/17
Zou huixia professor， Economics and Management School of Wuhan University
8
第二讲 21世纪的供应链
第二版
Why?
• 运作体系自身的原因导致从订单到消费者的过程
协同商务（Collaborative Commerce--CC ）
2000年初，由Gartner Group 公司提出：“协同商务强调 从产品的设计研发、生产制造、产品交货、财务处理、 甚至是最后的成效评估等，都通过电子集市，使交易各 方能够同步作业”[2]
[1] Aberdeen Group Inc, Collaborative Product Commerce: Delivering Product Innovation sat Internet Speed, Market Viewpoint,1999.10.7.
用户需求
拉动 几个星期
2019/5/17
Zou huixia professor， Economics and Management School of Wuhan University
3
第二讲 21世纪的供应链
国际商务单证理论与实务双语教程(第2版)chapter 7 import doc
7.1 Definitions -- issued or secured by both the exporter, the importer（or a customs broker
working for the importer）or by third parties.
-- includes commercial invoice, bill of ladingtificate of origin and insurance documents.
7.2.3 Additional Import Documentation（Complicating Factor） 1.Import Licenses（Sample 7-1）, Permits and Declarations（Sample 72 2. Additional Documents Required by the Import Authority 3. Special Transport Documents 4. Banking and International Exchange Documents
11.唛头——包装件数 Marks & numbers – number of packages
12.商品名称
Description of commodity
13.商品规格、型号 Specification
Chapter 7 Import Documents
2010-03-01
Contents
7.1 Definitions
7.2 Basic Requirement for Making Import Documentation
7.3 Import Licenses, Permits and Declarations
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• With a poorly developed transportation system the extent of the market is limited to the area. • With the advent of inexpensive and readily available transportation services, the structure of the economy changes toward that of developed nations
• The logistics manager must consider a number of trade-offs when selecting a mode of transportation: • Cost versus speed • Packaging expense versus risk • Flexibility versus dependability.
Product Storage
• transport vehicles can also be used for product storage at shipment origin or destination, but they are comparatively expensive storage facilities. • A trade- off exists between using a transportation vehicle versus temporarily placing products in a warehouse. • If the inventory involved is scheduled to move within a few days to a different location, the cost of unloading, warehousing, and relating the product may exceed the temporary charge of using the transportation vehicle for storage.
Product movement
• The primary transportation value proposition is product movement up and down the supply chain. • The performance of transportation is vital to procurement , manufacturing, and market distribution. • Transportation also plays a key role in the performance of reverse logistics. • Without reliable transportation, most commercial activity could not function.
Pipelines
• Pipeline are primarily used to move petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals. • For suitable commodities, Pipelines are the most efficient mode of transport. • They offer a closed system with little risk of loss or damage to the products moved, and extremely low costs because minimal labor is involved in their operation. • However, they only offer one- way service, although product can move 24 hours per day, seven days per week.
Rail transportation
• Railroads offer the logistics manager costeffective, energy- efficient transport of large quantities of goods over long distances. • The railroad is basically a long hauler and slow mover of raw materials and of lowvalue/high-volume cargo like coal • Railroads also move a large number of containers in intermodal movement.
• The high- quality transportation can encourage both direct competition and indirect competition. • The high- quality transportation offers economies of scale • The high- quality transportation contribute to reduced product prices.
Product movement
• The primary transportation value proposition is product movement up and down the supply chain. • The performance of transportation is vital to procurement, manufacturing, and market distribution. Transportation also plays a key role in the performance of reverse logistics. • Without reliable transportation, most commercial activity could not function.
Importance of an effective transportation system
• Transportation is a vital component in the design and management of logistics systems. It may account for one-third to two-thirds of total logistics costs.
• The railroad service exists in two legal forms: • Common carrier: • Privately owned
Road transportation
• In contrast with rail, trucking is a transportation service of semi-finished and finished products. • More than half of the shipments by truck are ss-than-truckload (TLT) volume. • The inherent advantages of trucking are its door-todoor service such that no loading or unloading is required between origin and destination，as is often true of rail and air modes; its frequency and availability of service , and its door –to door speed and convenience.
Functions of Transportation
• Transportation enterprises provide two major services: • Product movement • Product storage.
What does the inexpensive,highquality transportation provide?
Part V Transportation
Key Points
• • • • Introduction to transportation Functions of transportation Five modes of transportation Intermodal services
• Consumers are accustomed to seeing trucks and trains transporting product or parked at business facilities. • Few consumers fully understand just how dependent our economic system is upon economical and dependable transportation.
What does the inexpensive,highquality transportation provide?
• The high- quality transportation can encourage both direct competition and indirect competition. • The high- quality transportation offers economies of scale • The high- quality transportation contribute to reduced product prices.