1.Trade and Trade Theory (1997-2003)

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第二讲_国际商务的理论基础

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（一）人力资本说——一种新的分工要素
Theory of human capital
人力资本(human capital) ：存在于人体
中的智能，表现为人的文化水平、生产技
巧、熟练程度、管理才能等。
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发展中国家: 人力资本稀缺
Developing countries: lack of human capital
用生产要素禀赋的差异寻求解释国际贸易发生和国际贸易商品结构的原因，以及国际贸易对要素价格的影响。
不足(deficiencies) ：
缺乏现实基础，理论与现实差距很大。
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（五）要素禀赋理论的扩展 Extension of factor endowment theory 里昂惕夫悖论（Leontief Paradox）：
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国际贸易理论包括哪些？
What does the international trade theory include? 1.重商主义学说 Merchandise theory 2.绝对优势理论 The theory of absolute advantage 3.比较优势理论 The theory of comparative advantage 4.要素禀赋理论 The theory of factor endowment 5.新贸易理论 New trade theory
片面性很大，未能涉及国际贸易发生的原因等重
要问题
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从一根针开始…
只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针
宋·祝穆《方舆胜览·眉州·磨针溪》：世传李白读书象耳山中，学业未成，即弃去，“过是溪，逢老媪方磨铁杵，问之，曰：‘欲作针。’太白感其意，还卒业”。
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亚当· 斯密观察到的钉子制作…

2019自考《国际贸易理论与实务》名词解释(1)

2019自考《国际贸易理论与实务》名词解释(1)1.国际贸易(International Trade)：是指世界各国之间商品 (货物)和服务交换的活动，是各国之间分工的表现形式，反映了世界各国在经济上的相互依靠。

2.对外贸易(Foreign Trade)：一国和地区同别国和地区实行商品(货物)和劳务交换的活动。

3.总贸易体系(General Trade System)：也称一般贸易体系。

它是以货物通过国境作为统计进出口的标准。

据此所有进入本国国境的货物一律计人进口，所有离开本国国境的货物一律计入出口。

4.专门贸易体系(Special Trade)：也称特殊贸易体系。

它是以货物通过关境经过结关作为统计进出口的标准。

5.对外贸易额又称对外贸易值： (Value of Foreign Trade)。

它是以金额表示的一国或一地区一定时期的对外贸易，对外贸易总额等于一国一地区一定时期的进口总额与出口总额之和。

6.对外贸易量(Quantum of Foreign Trade)：剔除价格变动后的对外贸易额。

以此来表示·一个国家或地区的对外贸易的实际规模。

计·算时能够固定年份为基期计算的进口或出口价格指数去除当时的进口总额或出口总额，得到相当于按不变价格计算的进口额或出口额。

通过这种方法计算出来的对外贸易额已经剔除了价格变动的影响，单纯反映对外贸易的数量规模。

这个指针便于不同时期对外贸易额的比较。

7.贸易差额(Balance of Trade)：指一定时期内一国出口额与进口额之间的差额。

贸易差额用以表示一国的对外贸易的收支状况，当出口总额大于进口总额时，称为贸易顺差，或贸易出超;当出口额小于进口额时，称为贸易逆差，或贸易入超。

通常贸易顺差用正数表示，贸易逆差用负数表示。

当出口额等于进口额时，称为贸易平衡。

8.直接贸易(Direct Trade)：货物生产国与消费国不通过第三国直接实行的货物买卖行为。

国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)-期末复习

Unit 1~2Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者Trade surplus 贸易顺差Quota and tariff 配额和关税Government intervention 政府干预Zero-sum game 零和博弈Positive-sum game 常和博弈The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论）Economies of scale 规模经济Diminishing returns 收益递减规律Green revolution 绿色革命Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制Deposit 佣金First mover advantage 先占优势Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势The department of commerce 商务部Letter of credit 信用证Draft /bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading B/L 提单Sight draft 即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票）Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票Countertrade 对等贸易Barter 易货贸易Switch trading 转手贸易Offset 抵消Counter purchase 互购贸易Compensation trade 补偿贸易Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口）Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。

国际经济与贸易概论

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国际贸易理论的产生和发展（3）
• 在20世纪相当长的时期内，以新古典模型为表达形式的要素禀赋理论在国际贸易理论中占据着绝对的统治地位。1951年，里昂惕夫首次运用投入产出方法对H—O理论进行了经验检验，发现美国作为世界上资本最丰富的国家，其出口部门是劳动密集型的，而进口替代部门则是资本密集型的，这就与H—O理论预测的贸易模式相反，这就是著名的“里昂惕夫之谜”（The Leontief Paradox）。为此，激发了大量学者为解决这一国际贸易难题而展开研究。如60年代林德（S.B.Linder）、波斯纳（M.V.Posner）、胡佛鲍尔（G.C.Hufbauer）、弗农（R.Vernon）等人从动力学角度，提出了不同于比较优势的新的贸易理论，但要素禀赋理论并未受到真正的挑战。直到70年代末，国际贸易理论的发展才真正出现了一次重大的突破。 • 20世纪70年代末80年代初，以克鲁格曼（P.R.Krugman）和赫尔普曼（E.Helpman）为代表的一批经济学家，提出了所谓“新贸易理论” （New Trade Theory）。新贸易理论认为，除要素禀赋差异外，规模经济亦是国际贸易的ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้因和贸易利益的另一个独立决定因素。正如克鲁格曼所指出的那样，即使在没有偏好、技术和要素禀赋差异的情况下，规模经济也能引导各国开展专业化分工和贸易。新贸易理论引入规模经济的假设，打破了新古典贸易理论规模收益不变和完全竞争的假设，使得关于贸易理论研究的重心由国家间的差异转向市场结构和厂商行为方面，研究更为深入。但是，由于不完全竞争理论至今没有形成统一的分析模式，所以新贸易理论至今并未形成统一的模式。
国际贸易理论的产生和发展（2）
• 关于比较优势的决定因素，李嘉图强调的是劳动生产率差异的重要性，认为各国之间只要相对劳动生产率水平不一致，就存在比较利益和相互贸易的动机。如果两国的贸易条件（Terms of Trade）严格介于两国相对成本比率之间，那么每个国家都能从贸易中得到利益，使每个国家的所有家庭通过贸易而生活得更好。其后的一些学者，如穆勒（l）、马歇尔（Alfred Marshall）和艾奇沃思（F.Y.Edgeworth）等，集中研究了贸易条件的决定问题。在20世纪两次世界大战间隔时期，关于比较优势的研究出现了重大进展。 1919年，赫克歇尔（E.F.Heckscher）在《对外贸易对收入分配的影响》（The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income）一文中，首先论述了各国要素禀赋构成与贸易形态之间的关系，以及贸易对各国收入分配的影响，提出了要素禀赋差异是决定国际分工和贸易的基础的观点。其后，他的学生俄林（Bertil Ohlin）在1933年出版的《区际贸易与国际贸易》（Interregional and International Trade）一书中，进一步阐述和发挥了赫克歇尔的要素禀赋理论。因而后来人们又称要素禀赋理论为赫克歇尔——俄林理论（Heckscher-Ohlin Theory，简称H—O理论）。 1936年，哈伯勒（G.Haberler）在《国际贸易理论》（Theory of International Trade）一书中，用机会成本理论（Opportunity Cost Theory）解释了比较优势原理，在贸易理论的模型化方面作出了实质性的贡献。除哈伯勒外，勒纳（A.P.Lerner）、里昂惕夫（W.Leontief）、米德（J.E.Meade）、萨缪尔逊（P.A.Samuelson）等人将一般均衡分析的新古典模型与赫克歇尔和俄林的要素禀赋理论融为一体，最终形成了国际贸易理论的标准模型。可以说，这一标准化的贸易模型，就是新古典学派一般均衡理论在国际贸易研究中的具体应用。

比较优势理论的英文名词解释

比较优势理论的英文名词解释Comparative Advantage Theory: Decoding the NameIntroductionIn the world of economics, theories and principles often carry complex and verbose names. These names, while verbose, encapsulate the essence of the theory, enabling scholars and practitioners to engage in meaningful conversations. One such theory that has stood the test of time is the Comparative Advantage Theory. In this article, we will delve into the name of this theory, breaking it down to understand its meaning, implications, and applications.Breaking Down the NameFrom a linguistic perspective, the name "Comparative Advantage Theory" can be divided into two main components: "comparative" and "advantage." Let's explore each component independently.1. ComparativeThe term "comparative" refers to the act of comparing or establishing a relationship through comparison. In the context of economics, the comparative aspect of this theory implies that we are comparing the advantages or benefits of different options before making a decision. It is crucial to note that this theory does not focus on absolute advantage, but rather on identifying relative strengths between entities.2. AdvantageThe term "advantage" signifies a favorable or beneficial circumstance. In the realm of economics, an advantage can be understood as a greater level of efficiency or productivity in producing goods or providing services. When discussing the Comparative Advantage Theory, the term refers to the advantage a country, organization, or individual possesses in producing a particular good or service in comparison to others.Understanding the TheoryNow that we have dissected the name, let's explore the theory itself. The Comparative Advantage Theory, developed by economist David Ricardo in the early 19th century, is based on the concept of specialization and trade. The theory suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods or services in which they have a comparative advantage and trade with other countries to maximize overall efficiency and output.The underlying principle of this theory is that even if one country has an absolute advantage in producing all goods or services, it can still benefit by specializing in the production of goods or services in which it has a comparative advantage. This leads to increased efficiency, as resources are allocated to areas where their productivity is highest. As a result, countries can achieve higher levels of output, consumption, and economic growth through trade.Practical ApplicationsThe Comparative Advantage Theory has far-reaching implications in various aspects, including international trade, globalization, and resource allocation. Here, we highlight a few practical applications of the theory:1. International Trade and SpecializationBy understanding their comparative advantages, countries can specialize in producing goods or services that they are most efficient in. This allows countries to trade these specialized products with others, benefiting both parties involved. For example, a country with fertile farmland may specialize in agricultural production, while another country with advanced technology may specialize in manufacturing electronics. Through trade, both countries can access a wider variety of goods and services at a lower cost than if they were to produce everything domestically.2. Efficiency Gains and Economic GrowthThe Comparative Advantage Theory suggests that when countries specialize in producing goods or services they excel in, overall efficiency increases, leading to higher levels of output. This increased output can contribute to economic growth, as nations can produce and consume more with the same amount of resources. By allocating resources according to comparative advantage, economies can achieve higher levels of productivity and competitiveness.3. Resource AllocationThe theory also highlights the importance of resource allocation based on comparative advantage. By identifying areas where an individual or organization excels, resources can be directed toward those areas, yielding greater returns. This principle holds true beyond international trade and can be applied to personal decision-making or business strategies. By focusing on activities aligned with their strengths, individuals and organizations maximize their output and overall success.ConclusionThe Comparative Advantage Theory, as illustrated by its name, emphasizes the importance of comparing advantages and specializing in areas where entities have a relative strength. This theory has had a profound and lasting impact on international trade, resource allocation, and economic growth. By understanding this theory and its applicability, individuals, organizations, and countries can make informed decisions to maximize their efficiency and overall well-being.。

《国际经济学》问答题(第一篇)答案

第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？⑴ 贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭经济（Closed economy）下的相对价格水平。

在李嘉图的两国贸易模型中，一个隐含的假设是，两国的规模大小相似。

因此，在自由贸易的情况下，两国各自放弃不拥有比较优势的产品而将所有的资源用于生产本国拥有比较优势的产品。

但在现实世界中，贸易中两国的大小可能相差很大。

例如：中国与斯里兰卡相比，无论是人口还是土地面积，前者都是后者的几十倍甚至一百多倍。

即使中国有生产小麦的比较优势，斯里兰卡有生产大米的比较优势，两国进行自由贸易，中国也不可能只生产小麦而不生产大米，因为即使把斯里兰卡全部生产的大米都出口到中国来也满足不了中国的最低消费。

因此，如果大国与小国发生贸易，小国可以只生产其拥有比较优势的产品，而大国则不会实行专业化只生产一种产品。

大国仍然需要两种产品都生产。

⑵ 小国（Small nation）与大国（Large nation）进行贸易，谁从自由贸易中获得的收益会更大呢？一般来说，贸易所得与贸易前后相对价格的变化幅度成正比。

换句话说，如果产品出口价格越高，或是进口产品的价格越低，一国从贸易中获得的利益就越大。

那么，小国与大国贸易，谁的价格变化会更大一些呢？假设：贸易前中国的大米市场的交易量为 1 亿吨，价格为每吨 1000 元。

斯里兰卡大米市场交易量为 100 万吨，价格为每吨 500 元。

发生贸易后中国从斯里兰卡进口了 50 万吨大米。

这 50 万吨大米对于 1亿吨的中国市场来说，只占 0.5％份额，影响甚微，对中国大米市场价格的影响不会很大。

但是，对于斯里兰卡来说，50 万吨意味着相当于原有市场的 50％现在出口到了国外，大米价格会大幅上升。

虽然自由贸易的结果会使两国的大米价格都发生变动，但相对于封闭时两国的市场价格来说，中国只降了一点点以至小到可以忽略不计，而斯里兰卡的大米价格则可以涨到非常接近于中国市场价格（将近每吨 1000 元）。

国际贸易参考文献英文

国际贸易参考文献英文English:For references on international trade, there are several key texts that scholars and practitioners often use. "International Trade: Theory and Policy" by Paul Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld is a well-regarded textbook that provides an in-depth understanding of the theories and policies surrounding international trade. Another important reference is "World Trade Statistical Review" by the World Trade Organization, which provides comprehensive data and analysis on global trade patterns and trends. "The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization" by Peter Van Den Bossche is an essential text for understanding the legal framework and workings of the WTO, while "The Competitive Advantage of Nations" by Michael E. Porter offers insights into the role of national competitiveness in international trade. These references cover a wide range of topics and provide valuable insights into the complexities of international trade.中文翻译:对于国际贸易的参考文献，有几本关键的书籍是学者和实践者经常使用的。

2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案

2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4 , he theorisedthat a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohnsuspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, astandardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 pointsor more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an 61average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate wouldneed 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2. [A] minor [B] objective [C] crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4. [A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D] test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B]studied [C]found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep bluecolor of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows t o department stores and to thebargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverishworld described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s thre e-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade orso, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trendsmore quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, morefrequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes asdisposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobeevery few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijackedfashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knitminiskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumesthat strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist best sellers like Michael Pollan’s TheOmnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, andwasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it tookBeaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.62Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change canonly be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it infood or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t affordnot to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows whichhalf. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people searchfor, click on and say online, c ompanies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or shouldthey have explicit permission?In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT)option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Micr osoft’sInternet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February theFTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding toDNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear withWindows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Fewswitch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association ofNational Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about theirpreferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop63tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects tobehavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and presson anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says willcomply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almostwholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will becomethe norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has comparedsome of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chiefprivacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to[A] ease competition among themselves.[B] lower their operational costs.[C] avoid complaints from consumers.[D] provide better online services.27. “The industry” (Line 5, Para.3) refers to[A] online advertisers.[B] e-commerce conductors.[C] digital information analysts.[D] internet browser developers.28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] may cut the number of junk ads.[B] fails to affect the ad industry.[C] will not benefit consumers.[D] goes against human nature.29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of[A] indulgence.[B] understanding.[C] appreciation.[D] skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowinglypositive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfilmentandopportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanityhas little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that wehave an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens inthe “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and youwill read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing,a nd there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinkingseriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical64clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’sperhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities wecan envisage.That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication de dicated to the near future. But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often,the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the historyof the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendantswill find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To besure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks thatthreatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are[A] a sustained species.[B] a threat to the environment.[C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a misplaced race.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problems.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to*A+ explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to thr ee vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—amodest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, thedecision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to up set the balance of power between the federalgovernment and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’scontroversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principlesthat Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal lawsprecede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to theexisting federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the stateflew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the Congress had deliberately65“occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers. However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people whocome in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-stateimmigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate withfederal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutionallogic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection camefrom Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to theAlien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “ashocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with itsenforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White Houseclaimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the bordersis among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigrationstatus, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carryout Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected thisremarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?*A+ Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.*B+ States’ independence from federal immigration law.*C+ States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.*D+ Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.*B+ undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen their coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections: In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the mostsuitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which donot fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientistsfrom all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science66Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change,security, sustainable development and health. (41) Humanity has the necessaryagro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too,the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (42) This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise itsinfluence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radicalinnovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, ratherthan on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004. (43)When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in theeffects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overallaccumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of fundingshould not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long hada category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests fromsocial scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving globalproblems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented andpublishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as inpolicy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers publishedglobally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovations ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially theyoung ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations,as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changingconsumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy. [F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, someare up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate itwithin cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of allresearch and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—variedfrom around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for67creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion,and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge,(46)yet when one looks at the photographs of thegardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak ofvarious other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of theturning world,” to b orrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is adistinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much sothat where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent.Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) Thegardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment whereit either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of theinarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we arebarely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)mostof us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until oneday we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homelessgardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seemto represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplikearrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequentpresence of petals orleaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at somebasic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifiesthe use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic c onstructions. In them we cansee biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge forthe upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)68答案速查Section I Use of English1. A2.D3. C4. A5. B6. B7.A8. D9. D 10.A11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15.B16. C 17. A 18. C 19. B 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21. B 22. D 23. A 24. D 25.CText 2 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30.DText 3 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35.CText 4 36. C 37. C 38. D 39. A 40.BPart B41. E 42. F 43. B 44. G 45. CPart C46. 然而，看到那些无家可归的人所创建的花园的照片时，我们不禁会发现这一系列花园尽管风格各异，揭示的却是几种其他的根本需求，不限于美饰与创意表达的范畴。

世界贸易和国际贸易外文文献及中文翻译

世界贸易和国际贸易外文文献及中文翻译World Trade and International TradeIn today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, internationalfinance and banking have evolved.For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala)that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives moneyin payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough ofa particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce themdomestically. According to economic theory, Japan should produce and export those items from which it derives a comparative advantage. It should also buy and import what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large numbers of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.For most nations, exports and imports are the most important international activity. When nations export more than they import, they are said to have a favorable balance of trade. When they import more than they export, an unfavorable balance of trade exists. Nations try to maintain a favorable balance of trade, which assures them of the means to buy necessaryimports.International trade is the exchange ofgoods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. There are several reasons for it.The distribution lf natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural deposits in excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example, Britain has large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum etc, whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else. In the cultivation of natural products climates whereas others, such as citrus fruits, require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable to produce sufficient of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand, for example, Britain and wheat. These are the reasons why international trade first began.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange their products. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the most advantages, and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations which and advantages in different fields.This trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage.The theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory, was developed by David Ricardo, and other economists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade between countries can be profitable for all,even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poof country can have a comparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by this traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town. Since this lawyer cannotafford to give up precious time from legal and typing matters. But thetypist’s comparative disadvantage is least in typing. Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing.This principle is the basis of specialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage. Thebenefits lf specialization may also be affecting by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transported around the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between which it will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export lf goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large marine fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in the cargo compartment or a ship.The prudent exporter purchases insurance for his cargo’s voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers. Thus, insurance is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, becauseof the development of Lloyd’s of L ondon, is a leading exporter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations’ foreign trade.Some nations possess little in the way of exporter commodities or manufactured goods, but they have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers of countries, who spend money for hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to other. In both cases, the nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to other. In both cases, the nations earn money to buy necessities.International trade today little resembles European commerce as it existed between the 16th century and the 19th century. Trade in earlier times was conducted largely between a mother country and its colonies. It was conducted according to strict mercantilist principles. The colonies were supposed to supply the mother country with raw materials, and they were expected to buyall finished goods from the mother country. Other forms of trade were forbidden to the colonies, but many of them evaded these restrictions.A result of the Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the 18th century, was the transformation of trade from a colonial exchange into a many sided international institution. Cottage industries gave way to mass production in factories. Railroads and steamships lowered the cost of transportation at the same time that new markets were being sought for the expanding output of goods.The Industrial Revolution also brought an end to mercantilist policies. The laissez-faire attitudes that emerged in their stead permitted businessmen to manufacture what they pleased and to trade freely with other nations. Trade was also stimulated by the growth of banking facilities, insurance companies, and improved commercial shipping and communications.The repeal of the Corn Laws by Great Britain in 1846 ended Britain’s longstanding policy of protectionism. During the 19th century, many European nations made commercial agreements with each other easing their tariff rates. Lower tariffs and the growth of population and industry caused trade to soarin the 19th century.In the 20th century two world wars and a major depression caused severe disturbances in international trade. Nations, sensing a threat to their domestic economies, sought to protect themselves from further disturbances by erecting various barriers to trade.The situation became even worse after Great Britain abandoned the gold standard. The nations that were closely related to Britain, including most of the members of the Commonwealth of gold standard. As the means of makinginternational payments broke down and trade restrictions increased, some countries had to resort to barter to obtain foreign goods.International trade was in such severe straits during the depression that a World Economic Conference was held in 1933. This conference, however, was unable to halt a rash of currency devaluations, tariff increases, and quota arrangements.In 1934, U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull persuaded Congress to pass the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. This law authorized the President to negotiate tariff cuts with other nations. The Reciprocal Trade Act providedfor protection of U.S. industries in the event foreign imports increased to such a degree that U.S. businesses were injured. This protection includedperil point and escape clauses under which tariff cuts could by refused of rescinded if a U.S. industry suffered economic hardship. Despite the protectionist clauses in the act, U.S. tariffs were substantially reduced.Shortly before the end of World War Ⅱ, members of the United Nations met at Bratton Woods, N.H. to discuss ways of reducing the financial barriers to international trade. The International Monetary Fund was established as a result of the conference. The fund was designed to encourage the growth of international trade by stabilizing currencies and their rate of foreign exchange.In the early postwar period, more than 20 nations met in Geneva, Switzerland, to negotiate tariff reductions. When any two nations reached an agreement to reduce tariffs on a product, the benefits were extended to all participating nations. This was an application of the so-called most favored nation clause.The Geneva tariff agreements were written into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT also established standards for the conduct of international trade. Fox example, the agreement prohibits nations from placing quotas of limits on imports, except under very special circumstances.After World War Ⅱ a number of free trade areas were formed to solve trade problems on a regional basis. Tariffs on goods moving within these areas were to be abolished. Some of the groups also erected a single tariff on the goods of outsiders coming into their common area. Such groups are called customs unions. The goal of all trade blocs was to merge small political units intolarge geographic entities in which goods could be freely manufactured and sold.A large market area greatly stimulates economic growth and prosperity. These trade blocs are: Benelux, The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECOM), the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), the Central American Common Market (CACM), the Caribbean Free Trade Area (CARIFTA), the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM).世界贸易和国际贸易在当今复杂的经济世界个人和国家都不是自给自足。

国际贸易实务(第五版)课件第1章-TRADE-TRADES(中英对照)详解

Ti of Origin
FOB, FAS, C&F, CIF, Ex Dock
Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932
International Law Association
1928 CIF
Incoterms 2010
International Chamber of Commerce
A. Provision(提供) of the goods in conformity with the contract
B. All customs formalities for the export of goods
C. Deliver the goods to the carrier at the named place on the date or within the agreed period
DEQ (Delivered ex quay)
《1932年华沙一牛国际法协会
1928-1932
CIF
津规则》
《1990年美国对外美国商业团体
1919-1990
6种
贸易定义修订本》
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》
国际商会
1936-2010
11种
注：目前最新的通则为：《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》，包括11 种贸易术语
3.Structure of INCOTERMS 2010
The first group：Suitable for all kinds of transport modes 适合于各种运输方式的术语 EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DAT,DAP,DDP
The second：Suitable for water transportation 适合于水上运输的贸易术语 FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF

国际经济与贸易相关的学术文献

国际经济与贸易相关的学术文献国际经济与贸易是一个广泛的领域，涉及到许多不同的主题和问题。

以下是一些与国际经济与贸易相关的学术文献：1.《国际经济学》（International Economics）：这是一本经典的国际经济学教科书，由保罗·克鲁格曼和莫里斯·奥布里恩合著。

该书涵盖了国际贸易、国际货币和金融、国际投资等主题，是学习国际经济学的重要参考书。

2.《世界贸易组织与国际贸易法》（The World Trade Organization and International Trade Law）：这本书由约翰·亨特和布莱克·琼斯合著，涵盖了世界贸易组织的历史、机构、规则和争端解决机制等方面的内容。

该书对于理解国际贸易法和世界贸易组织的作用有很大的帮助。

3.《国际投资法与仲裁》（International Investment Law and Arbitration）：这本书由安德烈亚斯·洛维尼和克里斯托弗·斯科特合著，讨论了国际投资法和仲裁的重要性和实践。

该书涵盖了国际投资协定、投资仲裁、国际投资争端解决等主题。

4.《国际货币体系：历史、理论和政策》（International Monetary Systems: History, Theory and Policy）：这本书由安德鲁·沃尔特和安德鲁·杨合著，讨论了国际货币体系的历史、理论和政策。

该书涵盖了金本位制、布雷顿森林体系、现代浮动汇率制度等主题。

5.《全球化与发展：理论、政策和实践》（Globalization and Development: Theory, Policy and Practice）：这本书由尤金·卡彭特和拉尔夫·达兹合著，讨论了全球化对发展的影响和挑战。

该书涵盖了全球化的定义、影响、政策和实践等方面。

这些文献提供了关于国际经济与贸易的重要信息和理论，对于学习和研究国际经济与贸易非常有用。

我国企业出口及对外直接投资行为选择的分析研究

摘要中国进行改革开放三十年的今天，国际贸易已经成为我国国民生产总值不断增加的重要推动因素。

随着近两年人民币的不断升值，以及我国企业所处全球生产链的低端环节，中国企业“走出去”势在必行。

但是中国企业是否能够完成转型，什么样的企业适合从对外出口转向对外直接投资，以及从出口转向对外直接投资的主要因素是什么，这都是本文将进行分析的问题。

本文通过出口和投资的理论分析，以及利用中国各行业企业的数据的研究，对于我国各行业国际化路径选择的问题进行剖析。

对企业的国内销售、出口和对外直接投资提供依据生产率的判断的标准，并且解释了为什么有的企业同时选择出口与对外直接投资。

本文从动态、微观的角度分析企业生产率对出口和对外直接投资行为选择的影响。

在对已有的贸易投资行为选择模型进行分析的同时，对该模型进行一定的拓展，将原有模型中企业出口与对外直接投资的成本进行进一步划分。

根据理论模型的推导，本文得出生产率是企业贸易投资行为选择的主要因素，企业的贸易投资行为可以通过企业的生产率区间划分而进行选择。

不同生产率的企业依据其所在生产率区间的不同，可以选择国内销售，出口或者对外直接投资。

利用我国36个行业10年的面板数据，根据永续盘存法计算出我国36个行业的生产率，将其按照生产率区间进行划分，得出各个行业适合的贸易投资行为模式，并且对中国36个行业企业的生产率与出口之间关系建立固定效应模型回归分析。

最终得出结论，企业贸易行为的模型中生产率与出口正相关的关系在中国同样适合。

也就是说，我国企业可以通过对自身生产率的估计来进行贸易投资行为的选择。

最后，依据本文的分析，提出了相应的政策建议。

中国企业需要“走出去”，但是，不是所有企业都适合采用“走出去”的战略。

企业应当根据自身生产率的大小进行衡量。

如果企业生产率位于[2,6]的区间，那么该企业实施“走出去”战略是有利于企业发展的；如果企业处于生产率位于[1,2]的区间，那么进行出口选择是有利的；如果企业处于生产率位于[0,1]的区间，那么企业仅适于国内生产。

《国际经济学》问答题(第一篇)答案

在李嘉图的两国贸易模型中，一个隐含的假设是，两国的规模大小相似。

因此，在自由贸易的情况下，两国各自放弃不拥有比较优势的产品而将所有的资源用于生产本国拥有比较优势的产品。

但在现实世界中，贸易中两国的大小可能相差很大。

例如：中国与斯里兰卡相比，无论是人口还是土地面积，前者都是后者的几十倍甚至一百多倍。

因此，如果大国与小国发生贸易，小国可以只生产其拥有比较优势的产品，而大国则不会实行专业化只生产一种产品。

大国仍然需要两种产品都生产。

换句话说，如果产品出口价格越高，或是进口产品的价格越低，一国从贸易中获得的利益就越大。

那么，小国与大国贸易，谁的价格变化会更大一些呢？假设：贸易前中国的大米市场的交易量为 1 亿吨，价格为每吨 1000 元。

斯里兰卡大米市场交易量为 100 万吨，价格为每吨 500 元。

发生贸易后中国从斯里兰卡进口了 50 万吨大米。

这 50 万吨大米对于 1亿吨的中国市场来说，只占 0.5％份额，影响甚微，对中国大米市场价格的影响不会很大。

但是，对于斯里兰卡来说，50 万吨意味着相当于原有市场的 50％现在出口到了国外，大米价格会大幅上升。

高级国际贸易学第一章李嘉图模型

y1 pi
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y2 pi
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这说明，GDP随第i种商品价格的变化率等于该商
品的产量。这些结论后面会非常有用。
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B.
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其实上述结论就是“包络定理－the envelope theorem” 请看瓦里安著《微观经济学－－高级教程》P49 包络定理.doc
均衡条件
进一步假设产品1为劳动密集型产品，即（a1k/a1L） <（a2K/a2L）。
p
相对供给曲线 Pa*
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pa
相对需求曲线
（L/a1）/(L*/a*2)
（y1+y*1）/(y2+y*2)
令y＝（y1+y*1）/(y2+y*2) （1）当p＜ a1 /a2 ＜ a*1 /a*2 →
w1＝ p1 /a1 ＜ w2＝ p2 /a2 ， w*1＝ p1 /a*1 ＜ w*2＝ p2 /a*2
→y1 ＝L/ a1 y*1＝L*/ a*1
专业化生产商品1
因此，世界相对供给曲线是“阶梯状”的。
分工：当pa ＜ p ＜pa* 时，本国专业生产商品 1，外国专业生产商品2，但消费点改变了，两国都变得更好了，分工和贸易使两国福利都提高了。
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对 y1求导，有： p1 p2 (h / y1 ) 0
或者：p p1 h y2

小学下册G卷英语自测题

小学下册英语自测题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What color is a ripe strawberry?A. BlueB. YellowC. RedD. GreenC2. Colosseum was used for ________ (竞技). The Roma3.What do we call the large body of freshwater?A. OceanB. LakeC. RiverD. PondB4.She is _______ (baking) cookies for the party.5.What is the value of Pi (π.approximately?A. 2.14B. 3.14C. 4.14D. 5.14B6.What is the name of the famous scientist who developed the theory of relativity?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. Galileo GalileiD. Nikola Tesla7. (Ming) Dynasty is known for its porcelain and trade. The ____8. A ______ (城市绿化) improves quality of life.9.He is my favorite _____ (老师).10.The __________ can be quite chilly in the morning. (气温)11.The _____ (天空) has clouds.12.I think science is exciting. It helps us understand how the world works. My favorite experiment was when I __________, as it taught me a lot about __________.13.What do you call a baby elephant?A. CalfB. CubC. PupD. Kid14.What is the name of the famous landmark in Egypt?A. Great Pyramid of GizaB. SphinxC. Abu SimbelD. Karnak Temple15.Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. ParrotC. FlamingoD. Penguin16._____ (湿地) support diverse plant and animal life.17.Which of these animals can fly?A. FishB. RabbitC. BirdD. DogC18.The __________ (贸易路线) were crucial for economic growth.19.The _____ (小羊) bleats softly as it grazes in the field. 小羊在田野里吃草时轻声叫唤。

关于国际贸易的英语名著

关于国际贸易的英语名著关于国际贸易，有许多经典的英文著作提供了深入的理论分析和实践指导。

这些著作不仅对国际贸易的学术研究具有重要影响，也为从业者和政策制定者提供了宝贵的参考。

以下是一些在国际贸易领域被广泛认可的英文名著：1."The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith亚当·斯密的这部作品被视为现代经济学的奠基之作。

其中对自由贸易的讨论为国际贸易理论的发展奠定了基础。

2."Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" by David Ricardo大卫·李嘉图在这本书中提出了比较优势理论，这是国际贸易理论的一个核心概念。

3."Globalization and Its Discontents" by JosephE. Stiglitz约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨在这本书中批评了全球化进程中的一些问题，特别是对发展中国家的影响，为国际贸易的公平性和可持续性提供了深刻见解。

4."The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy" by Pietra Rivoli皮特拉·里沃利通过一件T恤的全球旅程，揭示了国际贸易的复杂性和全球经济的互联互通。

5."The Choice: A Fable of Free Trade and Protectionism" by Russell Roberts罗素·罗伯茨在这部小说中以寓言的形式探讨了自由贸易与保护主义的主题。

6."International Economics: Theory and Policy" by Paul Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld保罗·克鲁格曼和莫里斯·奥布斯特费尔德共同著述的这本教科书广泛用于国际经济学的高等教育，全面介绍了国际贸易的理论和政策。

1997考研英语(一)真题及答案

1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections：Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A］，［B]，［C] and ［D]。

Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets。

(5 points）1。

The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds，________ could go penniless by next year.［A] the larger one［B］the larger of which[C］the largest one［D］the largest of which2。

Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ with other elements，most commonly with oxygen.［A］combined[B］having combined［C] combine［D] being combined3. Andrew, my father's younger brother，will not be at the picnic，________ tothe family’s disappointment.［A］much［B] more［C] too much［D］much more4。

十四种四大笔试题型做题技巧

十四种题型做题技巧----Ture/False/Not given(是非题)STEP 1：定位，找出题目在原文中的出处。

（1）找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。

（2）从头到尾快速阅读该段落，根据题目中的其它关键词，在原文中找出与题目相关的一句或几句话。

（3）仔细阅读这一句话或几句话，根据第二大步中的原则和规律，确定正确答案。

（4）要注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

STEP 2：判断，根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案。

（1）题目是原文的同义表达。

通常用同义词或同义结构。

例1原文：Few are more than five years old.译文：很少有超过五年的。

题目：Most are less than five years old.译文：大多数都小于五年。

例2原文：Frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise.译文：青蛙失去了生存下来的生态竞争能力，生物学家不能解释它们的死亡。

题目：Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying.译文：生物学家不能解释为什么青蛙死亡。

解释：题目中的are unable to与原文中的are at a loss to 是同义词，题目中的why frogs are dying与原文中的their demise是同义词，所以答案应为True。

（2）题目是根据原文中的几句话做出推断或归纳。

不推断不行，但有时有些同学会走入另一个极端，即自行推理或过度推理。

例 1原文：Compare our admission inclusive fare and see how much you save. Cheapest is not the best and value for money is guaranteed. If you compare our bargainDaybreak fares, beware--------most of our competitors do not offer an all inclusive fare.译文：比较我们包含的费用会看到你省了很多钱。

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Then handicraft separated from agriculture, at last commerce separated from handcraft.
Marco Polo's Camel Team Bian Liang City
Social labor division made people divided into several different groups. Even emerged a group of people in a society named merchants who specialized in trading.
Exchange of equal value or equal value exchange is the immutable law（永恒的法则）that must be followed by traders. The law must be the principle of exchanges in commodity economy. Even trades between labor and capital is put on a cloak of equal value exchange. The laborers sell their laboring capacity to the capital owners and are remunerated by receiving the wage. It appears that the capital owners pay the price of laboring capacity, wages, that is equivalent to sum of the prices of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite in bare existence as a laborer. The entire process of capitalist economic performance goes through taking a set of market mechanisms as the prerequisite. In this sense, exchanges could be concluded as the essence of commodity economy. Thus a commodity economy is of course a market economy.
The bourgeois revolution triumphed in the Netherland late in 16th century, in Great Britain in the mid-17th century, in France late in the 18th century, in Germany and some other countries in the mid-19th century. The bourgeois revolution overthrew the feudalist system and cleared the path for developing the capitalist production relation.
Consummation in Natural Economy

Natural economy lasted for several thousand years in history. Commodity production and commodity exchanges which did occur in natural economy were concluded as pretty or small commodity economy（小商品经济） separated from the modern commodity economy. Such pretty commodity economy had its development only in seams or cracks of natural economy and basically functioned as subservient to the latter.
Things fundamentally changed till 15-19th century when the capitalist system was successively established in the major Western European countries and in Americral Economy
Along with development of social productivity, the human society experienced the three stages of social labor division. At first, farming (agriculture) separated from hunting (livestock husbandry).
Because of the highly-developed labor division and production specialization, livelihood of producers and their families were strongly dependent upon commodity exchanges. In this sense, all the producers had transformed into dealers including laborers in an abject poverty （一贫如洗的劳动者）. As traders in commodity economy they only sell their capacity of laboring since they have nothing to sell. Value embodied in the produced goods are realized only when they could be sold in market. Marx wrote in his Capital that “such selling, transforming commodity into money, is a thrilling jump（惊险的跳跃）. If this jump is unsuccessful, ones that were broken are not goods, but must be the owner of the goods.”
Section One
Trade and Trade Theory
The Emergence of Trade

Trade is commodity exchanges among different producers. When commodity exchanges were executed between different countries the overseas trade occurred. So we say international trade are commodity exchanges over borders of national states. When we discuss the emergence of international trade we must have some words about the basic social economic formation of the human being. So far the human being has experienced two basic types of social economic formation: natural economy and commodity economy.
Based on a great increase in the social productivity “the wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as an immense accumulation of commodities, its unit being a single commodity.” （资本主义生产方式占统治地位的社会的财富，表现为 ‘庞大的商品堆积’，单个的商品表现为这种财富的元素形式。） ----Capital by Karl Marx
As a result of this development natural economy ended. The human society entered into an extensively developed modern commodity economy.
In commodity economy, by contrast with natural economy, commodity and currency relations had greatly developed and extensively permeated all sectors of the social life. Capitalist economy is a highly developed commodity economy in which the labor division and social productivity are greatly increased. This provides an actual material foundation on which all material and moral items have become commodities.