第四节 汉语长句的翻译

It would take me an entire book to list（1） all of the people I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people（2）, but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends （3）-- usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved（4）. 我毕生认识了许多人，他们一生中大部分时 间都是单身（2），但在朋友群中却无可非 议地是个核心人物（3）。他们经常帮人解 决问题，广受尊敬，广受爱戴（4）。要把 这些人的姓名一一列出的话，恐怕要写一本 书（1）。

Parataxis: the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.(clauses, sentences or paragraphs are organized into texts mainly through meaning, not form)

知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不 知己，每战必殆。（孙子《谋攻》） (若）知己（而又）知彼，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼 而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（而 又）不知彼，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.

运用英语形容词及形容词短语 人真是可笑的动物，一点极微末的小事情， 便会受着很深的影响。 Men are really laughable creatures, so easily upset by trifles. 他们大多是一些基层技术人员：他们有才 有智，奉公守法，深信自己的所作所为是 为国为民。 Most of them are grass-root technical personnel. Capable, intelligent, dedicated and law-abiding, they believe that all that they do is for their people and their country.

He had flown in just the day before from Georgia,（1）where he had spent his vacation（2）basking in the sun（3）after the completion of the construction job（4） he had been engaged in in the South（5）. 他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程（5），任务 完成之后（4），他就上佐治亚去度假（2）， 享受着阳光（3），前天才坐飞机回来（1）。
Further reference: Eugene A.Nida, Translating Meaning


叙事原则（时间先后、事件发展） 论理原则（因前果后、前提在前，结论在后）


语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是 通过虚词、词序等手段来表达，词语或语句间的连 接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现，做到 意思的连贯，这种特点语言学上叫做意合（汉语归 类为分析性的语言Analytic language的原因之一） 以意驭形、简约松散, 意义贯通，形散而神不散。 英语主要是Synthetic Language 综合型，主要通 过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。英语是重形 合的语言，注重形式完备、以形显义。结构清晰， 主谓中心，叠床架屋，树型空间图式。 结构完整、 形式严谨、层次分明、语法明确。
Exercises:
村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们 也来了。 There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village, and also came the villagers who had been deceived. 去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机 努力地干了十个月。 He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.

二、翻译方法 1）确定关系，分清主次 阁下如认为该公司信守合同，可以胜任我公 司之代理商，则请告知，我们当不胜感激。 It would be much appreciated if you would inform us whether the company can be relied on to abide by agreement hence qualified to be an agent on our behalf.

来自百度文库



这一年的清明，分外寒冷；杨柳才吐出半粒米大的新芽。 天明未久，华大妈已在右边的一座新坟前面，排出四碟 菜，一碗饭，哭了一场。 The QingMing Festival that year was unusually cold. Willows were only beginning to put forth shoots no larger than grains. Shortly after daybreak, Old Shuan’s wife brought four dishes and a bowl of rice to set before a new grave in the right section, and wailed before it. The weather that April—the month on which the Grave-Sweeping Festival fell—was unusually cold, with buds no more than half the size of rice grains daring to peep out on to the willow branches. Not long after daybreak, a weeping HuaDama set four dishes of food and a bowl of rice in front of a new grave.
1/ 到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便须 渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。（朱自清：背影）

I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day. （42words, 张译 ）


一、英汉语句的结构差异（形合与意合之别） 二、翻译方法 1） 确定关系，分清主次 2 ）形合手段，珠联璧合 三、注意事项 1）突出主题，避免主次不清。 2）均衡分布，避免头重脚轻。 3）调整语序，避免关系不明。

四、显性复句（句内关系的再现）
一、英汉语句的结构差异 （形合与意合之别）


It was an old woman（1）, tall and shapely still（2）, though withered by time（3）, on whom his eyes fell（4）when he stopped and turned（5）. 他站住，转过身来（5），定睛一看（4）， 是个年迈妇女（1），个子很高，依然一副好 身材（2），虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴 （3）。

介词短语 研究生学制为三年，有六个系有权授予硕 士学位，英语系还可授予博士学位。 The post-graduate course is three years, with six departments authorized to confer Master of Arts and the English Department to confer the doctorate.
阁下如认为该公司信守合同，可以胜任我公 司之代理商，则请告知，我们当不胜感激。 到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日； 第二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。 知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜 一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。（孙子 《谋攻》）

第四节、汉语长句的翻译

Hypotaxis: the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. ( the words or sentences in a text are connected with each other mainly through structural means, both lexical and morphological) While all our plans were still in the blueprint stage, our competitors got the jump on us. 我们还在运筹之中，对手就抢先了一步。



赏析：珠联璧合之妙 1/ 到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二 日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。（朱自清： 背影） I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day.


A friend kept me in Nanjing for a day to see sights, and the next morning I was to cross the Yangtze to Pukou to take the afternoon train to the north. （32words，杨译)

2 ）形合手段 （非谓语动词、从句、介词短语、adj） 非谓语动词 普遍的看法是，简化手续，提高工资，比 给企业经济方面的优惠更重要。 It is a general opinion that to simplify formalities and to enhance efficiency are more important than to give preferential economical treatment to enterprises。