procedures for measuring the properties of heat pipe wick materials

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ISO13485：2016标准中英文对照整理版

4.1.4组织应当依据本国际标准和适当的法规要求管理这些质量管理体系过
程。这些过程的改变（变更）应当：（新增）
a) evaluated for their impact on th e quality management system;
a）评价其对于质量管理体系的影响；
（新增）
b) evaluated for their impact on th e medical devices produced under t his quality management system;
a）形成文件的质量方针和质量目标；
b) a quality manual;
b）质量手册；
c) documented procedures and reco rds required by this International S tandard;
c）本国际标准所要求下的形成文件的
程序和记录；
d)documents, including records, dete rmined by the organization to be n ecessary to ensure the effective pla nning, operation, and control of its processes;
e）建立和维护用于证明符合本国际标准和适用的法律法规要求的符合性的记录（参见4.2.5）。
4.1.4The organization shall manage these quality management system p rocesses in accordance withthe req uirements of this International Stan dard and applicable regulatory requ irements. Changes to bemade to th ese processes shall be:

ASTM D5374 1993评定实验室烘箱的标准方法

required to maintain the oven at a given temperature with its ports open and(2)the average power required to maintain the oven at the same temperature with its ports closed.The test is conducted at100°C and at the maximum temperature at which the oven may be used.6.1.2Seal all openings into the oven,including,but not necessarily limited to,the vent ports,door,thermometer ports, and the space around the blower shaft(if the blower motor is mounted externally).6.1.3Install a watt-hour meter,as described in5.5,in the oven electrical supply line.6.1.4Install a temperature sensor,such as a thermometer,2 m to3m away from the oven,at least1m away from any solid object,and approximately level with the oven air e the oven temperature indicator to measure the internal tem-perature of the oven.6.1.5Raise the oven temperature to10062°C.When the temperature of the oven has stabilized,measure the consump-tion of power over a measured period of30to40min.Begin and end the measuring period at corresponding points of the cyclic temperatureﬂuctuation;for example,the moment when the heaters are switched on by the thermostat in the case of an “on/off”control.Measure and record the room temperature, which must not vary by more than2°C during the test.6.1.6Remove the seals to restore the oven to its normal operating condition.If necessary,adjust the vents and dampers to positions estimated to provide the speciﬁed rate of ventila-tion.6.1.7Repeat6.1.5.The average ambient air temperature must be within2°C of the average ambient temperature measured in6.1.5.6.1.8Calculate the rate of ventilation in the oven using the following equation:N53.59~P22P1!/~V·r·D T!(1) where:N5number of air changes per hour,P15average power consumption,with no ventilation, obtained by dividing the energy consumption deter-mined from the watt-hour meter readings by theduration of the test in hours,W,P25average power consumption during ventilation,cal-culated in the same manner,W,V5total volume of air circulated within the oven,m3(see Note1),r5density of the ambient room air during the test, kg/m3(see Note2),andD T5difference in temperature between the oven and theambient room temperature,°C.N OTE1—This volume includes space outside the testing chamber.The amount of this additional space depends on the physical design of the oven.N OTE2—The density of air at one atmosphere and20°C is1.205kg/m3.6.1.9If the rate of ventilation is not within the speciﬁed limits for the oven,adjust the vents and dampers and repeat 6.1.7through6.1.8.6.1.10Repeat6.1.2through6.1.9,except heat the oven to the maximum temperature at which the oven may be used.6.1.11Report the following information:6.1.11.1Identiﬁcation of the oven,6.1.11.2Date and location of test,6.1.11.3Test temperatures,and6.1.11.4Rate of ventilation at each temperature.6.2Temperature Variation,Gradient,and Fluctuation: 6.2.1Summary of Test Method—Simultaneous temperature measurements are made at nine points in the oven chamber over a period of time to determine the time and space variations of temperature.The time variation(temperatureﬂuctuation) and the space variation(temperature gradient)can be reported separately from temperature variation,which is the combina-tion of the two.6.2.2Set the vents and dampers in the oven to the settings needed for the speciﬁed range of rate of ventilation.6.2.3Install nine thermocouples in the oven chamber(see 5.1and5.2).Place one thermocouple in each of the eight corners of the chamber50to60mm from each wall,and the ninth thermocouple within25mm of the geometric center of the chamber.Leave at least300mm of wire for each thermo-couple within the oven chamber,in order to minimize effects of heat conduction along the wire.6.2.4Bring the oven to the selected operating temperature and allow it to stabilize for a minimum of16h.6.2.5Measure the temperatures indicated by the nine ther-mocouples to0.1°C a sufficient number of times during one complete temperature variation cycle to permit the determina-tion of the maximum,minimum,and mean temperatures of each thermocouple during one cycle.Ambient room tempera-ture must not vary by more than a total of10°C,and supply voltage to the oven must not vary by more than a total of5% during this measuring period.6.2.5.1Calculate the average of the nine mean temperatures to0.1°C and record as the set temperature of the oven.6.2.5.2Calculate the difference between the highest maxi-mum temperature and the lowest minimum temperature deter-mined in6.2.5and record as the temperature variation.6.2.5.3Calculate the difference between the highest tem-perature and the lowest temperature at any speciﬁc time during the temperature cycle,and record as the temperature gradient.6.2.5.4Determine which thermocouple has the greatest difference between maximum temperature and minimum tem-perature over the temperature cycle and record difference as the temperatureﬂuctuation.6.2.6Maintain the oven at the same operating temperature forﬁve days after the end of the stabilization period,and after the measurement of temperatures speciﬁed in6.2.5.Maintain ambient room temperature and supply voltage within the limits in6.2.5during the entire period.Repeat the measurements and calculations in6.2.5daily.6.2.7For routine monitoring of oven characteristics,for example,as recommended in Appendix X1of Speciﬁcation D5423,the stabilization time speciﬁed in 6.2.4may be reduced to8h,and the length of the test period following the initial temperature measurements speciﬁed in6.2.6may be reduced to24h(one day),with a single repetition of the temperature measurements.In case of doubt or dispute,use the longer time periods.6.2.8Report the followinginformation:6.2.8.1Identiﬁcation of the oven,6.2.8.2Date and location of test,6.2.8.3Calculated set temperature for each measurement,6.2.8.4Temperature variation for each measurement,and6.2.8.5If speciﬁed,temperature gradient and temperatureﬂuctuation for each measurement.6.3Thermal Lag Time :6.3.1Summary of Test Method —A deﬁned brass bar speci-men is placed in the heated oven,and the difference between itstemperature and the oven air temperature is plotted againsttime.The thermal lag time is the time in seconds required forthe temperature difference to be reduced to 10%of themaximum observed temperature difference.6.3.2Heat the oven to 20065°C and allow it to stabilizefor at least 1h.Stabilize a brass bar specimen (5.4)at roomtemperature for at least 1h.6.3.3Without turning off the oven,open the door(s)of theoven 90°.Quickly hang the specimen in the geometric centerof the oven,using a heat-resistant nonmetallic cord.Theorientation of the axis of the specimen is not signiﬁcant.Suspend the other junction of the thermocouple 80to 100mmfrom the brass bar.Leave the oven door(s)open for a total of6061s,then close the oven.Record the temperaturedifference,as indicated by the two junctions of the differentialthermocouple,at least once every 10s until the maximumtemperature difference has been obtained.Continue recordingat least once every 30s until the temperature difference has dropped below 10%of maximum.6.3.4Plot the recorded temperature values against the time in seconds since closing the oven.6.3.5Divide the maximum temperature difference by ten and record as T 10.Then record as the thermal lag time the time in seconds,taken from the plot of temperature difference versus time,for the temperature difference to reach T 10,after the time of maximum temperature difference.6.3.6Report the following information:6.3.6.1Identiﬁcation of the oven,6.3.6.2Date and location of the test,6.3.6.3Set temperature of the oven,and 6.3.6.4The determined thermal lag time,in seconds.7.Precision and Bias 7.1The precision of the individual methods given herein has not been determined,and no activity is planned to determine the precision.7.2The bias of the individual methods is largely dependent upon the accuracy of temperature measurement attainable using the available apparatus.8.Keywords 8.1forced-convection;ovens;set temperature;temperature ﬂuctuation;temperature gradient;thermal endurance evalua-tion;thermal lag time;ventilated;ventilation rateThe American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,100Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA19428.。

ASTM D217-02

Designation:D217–02measuring the depth to which a speciﬁed cone or needle under a given force falls into the material.3.1.4.1Discussion —In this test method,either a standard penetrometer 6.2or an optional penetrometer cone A1.3can be used to determine the consistency of lubricating greases.The penetration force is determined by the mass of the cone and the shaft.3.1.5thickener ,n —in lubricating grease,a substance com-posed of ﬁnely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant to form the product’s structure.3.1.5.1Discussion —The thickener can be ﬁbers (such as various metallic soaps)or plates or spheres (such as certain non-soap thickeners)which are insoluble or,at most,only very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant.The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed,and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.3.2Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:3.2.1block penetration ,n —of lubricating grease,the pen-etration at 25°C (77°F)determined on the freshly prepared face of a cube cut from a sample that is sufficiently hard to hold its shape.3.2.2penetration ,n —of lubricating grease,the depth that the standard cone (see A1.1),enters the sample when released to fall under its own weight for 5s.3.2.3penetrometer ,n —an instrument (see Fig.1)designed to measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into the grease.3.2.4prolonged worked penetration ,n —of lubricating grease,the penetration of a sample after it has been worked more than 60double strokes in a standard grease worker at a temperature of 15to 30°C (59to 86°F).3.2.4.1Discussion —After the prescribed number of double strokes,the worker and contents are brought to 25°C (77°F),worked an additional 60double strokes,and penetrated without delay.3.2.5unworked penetration ,n —of lubricating grease,the penetration at 25°C (77°F)of a sample that has received only minimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup or dimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.6worked penetration ,n —of lubricating grease,the penetration at 25°C (77°F),without delay,of a sample after 60double strokes in a standard grease worker.3.2.7working ,n —of lubricating grease,the subjection of a sample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.4.Summary of Test Method4.1For unworked penetration,the sample is brought to 2560.5°C (7761°F)in a worker cup or other suitable container.The cone assembly of the penetrometer is released and allowed to drop freely into the grease for 560.1s.Three determina-tions are made and averaged to give the reported result.4.2For worked penetration,the sample is brought to 2560.5°C (7761°F)and placed in the worker cup.The sample is subjected to 60double strokes in the grease worker.The penetration is determined immediately by releasing the cone assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 560.1s.Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.4.3For prolonged worked penetration,the sample is placed in the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined number of double strokes in the grease worker.Following completion of the prolonged working,the grease and worker assembly are brought to 2560.5°C (7761°F)and the grease is worked an additional 60double strokes in the grease worker.The pen-etration is determined immediately by releasing the cone assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 560.1s.Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.4.4For block penetration,a cube of the grease is prepared by slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter.The cube of grease is brought to 2560.5°C (7761°F)and placed on the penetrometer table with the prepared face upward.The pen-etration is determined by releasing the cone assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 560.1s.Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.5.Signiﬁcance and Use5.1These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000to 6,but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85.In contrast,Test Method D 937is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D 1403uses less precise one-quarter and one-half scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity islimited.FIG.1Penetrometer5.2Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease.Worked penetration results are re-quired to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs.Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consis-tency.5.3Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results andﬁeld service,the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for speciﬁca-tion purposes,such as in users’material speciﬁcations and suppliers’manufacturing speciﬁcations.6.Apparatus6.1Penetrometer,in accordance with A1.1.The instrument shall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a millimetre.A sketch of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig.1.6.2Standard Penetrometer Cone,in accordance with A1.2, is suitable for all penetrations.An optional penetrometer cone, in accordance with A1.3,is suitable only for penetrations less than400.The optional cone should not be used to measure the penetration of00and000grade greases.6.3Grease Worker,comprising a grease cup,cover,and plunger assembly,in accordance with A1.4,constructed for either manual or mechanical operation.6.3.1Grease Worker Drive,Manual,in accordance with A1.5,which allows for working the grease at a rate of60610 double strokes per minute.6.3.2Grease Worker Drive,Motorized,in accordance with A1.6,which allows for working the grease at a rate of60610 double strokes per minute.This apparatus is essential for the working step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.6.4Grease Cutter,in accordance with A1.7,is used for preparation of samples for block penetration.6.5Temperature Bath,either a water bath or an air bath capable of controlling the bath temperature at2560.5°C(77 61°F)and designed to bring the assembled grease worker to test temperature conveniently.If a water bath is to be used for samples for unworked penetration,means should be provided for protecting the grease surface from water and for maintain-ing the air above the sample at test temperature.An air bath is preferred for bringing block greases to test temperature,but a tightly sealed container placed in a water bath will suffice.A constant-temperature test room may be used instead of the temperature bath.6.6Spatula,corrosion-resistant,having a stiff blade nomi-nally32mm(1.25in.)wide and at least150mm(6in.)long.6.7Temperature-Measuring Device,with a sheath length of approximately200mm(8in.)and a sheath diameter of approximately3.7mm(0.145in.)(small enough toﬁt through the vent cock).The temperature range of the device should be wide enough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approxi-mately38°C(100°F)without damage.The scale should have small enough divisions(or digital resolution)to allow the user to read60.5°C(61°F).A spacer can be applied to the upper portion of the sheath to hold the tip just above the perforated plate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample(see A1.3).6.8Overﬂow Ring(optional),in accordance with A1.8,is a useful device for catching grease scraped from the sample surface as well as any grease forced by the penetrometer cone to overﬂow from the cup.This grease can be returned to the worker cup for subsequent testing.7.Reagents and Materials7.1Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent,for example, light petroleum naphtha.7.2Cloth or Paper Wiper,for wiping grease from the penetrometer cone.The wiper should be soft,so as not to scratch the cone.8.Sampling8.1Sample Size—Sufficient sample(at least0.4kg(1lb)) for worked and prolonged worked penetrations and1.2kg(3 lb)for unworked penetrations expected over200)to overﬁll the cup of the standard grease worker is required.If the sample size is insufficient and penetration ranges from NLGI0to4, use Test Method D1403.If the full-scale penetration value calculated in Test Method D1403is above200,at least three times the amount needed toﬁll the one-quarter or one-half scale worker cup is required.8.1.1For block penetration,obtain a sufficient size sample of the grease,which must be hard enough to hold its shape,to permit cutting from it a50-mm(2-in.)cube as a test specimen.8.2Sample Preparation—Samples are prepared for the various cone penetration test methods as follows:8.2.1Unworked Penetration—Place the empty grease worker cup,or dimensionally equivalent rigid container,and an appropriate amount of the sample in a metal container in the temperature bath maintained at2560.5°C for sufficient time to bring the temperature of the sample and the worker cup to25 60.5°C(7761°F).If the initial sample temperature differs from25°C by more than about8°C(15°F),or if an alternative method of bringing the sample to25°C is used,allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen is at2560.5°C before proceeding.Also,if the sample is larger than0.4kg(1 lb),allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen is at2560.5°C.Testing may proceed if the specimen is at a uniform temperature of2560.5°C.Transfer the specimen, preferably in one lump,to overﬁll the cup of the grease worker or other container.Make this transfer in such a manner that the grease will be worked as little as possible.Jar the cup to drive out trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula,with as little manipulation as possible,to obtain a cupful without air pockets.Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim, creating aﬂat surface,by moving the blade of the spatula,held inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approxi-mately45°,across the rim of the cup(Fig.2).Do not perform any further leveling or smoothing of the surface throughout the determination of unworked penetration and determine the measurement immediately.8.2.1.1The penetrations of soft greases are dependent upon the diameter of the container.Therefore,greases having un-worked penetrations greater than265should be tested in containers having the same diameter limitations as those of the worker cup.The results on greases having penetrations less than265are not signiﬁcantly affected if the diameter of the container exceeds that of the workercup.8.2.2Worked Penetration —The following sections describe the procedure for preparation of samples for worked penetra-tion:8.2.2.1Working —Transfer sufficient specimen to the cup of the clean grease worker to ﬁll it heaping full (mound up about 13mm (0.5in.)at the center),avoiding the inclusion of air by packing with the spatula.Jar the cup from time to time as it is being packed to remove any air inadvertently entrapped.Assemble the worker and,with the vent cock open,depress the plunger to the bottom.Insert a thermometer through the vent cock so that its tip is in the center of the grease.Place the assembled worker in the temperature bath maintained at 25°C (77°F)(Note 2)until the temperature of the worker and its contents is 2560.5°C as indicated by the thermometer.If the initial sample temperature differs from 25°C by more than about 8°C (15°F),or if an alternative method of bringing the sample to 25°C is used,allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen is at 2560.5°C before proceeding.Also,if the sample is larger than 0.4kg (1lb),allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen is at 2560.5°C .Testing may proceed when the specimen is at a uniform temperature of 2560.5°C.Remove the worker from the bath.If a water bath was used,wipe any excess water from the outer surfaces of the worker.Remove the thermometer and close the vent cock.Subject the grease to 60full (63to 71.5mm (27⁄16to 213⁄16in.))double strokes of the plunger,completed inaboutFIG.2Preparing Sample for PenetrationMeasurement1min,and return the plunger to its top position.Open the vent cock,remove the cover and plunger,and return to the cup as much of the grease clinging to the plunger as can readily be removed.N OTE 2—If it is desired to immerse the worker above the joint between the cup and cover,take care that the joint is watertight in order to prevent the entrance of water to the worker.8.2.2.2Preparing Sample for Measurement —Jar the cup sharply on the bench or ﬂoor and pack the grease down with a spatula to ﬁll the holes left by the plunger and to remove any air pockets (Note 3).Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim,creating a ﬂat surface,by moving the blade of the spatula,held inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approximately 45°,across the rim of the cup (Fig.2),retaining the portion removed (Note 4).N OTE 3—The jarring should be only as vigorous as required to remove the entrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup.In performing these operations,a minimum of manipulation should be used,as any agitation of the grease may have the effect of increasing the working beyond the speciﬁed 60strokes.N OTE 4—Particularly when testing soft greases,retain the grease removed from the cup in scraping to provide a full cup for subsequent tests.Keep the outside of the rim of the cup clean so that the grease forced by the penetrometer cone to overﬂow the cup may be returned to the cup prior to preparing the specimen for the next test.8.2.3Prolonged Worked Penetration —Fill a clean grease worker cup and assemble the worker as described in 8.4.2.Subject the grease specimen to the prescribed number of double strokes (Note 5).Immediately after the working is concluded,place the worker in the temperature bath to bring the test specimen to 2560.5°C (7761°F)within 1.5h.Or,if an alternate method of bringing the temperature to 25°C is used,allow sufficient time to ensure that the specimen is at 2560.5°C (7761°F).Remove the worker from the temperature bath and subject the grease to a further 60full (63to 71.5mm (27⁄16to 213⁄16in.))double strokes of the plunger,completed in about 1min,and return the plunger to its top position.Open the vent cock,remove the cover and plunger,and return to the cup as much of the grease clinging to the plunger as can readily be removed.Jar the cup sharply on the bench or ﬂoor and pack the grease down with a spatula to ﬁll the holes left by the plunger and to remove any air pockets (Note 3).Scrape off the excessgrease extending over the rim,creating a ﬂat surface,by moving the blade of the spatula,held inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approximately 45°,across the rim of the cup (Fig.2),retaining the portion removed (Note 4).N OTE 5—In order to minimize leakage during working,special atten-tion should be paid to the seal in the worker cover.8.2.3.1Temperature —Maintain the temperature of the room used for the test within the range from 15to 30°C (59to 86°F).No further control of the worker temperature is necessary;but,before starting the test,the grease should have been in the room for sufficient time to bring its temperature within the range from 15to 30°C.8.2.4Block Grease —By means of the speciﬁed grease cutter,cut as a test specimen from the sample at room temperature a cube about 50mm (2in.)on the edge (Fig.3(a)).While holding this specimen so that the unbeveled edge of the cutter is toward it (Fig.3(b)),slice off a layer about 1.5mm (1⁄16in.)in thickness from each of the three faces adjacent to a single corner,which can be truncated for identiﬁcation (Fig.3(c)and Note 6).Take care not to touch those portions of the newly exposed faces which are to be used for testing or to set a prepared face against the base plate or guide of the cutter.Bring the temperature of the prepared specimen to 2560.5°C (7761°F)by placing it in a temperature bath maintained at 25°C (77°F)for at least 1h.If the initial sample temperature differs from 25°C by more than about 8°C (15°F),or if an alternative method of bringing the sample to 25°C is used,allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen is at 2560.5°C (7761°F)before proceeding.N OTE 6—The testing of three faces is intended to equalize in the ﬁnal value the effect of ﬁber orientation in testing ﬁbrous greases.Smooth-textured,nonﬁbrous greases can be tested on one face only,when agreed upon between the interested parties.9.Preparation of Apparatus9.1Cleaning Penetrometer Cone —Clean the penetrometer cone carefully before each test with a soft cloth or paper wiper.The wiper can be dampened with an appropriate volatile gum-free solvent,when necessary,to remove any grease remaining on the cone.The solvent should have no effectonFIG.3Preparing Block Sample for PenetrationMeasurementthe cone surface.While cleaning,do not rotate the cone,as this can cause wear on the release mechanism.Bending of the cone shaft can be avoided by holding the cone securely in its raised position while cleaning.9.2Cleaning Penetrometer Shaft—The penetrometer shaft should be cleaned periodically with a soft cloth or paper wiper dampened with an appropriate volatile gum-free solvent to remove any oil,grease,or dirt buildup.Foreign materials on the penetrometer shaft can cause drag on the shaft assembly, possibly causing erroneous results.9.3Any other cleaning or adjustments to the apparatus should be done in accordance with the equipment manufactur-er’s recommendations.10.Calibration and Standardization10.1Proper operation of a grease penetrometer can be checked by running periodic tests with a grease of known consistency.NLGI2reference grease has been found to be suitable for this purpose,since multiple laboratories run tests on this material to generate the data reported for it.Data on this material is provided by NLGI with the purchase of the grease.11.Procedure11.1Unworked Penetration—Place the cup on the pen-etrometer table,making certain that it cannot teeter.Set the mechanism to hold the cone in the zero position,and adjust the apparatus carefully so that the tip of the cone just touches the surface at the center of the test specimen.Watching the shadow of the cone tip,from a low angle with backlighting,is an aid to accurate setting.For greases with penetrations over400,the cup must be centered to within0.3mm(0.01in.)of the tip of the cone.One way to center the cup accurately is to use a centering device(Fig.1).Release the cone shaft rapidly,and allow it to drop for5.060.1s.The release mechanism should not drag on the shaft.Lock the shaft in position at the end of the5-s period.Gently depress the indicator shaft until stopped by the cone shaft and read the penetration from the indicator.11.1.1If the sample has a penetration over200,center the cone carefully in the cup;this sample shall then be used for only one test.If the sample has a penetration of200or less, perform three tests in a single cup,spacing these tests on three radii120°apart and midway between the center side of the cup so that the cone will neither strike the side of the container nor impinge on the disturbed area made in a previous test.11.1.2Additional Tests—Make a total of three tests on the specimen(either in three cups or in one,in accordance with 11.1.1),and report the average of the three tests,to the nearest 0.1mm,as the unworked penetration of the specimen.11.2Worked Penetration—Determine the penetration of the specimen in accordance with11.1.11.2.1Additional Tests—Immediately make two more tests in succession on the same specimen.Return to the cup the portion previously removed with the spatula,then repeat the operations in accordance with8.4.2.2.Report the average of the three tests,to the nearest0.1mm,as the worked penetration of the specimen.11.3Prolonged Worked Penetration—Determine the pen-etration of the specimen in accordance with11.1.11.3.1Additional Tests—Immediately make two more tests in succession on the same specimen.Return to the cup the portion previously removed with the spatula,then repeat the operations in accordance with8.4.2.2.Report the average of the three tests,to the nearest0.1mm,as the prolonged worked penetration of the specimen.11.4Block Penetration—Place the test specimen on the penetrometer table with one of the prepared faces upward,and press it down by the corners to make it rest level andﬁrmly on the table so that it cannot teeter during the test.Set the mechanism to hold the cone in the zero position,and adjust the apparatus carefully so that the tip of the cone just touches the surface at the center of the test sample.Determine the penetration in accordance with11.1.Make a total of three tests on the exposed face of the specimen,locating the tests at least 6mm(1⁄4in.)from the edge and as far apart as possible without impinging on any touched portion,air hole,or other apparent ﬂaw in the surface.If the result of one of these tests differs from the others by more than three units,make additional tests until three values agreeing within three units are obtained. Average these three values for the face being tested.11.4.1Additional Tests—Repeat the procedure described in 11.4on each of the other prepared faces of the specimen. Report one third of the sum of the averages for the three faces, to the nearest0.1mm as the block penetration of the specimen.12.Report12.1Report the following information:12.1.1Unworked Penetration—Report the average value obtained in11.1.2as the unworked penetration of the grease under test.12.1.2Worked Penetration—Report the average value ob-tained in11.2.1as the worked penetration of the grease under test.12.1.3Prolonged Worked Penetration—Report the average value obtained in11.3.1as the prolonged worked penetration of the grease under test.The number of double strokes to which the grease was subjected during the prolonged working shall also be reported.12.1.4Block Penetration—Report the value obtained in 11.4.1as the block penetration of the grease under test. 13.Precision and Bias13.1Precision—The precision of these test methods is based on work done by the Institute of Petroleum.Their precision evaluation is considered to conform to the require-ments of Committee D-2,RR:D02-1007,Manual on Determin-ing Precision Data for ASTM Test Methods on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.313.2The precision of these test methods as determined by statistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows: 13.2.1Repeatability—The difference between two test re-sults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material would,in the long run,in the normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the values in Table1in only one case intwenty.13.2.2Reproducibility —The difference between two single and independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would,in the long run,in the normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the values in Table 1in only one case in twenty.13.3Bias —The procedure in Test Methods D 217for mea-suring cone penetration of lubricating greases has no bias because the value of cone penetration is deﬁned only in terms of these test methods.14.Keywords14.1consistency;grease;lubricating grease;penetration;penetrometer;worked penetrationANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1.APPARATUSA1.1Penetrometer ,similar to the instrument illustrated in Fig.1,designed to measure in tenths of a millimetre the depth to which the standard (or optional)cone falls into the grease.The cone assembly or the table of the penetrometer shall be adjustable to enable accurate placement of the tip of the cone on the level surface of the grease while maintaining a zero reading on the indicator.When released,the cone should fall without appreciable friction.Both the penetrometer shaft and the rack engaging the measuring dial should be at least 62.0mm in length.If only penetrations less than 400are to be measured,the penetrometer may be designed such that,when released,the cone falls for at least 40.0mm.The tip of the cone should not hit the bottom of the sample container.The instrument shall be provided with leveling screws and a spirit level to maintain the cone shaft in a vertical position.A1.1.1Automatic Penetrometers ,which include such de-vices as timers,electrical release mechanisms,digital depth indicators,and contact sensors are permitted,so long as the results obtained with such instruments are shown to fall within the precision in accordance with 13.2.A1.2Standard Cone ,for measuring penetrations up to 475,consisting of a conical body of magnesium or other suitable material with detachable,hardened steel tip,shall be con-structed to conform to the tolerances in accordance with Fig.A1.1.The total mass of the cone shall be 102.560.05g and that of its movable attachments shall be 47.560.05g;the attachments shall consist of a rigid shaft having a mechanical stop at its upper end and suitable means,at the lower end,for engaging the cone.The interior construction of the cone can be modiﬁed to achieve the speciﬁed weight,provided that the general contour and weight distribution are not altered.The outer surface of the cone is to be polished to a smooth ﬁnish.A surface ﬁnish in the range from 0.10to 1.12µm (4to 44µin.)root mean square (RMS)has been found to have no measurable effect on penetration results.A1.3Optional Cone ,for measuring penetrations up to 400,consisting of a conical body of brass or corrosion-resistant steelwith detachable,hardened steel tip,shall be constructed to conform to the tolerances shown in Fig.A1.2.The total mass of the cone shall be 102.560.05g and that of its movable attachments shall be 47.560.05g;the attachments shall consist of a rigid shaft having a mechanical stop at its upper end and suitable means,at the lower end,for engaging the cone.The interior construction of the cone can be modiﬁed to achieve the speciﬁed weight,provided that the general contour and weight distribution are not altered.The outer surface of the cone is to be polished to a smooth ﬁnish.A surface ﬁnish in the range from 0.18to 1.50µm (7to 59µin.)RMS has been found to have no measurable effect on penetration results.A1.4Grease Worker ,consisting of a grease cup,cover,and plunger assembly and conforming to the dimensions given in Fig.A1.3.The dimensions not shown may be altered and other methods of fastening the lid and securing the worker can be used.The worker can be constructed for either manual or mechanical operation.A1.5Grease Worker Drive,Manual ,similar to that shown in Fig.A1.4.The design must be such that a rate of 60610strokes per minute with a minimum length of 63mm (27⁄16in.),can be maintained.A1.6Grease Worker Drive,Motorized ,similar to that shown in Fig.A1.5.The design must be such that a rate of 60610strokes per minute with a minimum length of 63mm (27⁄16in.),can be maintained.The mechanical grease worker must be provided with a presetting counter to permit the apparatus to be automatically stopped after any required number of double strokes up to 99999.A1.7Grease Cutter ,having a sharp,rigidly mounted,beveled blade,shall be essentially as shown in Fig.A1.6.It is necessary that the blade be straight and sharpened,as shown.A1.8Overﬂow Ring (optional),conforming in principal to the illustration in Fig.A1.3is a useful aid for returningTABLE 1Repeatability and ReproducibilityPenetration Penetration Range Repeatability,One Operator and Apparatus Reproducibility,Different Operators and Apparatus Unworked 85to 4758units 19units Worked130to 4757units 20units Prolonged worked 130to 47515units A 27units A Blockunder 857units11unitsADetermined at 100000double strokes within 15to 30°C (59to 86°F)ambient temperaturerange.。

ASTM D4632-2015a 英文版 (1)

Designation:D4632/D4632M−15aStandard Test Method forGrab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D4632/D4632M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the breaking load(grab strength) and elongation(grab elongation)of geotextiles using the grab method.This test method is not suitable for knitted fabrics and alternate test methods should be used.While useful for quality control and acceptance testing for a speciﬁc fabric structure, the results can only be used comparatively between fabrics with very similar structures,because each different fabric structure performs in a unique and characteristic manner in this test.The grab test methods does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.1.2Procedures for measuring the breaking load and elon-gation by the grab method in both the dry and wet state are included;however,testing is normally done in the dry condi-tion unless speciﬁed otherwise in an agreement or speciﬁca-tion.1.3The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used independently of the bining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Speciﬁcation for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-tilesD2905Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles(Withdrawn2008)3D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs)for TestingD4439Terminology for GeosyntheticsE177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3.Terminology3.1Deﬁnitions:3.1.1atmosphere for testing geotextiles,n—air maintained at a relative humidity of6565%relative humidity and temperature of2162°C[7064°F].3.1.2breaking load,n—the maximum force applied to a specimen in a tensile test carried to rupture.3.1.3cross-machine direction,n—the direction in the plane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.3.1.4elongation at break,n—the elongation corresponding to the breaking load,that is,the maximum load.3.1.5geotextile,n—any permeable textile material used with foundation,soil,rock,earth,or any other geotechnical material,as an integral part of a man-made product,structure, or system.3.1.6grab test,n—in fabric testing,a tension test in which only a part of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps.3.1.6.1Discussion—For example,if the specimen width is 101.6mm[4in.]and the width of the jaw faces25.4 mm[1in.],the specimen is gripped centrally in the clamps.3.1.7machine direction,n—the direction in the plane of the fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01on Mechani-cal Properties.Current edition approved May15,2015.Published June2015.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2015as D4632/D4632M–15. DOI:10.1520/D4632_D4632M-15A.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on .Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United States --`,,,`,,,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---3.1.8For deﬁnitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123or Terminology D4439.4.Summary of Test Method4.1A continually increasing load is applied longitudinally to the specimen and the test is carried to rupture.Values for the breaking load and elongation of the test specimen are obtained from machine scales or dials,autographic recording charts,or interfaced computers.5.Signiﬁcance and Use5.1The grab method is applicable whenever it is desired to determine the“effective strength”of the fabric in use,that is, the strength of the material in a speciﬁc width,together with the additional strength contributed by adjacent material.There is no simple relationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amount of fabric assistance depends on the construction of the fabric.It is useful as a quality control or acceptance test.5.2The procedure in Test Method D4632/D4632M for the determination of grab strength of geotextiles may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments,but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is parative tests as directed in 5.2.1are advisable.5.2.1In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedures in Test Method D4632/D4632M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments,the purchaser and the manufacturer should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their petent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum,the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question.The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student’s t-test and an accept-able probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun.If a bias is found,either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the manufacturer must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias. 5.3Most geotextile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modiﬁcation of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric,depending upon its structure.Special adaptation may be necessary with strong fabrics,or fabrics made from glassﬁbers,to prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the clamps,such as cushioning the clamp or boarding the specimen within the clamp.5.4This test method is applicable for testing fabrics either dry or wet.It may be used with constant-rate-of-traverse(CRT) or constant-rate-of-extension(CRE)type tension machines. However,there may be no overall correlation between the results obtained with the CRT machine and the CRE machine. Consequently,these two tension testers cannot be used inter-changeably.In case of controversy,the CRE machine shall prevail.6.Apparatus6.1Tensile Testing Machine,of the constant-rate-of-extension(CRE)or constant-rate-of-traverse(CRT)type with autographic recorder conforming to the requirements of Speci-ﬁcation D76/D76M.6.2Clamps,having all gripping surfaces parallel,ﬂat,and capable of preventing slipping of the specimen during a test. Each clamp shall have one jaw face measuring25.4by50.8 mm[1by2in.],with the longer dimension parallel to the direction of application of the load.The other jaw face of each clamp shall be at least as large as its mate.Each jaw face shall be in line,both with respect to its mate in the same clamp and to the corresponding jaw of the other clamp.7.Sampling and Selection7.1Division into Lots and Lot Samples—Divide the material into lots and take a lot sample as directed in Practice D4354. Rolls of fabric are the primary sampling unit.7.2Laboratory Sample—Take for the laboratory sample a swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1m[39.37in.]along the selvage from each roll in the lot sample.The swatch may be taken from the end portion of a roll provided there is no evidence that it is distorted or different from other portions of the roll.In cases of dispute,take a swatch that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core.7.3Test Specimens—Cut the number of specimens from each swatch in the laboratory sample determined as directed in Section8.Take no specimens nearer the selvage of fabric edge than1⁄20of the fabric width or150mm[6in.],whichever is the smaller.Cut rectangular specimens101.6by203.2 mm[4by8in.].Cut the specimens to be used for grab tests in the machine direction with the longer dimension parallel to the machine direction and the specimens to be used for grab tests in the cross-machine direction with the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direction.Locate each group of specimens along a diagonal line on the swatch so that each specimen will contain different warp ends andﬁlling picks. Draw a line37mm[1.5in.]from the edge of the specimen running its full length.For woven and reinforced nonwoven fabrics,this line must be accurately parallel to the lengthwise yarns in the specimen.8.Number of Specimens8.1Unless otherwise agreed upon as when provided in an applicable material speciﬁcation,take a number of test speci-mens per swatch in the laboratory sample such that the user may expect at the95%probability level that the test result is no more than5%above the true average for each swatch in the laboratory sample for each the machine and cross-machine direction,respectively.8.1.1Reliable Estimate of v—When there is a reliable estimate of v based upon extensive past records for similar materials tested in the user’s laboratory as directed in the method,calculate the required number of specimens using Eq 1,as follows:n5~tv/A!2(1) --`,,,`,,,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---where:n =number of test specimens (rounded upward to a wholenumber),v =reliable estimate of the coefficient of variation of indi-vidual observations on similar materials in the user’s laboratory under conditions of single-operator precision,%,t =the value of Student’s t for one-sided limits (see Table1),a 95%probability level,and the degrees of freedom associated with the estimate of v ,andA = 5.0%of the average,the value of the allowablevariation.8.1.2No Reliable Estimate of v—When there is no reliable estimate of v for the user’s laboratory,Eq 1should not be used directly.Instead,specify the ﬁxed number of 10specimens for the machine direction tests and 10specimens for the cross-machine direction tests.The number of specimens is calculated using v =9.5%of the average for both machine direction and cross-machine direction.These values for v are somewhat larger than usually found in practice.When a reliable estimate of v for the user’s laboratory becomes available,Eq 1will usually require fewer than the ﬁxed number of specimens.9.Conditioning9.1Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in the atmosphere for testing geotextiles.Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the increase in mass of the specimen in successive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2h does not exceed 0.1%of the mass of the specimen.In general practice,the industry approaches equilibrium from the “as received”side.N OTE 1—It is recognized that in practice geotextile materials are frequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been reached.While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of dispute,it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard atmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before the specimens are tested.A time of at least 24h has been found acceptable in most cases.However,certain ﬁbers may exhibit slow moisture equaliza-tion rates from the “as received”wet side.When this is known,a preconditioning cycle,as described in Practice D1776/D1776M ,may be agreed upon between contractual parties.9.2Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be immersed in water maintained at a temperature of 2162°C [7064°F].The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet-out the specimens thoroughly,as indicated by no signiﬁ-cant change in strength or elongation following a longer period of immersion,and at least 2min.To obtain thorough wetting,it may be necessary or advisable to add not more than 0.05%of a nonionic neutral wetting agent to the water.10.Procedure10.1Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere for testing in accordance with Section 9.10.2Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the test at 7561mm [360.05in.].Select the load range of the testing machine such that the maximum load occurs between 10and 90%of full-scale load.Set the machine to operate at a speed of 300610mm/min [1260.5in./min].10.3Secure the specimen in the clamps of the testing machine,taking care that the long dimension is as nearly as possible parallel to the direction of application of the load.Be sure that the tension in the specimen is uniform across the clamped width.Insert the specimen in the clamps so that approximately the same length of fabric extends beyond the jaw at each end.Locate the jaws centrally in the widthwise direction by having the line which was drawn 37mm [1.5in.]from the edge of the specimen run adjacent to the side of the upper and lower front jaws which are nearest this edge.This ensures that the same lengthwise yarns are gripped in both clamps.10.4If a specimen slips in the jaws,breaks at the edge of or in the jaws,or if for any reason attributed to a faulty operation the result falls markedly below the average for the set of specimens,discard the result and take another specimen.Continue this procedure until the required number of accept-able breaks have been obtained.N OTE 2—The decision to discard a break shall be based on observation of the specimen during the test and upon the inherent variability of the fabric.In the absence of other criteria for rejecting a so-called jaw break,any break occurring within 5mm [1⁄4in.]of the jaws which results in a value below 80%of the average of all the other breaks shall be discarded.No other break shall be discarded unless it is known to be faulty.N OTE 3—It is difficult to determine the precise reason for breakage of test specimens near the edge of the jaws.If breaks are caused by damage to the specimen by the jaws,then the results should be discarded.If,however,they are merely due to randomly distributed weak places in specimens,the results should be considered perfectly legitimate.In some cases,breaks may be caused by a concentration of stress in the area adjacent to the jaws.If this occurs,the specimen is prevented from contracting in width as the load is applied.In such cases,a break near the edge of the jaws is inevitable and shall be accepted as a characteristic of the geotextile when tested by this test method.10.5Start the tensile testing machine and the area measur-ing device,if used,and continue running the test to rupture.Stop the machine and reset to the initial gage position.Record and report the test results for each direction separately.10.6If fabric manifests slippage in the jaws,the jaw faces,but not the jaw dimensions,may be modiﬁed.If a modiﬁcation is used,the method of modiﬁcation should be stated in the report.TABLE 1Values of Student’s t for One-Sided Limitsand the 95%Probability Adf One-Sided df One-Sided df One-sided 1 6.31411 1.79622 1.7172 2.92012 1.78224 1.7113 2.35313 1.77126 1.7064 2.13214 1.76128 1.7015 2.01515 1.75330 1.6976 1.94316 1.74640 1.6847 1.89517 1.74050 1.6768 1.86018 1.73460 1.6719 1.83319 1.7291201.658101.812201.7251.645AValues in this table were calculated using Hewlett Packard HP 67/97Users’Library Programs 03848D,“One-Sided and Two-Sided Critical Values of Stu-dent’s t ”and 00350D,“Improved Normal and Inverse Distribution.”For values at other than the 95%probability level,see published tables of critical values of Student’s t in any standard statistical text.Further use of thistable is deﬁned in Practice D2905.--`,,,`,,,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---10.7Unless otherwise speciﬁed,measure the elongation of the fabric at any stated load by means of a suitable autographic recording device,at the same time the breaking strength is determined.Measure the elongation from the point where the curve leaves the zero loading axis to a point of corresponding force in millimetres [inches].11.Calculation11.1Breaking Load—Calculate the breaking load by aver-aging the value of breaking load for all accepted specimen results.The breaking load shall be determined separately for the machine direction specimens and cross-machine direction specimens.11.2Apparent Elongation—Calculate the apparent elonga-tion at the breaking load or at other speciﬁed loads by averaging the values of apparent elongation for all accepted specimen results.The apparent elongation shall be determined separately for the machine direction specimens and cross-machine direction specimens and expressed as the percentage increase in length,based upon the initial nominal gage length of the specimen.Report this as the apparent elongation.N OTE 4—The observed elongation calculated as a percentage of the initial nominal gage length of the specimen should be referred to as “apparent elongation.”Because the actual length of fabric stretched is usually somewhat greater than this initial length due to pull-out of fabric from between the jaws,elongation calculated on initial length may be somewhat in error,depending upon the amount of this pull-out.12.Report12.1Report the following information:12.1.1State that the tests were performed as directed in Test Method D4632/D4632M.Describe the material(s)or prod-uct(s)sampled and the method of sampling used.12.1.2The average grab breaking load for specimens cut in each direction,for all specimens giving acceptable breaks.12.1.3The average grab percent apparent elongation of specimens cut in each direction,for all specimens giving acceptable breaks,if required.Identify this as “apparent breaking elongation,”or “apparent elongation at x lb load,”as required by the test speciﬁcations.12.1.4Number of specimens tested in each direction.12.1.5Condition of specimens (wet or dry).12.1.6Type of testing machine used.12.1.7Maximum load obtainable in the range used for testing.12.1.8Type of padding used in jaws,modiﬁcation of specimen gripped in the jaws,or modiﬁcation of jaw faces,if used.12.1.9Any modiﬁcations of sample specimens as manufactured,or test method as described.13.Precision and Bias 413.1Precision—The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study of D4632/D4632M,Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles,conducted in 2013.Ten laboratories tested a total of four different geotextile samples for elongation and tensile strength at rupture.Every “test result”represents an individual determination.All labs were asked to report triplicate test results for each material tested.Practice E691was followed for the design and analysis of the data;the details are given in ASTM Research Report No.RR:D35-1021.13.1.1Repeatability Limit (r)—Two test results obtained within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “r”value for that material;“r”is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material,obtained by the same operator using the same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.13.1.1.1Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 2and 3.13.1.2Reproducibility limit (R)—Two test results shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R”value for that material;“R”is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material,obtained by different operators using different equipment in different laboratories.13.1.2.1Reproducibility limits are listed in Tables 2and 3.13.1.3The above terms (repeatability limit and reproduc-ibility limit)are used as speciﬁed in Practice E177.13.1.4Any judgment in accordance with statements 13.1.1and 13.1.2would have an approximate 95%probability of being correct.13.2Bias—At the time of the study,there was no accepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for this test method,therefore no statement on bias is being made.4Supporting data have been ﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D35-1021.Contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.TABLE 2Maximum Elongation at Rupture (%)MaterialAverage ARepeatability Standard DeviationReproducibility Standard Deviation Repeatability LimitReproducibility Limitx ¯S rS Rr R Woven Slit TapeStabilization Geotextile25.240.85 5.37 2.3915.02Heavy Weight Nonwoven Geotextile79.20 1.7212.39 4.8134.70Light Weight Nonwoven Geotextile 79.03 2.66 6.007.4416.79Woven Mono/Slit Tape Reinforcement Geotextile22.430.844.922.3513.78AThe average of the laboratories’calculatedaverages.--`,,,`,,,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---13.3The precision statement was determined through sta-tistical examination of 240reported results,from ten laboratories,on four materials.These four materials were identiﬁed as the following:Woven Slit Tape Stabilization Geotextile Light Weight Nonwoven Geotextile Heavy Weight Nonwoven GeotextileWoven Mono/Slit Tape Reinforcement Geotextile13.4To judge the equivalency of two test results,it is recommended to choose the material closest in characteristics to the test material.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@ (e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,Tel:(978)646-2600;/TABLE 3Maximum Tensile at Rupture (lbf )MaterialAverage ARepeatability Standard DeviationReproducibility Standard Deviation Repeatability LimitReproducibility Limitx ¯S rS Rr R Woven Slit TapeStabilization Geotextile168.237.4317.3520.8148.57Light Weight Nonwoven Geotextile425.2720.8126.2558.2873.49Heavy Weight Nonwoven Geotextile 131.5110.2710.2728.7528.75Woven Mono/Slit Tape Reinforcement Geotextile377.0411.1022.7931.0863.80AThe average of the laboratories’calculatedaverages.--`,,,`,,,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---。

2023年北师大考博英语summary的典型语句练习

北师大考博英语summary的典型语句练习一．介绍作者的观点和研讨课题内容的语句1. 文章内容与作者观点的常用语句(1).论及了此晶体的物理、化学性质Physical and chemical properties of this crystal are reported.(2).简述了性能目的与测量方法The performance goals and its measuring methods are briefly described.(3).临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反映The chain reaction caused by the uranium nuclei is explained in the critical experiment. (4).说明了这种技术对核探测的应用The application of this technique to nuclear detection is described.(5).立即引入了研究与开发的工具Research and development tools are induced immediately.(6).给出了基本概念与收集的数据Basic ideas and data collected are given.2. 文章研究课题的常用语句(1).用这种超低频测量分析了重要的实验问题The main experimental problems are analyzed with the ultra-low-frequency measurements.(2).与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件Phenomena associated with the breakdown phase are regarded as the initial conditions. (3).导出了混凝土结构互相作用的集总参数Lumped parameter of the concrete-structure interaction is derived(4).简要的讨论了反映堆里两相流的一些应用Applications of the two-phase flow in the reactor are briefly discussed.(5).对一特定系统进行了数值性研究A particular system is investigated numerically.(6).简述了自然界中质量与能量之间的关系Relationship between mass and energy in nature is briefly described.(7).研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性The function continuity under a certain boundary is studied.3. 文章涉及范围的语句(1).本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成This paper consists of 4 parts: introduction, theory experimental method and conclusion.(2).本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果The paper includes the configuration as well as the structural design and the results of parameter structural optimization analysis.(3).本文涉及了反映堆堆芯里约200个带燃料棒的组建的测试结果This paper covers the testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel and control rods in the reactor core.(4).所引用的报告涉及示踪元素研究大气层污染移动的研究The cited reports cover the research on the lower atmospheric air pollution movements by using the tracer elements.(5).本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格The research concerns the asphaltic products and their specifications.(6).此项目涉及了像Fe、Au、Ag、Al、Cu等许多元素Many elements are involved in this program such as Fe, Au, Ag, Cu and so on.(7).此课题涉及了煤的性质、锅炉的运营、煤灰尘收集器操作和边流系统The topic covers the coal properties, boiler operation, dust collector operation and the sidestream system.4. 综述于概括对某一个领域的研究课题常用语句(1).所有的运营规程如总规程（GP）、异常运营规程（AOP）、应急运营规程（EOP）都撰写了摘要All the operating procedures are abstracted such as the general procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP).(2).对测量这些特性的实验技术仅作概要叙述The experimental technique is outlined for measuring these properties.(3).评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计（CAD）的发展过程The development of CAD is reviewed in the mechanical engineering(4).简朴概述了基本材料科学的理论The theory based on basic material science is summarized.(5).具体地总结了要采用的设计规则The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.5. 文章重点的常用语句(1).重点是在掌握量子理论上Attention is concentrated on the quantum theory.(2).重点是把时间延长到24hThe point is to extend the lead time to 24h.(3).现在到处都重视节能Focus is on energy reserving everywhere.(4).本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞The research is concentrated on the collisions of neutrons and uranium nuclei.(5).现在到处都重视环境污水的管理和对有害废物的解决Attention is being paid to the management of environmental effluent and disposal of hazardous wastes.(6).很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估Much attention is paid on the economic current density in the conductor.(7).特别重视核反映堆的启动规程Particular attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.(8).及其重视核能的和平运用The greatest emphasis is paid on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.(9).重点还在于对核电所采用的态度Attention is concentrated on the implications of attitudes to nuclear power.6. 文章目的的常用语句(1).此研究的目的是在零功率反映堆上进行临界实验，并获得重要的临界参数This research aims to carry out the experiment on the zero power reactor and obtain import critical parameters.(2).许多研究者都在寻求这个问题的答案The answer to this question is sought for by many investigators.(3).本文追求的目的是从安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的对的性The paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report(FSAR).(4).这项研究试图为保健规则人员就体系上的变化提供有用的信息The research is to provide healthy planners with useful information on systematic changes. (5).本研究的目的就是要表白先前提到的方法有前程The purpose of this study is to show the methods mentioned above/aforesaid are promising. (6).本研究的目的是要获得具有很高稳定性的重混凝土The purpose of this study is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.二．介绍文章成果的语句1. 成果的获取和开发等常用语句1）正常工作压力值在夏季也能达成。

ASTM D1646_2004

Designation:D1646–04Standard Test Methods forRubber—Viscosity,Stress Relaxation,and Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics(Mooney Viscometer)1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D1646;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods describe procedures for measuring a property called Mooney viscosity.Mooney viscosity is deﬁned as the shearing torque resisting rotation of a cylindrical metal disk(or rotor)embedded in rubber within a cylindrical cavity. The dimensions of the shearing disk viscometer,test tempera-tures,and procedures for determining Mooney viscosity are deﬁned in these test methods.1.2When disk rotation is abruptly stopped,the torque or stress on the rotor decreases at some rate depending on the rubber being tested and the temperature of the test.This is called’stress relaxation’and these test methods describe a test method for measuring this relaxation.N OTE1—Viscosity as used in these test methods is not a true viscosity and should be interpreted to mean Mooney viscosity,a measure of shearing torque averaged over a range of shearing rates.Stress relaxation is also a function of the test conﬁguration and for these test methods the results are unique to the Mooney viscometer.1.3When compounded rubber is placed in the Mooney viscometer at a temperature at which vulcanization may occur, the vulcanization reaction produces an increase in torque. These test methods include procedures for measuring the initial rate of rubber vulcanization.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5ISO Standard289Parts1and2also describes the determination of Mooney viscosity and pre-vulcanization char-acteristics.In addition to a few insigniﬁcant differences there are major technical differences between ISO289and this test method in that ISO289does not provide for sample prepara-tion on a mill,while this test method allows milling sample preparation in some cases prior to running a Mooney viscosity test.This can result in different viscosity values for some rubbers.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for TestingD1418Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—Nomen-clatureD1485Test Methods for Rubber from Natural Sources—Sampling and Sample PreparationD3182Practice for Rubber—Materials,Equipment,and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD3185Test Methods for Rubber—Evaluation of SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber)Including Mixtures with Oil D3186Test Methods for Rubber—Evaluation of SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber)Mixed with Carbon Black or Carbon Black and OilD3896Practice for Rubber from Synthetic Sources—SamplingD4483Practice for Determining Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries 2.2ISO Standard:3ISO289Rubber,Unvulcanized—Determinations Using the Shearing Disk Viscometer,Part1Determination of Mooney Viscosity,andPart2Determination of Prevulcanization Characteristics.3.Terminology3.1Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:3.1.1Mooney viscosity,n—a measure of the viscosity of a rubber or rubber compound determined in a Mooney shearing1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11on Rubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.12on Processability Tests.Current edition approved Jan.1,2004.Published February2004.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2003as D1646–03a.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25W.43rd St., 4th Floor,New York,NY10036.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States. Copyright ASTM InternationalReproduced by IHS under license with ASTMNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS--```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---disk viscometer;viscosity is indicated by the torque required to rotate a disk embedded in a rubber specimen and enclosed in the die cavity under speciﬁed conditions.3.1.2pre-vulcanization characteristics,n—for a vulcaniz-able compound,a measure of the time to the incipient vulcanization and the rate of cure during the early stages of vulcanization.3.1.3stress relaxation,n—the response of a raw or com-pounded rubber to a rapid cessation ofﬂow or a sudden deformation;speciﬁc to the use of the shearing disk viscom-eter,it takes the form of a decaying level of stress initiated by suddenly stopping the rotation of the disk.3.1.4test temperature,n—the steady-state temperature of the closed dies with rotor in place and the cavity empty;this steady-state temperature shall be measured within the dies as described in6.1.3.4.Summary of Test Methods4.1These test methods are divided into three parts:4.1.1Part A—Viscosity:This test method describes the measurement of the Mooney viscosity.The Mooney viscosity is measured by a metal disk embedded in a rubber specimen contained in a rigid cylindrical cavity maintained at a speciﬁed pressure and temperature.The disk is slowly and continuously rotated in one direction for a speciﬁed time.The resistance to this rotation offered by the rubber is measured in arbitrary torque units as the Mooney viscosity of the specimen.4.1.2Part B—Stress Relaxation:This test method de-scribes the procedure to measure stress relaxation.At the end of a Mooney viscosity test,the rotation of the metal disk is suddenly stopped and the rate of decrease of torque is monitored as a function of time.4.1.3Part C—Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics:This test method describes how pre-vulcanization properties may be measured.The viscosity of vulcanizable rubber compounds is recorded during heating at a speciﬁed temperature.The mini-mum viscosity and the times for the viscosity to increase by speciﬁed amounts are used as arbitrary measures of the start and rate of vulcanization.5.Signiﬁcance and Use5.1Viscosity—Viscosity values determined by this test method depend on molecular structure,molecular weight,and non-rubber constituents that may be present.Since rubber behaves as a non-Newtonianﬂuid,no simple relationship exists between the molecular weight and the viscosity.There-fore,caution must be exercised in interpreting viscosity values of rubber,particularly in cases where molecular weight is very high.For example,as the molecular weight increases,the viscosity values for IIR polymers(butyl rubbers)reach an upper limit of about80,at100°C(212°F)using a large rotor at a rotation speed of2r/min,and may then decrease to considerably lower values.For these higher molecular weight rubbers,better correlation between viscosity values and mo-lecular weight is obtained if the test temperature is increased.5.2Stress Relaxation—The stress relaxation behavior of rubber is a combination of both an elastic and a viscous response.Viscosity and stress relaxation behavior do not depend on such factors as molecular weight and non-rubber constituents in the same way.Thus both of these testsare important and complement each other.A slow rate of relaxation indicates a higher elastic component in the overall response, while a rapid rate of relaxation indicates a higher viscous component.The rate of stress relaxation has been found to correlate with rubber structure characteristics such as molecu-lar weight distribution,chain branching,and gel content.5.3Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics—The onset of vulca-nization can be detected with the Mooney viscometer as evidenced by an increase in viscosity.Therefore,this test method can be used to measure incipient cure(scorch)time and the rate of cure during very early stages of vulcanization.This test method cannot be used to study complete vulcanization because the continuous rotation of the disk will result in slippage when the specimen reaches a stiff consistency.6.Apparatus6.1Mooney Viscometer—An instrument consisting of a motor-driven rotating disk within a cylindrical die cavity formed by two dies maintained at speciﬁed conditions of temperature and die closure force.The Mooney viscometer measures the effect of temperature and time on the viscosity of rubbers.If the stress relaxation test is to be performed,the instrument must be capable of quickly stopping the rotation of the disk and monitoring the relaxation of stress versus time. The die-rotor relationship of an example design is shown in Fig.1.The Mooney viscometer shall incorporate the following components:6.1.1Dies—The dies and die holders forming the die cavity shall be fabricated from a nondeforming tool steel,shall have an unplatedﬁnish,and shall be hardened to a Rockwell hardness of60HRC minimum.The dimensions of the die cavity,measured from the highest surfaces,shall be50.936 0.13mm(2.00560.005in.)in diameter and10.5960.03mm (0.41760.001in.)in depth.The surfaces of the die cavity shall either be serrated or contain V-grooves to minimize slippage of the specimen.N OTE2—The two types of dies may not give the same results.6.1.1.1Serrated Dies—When the cavity is formed from four pieces of steel,serrations on the surfaces of the dies and die holders are used.These serrations consist of rectangular grooves0.860.02mm(0.03160.0008in.)wide with a uniform depth of not less than0.25mm(0.010in.)nor more than0.38mm(0.015in.).The grooves shall be vertical and shall be cut on1.660.04mm(0.06360.002in.)centers.The serrations of the dies shall consist of two sets of such grooves at right angles to each other.6.1.1.2Radial Grooved Dies—When the die cavity is formed from two pieces of steel,radial V-grooves are used only on theﬂat surfaces of the die cavity.The grooves shall be spaced at20°intervals and shall form a90°angle in the die surfaces with the bisector of the angle perpendicular to the surface.They shall extend from the7-mm(0.281-in.)circle to the47-mm(1.875-in.)circle in the upper die and from the 12-mm(0.472-in.)circle to the47-mm circle in the lower die. The grooves shall be160.1mm(0.0460.004in.)wide at the surface.6.1.1.3Mounting of Dies —The dies shall be an integral part of or mounted on platens equipped with a heating device and controls capable of maintaining the die cavity at the speciﬁed test temperature with a tolerance of 60.5°C (61°F)at equi-librium conditions.6.1.1.4Die Closure —The viscometer shall have a suitable device for opening and closing the platens and dies and for holding them closed during a test.During a test it is extremely important that the die cavity be held closed with the correct force.To obtain the correct closing force for the mechanical-type closures,follow explicitly either the manufacturer’s rec-ommendation or other procedure of equal reliability.4Pneu-matically closed dies shall be held closed during the test with a force of 11.560.5kN (25856115lbf).A greater force may be required to close the dies when testing extremely tough stocks.At least 10s before the motor is started,the force should be set to 11.560.5kN.The die closure shall be such that a piece of thin soft tissue (with a thickness not greater than 0.04mm (0.0015in.))placed between the meeting surfaces will retain a continuous pattern of uniform intensity when the dies are closed upon it.A nonuniform pattern indicates wear of the die holder surface,misalignment,or distortion of dies and die holders.Any of these situations will result in undue leakage and erroneous results.N OTE 3—For mechanical-type closure viscometers,the pressure on the die cavities may change if the viscometer is used at a different temperaturethan that at which it is adjusted.6.1.2Rotors —Two rotors are speciﬁed,differing onlyin their diameter.They shall be fabricated from a nondeforming tool steel,shall have an unplated ﬁnish and shall be hardened to a Rockwell hardness of 60HRC minimum.The large rotor shall be 38.1060.03mm (1.50060.001in.)in diameter and 5.5460.03mm (0.21860.001in.)in thickness as measured from the highest points.The small rotor shall conform to the large rotor except the diameter shall be 30.4860.03mm (1.20060.001in.).The serrations on the face of the rotor shall conform to the requirements for the serrated dies given in 6.1.1.1and the serrations on the edge of the rotor shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed for the serrated die holders.The rotor head shall be securely mounted perpendicularly to a suitable straight cylindrical stem not exceeding 11mm (0.433in.)in diameter.The rotor head shall be positioned so that the top and bottom surfaces are 2.5460.10mm (0.10060.005in.)from the surfaces of the top and bottom dies,respectively,when the dies are closed.The wear tolerance from the center position should not exceed 60.25mm (60.010in.).A suitable seal shall be provided in the lower die having a minimum clearance and constant torque when the machine is run empty.The eccentricity,or runout,shall not exceed 0.1mm.6.1.2.1Rotor wear will affect test results.Any rotor worn to such an extent that the rotor diameter is less than the minimum diameter shown in this procedure shall not be used.4Decker,G. E.,“Note on the Adjustment of the Mooney Viscometer Die Closure,”ASTM Bulletin ,No.195,January 1954,p.51.FIG.1Relationship of Platens,Dies,and Rotor in a Typical Shearing Disk Viscometerrotor axis.6.1.4Torque Measuring System—The torque measuring system shall be designed to measure zero torque when the rotor is turning in an empty cavity,and to measure10060.5 Mooney units when a torque of8.3060.02N-m(73.560.2 lbf-in.)is applied to the rotor shaft.If the stress relaxation test is to be performed,the torque measuring system must reset to a zero force for a stationary rotor.The torque measuring system shall record the torque during the relaxation test at minimum rates of one reading each second for theﬁrst6s after the rotor is stopped,one reading each3s for the next24s,one reading each6s for the next30s,and one reading each12s for the remainder of the relaxation test.6.2Mill—A laboratory rubber mill conforming to the re-quirements in Practice D3182and set as described in7.2of this test method shall be used when preparing mill massed samples.rolls of2.560.1mm(0.160.005in.)as determined by a lead slug.Do not allow the sample to rest between passes or to band on the mill rolls at any time.Roll the sample and immediately insert it endwise in the mill for another pass.Repeat this procedure until a total of ten passes have been completed. Sheet the sample on the tenth pass.7.2.2When rubber samples other than NR,EPDM,or EPM are mill massed,pass25065g of the sample between the rolls of the standard laboratory mill as described in Practice D3182 having a roll temperature of5065°C(12269°F)and having a distance between the rolls of1.460.1mm(0.05560.005 in.)as determined by a lead slug.Do not allow the sample to rest between passes or to band on the mill rolls at any time. Immediately fold the sample in half and insert the folded end into the mill for a second pass.Repeat this procedure until a total of nine passes have been completed.Immediately insert the rubber without folding into the mill for a tenth pass.7.2.3When EPDM or EPM rubber samples are mill massed, pass25065g of the sample between the rolls of the standard laboratory mill as described in Practice D3182having a roll temperature of5065°C(12269°F)and having a distance between the rolls of1.460.1mm(0.05560.005in.)as determined by a lead slug.Do not allow the sample to rest between passes or to band on the mill rolls at any time. Immediately fold the sample in half and inserted the folded end into the mill for a second pass.Repeat this procedure until a total of nine passes have been completed.Open the mill rolls to 360.1mm(0.12560.005in.),fold the sample in half and pass it between the rolls once.7.3Unmassed Sample—Prepare an unmassed sample by cutting a piece of rubber approximately60by150by10mm (2by6by0.375in.)from which the specimen can be cut.This piece should be cut in a way that will minimize work on the sample.7.4Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics Sample—Prepare compounded stock as described in the test method for the type rubber being tested or another agreed-upon recipe or proce-dure.8.Test Specimen8.1Conditioning—Condition unmassed specimens until they have attained room temperature(2363°C(7365°F)) throughout.Allow massed specimens to rest at room tempera-ture for at least30min before measuring their viscosity.8.2Preparation—The test specimen shall consist of two test pieces of the material being tested having a combined volume of2563cm3.This volume is approximately1.5times the volume of the test cavity(1.45times for small rotor,1.67times for large rotor)and will ensure that the cavity is completely ﬁlled.For convenience the mass of the test specimen of correct volume may be calculated as follows:m5v3d525cm33d(1) where:m=mass,g,v=volume in cm3=25cm3,andd=density in Mg/m3(g/cm3).N OTE4—Mg/m3and g/cm3are numerically equivalent.The test specimen pieces shall be cut from the prepared sample and shall be of such dimensions that theyﬁt within the die cavity without projecting outside it before the viscometer is closed.A45-mm(1.75-in.)diameter cutting die may be used to assist in preparing the test pieces.A hole punched in the center of one of the test pieces facilitates the centering of the rotor stem.It shall not be permissible to slip the test piece around the rotor stem by cutting it edgewise.When testing low viscosity or sticky materials,it is permissible to insert between the specimen and die cavity a layer ofﬁlm approximately0.025 mm(0.001in.)thick.Theﬁlm selected should not react with the test specimen.Materials that have been found suitable include cellophane,5polyester,6,7nylon,high-densitypolyeth-ylene(at100°C only),plain,uncoated tissue,and similar materials.The test specimen shall be as free of air and volatile materials as it is practical to make it and shall be free of pockets which may trap gasses against the rotor or die surfaces.8.2.1For FKM materials,the preferredﬁlm is nylon.It has been found to have the smallest differential from using noﬁlm, especially when testing cure-incorporated grades.8.3Because the value of viscosity obtained for a given specimen will vary depending on the manner in which the specimen is prepared and the conditions of rest prior to the test, it is imperative that specimen preparation be made in strict accordance with this procedure or some mutually agreed upon procedure if comparisons of results are to be made.9.Calibration9.1The shearing disk viscometer shall be calibrated any time its results are suspected of being inaccurate,after any repairs,before any interlaboratory test program,before testing disputed specimens,and frequently enough to ensure the maintenance of proper calibration of the instrument.9.2The shearing disk viscometer shall be calibrated while the machine is operating at the test temperature at which it is normally used.The viscometer shall be adjusted so that it will read zero torque when run empty and10060.5when a torque of8.3060.02N-m(73.560.2lbf-in.)is applied to the rotor shaft.A torque of0.083N-m(0.735lbf-in.)is equivalent to one Mooney unit.N OTE5—It is recommended that ASTM Industrial Reference Material, IRM241,butyl rubber,be used for routine checking of the operation of the viscometer.The use of this or any other reference rubber shall not be used as a substitute for mechanical calibration as described in this section of the standard.PART A—MEASURING MOONEY VISCOSITY10.Procedure10.1Select the rotor to be used for the test.The large rotor should be used unless the Mooney viscosity would exceed the torque capacity of the instrument,or when slippage occurs or is suspected.However,when slippage occurs with the large rotor,changing to the small rotor may not prevent it.10.2Adjust the closed dies with the rotor in place to the test temperature shown in Table1for the type of rubber being tested.The temperature of the two dies shall be within0.5°C (1°F)of each other.10.3Adjust the torque indicator to the zero reading while the viscometer is running unloaded with the rotor in place. Then stop the rotation of the disk.This adjustment should be made with the dies open for machines with rotor ejection springs(so the rotor does not rub against the upper die),and with the dies closed for all other types of machines.5Celophaneﬁlm CCS160and CCS160P(with hole for rotor),available from Corporate Consulting Service,Inc.,1145Highbrook Ave.,Akron,OH44301, website:,has been found satisfactory for this purpose.6Mylar A,23µm thick,available from GE Polymer Shapes,5150Grant Ave., Cleveland,OH44125,has been found satisfactory for this purpose.7Melinex S,23µm thick,available from Graﬁx Plastics,19499Miles Road, Cleveland,OH44128,has been found satisfactory for this purpose.N OTE 6—If the viscometer has a seal between the rotor stem and the die,frequent zero adjustment may be necessary because of a change in friction between the rotor stem and the seal.10.4Remove the hot rotor from the properly conditioned cavity,quickly insert the stem through the center of one of the test pieces,and replace the rotor in the viscometer.Place the second test piece on the center of the rotor,close the dies immediately,and activate the timer.N OTE 7—A brass pry rod with a ﬂattened end should be used for removing the rotor to prevent damaging it or the dies.Care should be taken to avoid rubber deposits on the rotor stem to minimize contamina-tion of the drive system.10.5Warm the specimen in the closed Mooney viscometer test cavity for exactly 1min and then start the motor which drives the rotor.Experimental polymers or especially tough materials may require a longer warm-up time.10.6It is recommended that viscosity readings be continu-ally recorded for the time shown in Table 1for the type of rubber being tested.When a recorder is not used,observe the dial indicator or digital display continuously during the 30-s interval preceding the speciﬁed time of reading.Take as the viscosity the minimum value to the nearest whole unit during this interval.The running time should never be less than 2min.N OTE 8—The temperature gradients and rate of heat transfer will differ somewhat from one machine to another,particularly if different types of heating are employed.Therefore,it may be expected that the viscosity values obtained for a rubber tested on different machines will be more comparable if taken after temperature equilibrium of the specimen is ually this condition is reached about 10min after the machine is closed on the specimen.For most rubbers,the viscosity value obtained will not be altered appreciably by permitting the specimen to warm in the machine for different times,provided that the viscosity is read at a speciﬁed time.11.Report11.1The report on the viscosity test shall include the following:11.1.1Sample identiﬁcation,11.1.2Method of specimen preparation:U =unmassed,M =massed,and C =compounded.11.1.3Mooney viscosity number to the nearest whole unit,11.1.3.1The Mooney viscosity number shall be reported as measured.Values obtained with one rotor shall not be con-verted to equivalent values for the other rotor since the relationship between rotors may vary depending on the type of rubber and test conditions.If an exact relationship is required,it should be established for each rubber and set of test conditions.11.1.4Rotor size (L =large,S =small),11.1.5Time that the test specimen was permitted to warm in the machine before starting the motor,min,11.1.6Time at which the viscosity reading was taken after starting the motor,min,11.1.7Test temperature,11.1.8Rotor speed if other than 0.20rad/s (2.0r/min),11.1.9Type of ﬁlm used,if any,and11.1.10Make and model of instrument used.N OTE 9—Example:Results of a typical test would be reportedas follows:50−UML 1+4(100°C)using polyethylene ﬁlm and a Monsanto MV2000instrumentWhere 50−is the viscosity number,U indicates an unmassed specimen,M indicates Mooney,L indicates the use of the larger rotor (S would indicate the small rotor),1is the time in minutes that the specimen was permitted to warm in the machine before starting the motor,4is the time in minutes after starting the motor at which the reading is taken,and 100°C is the temperature of test.PART B—MEASURING STRESS RELAXATION 12.Procedure12.1If the stress relaxation test is to be performed,it must follow a viscosity test as described in 10.12.2At the end of the viscosity test,stop the rotation of the disk within 0.1s,reset the zero torque point to the static zero for a stationary rotor,and record the torque at minimum rates as listed in 6.1.4.The relaxation data shall be collected starting typically 1s after the rotor is stopped,and continuing for at least 1min after the rotor is stopped.A typical torque versus time chart from a Mooney viscosity test followed by a stress relaxation test is shown in Fig.2.N OTE 10—Resetting torque to a static zero is necessary because the dynamic zero used for the viscosity test would result in a negative torque value once the material had completely relaxed with a stationary disk.The relaxation of torque for most polymers is so rapid that stopping the rotor,resetting zero and recording the relaxing torque must be controlled automatically.12.3Analysis of Stress Relaxation Data :12.3.1Analysis of stress relaxation data (torque versus time data)consists of (1)developing a plot of torque (Mooney units)versus time (s);this normally takes the form of a log-log plot as shown in Fig.3,and (2)calculating the constants of the power law model of material response,as represented by Eq 2.M 5k ~t !a(2)FIG.2Example Torque Curve from a Mooney Viscosity Test Plusa Stress Relaxation Testwhere:M =Mooney units (torque)during the stress relaxationtest,t =relaxation time (s),k =a constant equal to the torque in Mooney units 1safter the disk is stopped,anda =an exponent that determines the rate of stress relax-ation.12.3.2If Eq 2is transformed by taking the log of both sides,Eq 3is obtained:log M 5a ~log t !1log k(3)This has the form of a linear regression equation where a equals the slope,log k equals the intercept and log M and log t correspond respectively to the dependent and independent variables.In a plot of log M versus log t ,as shown in Fig.3,the slope of the graph,(log M /log t ),is equal to a .The correlation coefficient,r ,from the regression equation should also be calculated.12.3.3The area under the stress relaxation curve from the beginning time (t o )to the end of the stress relaxation test (t f )may also be calculated using Eq 4:A 5k~a 11![t f~a 11!2t o ~a 11!#~a ﬁ21.000!(4)where:A =area under the relaxation curve from (t o )to the end of(t f )the stress relaxation test (Mooney units-seconds),andt o =beginning time of the stress relaxation test,s,and.t f =total time of the stress relaxation test,s.12.3.3.1If the slope a =−1.000,then Eq 4should be changed to Eq 5:A 5k [1n ~t f /t o !#~a 521.000!(5)13.Report13.1The report for a stress relaxation test shall contain the following information:13.1.1The full report of the viscosity test of Part A,13.1.2Duration of the stress relaxation test,s,13.1.3One or more of the following data points fromthe stress relaxation curve:13.1.3.1Time,s,from disk stop to x %decay of the Mooney viscosity,t x ,13.1.3.2Percent decay of the Mooney viscosity at y seconds after disk stop,X y %,13.1.3.3The value of the exponent a ,the constant k and the correlation coefficient r from the calculation of a power law model of the stress relaxation.13.1.3.4The value of A ,(M-s),area under the stress relaxation curve power law model for a time span from 1s to t f ,time of the end of the stress relaxation test.N OTE 11—Example:Results of a typical stress relaxation test would be reported as follows:50=ML 1+4(100°C)+120s SRt 80=16.0s of stress relaxation to decay by 80%of Mooney viscosityX 30=86.1%decay of Mooney viscosity at 30s from disk stop Power Law Decay Model:k =48.0a =−0.5805r =0.9946A =738M-sPART C—MEASURING PRE-VULCANIZATIONCHARACTERISTICS 14.Procedure14.1Adjust the temperature of the closed dies with rotor in place to the desired test temperature.The recommended test temperatures are those speciﬁed in Practice D 1349from 70°C (158°F)upward.Other temperatures may be used if desired.An optimum test temperature for vulcanizable compounds will yield the required increase of Mooney units within a period of 10to 20min.14.2Adjust the torque indicator to a zero reading while the viscometer is running unloaded with the rotor in place.Then stop the rotation of the disk.This adjustment should be made with the dies open for machines with rotor ejection springs (so the rotor does not rub against the upper die),and with the dies closed for all other types of machines (see Note 6).14.3Remove the hot rotor from the properly conditioned cavity,quickly insert the stem through the center of one of the test pieces and replace the viscometer.Place the second test piece on the center of the rotor,close the dies immediately,and activate the timer (Note 7).14.4Measure the time from the instant the dies are closed,and start the rotor 1min later unless otherwise speciﬁed.Either record the viscosity continuously or take sufficient readings to permit the preparation of a complete time-viscosity curve (example shown in Fig.4).Record the following information:14.4.1Minimum viscosity.14.4.2The time required for a speciﬁed increase above the minimum viscosity.When the small rotor is used this increase is 3units and the time is designated t 3.When the large rotor is used the increase is 5units and the time is designated t 5.14.4.3The time required for a speciﬁed larger increase above the minimum viscosity.When the small rotor is used theFIG.3Plot of Log Mooney Units Versus Log Time from a StressRelaxation Test。

astmg155测试标准

ASTM G155测试标准ASTM G155标准介绍本标准在指定名称ASTM G155标准的基础上发布，紧跟名称的数字为标准首次批准年限，如该标准属复审，该数字则表明最后一次复审的年限。

上标字母ε表示最近一次的复审或重新通过后的编辑更改。

1.范围1.1本标准描述了根据材料或产品特性的要求将样品曝晒于氙弧灯和溶液装置用来模拟自然环境的日光照射(直接照射或透过玻璃照射)或模拟露水或雨滴的潮湿环境作用进行定性测试所需使用的设备、一般操作步骤及有关注意事项。

附录中列出了一些曝晒操作步骤，不过该操作步骤并非必定是最为适应待测材料的操作步骤。

注意1---操作规程G151描述了所有使用实验室光源曝光装置的表现标准。

该操作规程代替了仅仅描述实验室特定氙弧灯光源曝光装置的操作规程G26。

本操作规程包括操作规程G26中描述的实验装置。

1.2待测样本需曝光于滤波氙弧灯和可控实验环境条件下。

本操作规程描述了不同种类的氙弧灯光源于不同的过滤装置的组合。

1.3样本的准备与评测结果评估在ASTM方法活特定材料的物性表中有详细说明。

在操作规程G151与ISO4892-1中规定了一般规程。

更多测定曝光以后性质改变的方法和特定信息以及这些结果的汇报在ISO4582中有详细说明。

1.4在SI组件中涉及的数值应被视为标准。

1.5ASTM G155并不旨在陈述所有与其使用相关的任何安全注意事项。

本标准的使用者有负责建立相关的安全和健康措施，并在进行测试前实施调整限制，进行预先的防护。

1.5.1任何实验过程中由灯源生成的臭氧物质都必须通过排除装置立即吸离样本及实验操作控制面板附近。

1.6该操作规程在技术上近似于以下ISO文件：ISO4892-2，ISO1134，ISO105B02，ISO105B04，ISO105B05，和ISO105B06。

2.参考文件2.1ASTM标准D3980跨实验室评估涂料及相关材料的测试方法E691进行跨实验室研究以确定测试方法精度的操作规则G26对非金属材料进行曝光测试所需有水或无水曝光装置(氙弧灯类)G133对非金属材料进行自然或人造气候测试的相关术语G151非金属材料在使用实验室光源装置进行加速测试中曝光测试的操作规程2.2CIE标准：CIE-Pub1.No.85：应测试需要模拟日光中对于照射综合辐照与光谱分布的建议数值。

en12900测试标准

en12900测试标准[en12900 testing standard] is a widely recognized standard used to evaluate the performance and safety of doors and windows. In this article, we will dive into the details of the testing procedures and parameters outlined in the [en12900 testing standard].The [en12900 testing standard] is specifically designed for windows, doors, and their components. It provides a comprehensive set of guidelines for manufacturers, retailers, and consumers to ensure the quality and effectiveness of these products.One of the key aspects of this standard is the testing of air permeability. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of doors and windows in preventing air leakage, various tests are employed. These tests measure the amount of air that can pass through a closed door or window under different pressure conditions. This information is crucial in determining the overall energy efficiency and insulation properties of the product.Another important parameter evaluated according to the [en12900 testing standard] is water tightness. Since doors and windows are often exposed to heavy rains and adverse weather conditions, it isessential to assess their ability to withstand water penetration. The test involves subjecting the product to water spraying at different pressures and durations. By measuring the amount of water that enters the interior, the water tightness rating can be determined.The third significant aspect of the [en12900 testing standard] is the evaluation of resistance to wind load. Doors and windows need to withstand strong winds during storms and hurricanes. This test involves applying increasing pressure on the product until it fails. The maximum wind load value at failure is then recorded, allowing manufacturers to design products that can withstand specific wind conditions.Moreover, the [en12900 testing standard] also addresses thermal insulation. It defines procedures for measuring the Thermal Transmittance (U-value) of doors and windows. This value signifies the amount of heat transferred through the product's surface area.A lower U-value indicates better insulation, which is crucial for maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures and reducing energy consumption.Additionally, the standard evaluates the acoustic insulationperformance of doors and windows. By measuring the Sound Reduction Index (Rw), the ability of the product to block noise from the outside world can be determined. This parameter is essential in creating a peaceful indoor environment, particularly in areas with high noise pollution.Furthermore, the [en12900 testing standard] outlines the test procedures for mechanical strength and durability. Doors and windows need to endure frequent opening and closing, as well as other mechanical stresses. The standard specifies the minimum requirements for these products to ensure their long-term functionality and reliability.Lastly, the [en12900 testing standard] defines guidelines for product certification and labeling. Manufacturers can use this standard to demonstrate their compliance with the established requirements. The certification process often involves independent testing and verification by accredited laboratories, ensuring the credibility of the products' performance claims.In conclusion, the [en12900 testing standard] plays a crucial role in regulating the quality and performance of doors and windows. Byevaluating parameters such as air permeability, water tightness, resistance to wind load, thermal and acoustic insulation, mechanical strength, and durability, this standard ensures that consumers can make informed decisions and choose products that meet their specific needs. It also promotes energy efficiency, safety, and overall satisfaction with the doors and windows in our homes and buildings.。

ASTM 5374

required to maintain the oven at a given temperature with its ports open and(2)the average power required to maintain the oven at the same temperature with its ports closed.The test is conducted at100°C and at the maximum temperature at which the oven may be used.6.1.2Seal all openings into the oven,including,but not necessarily limited to,the vent ports,door,thermometer ports, and the space around the blower shaft(if the blower motor is mounted externally).6.1.3Install a watt-hour meter,as described in5.5,in the oven electrical supply line.6.1.4Install a temperature sensor,such as a thermometer,2 m to3m away from the oven,at least1m away from any solid object,and approximately level with the oven air e the oven temperature indicator to measure the internal tem-perature of the oven.6.1.5Raise the oven temperature to10062°C.When the temperature of the oven has stabilized,measure the consump-tion of power over a measured period of30to40min.Begin and end the measuring period at corresponding points of the cyclic temperatureﬂuctuation;for example,the moment when the heaters are switched on by the thermostat in the case of an “on/off”control.Measure and record the room temperature, which must not vary by more than2°C during the test.6.1.6Remove the seals to restore the oven to its normal operating condition.If necessary,adjust the vents and dampers to positions estimated to provide the speciﬁed rate of ventila-tion.6.1.7Repeat6.1.5.The average ambient air temperature must be within2°C of the average ambient temperature measured in6.1.5.6.1.8Calculate the rate of ventilation in the oven using the following equation:N53.59~P22P1!/~V·r·D T!(1) where:N5number of air changes per hour,P15average power consumption,with no ventilation, obtained by dividing the energy consumption deter-mined from the watt-hour meter readings by theduration of the test in hours,W,P25average power consumption during ventilation,cal-culated in the same manner,W,V5total volume of air circulated within the oven,m3(see Note1),r5density of the ambient room air during the test, kg/m3(see Note2),andD T5difference in temperature between the oven and theambient room temperature,°C.N OTE1—This volume includes space outside the testing chamber.The amount of this additional space depends on the physical design of the oven.N OTE2—The density of air at one atmosphere and20°C is1.205kg/m3.6.1.9If the rate of ventilation is not within the speciﬁed limits for the oven,adjust the vents and dampers and repeat 6.1.7through6.1.8.6.1.10Repeat6.1.2through6.1.9,except heat the oven to the maximum temperature at which the oven may be used.6.1.11Report the following information:6.1.11.1Identiﬁcation of the oven,6.1.11.2Date and location of test,6.1.11.3Test temperatures,and6.1.11.4Rate of ventilation at each temperature.6.2Temperature Variation,Gradient,and Fluctuation: 6.2.1Summary of Test Method—Simultaneous temperature measurements are made at nine points in the oven chamber over a period of time to determine the time and space variations of temperature.The time variation(temperatureﬂuctuation) and the space variation(temperature gradient)can be reported separately from temperature variation,which is the combina-tion of the two.6.2.2Set the vents and dampers in the oven to the settings needed for the speciﬁed range of rate of ventilation.6.2.3Install nine thermocouples in the oven chamber(see 5.1and5.2).Place one thermocouple in each of the eight corners of the chamber50to60mm from each wall,and the ninth thermocouple within25mm of the geometric center of the chamber.Leave at least300mm of wire for each thermo-couple within the oven chamber,in order to minimize effects of heat conduction along the wire.6.2.4Bring the oven to the selected operating temperature and allow it to stabilize for a minimum of16h.6.2.5Measure the temperatures indicated by the nine ther-mocouples to0.1°C a sufficient number of times during one complete temperature variation cycle to permit the determina-tion of the maximum,minimum,and mean temperatures of each thermocouple duringone cycle.Ambient room tempera-ture must not vary by more than a total of10°C,and supply voltage to the oven must not vary by more than a total of5% during this measuring period.6.2.5.1Calculate the average of the nine mean temperatures to0.1°C and record as the set temperature of the oven.6.2.5.2Calculate the difference between the highest maxi-mum temperature and the lowest minimum temperature deter-mined in6.2.5and record as the temperature variation.6.2.5.3Calculate the difference between the highest tem-perature and the lowest temperature at any speciﬁc time during the temperature cycle,and record as the temperature gradient.6.2.5.4Determine which thermocouple has the greatest difference between maximum temperature and minimum tem-perature over the temperature cycle and record difference as the temperatureﬂuctuation.6.2.6Maintain the oven at the same operating temperature forﬁve days after the end of the stabilization period,and after the measurement of temperatures speciﬁed in6.2.5.Maintain ambient room temperature and supply voltage within the limits in6.2.5during the entire period.Repeat the measurements and calculations in6.2.5daily.6.2.7For routine monitoring of oven characteristics,for example,as recommended in Appendix X1of Speciﬁcation D5423,the stabilization time speciﬁed in 6.2.4may be reduced to8h,and the length of the test period following the initial temperature measurements speciﬁed in6.2.6may be reduced to24h(one day),with a single repetition of the temperature measurements.In case of doubt or dispute,use the longer time periods.6.2.8Report the following information:6.2.8.1Identiﬁcation of the oven,6.2.8.2Date and location of test,6.2.8.3Calculated set temperature for each measurement,6.2.8.4Temperature variation for each measurement,and6.2.8.5If speciﬁed,temperature gradient and temperatureﬂuctuation for each measurement.6.3Thermal Lag Time :6.3.1Summary of Test Method —A deﬁned brass bar speci-men is placed in the heated oven,and the difference between itstemperature and the oven air temperature is plotted againsttime.The thermal lag time is the time in seconds required forthe temperature difference to be reduced to 10%of themaximum observed temperature difference.6.3.2Heat the oven to 20065°C and allow it to stabilizefor at least 1h.Stabilize a brass bar specimen (5.4)at roomtemperature for at least 1h.6.3.3Without turning off the oven,open the door(s)of theoven 90°.Quickly hang the specimen in the geometric centerof the oven,using a heat-resistant nonmetallic cord.Theorientation of the axis of the specimen is not signiﬁcant.Suspend the other junction of the thermocouple 80to 100mmfrom the brass bar.Leave the oven door(s)open for a total of6061s,then close the oven.Record the temperaturedifference,as indicated by the two junctions of the differentialthermocouple,at least once every 10s until the maximumtemperature difference has been obtained.Continue recordingat least once every 30s until the temperature difference has dropped below 10%of maximum.6.3.4Plot the recorded temperature values against the time in seconds since closing the oven.6.3.5Divide the maximum temperature difference by ten and record as T 10.Then record as the thermal lag time the time in seconds,taken from the plot of temperature difference versus time,for the temperature difference to reach T 10,after the time of maximum temperature difference.6.3.6Report the following information:6.3.6.1Identiﬁcation of the oven,6.3.6.2Date and location of the test,6.3.6.3Set temperature of the oven,and 6.3.6.4The determined thermal lag time,in seconds.7.Precision and Bias 7.1The precision of the individual methods given herein has not been determined,and no activity is planned to determine the precision.7.2The bias of the individual methods is largely dependent upon the accuracy of temperature measurement attainable using the available apparatus.8.Keywords 8.1forced-convection;ovens;set temperature;temperature ﬂuctuation;temperature gradient;thermal endurance evalua-tion;thermal lag time;ventilated;ventilation rateThe American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patentrights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,100Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA 19428.。

ISO 13485-2016 中英文对照

ISO 13485-2016中英文对照（一）-一般要求Quality management system质量管理体系4.1 General requirements 一般要求4.1.1 The organizationshall document a quality management system and maintain its effectiveness in accordancewith the requirements of this International Standard and applicable regulatoryrequirements.组织应当依据本国际标准和相应的法律法规文件建立质量管理体系，并形成文件以维护质量管理体系的有效性。

The organizationshall establish, implement and maintain any requirement, procedure, activity orarrangement required to be documented by this International Standard orapplicable regulatory requirements.组织应当确定、实施和维护任何本国家标准或适用的法规要求所需的要求、程序、活动或安排。

（新增）The organizationshall document the role(s) undertaken by the organization under the applicable regulatoryrequirements.依据相应的法律法规，组织应当明确组织中的角色，并形成文件。

（新增）NOTE Rolesundertaken by the organization can include manufacturer, authorized representative,importer or distributor.组织中的角色可以包括生产商、受托方（授权代表）、进口商或经销商。

06269工程应用英语

06269工程应用英语课程代码：06269 工程应用英语课程自学辅导材料●配套教材：《专业英语》●主编：●出版社：人民交通●版次：2012年版●适应层次：本科内部教学使用目录第一部分自学指导第1章：土木工程的基本知识 (1)第2章：公路与交通工程 (2)第二部分复习思考题一．单选题 (3)二．填空题 (15)三．阅读理解题 (17)四．英译汉题 (32)五．汉译英题 (38)第三部分参考答案一．单选题 (41)二．填空题 (41)三．阅读理解题 (41)四．英译汉题 (42)五．汉译英题 (46)第一部分自学指导第1章：土木工程的基本知识一．主要内容1．土木工程中的职业2．现代建筑和结构材料3．公路测量4．预应力混凝土5. 结构设计原理6. 土木工程合同二．重点1．土木工程中的职业（Careers in Civil Engineering）2．现代建筑和结构材料(Modern Buildings and Structural Materials) 3．公路测量(Highway Survey)4．预应力混凝土(Prestressed Concrete)5. 结构设计原理（Philosophy of Structural Design）6. 土木工程合同(Civil Engineering Contracts)三．难点1．课文翻译。

2．单词记忆。

第2章：公路与交通工程一．主要内容1．交通运输系统2．公路定线3．线形设计4．立交与互通式立交5. 路面6. 沥青面层7. 公路排水8. 高速公路9. 公路施工二．重点1．交通运输系统(Transportation System)2．公路定线(Highway Location)3．线形设计(Design of the Alignment)4．立交与互通式立交(Grade separations and Interchanges)5. 路面(Pavement)6. 沥青面层(Bituminous Surface Courses)7. 公路排水(Highway Drainage)8. 高速公路（Freeways）9. 公路施工(Highway Construction)三．难点1．课文翻译。

数控机床检修：ISO 230 标准列表及摘要

Test code for maching tools
Part 1: Geometric accuracy of machines operating under no-load or quasi-static conditions Part 2: Determination of accuracy and repeatability of positioning of numerically controlled axes Part 3: Determination of thermal effects Part 4: Circular tests for numerically controlled machine tools Part 5: Determination of the noise emission Part 6: Determination of positioning accuracy on body and face diagonals (Diagonal displacement tests) Part 7: Geometric accuracy of axes of rotation Part 8: Vibrations Part 9: Estimation of measurement uncertainty for machine tool tests according to series ISO 230, basic equations Part 10: Determination of the measuring performance of probing systems of numerically controlled machine tools Part 11: Measuring instruments suitable for machine tool geometry tests

dsc测试流程

dsc测试流程DSC testing process is an essential step in ensuring the quality and performance of products. It involves a series of procedures to analyze and understand the thermal properties of a material under specific conditions. 进行DSC测试流程是确保产品质量和性能的重要步骤。

它涉及一系列程序，以在特定条件下分析和了解材料的热性能。

One of the key aspects of the DSC testing process is the calibrationof the instrument. Calibration ensures that the instrument is accurately measuring the thermal properties of the material being tested. DSC testing requires the instrument to be properly calibrated to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. DSC测试流程的关键一环是仪器的校准。

校准确保仪器准确测量被测试材料的热性能。

DSC测试要求仪器进行正确的校准，以确保结果的准确性和可靠性。

Another important aspect of DSC testing is the sample preparation. Proper sample preparation is crucial to obtain accurate and meaningful results. The sample must be carefully selected, prepared, and handled to ensure that it represents the true thermal propertiesof the material. DSC测试的另一个重要方面是样品制备。

摘要的典型语句

摘要的典型语句介绍文章作者的观点和研讨课题内容的语句1）文章内容与作者观点的常用语句。

常用词有：deal with, describe, explain, illustrate, introduce, present, report 等。

●论及了此晶体的物理、化学性质。

The physical and chemical properties of the crystal are dealt with.●简述了性能目标与测量方法。

Performance goals and measuring methods are briefly described.●临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反应。

●The chain reaction of uranium nuclei caused by neutrons is explained by the critical experiment.●说明了这种技术对核探测的应用。

The applications of this technique to nuclear detection are illustrated.●立即引入了研究与开发的工具。

Research and development tools are introduced immediately.●给出了基本概念与收集的数据。

The basic concepts and data collected are presented.●2）文章研究课题的常用语句。

常用词有：analyze, consider, develop, discuss, investigate, state, study等。

●用这种超低频测量，也分析了主要的实验问题。

The main experimental problems are also analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements.●与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件。

检验规则及方法英文

检验规则及方法英文Inspection Rules and Methods.Inspection is a crucial process in ensuring the quality, safety, and compliance of products, services, or systems.It involves the evaluation of specified requirements, standards, or specifications to determine if they are met. Effective inspection rules and methods are essential for identifying defects, preventing failures, and ensuring the reliability of products or services.1. Types of Inspection.There are several types of inspections based on the purpose, scope, and timing of the inspection:Initial Inspection: Conducted at the beginning of a process or project to establish a baseline and ensure that all requirements are met before proceeding.In-process Inspection: Performed during the production or service delivery process to monitor and control quality.Final Inspection: Carried out at the end of theprocess or project to ensure compliance with all specified requirements before release or delivery.Periodic Inspection: Conducted at regular intervals to monitor the condition and performance of equipment, systems, or structures.Random Inspection: Performed at random intervals or on a random sample to assess the overall quality and identify any potential issues.2. Inspection Rules.Inspection rules are guidelines that define thecriteria, procedures, and standards to be followed during the inspection process. They ensure consistency, repeatability, and fairness in the evaluation of productsor services. Some common inspection rules include:Sampling Rules: Define the method and criteria for selecting samples for inspection. Sampling can be either random or systematic, depending on the requirements and objectives of the inspection.Defect Classification: Defects are categorized based on their severity, impact on performance, and potential safety hazards. This classification helps in prioritizing corrective actions and ensuring that critical defects are addressed promptly.Acceptance Criteria: Define the minimum standards or specifications that a product or service must meet to be considered acceptable. These criteria are usually based on industry standards, regulations, or customer requirements.Non-Conformance Handling: Specify the procedures to be followed when a product or service fails to meet the acceptance criteria. This may include rejection, repair, rework, or retesting, depending on the nature and severity of the non-conformance.3. Inspection Methods.Inspection methods refer to the techniques, tools, and procedures used to conduct the inspection. The choice of inspection method depends on the type of product or service, the nature of the defects to be detected, and the available resources. Some common inspection methods include:Visual Inspection: Conducted by trained personnelusing their eyes to identify visible defects, damage, or discrepancies. It is widely used in various industries dueto its simplicity and cost-effectivenesss.Mechanical Inspection: Involves the use of measuring devices and tools to measure dimensions, angles, or other physical properties of products or components. This methodis essential for precision manufacturing and quality control.Electrical Testing: Used to evaluate the electrical properties of products or systems, such as voltage, current,resistance, and capacitance. It helps in identifying electrical faults and ensuring the safety and reliabilityof electrical systems.Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Involves techniqueslike X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic particle inspection, and liquid penetrant testing to detect internal defects without damaging the product. These methods are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and other industries where product integrity is crucial.4. Importance of Inspection Rules and Methods.Inspection rules and methods play a pivotal role in ensuring the quality, safety, and reliability of products and services. They help in:Identifying Defects: Inspection rules and methods provide a structured approach to identifying defects, discrepancies, and non-conformances in products or services.Preventing Failures: Timely identification andcorrection of defects can prevent failures and ensure the smooth operation of systems and equipment.Meeting Customer Expectations: Compliance with inspection rules and methods ensures that products or services meet customer requirements and expectations, enhancing customer satisfaction.Improving Processes: Feedback from inspections can be used to identify process improvements, enhance product design, and refine manufacturing techniques.Ensuring Compliance: Inspection rules and methods ensure that products or services comply with industry standards, regulations, and safety requirements.In conclusion, inspection rules and methods are essential for ensuring the quality, safety, and reliability of products and services. They provide a structured approach to identifying defects, preventing failures, and meeting customer expectations. By adhering to these rules and using appropriate inspection methods, organizations canimprove their processes, enhance product quality, and maintain a competitive edge in the market.。

实施方案确认英语

实施方案确认英语Implementation Plan Confirmation。

The implementation plan confirmation is a crucial step in the project management process. It serves as a formal agreement between the project team and stakeholders regarding the specific actions and strategies that will be employed to achieve the project objectives. In this document, we will outline the key components of an effective implementation plan confirmation and provide guidelines for its development.1. Introduction。

The introduction section of the implementation plan confirmation should provide an overview of the project and its objectives. It should clearly define the scope of the project and the key deliverables that will be produced. Additionally, it should outline the roles and responsibilities of the project team and stakeholders.2. Project Timeline。

安永-财务管理最佳实践-财务报告(英文)

1 Record to ReportThe Executive Board is responsible for the conduct, operational and financial performance of an organisation. These responsibilities are discharged by:▪clearly stating the short and long term objectives of the organisation;▪clearly stating the policy guidelines within which they expect management to operate;▪defining the system for ensuring that management acts in accordance with the Boards direction; and▪defining procedures for measuring the extent to which progress towards corporate objectives is being achieved.1.1 The value of informationIn order for the Board to be able to function effectively, information is key. A Board which operates with insufficient or inaccurate information will be unable to monitor the organisation effectively with decision making being based on flawed data. Under this scenario, there is a significant risk that the organisation will fail to meet its long term objectives.Post Enron, Qwest, WorldCom etc Executive Boards cannot fail to appreciate that their reporting impacts not only on the performance and future of their own organisation, but capital markets as a whole.High quality, transparent reporting which is based on relevant financial and non-financial value drivers is critical for driving corporate performance as well restoring confidence in the markets. The first step towards achieving this is to implement a framework of management reporting which is based on timely, relevant and accurate information. This will enable effective decision making as well as meeting the needs of external stakeholders.1.2 Scope of Record to ReportThe scope of this paper is the financial and non-financial reporting responsibilities of the CFO/ FD. As such it covers:▪Section 2: Board/ Divisional/ cost centre reporting (along with application of Business Intelligence techniques)▪Section 3: General ledger and the chart of accounts structure▪Section 4: Month end close and consolidation processes▪Section 5: Statutory reportingThe paper does not cover the reporting responsibilities of other Operational Executives (eg. Sales, Logistics, CRM, Marketing, HR etc).2 Management reporting2.1 The purpose of management informationThe purpose of management information is to:▪monitor progress against corporate objectives and plans▪identify actions required where actual performance is at variance with expectationThe Board Report is a key component in the management reporting hierarchy, collating information across an organisation. The Board Report combines the various operational activities through the common and objective medium of finance (be it sterling, dollars etc). A good Board Report will ultimately drive decision making and actions, assisting the organisation to achieve its short-term and long term objectives.As such the Board Report should provide all the necessary information to support the Board in fulfilling its responsibilities. In doing so it should be:▪Externally focused-Market opportunities-Threats-Competition▪Forward looking-Driving vision-Aligning operations to strategy-Refining strategy as required▪Challenging to the management team-Driving performance-Questioning the status quo-Understanding and managing risks2.2 Management reporting & operational reportingManagement reporting is a broad term which may mean different things to different people. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the distinction between:▪management reporting as used by key Executives and senior management. These reports are used to drive decision making and measure whether or not corporate objectives are being met. This type of reporting needs to be salient, relevant, covering both financial and non financial criteria▪management reporting as used for day to day operational purposes. Examples include cost centre reports, headcount analysis, call centre performance etc.These reports are data driven and enable managers to review delivery of their current responsibilities. These reports should be standard in their presentation and delivered within minimal intervention or overhead. This type of reporting is described as “operational reporting”The focus of this paper is the Executive style management reporting2.3 Design principles in Management ReportingIt is recognised that every company will have differing information needs for running that corporation. As such every company will have different management reporting needs. It is, however, necessary when reviewing or developing report content to have in place core design principles. These should include:▪delivery of information which meets the needs of key decision makers within the organisation▪delivery of timely, relevant and accurate information which meets the needs of the Business as well as Finance▪delivery of information not data, based on the philosophy of “less is more” (salient, concise reporting of information vs delivery of significant volumes of numeric and other data)▪“one version of the truth” which delivers consistency of information across the whole organisation (see Section 2.4 below)▪use of lead as well as lag indicators (eg. for customer satisfaction, service downtime may be a lead indicator, customer churn a lag indicator)▪incorporation of operational KPIs as well as core financial measures▪application of a balance score card approach, ensuring consideration is given to financial, operational, people/staff and customer perspectives.▪application of exception reporting techniques, with significant variances being highlighted▪action orientated reporting, in terms of commentary and reviewdynamic in nature. The content and format of reports needs to be reviewed and refreshed to ensure they keep pace with changes in the Business2.4Overview of the cascade of informationThe management reporting strategy should be based on a cascade of information from the Board down (ie. from Board to Divisions to Business Units and ultimately cost centres). This is represented below:In delivering this cascade of information it is necessary to ensure consistency of information from the Board through to the cost centres. This is based on the principle of “one version of the truth”. It ensures, for example, that the results of Division X as presented to the Division X MD are the same as those being reviewed by the Group CFO. As well as consistency in content there should also be consistency in the look and feel of reports to ensure Executives and management can negotiate them with ease.Group ReportDivisional Management ReportsBusiness Unit ReportsOperational/ Cost Centre ReportsDefinition of content needs to be “top down”. The CFO/ Board should define the Board Report content such that it meets thei r needs. It also needs to be consistent with corporate strategy and subsequently used to monitor performance and drive business performance. The needs of the Board should then be cascaded down to Divisions, Business Units and ultimately cost centres. This ensur es corporate strategy is translated into operational delivery. This can be contrasted with the “bottom up” content driven approach, where cost centre reporting cascades up to bespoke Business Unit and Division reports. When agg regated at the Board level this is usually characterised by excel consolidations, significant data volumes and the need to refer to inconsistent Division reports.2.5 The use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)Management reports should contain performance information relating to the key operational issues as well as financial measures. This is important as changes in operational measures tend to be lead indicators on future financial performance (eg. network build is behind schedule – cash flow savings in the short term, slower sales growth in the longer term).The CFO/ Board should agree on the KPIs presented in the report. General principles on KPIs are:-▪availability: frequency & accuracy▪relevance: alignment to critical success factors▪acceptance: level of use in the organisation/ industry▪topical: relevance to specific strategic initiativesWhen establishing financial and operational measures for inclusion in management reports, this needs to be done with an understanding of remuneration and reward structures. The two need to be consistent. Failure to do so will deliver conflicting messages. It is noted reward based measures will have the most powerful influence on day to day behaviours.2.6 Example contentAs noted above, each and very organisation will have their own needs a nd opinions, driving the look, feel and content of the management reports. A “leading practice” management report (Board Report, Division Report and cost centre report) is given, however, in Appendix 1. This report demo nstrates the leading practice principles highlighted above and is to be used for reference purposes only.In terms of content it includes:▪[Executive summary –A synopsis of performance is provided by KPIs accompanied by appropriate action orientated commentary. Use of data is limited to core data only▪Action plan –corrective actions specified with contingencies and sensitivity analysis showing best and worst case scenarios(usually in the form of commentary)▪Profit and Loss statement –P&L account showing period and cumulative positions with highlighted variances against budget. Any major variances should behighlighted and adequately explained. Trend analysis should be shown graphically and full year projections shown▪Projected outturn incorporated in P&L –Projected outturns recalculated each month on the basis of actual performance and action plans▪Cashflow –Actual and projected receipts and payments up to the year end▪Balance Sheet - position of working capital, assets and long term investments / debt.]2.7 Leading practice checklist2.8 Management reporting – process overviewManagement reporting - detailed process: production of management reports3 General ledger and chart of accounts3.1 Purpose of the General LedgerThe General Ledger is used capture financial data at transactional level with standard accounts in a standard record structure that accommodates multidimensional reporting.The general ledger should allow for the following;▪Consistent and accurate classification of accounting data▪Ease of transfer of financial data throughout the company▪Clear flow of financial data from source systems through multiple levels of consolidation▪Latitude for additional data elements3.2 Chart of accountsThe core structure underlying the general ledger is contained in the Chart of Accounts. Characteristics of a good chart of accounts are as follows:▪application of a common chart of accounts where possible,which facilitates consolidation and reconciliation across large organisations.▪well defined segments and group values for ease of reporting▪keep it simple – elimination of unnecessary segments, elimination of unnecessary detail within segments▪use of a thin general ledger structure with detailed data being held in the sub ledgers, data warehouse environments for analytical purposes▪ a structure consistent with the organisational structure (management and legal)▪ a structure which reflects appropriate levels of accountability within the organisation (ie cost centre structure cascades down to a decision making managerial positions and not beyond)Appendix 2 provides a detailed chart of accounts assessment and the application of “leading practice ”. In doin g so it reviews the structure of chart of accounts as well as the application of a common chart of accounts for a pan European company.3.3 General ledger overviewAn outline of the general ledger is summarised below. Figure [ ]: Outline of the General Ledger structureGeneral LedgerINVENTORY CONTROLFinancial and management reports are generated - drill down queries are performedCapital assets3.4 General ledger leading practice checklistThe following section provides a leading practice checklist for the general ledger. It should be used in conjunction with Appendix 2.4 Month end close4.1 What is Fast close?For a reporting environment to be effective there needs to be delivery of timely and relevant information. The longer the delay between operational transactions and report production, the less relevant the report will be from an information and decision making perspective. Consequently, month end close procedures are critical in the delivery of effective management reporting.Fast Close is an approach to deliver quicker management and financial reporting by improving month end close processes and enhancing the quality and relevance of the information provided.The first quartile benchmark for the production and distribution of management reports is 5 working days post month end. This can be achieved by:▪ensuring a focus is maintained on providing key decision makers with relevant information and setting materiality levels from a Group perspective▪ensuring all possible activities and postings are performed in advance of the month end close (eg. inter-company reconciliations)▪applying standard processes across the organisation and automating these as much as possibleIn doing so the timeliness of reporting improves, reducing the resources tied up in the month end cycle.4.2 To be processA high level process map for “leading practice” month end close is outlined below.4.3 Month end leading practice checklistThe following section provides a leading practice checklist for the month end close process.4.4 Group consolidation & reporting featuresThe key features of a group consolidation system are summarised below.Figure [ ]: Consolidation system4.5 Consolidation leading practice checklistThe following section provides a leading practice checklist for the consolidation process.5 Statutory reporting5.1 Statutory reporting requirementsNot surprisingly, given the diversity of development of business practices across Europe, statutory reporting requirements vary considerably country by country. The statutory requirements within a particular country will dictate:▪The topics of information to be disclosed (e.g. P&L, balance sheet, cash flow, fixed assets, director emoluments, pension liabilities)▪The accounting standards to be used in deriving the figures (e.g. UK GAAP, IAS)▪The timetable for publication (e.g. x months after year-end close in the UK)▪The language for publication of documents.In addition, in certain countries the business transactions must be reportable against a national standard chart of accounts. In some countries, this principle is extended to the insistence that all transactions are coded at source against a national standard chart of accounts.For multinational groups, subsidiaries will have a responsibility to provide statutory results within the country of registration (typically the country they are operating in), as well as having their results consolidated into the group results. In some cases, the multiple reporting requirements can cause significant complications in the preparation of statutory reports. For example, the Italian subsidiary of a joint UK-France owned group will need to have results prepared in all three formats, GAAPs and charts of accounts.This area of design leading practice, including full details of statutory design requirements by country, can be found in the ROI Chart of Accounts paper.Within an individual country, it is common for the organisation to consist of multiple legal entities, and for historic reasons or tax purposes the legal structure often does not match with the management reporting structure. In leading practice situations, transactional data is tagged with the relevant legal entity, to allow simple collation of results by legal entity for statutory reporting purposes. This ideal may not be practical in some cases, requiring the coding of AR / AP / payroll etc to both legal entity and management cost centre. There are also likely to be large single transactions, such as rent, insurance etc. that will need to be allocated across legal entities. As a result, the preparation of statutory reports will often require a significant amount of allocation of balances to legal entities before the consolidation process can begin.5.2 Leading practice timetableThe top quartile timetable from a recent survey of 250 European companies is shown in the figure below:5.3 Statutory reporting leading practice checklistThe following section provides a leading practice checklist for the statutory reporting process.。