Diagnosis Analysis on the of a Regional Rainstorm on Jiangxi Province Moist Potential Vort
2021.6月四级第二套试卷
2021.6月四级第二套试卷一、写作（30分钟）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titled “Do violent video games lead to violence?”. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.二、听力理解（25分钟）Section A.Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.News Report One.Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item.A new study has found that most Americans can't go more than four hours without checking their phones. The study was carried out by a research firm. They surveyed 2,000 people across the United States. It found that 73% of Americans check their phones within the first 10 minutes of waking up. And 55% reach for their phones immediately if they wake up in the middle of the night.1. What did the new study find?A) Most Americans check their phones very often.B) Americans spend too much time on their phones.C) Americans use their phones mainly for checking emails.D) Most Americans are addicted to social media on their phones.2. How many people were surveyed in the study?A) 1,000.B) 1,500.C) 2,000.D) 2,500.News Report Two.Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item.A large fire broke out in an apartment building in downtown Los Angeles on Tuesday night. The fire started on the third floor and quickly spread to other floors. More than 100 firefighters were called to the scene. They worked for several hours to put out the fire. Fortunately, no one was seriously injured in the fire. However, many residents lost their homes and belongings.3. Where did the fire break out?A) In a shopping mall in downtown Los Angeles.B) In an apartment building in downtown Los Angeles.C) In an office building in downtown Los Angeles.D) In a hotel in downtown Los Angeles.4. How many firefighters were called to the scene?A) More than 50.B) More than 80.C) More than 100.D) More than 120.News Report Three.Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item.A new law has been passed in the state of California. The law aims to reduce plastic waste. It requires all single - use plastic bags to be banned in grocery stores and other retail stores starting from next year. Stores will be required to offer reusable bags or paper bags for customers. Environmental groups have welcomed the new law, saying it is a big step forward in protecting the environment.5. What is the aim of the new law in California?A) To increase the use of single - use plastic bags.B) To reduce plastic waste.C) To promote the use of paper bags.D) To encourage the use of reusable bags.6. When will the ban on single - use plastic bags start?A) This year.B) Next year.C) In two years.D) In three years.7. What do environmental groups think of the new law?A) They think it is not strict enough.B) They think it is a waste of time.C) They think it is a big step forward.D) They think it will cause inconvenience to customers.Section B.Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Conversation One.Questions 8 to 11 will be based on the following conversation.M: Hi, Jane. How are you today?W: I'm fine, thanks. How about you?M: I'm good. I heard you went on a trip last week. Where did you go?W: I went to Paris. It was amazing.M: Really? What did you do there?W: I visited a lot of famous places like the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre Museum.M: That sounds great. How was the food?W: The food was delicious. I had French bread, cheese and wine.M: Yum. How did you get around the city?W: I took the subway. It was very convenient.8. Where did Jane go last week?A) London.B) Paris.C) Rome.D) Berlin.9. What did Jane do in Paris?A) She visited some famous places.B) She went shopping.C) She attended a concert.D) She visited some friends.10. What did Jane have for food in Paris?A) Italian pizza and coffee.B) French bread, cheese and wine.C) British fish and chips.D) German sausages and beer.11. How did Jane get around the city?A) By bus.B) By taxi.C) By subway.D) By bike.Conversation Two.Questions 12 to 15 will be based on the following conversation.M: Hi, Sarah. I'm thinking about buying a new laptop. Can you give me some advice?W: Sure. What do you need it for?M: I mainly use it for work. I need to write reports, make presentations and do some data analysis.W: Then you should look for a laptop with a good processor and enough memory.M: How much memory do you think I need?W: At least 8GB, but 16GB would be better.M: Okay. What about the hard drive?W: If you have a lot of files to store, you should get a laptop with a large hard drive, like 1TB or more.M: I see. And what brand do you recommend?W: Well, some popular brands are Dell, Lenovo and HP. They are all reliable.12. What does the man want to buy?A) A new smartphone.B) A new laptop.C) A new tablet.D) A new camera.13. What does the man mainly use the device for?A) Playing games.B) Watching movies.C) Work.D) Studying.14. How much memory does the woman recommend at least?A) 4GB.B) 6GB.C) 8GB.D) 10GB.15. Which of the following brands does the woman recommend?A) Apple.B) Samsung.C) Dell.D) Sony.Section C.Directions: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Passage One.Questions 16 to 18 will be based on the following passage.The Internet has changed the way we communicate. It has made it easier and faster to connect with people all over the world. However, it has also brought some problems. One problem is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is when someone uses the Internet to bully or harass others. It can include sending mean messages, spreading rumors or posting embarrassing pictures. Another problem is the spread of false information. With the Internet, false information can spread very quickly and cause a lot of harm.16. What has the Internet changed?A) The way we study.B) The way we communicate.C) The way we work.D) The way we travel.17. What is cyberbullying?A) When someone uses the Internet to help others.B) When someone uses the Internet to bully or harass others.C) When someone uses the Internet to make friends.D) When someone uses the Internet to sell products.18. What is another problem brought by the Internet?A) The spread of viruses.B) The spread of false information.C) The high cost of using the Internet.D) The difficulty in learning new technologies.Passage Two.Questions 19 to 21 will be based on the following passage.In recent years, more and more people are choosing to travel alone. There are several reasons for this. First, traveling alone gives people more freedom. They can decide where to go, when to go and how long to stay. Second, it can be a great opportunity for self - discovery. People can learn more about themselves when they are alone. Third, traveling alone can be less expensive. They don't have to share the cost with others.19. What is the trend in recent years?A) More people are choosing to travel in groups.B) More people are choosing to travel alone.C) More people are choosing not to travel.D) More people are choosing to travel with family.20. Why do people choose to travel alone?A) Because it is more exciting.B) Because it gives more freedom.C) Because it is safer.D) Because it is more popular.21. Which of the following is an advantage of traveling alone?A) It can be more expensive.B) It can be a great opportunity for self - discovery.C) It can be less interesting.D) It can be more difficult to plan.Passage Three.Questions 22 to 25 will be based on the following passage.There are many different types of music in the world. Each type has its own characteristics. For example, classical music is often considered to be very elegant and complex. It usually has a large orchestra and a conductor. Rock music, on the other hand, is more energetic and loud. It often features electric guitars and drums. Jazz music is known for its improvisation. Musicians often create new melodies on the spot. Folk music is usually based on the traditions of a particular region or country.22. What is classical music often considered to be?A) Simple and easy - to - understand.B) Elegant and complex.C) Boring and old - fashioned.D) Loud and energetic.23. What is a feature of rock music?A) It has a large orchestra.B) It features electric guitars and drums.C) It is known for its improvisation.D) It is based on regional traditions.24. What is jazz music known for?A) Its simplicity.B) Its improvisation.C) Its large orchestra.D) Its use of traditional instruments.25. What is folk music based on?A) The traditions of a particular region or country.B) The latest musical trends.C) The works of famous composers.D) The preferences of young people.三、阅读理解（40分钟）Section A.Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. Youare required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the word bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the wordsin the word bank more than once.The idea of having a single career is becoming an old - fashioned one. The new fashion will be to have several careers or ways of earning moneyand further education will be something that continues throughout life.The most important reason for this change is the rapid development of technology. New technology has made many jobs_26_. For example, in the past, a person who worked in a factory might have done the same job for years.But now, with the introduction of robots, that job may no longer exist. People need to_27_ their skills and knowledge in order to find new jobs.Another reason is the change in the nature of work. In the past, most jobs were_28_, which means that people worked for a single employer for a long time. But now, more and more jobs are_29_, which means that peoplework for different employers or on different projects for short periods of time.This change also has an impact on education. In the past, education was mainly about getting a_30_ so that you could get a job. But now, educationis more about_31_ your skills and knowledge so that you can adapt to different jobs.There are also some challenges associated with this change. For example, it can be difficult to_32_ between different careers. And it can be expensive to get further education. But overall, this change is a positive one as it gives people more_33_ and opportunities.Word Bank:A) adapt.B) choose.C) continuous.D) degree.E) disappear.F) enhance.G) employed.H) flexible.I) identify.J) obsolete.K) opportunities.L) project - based.M) single - employer.N) update.26. J) obsolete.27. N) update.28. M) single - employer.29. L) project - based.30. D) degree.31. F) enhance.32. B) choose.33. K) opportunities.Section B.Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Sharing Economy.A) The sharing economy has been growing rapidly in recent years. It refers to the economic model in which people share their resources, such as their cars, homes or skills, with others in exchange for money or other benefits. The sharing economy has been made possible by the development of the Internet and mobile technology.B) One of the most well - known examples of the sharing economy is Airbnb. Airbnb allows people to rent out their homes or apartments to travelers. This has provided an alternative to traditional hotels and has been very popular with travelers who want to experience a more local way ofliving. Another example is Uber. Uber allows people to use their own cars to provide transportation services to others.C) The sharing economy has several advantages. First, it can make more efficient use of resources. For example, if a car is sitting idle in a driveway, it can be rented out through a car - sharing service. Second, it can provide more affordable options for consumers. For example, Airbnb rentals are often cheaper than hotel rooms. Third, it can create new economic opportunities for people. For example, people can earn extra money by renting out their homes or driving for Uber.D) However, the sharing economy also has some challenges. One challenge is the lack of regulation. Since the sharing economy is a relatively new phenomenon, there are not always clear rules and regulations governing it. This can lead to issues such as safety concerns and unfair competition. Another challenge is the impact on traditional industries. For example, the growth of Airbnb has had an impact on the hotel industry, and the growth of Uber has had an impact on the taxi industry.E) In order to address these challenges, governments around the world are starting to develop regulations for the sharing economy. For example, some cities have introduced regulations for Airbnb rentals, such aslimiting the number of days a property can be rented out per year. And some countries have introduced regulations for Uber drivers, such as requiring them to have a certain level of insurance.F) Despite these challenges, the sharing economy is likely to continue to grow in the future. As the Internet and mobile technology continue to develop, it will become even easier for people to share their resources. And as more people become aware of the advantages of the sharing economy, more and more people will be likely to participate in it.34. The sharing economy is made possible by the Internet and mobile technology. (A)35. Airbnb is an example of the sharing economy that allows people to rent out their homes. (B)36. One advantage of the sharing economy is that it can make more efficient use of resources. (C)37. The lack of regulation is a challenge for the sharing economy. (D)38. Governments are starting to develop regulations for the sharing economy. (E)39. Despite challenges, the sharing economy is likely to keep growing.(F)40. Uber is an example of the sharing economy that involves transportation services. (B)41. Another advantage of the sharing economy is that it can provide more affordable options. (C)42. The growth of Airbnb has an impact on the hotel industry. (D)43. Some cities have regulations for Airbnb rentals. (E)Section C.Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage One.The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) was first introduced in the 1990s. It refers to the ability to recognize and manage one's own emotions, as well as.。
2020年智慧树知道网课《跨文化交际 Intercultural Communication》课后章节测试满分答案
绪论单元测试1【判断题】(1分) ForeignersareinterestedtolearnaboutChineseCultureandChinesePeople.Atthesametime,thereare misunderstandingsofChineseculture.A.错B.对2【判断题】(1分)Overseasexperiencescanexpandone'svisionandenrichone'sunderstandingofInterculturalCommun ication.A.对B.错3【判断题】(1分)Beforecommunicatingwithothers,youneedtounderstandyourownculturewell.A.错B.对4【判断题】(1分)Culturelearningisnotsoimportantaslanguagelearning.A.错B.对5【判断题】(1分) KnowingallthewordsandhavingperfectgrammarofalanguageisenoughtodealwithInterculturalCo mmunication.A.对B.错6【判断题】(1分)Everythingabroadisthesameas“athome”.A.错B.对7【多选题】(2分)Inthiscourse,wearegoingtolearnaboutA.InterculturalcommunicationbarriersB.AcquringInterculturalCommunicationCompetenceC.ThearaticalfoundationsofInterculturalCommunicationD.Verbalandnon-verbalcommunication8【多选题】(2分)Inthestudyofinterculturalcommunication,wearegoingtoachievethegoalsofA.fosteringcriticalthinkingofdifferentculturesB.understandingthebasictermsC.developingcommunicativecompetenceD.avoidingpotentialproblemsininterculturalcommunication9【单选题】(1分)ThecourseyouaretakingisA.CommunicationB.PhycologyC.EnglishLiteratureD.InterculturalCommunication10【判断题】(1分)Whenbeingaskedbyotherpeopleaboutyourculture,youwillbemoreawareofyouridentity.A.对B.错第一章测试1【单选题】(2分)ThedialoguesattheUnitedNations,forexample,wouldbetermed_________.A.internationalcommunicationB.interethniccommunicationC.interpersonalcommunicationD.interracialcommunication2【单选题】(2分)InChina,ifaTibetancommunicateswithaHan,itis_____.A.interethniccommunicationB.internationalcommunicationC.interpersonalcommunicationD.interracialcommunication3【单选题】(2分)_____isthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.A.EnculturationB.AssimilationC.AcculturationD.Deculturation4【单选题】(2分)Manyofthesameproverbsappearthroughouttheworld,becauseallpeople,regardlessoftheirculture,s harecommon____.A.artsB.languagesC.storiesD.experiences5【多选题】(3分)Inthepopularculturalicebergmetaphor,youcanonlyseeabout10-15%abovethesurface,mostpartoft heicebergisunderthewater,whichisabitofamystery.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkareabovethe water?A.foodB.clothingC.musicD.architecture6【多选题】(3分) Sixreasonsofwhystudyinterculturalcommunicationwerementioned，pleasetrypicktheonesmenti onedinthefollowing.A.self-awarenessB.demographicchangesC.imperativeD.technology7【判断题】(2分) Culturecanbecategorizedaseithermaterialornonmaterialculture.A.对B.错8【判断题】(2分)Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,arts,morals,law,customandanyother capabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.A.错B.对9【判断题】(2分)Itisreasonablethatweusewhat'sbelowoursurfacetotrytounderstandwhat'sabovesomebodyelse’s.A.错B.对10【判断题】(2分) "Digthewellbeforeyouarethirsty"isaChineseproverbmeaning"吃水不忘挖井人”。
医学英语
SuffixMeaning Example-ac pertaining to属于，关于cardiac: pertaining to the heart 心脏（病）的-al pertaining to medical: pertaining to medicine-ar pertaining to molecular: pertaining to a molecule分子的-ary pertaining tobelonging to ciliary: pertaining to the cilia 睫毛的,纤毛的,毛状的-ase enzyme 酶amylase: any enzyme that converts starch to sugar 淀粉酶-cle smallness小,少,贫乏,小气follicle: a small bodily cavity or sac 小囊,(头发的)毛囊-e an instrument 仪器auriscope: an instrument for examining the ear (检查耳朵用的)耳镜-eal pertaining to laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx喉的, 喉音的-ia condition; quality phobia: abnormal fear 恐惧，害怕-ic pertaining to toxic: pertaining to toxin有毒的；因中毒引起的-ics study of; name of a science paediatrics: study of children, their development and diseases儿科学-ine/i n substance 物质insulin：substance (hormone) produced by the islets of Langerhans inthe pancreas胰岛素-ism process or condition alcoholism: excessive drinking of alcohol which becomes addictive 酒精中毒-ist one who specializes in 精通于……的人pharmacologist: a doctor who specializes in the study of drug s 药理专家-itis inflammation refers to a part i n……部位的炎症rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal passages 鼻炎，鼻粘膜炎-(i)u m relation to a whole; related to与……相关endometrium: inner lining of the uter子宫内膜-ive characterizes by antitussive: a drug that suppresses coughing止咳药-let tiny; small droplet: a tiny drop 小滴-ment the result or product of an act ion development: thing which develops or is being developed; act ion of becoming mature-oid resembling; like像mucoid: resembling mucus 粘液样的-ole little; small centriole: the small dense structure in the middle of the centrosome细胞中心粒；中心体-oma tumor; swelling refers to a do er dermatofibroma: fibrous tumor of the skin皮肤纤维瘤-or/-e r either a person or thingreceptor: a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stim uli 感受器，受体-ory characterized by; pertaining t o suspensory: which is hanging down悬吊式，悬带-ose sugarfructose: fruits sugar found in honey and some fruit 果糖 -osis abnormal conditiononychocryptosis: abnormal condition of a hidden nail 嵌甲 -ous pertaining topoisonous: pertaining to poison; also containing poison 有毒的，分泌毒素的 -som esbodiesribosome: the body of nucleic acid 核糖体 -um structure; thing; substance结构，物质magnesium: a white metallic chemical substance 镁（金属元素） -y condition; act; process dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism 营养不良The following is a list of the most commonly used compound suffixes Suffix M eaning Example-algia pain; painful; condition arthralgia: pain in a joint 关节痛--ase enzymeprotease: digestive enzyme 蛋白酶 -blast embryo 胚，胚胎，人类胚胎hemocytoblast: blast cell 血胚细胞，原始血细胞-carcin oma malignant tumor developing from connective tissue 相关组织的恶性肿瘤adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor developing from glandular tissue 腺癌-cele protrusion; distention 突出；膨胀，延伸 esophagocele: abnormal distention of the esophagus 食管突出-centes is surgical puncture 手术穿孔 paracentesis: surgical puncture of a cavity for the aspiration o f fluid 穿刺术-capni acarbon dioxide 二氧化碳 acapnia: absence of carbon dioxide 血液二氧化碳缺乏 -cide killgermicide: (substance) which can kill germs 杀菌剂 -clast cellphagocyte:cell, especially a white blood cell, which can surro und and destroy other cells 噬菌细胞 -dynia pain glossodynia: pain in the tongue 舌痛-ectasi a/ -ectasisexpansion; dilation(膨胀，扩张)atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth 肺不张-ectom y surgical excision or removal ofgastrectomy: surgical removal of the stomach 胃切除术 -edem a excessive accumulation of s erous fluid 水肿 myxoedema: condition caused when the thyroid gland does n ot produce enough thyroid hormone 粘液腺瘤病，粘液水肿 -emia blood conditionleukemia: any of several malignant diseases where an abnorm al number of leucocytes form in the blood 白血病 -emesi s vomiting 呕吐hematemesis: the vomiting of blood 咯血；吐血-gen something that produced or prouduces pathogen: a microorganism or agent capable of producing disease 病菌，病原体-genes isproduction 生产spermatogenesis: formation and development of spermatozoa in the testes 精子发生 -globi nprotein 蛋白质hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein produced by erythroc ytes 血红素 -gnosi sknowledgediagnosis: the process of identifying the nature or presence of a disease through knowledge and examination -gram image; picture electrocardiogram: a graphic record of the electrical activity of heart muscle or heartbeat used in the diagnosis of heart disease.Abbr. ECG and EKG . Syn. cardiogram心电图-graph (y) process of recording 记录过程 electocardiography: the process of making or recording electrocardiograms. Syn. cardiography 心电图记录-iasis condition; state情况，状况cholelithiasis: the formation of gallstones 胆石症 -iatry/ -iatrics healing, frequently refers to a branch of medicine 康复，常指医学的一个分支podiatry: treatment of foot disorders足部医疗-lith stone cholelith: a gallstone; a stone formed in the gallbladder 胆结石-logy the study ofcytology: the science study of cells 细胞学 -logist one who studies and treats urologist: a physician who specializes in the practice of urology 泌尿科医生-lysis breakdown, destructionhemolysis: the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells wi th release of hemoglobin 溶血 -malac ia softeningosteomalacia: softening of bone 骨软化-mania extreme compulsion or preo ccupation 强迫症 kleptomania: a morbid, uncontrollable compulsion to steal 盗窃癖-megal ygiantacromegaly: a condition in which there is an enlargement of t he facial bones as well as those of the lungs 肢端肥大症 -metry measurement spirometry: measurement of the volume of air inhaled and ex/-meter haled or the air capacity of the lungs肺(活)量测定(法),呼吸量测定(法)-odyniapain cardiodynia: pain in the heart region 心痛，胸痛-one hormone荷尔蒙，激素parathormone: which regulates calcium balance among the blood, bones, and teeth甲状旁腺激素-opia a defect in the eye眼睛的毛病myopia: being short-sighted 近视-opsy to view biopsy: excision of live tissue for microscopic diagnosis活检-osis morbid condition病态的sclerosis: abnormal hardening 硬化症-osmia smell anosmia: loss of the sense of smell嗅觉丧失-ostom y process of making an opening into or a connection between造瘘gastrostomy: surgical construction of an opening from the surface of the abdomen into the stomach胃造口术-oxia level of oxygen氧水平hypoxia: a low oxygen level or a lack of oxygen in body tissues组织缺氧-pathy disease; diseased condition ophthalmopathy: any eye disease眼病-penia deficiency leukopenia: deficiency of leukocytes in the blood. Syn. leukocytopenia白细胞减少症-pepsiadigestion eupepsia: good digestion 消化良好--pexy a fixing or setting firmly in place by suturing 缝合固定hepatopexy: surgical fixation of a displace liver肝固定术-phagia/phagyeating; swallowing 吃，吞咽dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing吞咽困难-phil attraction吸引，具有吸引力的事物basophil: type of leucocyte or white blood cell which contain s granules嗜碱性粒细胞-phobi a fear xenophobia: irrational fear of strangers对外国人的恐惧，憎恶-plasia formation; development hyperplasia: overdevelopment or enlargement of an organ or tissue增生，数量型肥大-phoniavoice dysphonia: difficulty in speaking发声困难-plasm formation; growth or substance of formationcytoplasm: jelly substance in the cell细胞浆-plasty surgical repair osteoplasty: surgical repair of the bone骨整形术，骨成形术--plegiastroke; paralysis 中风thermoplegia: heat or sunsrtoke热射病-pnea breathing eupnea: normal breathing呼吸正常，平静呼吸--ptosi a falling, the dropping or sag hepatoptosis: abnormally low position of the liver肝下垂s ging of an organ器官下移-ptysis spitting分散melanoptysis: spitting of the spleen黑色痰液;咳黑痰-poiesisproduction hemopoiesis: production of blood cells 造血作用，生血作用-rrhag e/-rrhagi a bursting forth of blood 出血m enorrhagia: very heavy bleeding during menstruation 月经过多-rrhaphysurgical sewing or suturing splenorrhaphy: suture of the spleen脾修补术-rrhea overflow hydrorrhea: watery discharge液溢-(o)rrh exis splitting or rupture 撕裂，破裂，疝气amniorrhexis: rupture of the amniotic ac羊膜破裂-sarco ma malignant tumor developingfrom connective tissueliposarcoma: malignant tumor containing fat脂肪肉瘤-schesi s a holding back; suppressionof discharge阻碍；抑制排放uroschesis: suppression of urine闭尿，尿潴留-sclerosisa hardening dermatosclerosis: hardening of the skin硬皮病-scope instrument for viewing stethoscope: an instrument for performing medicate ausculation听诊器-scopy process of examining visuallyhepatoscopy: examination of the liver 肝检查-spasm involuntary contraction angiospasm: sudden contraction of the muscles in a blood vessel血管痉挛-stasis suppression; stoppage; contr ol; arrest抑制，中止hemostasis: the arrest of bleeding 止血，止血法-stenos is abnormal narrowing of a duct or canal管、道德异常狭窄laryngostenosis: abnormal narrowing of the larynx 喉狭窄-stomy surgical opening to the outsi de of the body造口colostomy: surgical operation to make an opening from the c olon结肠造口术-tentionpressure hypertention: high blood pressure 高血压-therap y treatment physiotherapy: treatment of disease by physical means物理疗法--tion process hospitalization: the process of being hosipitalized住院-tocia labor; birth 生产embryotocia: abortion 流产-tome tool for incision arthrotome: instrument for cutting a joint关节刀-tomy process of cutting into gastrotomy: incision of the stomach 胃切开术-tropia turning 转弯，变向esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视-troph nourishment or development dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metaboliy of an organ器官的营养、发育sm营养不良-uria a condition of the urine（小便）dysuria: difficultly in passing urine 排尿困难-versionturning eversion: a turning outward外翻，翻转Here is a table of the most commonly used prefixesPrefix M eaning Examplea-/an- without; not aphasia: the inability to understand written or spoken words or to speak meaningfully失语症ab- away from abortion: expulsion from the uterus流产ad- to; toward; near adnasal: near the nose 近鼻的acro- a point or tip acronyx: growing into the flesh嵌甲alb- white albino: a person lacking normal pigmentation白发病者amb-/ ambi- both ambisexual、bisexual: (person) who is sexually attracted to both males andfamales 双性恋amphi-/ ampho - both; both sides amphicentric: beginning and ending in the same vessel起止同源的血管ana- up; back again anabolism: process of building up complex chemical substances on the basis of simpler ones 合成代谢Angio- a blood vessel angioma: benign tumor formed of blood vessel血管瘤ante- before antenatal: during the period between conception and childbirth 出生前的，怀孕期的anti- against antidepressant: (drug) used to treat depression抗抑郁剂audi- hearing; sound audiometry: science of testing hearing听力测定auto- self autoantibody: antibody formed to attack the body’s own cells自身抗体bi- two; twice bicellular: two cells两室的bio- living organisms生命体biochemistry: chemistry living tissues生物化学brady- slow bradycardia: slow rate of heart contraction, shown by a slowpulse rate心动过缓carcin- carcinoma or cancer癌；瘤c arcinogen: a cancer-causing substance致癌物cata- downwards; under; against;along with cataract: condition where the lens of the eye gradually becom es hard and opaque白内障centi- one hundredth百分之一centimeter: unit of measurement of length(=one hundredth ofa meter)厘米co(n)- with or together consanguineous: blood relationship血亲的，血缘的，密切的contra- against contraception: prevention of pregnancy by using devices or drugs 避孕法，节育法de- removal or loss decaffeinated: (coffee) with the caffeine removed 脱去咖啡因的deca- ten decagram: ten grams 十克deci- tenth deciliter: unit of measurement of liquid(=one tenth of a little)1/10公升di- two diglossia: a double tongue使用两种语言dia- through; between; apart; acr oss diathermy: process of (treating) through heat 透热疗法dis- reversal or separate disintegrate: to come to pieces分解，破裂dys- bad; difficult; disordered dysarthrosis: deformity or malformation of a joint关节变形echo- sound echocardiography: ultrasonography of the heart心回波描记，超声心动描记术ect-/ ecto- outside or outer ecchondroma: benign tumor on the surface of cartilage or bone外生软骨瘤en- in; within enostosis: benign growth inside a bone内生骨疣endo- inside endocardium: membrane which lines the heart心内膜epi- on; over epidermis: outer layer of skin表皮ery- red erythrocyte: mature non-nucleated red blood cell红细胞eso- inward; within(向内) esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视eu- good eugenics: study of how to improve the human race by geneticselection优生学ex-/ exo-out of exhale: to breath out 呼出extra- outside extracapsular: outside a capsule囊外的hemi- half hemiplegia: severe paralysis affecting one side of the body 偏瘫,半身麻痹,半身不遂hydro- water hydrocele: collection of watery liquid found in a cavity suchas the scrotum阴囊积水hyper- higher or too much hyperglycaemia: excess of glucose in the blood高血糖症hypo- less or too little hypokalaemia: deficiency of potassium in the blood 低血钾in- in or into inbreeding: breeding between a closely related male and female 近亲交配in- not incoherent: not able to speak in a way which makes sense语无伦次infra- below or beneath infrapatellar: below or beneath the patella髌inter- between interlobular: between lobules小叶间的intra- inside intramedullary: inside the bone marrow or spinal cord 髓内itro- into introvert: person who thinks only about himself and his ownmental state性格内向的人mal- bad or abnormal malfunction: abnormal working of an argan机器等运转失常；失灵；出现故障meta- changes metaplasia: change of one tissue to another化生，转化，组织变形micro- very small microcyte: abnormally small red blood cell小红细胞mid- middle midcarpal: between the two rows of carpal bones腕骨间的milli- one thousandth milligram: unit of measurement of weight 毫克mis- error or wrong miscarriage: spontaneous abortion流产multi- many multigravida: a woman who is pregnant and has been pregnant at least twice before 经产孕妇noct- at night nocturia: passing abnormally large quantity of urine when asleep in bed at night夜尿症nona- nine or the nineth nonagon: flat shape which has nine sides九边形octa- eight octan: every eight days八日热；每隔八日发一次的odont- teeth odontology: study of teeth and associated structures, and theirdisordersonco- tumours oncology: scientific study of new gowths肿瘤学oro- mouth orolingual: pertaining to the mouth and tongue口与舌的pachy- thickening pachysomia: condition where soft tissues of the body becomeabnormally thick躯体肥厚pali-/ palin- against; pathologic repetition病态的重复palindromic: (disease) which recurs复发的，再发的pan-/p ant-/ panto- all pancytopenia: abnormal depression of all the cellular elements of the blodd全血细胞减少症para- similar to or near; changed o r beyond paralyse or paralyze: to weaken (muscles) so that they cannot function使麻痹，使瘫痪pen-/ penta- five pentosuria: excretion of pentoses in the urine戊糖尿per- through percutaneous: done or administered through the skin经皮的，由皮的peri- around pericystitis: inflammation of tissue around the bladder膀胱周炎pero- deformed or defective畸形有缺陷的peromelia: congenital deformity of the limbs 四肢不全pharm aco- drugs pharmacology: study of drugs or medicines, and their action,properties and characteristics药理学，药物学pleo-/ pleio- too many pleokaryocyte: condition where a greater than normal numberof cells in cerebrospinal fluid多核细胞pluri- more pluriglandular: pertaining to or affecting several glands多线性的pneum -/ air or the lungs; breathing pneumonia: inflammation of a lung肺炎pneunmo-poly- touching many organspolyphagia: condition where a patient eats too much; morbid desire for every king of food 多食症，杂食症 post- after or laterpostprandial: after a meal 餐后的 pre- before of in front ofpremature: early or before the normal time 过早的，早产 presby -old agepresbyopia: an old person’s sight fails gradually 老花眼 pro-/ supin-/ pron- before or in front oflying on the backbend forwardprognosis: prediction of the outcome of a disease 预测；预后 quadri -/ quint-fourfive/fifthquadruplet or quad: one of four babies born to a mother at the same time 四胞胎 radio- ray or radiationradiotherapy: treating a disease by exposing the affected part to radioactive 放射疗法 semi- halfsemiptosis: the downward sagging of half or part of an organ 轻度睑下垂 sub- undersubmucous: under the mucous membrane 粘膜下层的；粘膜下的 super- above; extremelysuperalbuminosis: abnormal increase of albumin 白蛋白过多 syn- with; jointsyndesmosis: joint where the ones are tightly linked by ligam ents 韧带联合 supra- above; oversuprarenal: (situated) above a kidney 肾上腺 tachy- fasttachycardia: rapid beating of the heart 心动过速 tetra- fourtetracycline: antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterial diseases 四环素 trans- across; through; beyondtransmission: the transfer, as of a disease, from one person to another 传染 tri- threetricephalus: a fetus with three heads 三头畸胎 ultra- beyond; excessultrasonics: the science dealing with ultrasonic sound waves 超声波学 uni- oneuniglandular: affecting only one gland 单腺的 xen(o)-strange; foreignxenograft: a graft of tissue transplant between animals of diff erent species 异种移植物2011新年到了，希望七年制的医科学生掌握下列的英语词根及词缀，你就能看懂95%的医学专业英语a- not, without, lessab- from, away from, offabs- from, away from, offad- increase, adherence, motion toward, very-ad toward, in the direction of, -wardalge- painalgesi- painalgio- painalgo- painambi- around, on (both) sides, on all sides, bothamyl- starch, polysaccharide nature or originamylo- starch, polysaccharide nature or originan- not, without, -lessana- up, toward, apartante- beforeanti- against, opposing; curative; an antibodyapo- separated from, derived fromarteri- arteryarterio- arteryarthr- a joint, an articulationarthro- a joint, an articulation-ase an enzyme-ate a salt or ester of an “ic” acidaut- self, sameauto- self, samebacteri- bacteriabacterio- bacteriabi- twice, doublebio- lifeblasto- budding by cells or tissuebronch- bronchusbronchi- bronchusbroncho- bronchuscarcin- cancercarcino- cancercardi- the heart; esophageal opening of stomachcardio- the heart; esophageal opening of stomachcata- downcephal- the headcephalo- the headchem- chemistrychemo- chemistrychlor- green; chlorinechloro- green; chlorinechol- bilechondrio- cartilage; granular; grittychrom- colorchromat- colorchromo- color-cidal killing, destroying-cide killing, destroyingcis- on this side, on the near sideco- with, together, in association, very, complete col- with, together, in association, very, complete com- with, together, in association, very, complete con- with, together, in association, very, complete cor- with, together, in association, very, complete carni- craniumcranio- craniumcry- coldcryo- coldcycl- a circle, a cycle; the ciliary bodycyst- the bladder; the cystic duct; a cystcysti- the bladder; the cystic duct; a cystcysto- the bladder; the cystic duct; a cystcyt- cell-cyte cellcyto- celldactyl- the fingers, the toesdactylo- the fingers, the toesde- away from, cessationderm- skinderma- skindermat- skindermato- skindermo- skindextr- right, toward or on the right sidedextro- right, toward or on the right sidedi- separation, taking apart, reversal, not, un-dif- separation, taking apart, reversal, not, un-dir- separation, taking apart, reversal, not, un-dis- separation, taking apart, reversal, not, un-duodeno- the duodenum-dynia paindynamo- force, energydys- bad, difficultect- outer, on the outsideecto- outer, on the outsideencephal- the brainencephalo- the brainend- within, innerendo- within, innerenter- the intestinesentero- the intestinesepi- upon, following, subsequent toergo- workerythr- red, rednesserythro- red, rednessesthesio- sensation, perceptioneu- good, wellex- out of, from, away fromexo- exterior, external, outwardextra- without, outside offerri- the presence in a compound of a ferric ion ferro- metallic iron, the divalent ion (Fe 2+) fibr- fiberfibro- fiber-form in the form or shape ofgalact- milkgalacto- milk-gen producing, coming to be; precursor of gloss- the tongueglosso- the tonguegluco- glucoseglyco- sugarsgnath- the jawgnatho- the jaw-gram a recordinggranul- granular, granulegranulo- granular, granule-graph a recording instrumentgyn- womangyne- womangyneco- womangyno- womanhem- bloodhema- bloodhemat- bloodhemato- blood]hemi- one-halfhemo- bloodhepat- the liverhepatico- the liverhepato- the liverhidr- sweathidro- sweathist- tissuehistio- tissuehisto- tissuehydr- water; hydrogenhydro- water; hydrogenhyper- excessive, above normalhypo- beneath; diminution, deficiency; the lowest hyster- uterus; hysteria; ;late, following-ia a condition-iasis a condition, a state-ic pertaining to-ics organized knowledge, practice, treatment ileo- the ileum (回肠)infra- belowinter- between, amongintra- withinirid- the irisirido- the irisischi- the ischium (坐骨)ischio- the ischium-ism condition, disease; a practice, doctrine-ismus spasm; contractioniso- equal, like; “isomer of”; sameness-ite the nature of, resembling-ites -y, -like-itides plural of –itis-itis inflammation (炎症)karyo- nucleuskerat- the comea (角膜)kerato- the comeakin- movementkine- movementkinesi- motionkinesio- motionkineso- motionkino- movementlact- milklacti- milelacto- milklaryng- the larynx (喉)laryngo- the larynxlatero- lateral, to one side, a side-lepsis a seizure-lepsy seizurelepto- light (轻), slender (细), thin (薄), frail (弱)leuk- whiteleuko- whitelinguo- tonguelip- fat, lipidlipo- fat, lipidlith- a stone, calculus, calcificationlitho- a stone, calculus, calcification-log speech, wordslog- speech, words-login study of; collectinglogo- speech, words-logy study of; collectinglymph- lymphlympho- lymphlys- lysis, dissolutionlyso- lysis, dissolutionmacr- large; longmacro- large; longmast- breastmasto- breastmeg- large, oversize; one millionmega- large, oversize; one millionmegal- largemegalo- large-megaly largemelan- blackmelano- blackmening- meninges (脑脊膜)meningo- meningesmes- middle, mean, intermediacy; mesentery (肠系膜) meso- middle, mean, intermediacy; mesenterymeta- after, behind; joint action, sharingmicr- smallness; one-millionth; microscopicmicro- smallness; one-millionth; microscopicmon- singlemono- singlemorph- form, shape, structuremorpho- form, shape, structuremyx- mucus (粘液)myxo- mucusnecr- death, necrosisnecro- death, necrosisnephr- the kidneynephro- the kidneyneur- a nerve, the nervous systemneuri- a nerve, the nervous systemneuro- a nerve, the nervous systemoculo- eye, ocularodont- toothodonto- toothodyn- painodyno- pain-oid resemblance toolig- few, littleoligo- few, little-oma tumor, neoplasm-omata plural of –omaoncho- onco-onco- tumor, bulk, volume-one a ketone (-CO- 酮) grouponych- fingernail (指甲), toenail (趾甲) onycho- fingernail, toenailoo- egg, ovary (卵巢)oophor- ovaryoophoro- ovaryophthalm- the eyeophthalmo- the eyeorchi- testis (睾丸)orchido- testisorchio- testis-oses plural of –osis-osis process, condition, stateossi- boneosseo- bonyost- boneoste- boneosteo- boneovari- ovaryovario- ovaryovi- eggovo- eggoxa- the presence or addition of oxygen atom(s)oxo- addition of oxygenoxy- sharp; acid; acute; shrill; quick; oxygenpachy- thickpan- all, entirepant- all, entirepanto- all, entirepara- abnormal; involvement of two like partspath- diseasepatho- disease-pathy diseaseped- child; footpedi- child; footpedo- child; foot-penia deficiencyper- through, thoroughly, intenselyperi- around, about-pexy fixation, usually surgicalphaco- lens-shaped; relation to a lens (晶状体，透镜)-phage eating, devouring-phagia eating, devouringphago- eating, devouring-phagy eating, devouringpharmaco- drugs, medicinepharyng- the pharynx (咽)pharyngo- the pharynxphleb- veinphlebo- veinphon- sound, speechphono- sound, speechphor- carrying, bearing; a carrier, a bearer; phoria (隐斜视) phoro- carrying, bearing; a carrier, a bearer; phoriaphos- light (光)phot- lightphoto- lightphren- diaphragm (横膈膜); the mind; phrenic (膈膜的，精神的) phreni- diaphragm; the mind; phrenic-phrenia of mindphrenico- diaphragm; the mind; phrenicphreno- diaphragm; the mind; phrenicphysi- physical; natural; the science of physicsphysio- physical; natural; the science of physicsphyso- tendency to swell or inflate; air, gasphyt- plantsphyto- plants-plasia formationplasma- plasma (血浆)plasmat- plasmaplasmato- plasmaplasmo- plasma-plegia paralysis (麻痹，瘫痪)pleur- rib (肋骨), side, pleura (胸膜，肋膜)pleura- rib, side, pleurapleuro- rib, side, pleurapluri- several, more-pnea breath, respirationpneo- breath, respirationpneum- air, gas; the lungs; breathingpneuma- air, gas; the lungs; breathingpneumat- air, gas; the lungs; breathingpneumato- air, gas; the lungs; breathingpod- foot, foot-shaped-pod foot, foot-shapedpodo- foot, foot-shaped-poiesis productionpost- after, behind, posteriorpre- anterior, beforepro- before, forward; precursor ofproct- the anus (肛门), the rectum (直肠)procto- the anus, the rectumpsych- the mindpsyche- the mindpsycho- the mindpyel- (renal) pelvis (骨盆)：肾盂pyelo- (renal) pelvispyo- suppuration (化脓), an accumulation of pus, pus (脓) pyreto- feverpyro- fire, heat, feverrachi- the spinerachio- the spineradio- radiation (辐射), chiefly x-ray; radius (桡骨)re- again, backwardrect- the rectumrecto- the rectumretro- backward, behindrhin- the noserhino- the nose-rrhagia discharge-rrhaphy surgical suturing (缝合)-rrhea a flowing, a fluxsalping- a tube：输卵管，咽鼓管salpingo- a tubesarco- muscular substance, flesh-likeschisto- split, cleftschiz- split, cleft, divisionschizo- split, cleft, divisionscler- hardness (induration) (硬化)，sclerosis, the sclera (巩膜) sclero- hardness (induration), sclerosis, the sclera-scope an instrument for viewing-scopy the use of an instrument for viewingsemi- one-half; partlysial- saliva (涎), the salivary glands (唾液腺，涎腺)sialo- saliva, the salivary glandssigmoid- sigmoid, the sigmoid colonsigmoido- sigmoid, the sigmoid colonsito- food, grainsomat- the body, bodilysomatico- the body, bodilysomato- the body, bodilyspasmo- spasmsperma- semen (XX), spermatozoa (精子)spermato- semen, spermatozoaspermo- semen, spermatozoasplanchn- the viscera (内脏)splanchni- the viscerasplanchno- the viscerasplen- the spleenspleno- the spleenstaphyl- a grape, a bunch of grapes; staphylococci (葡萄球菌) staphylo- a grape, a bunch of grapes; staphylococci-stat an agent to prevent changing or movingsteno- narrowness, constrictionstheno- strength, force, powerstom- mouthstoma- mouthstomat- mouthstomato- mouthsub- beneath, less than normal, inferiorsuper- in excess, above, superior, in the upper partsy- togethersyl- togethersym- togethersyn- together。
A_Study_on_the_Issue_of_Population_Aging_among_Eth
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014/01 总第21期第五卷96 A Study on the Issue of Population Aging amongEthnic Minorities in ChinaZHENG Changde(College of Economics,Southwestern University for Nationalities,Chengdu,Sichuan,610041)JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY ,VOL.5,NO.1,01-08,2014(CN51-1731/C,in Chinese)DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2014.01.01 Abstract :There are differences in the issue of population aging among China’s various ethnic groups.The aging process of some ethnic groups isvery fast,and the structure of their population ag⁃ing belongs to a typical aging model.Some ethnic groups’aging process is relatively slow,and the structure of their aging still belongs to a young model.Moreover,the rate of aging of various eth⁃nic groups in the same region is also different,e⁃ven the rates and trends of aging within one specif⁃ic ethnic group also differ.Hence,the situation of population aging among minorities in China is very complicated.Based on the data from three demographiccensuses conducted in 1990,2000and 2010,this article analyzes the differences of population aging among various ethnic groups.1.The Basic Situation of Population Aging a⁃mong Ethnic Minorities in ChinaAccording to the census,the population above age 60among minority populations was 6.29million in 1990.;It increased to 9.02million in 2010;and reached above 11.75million in 2010.The popula⁃tion above the age of 65among the minority popula⁃tion was 4.05million in 1990;5.87million in 1990;and reached 7.83million in 2010.According to typical international standards ofpopulation aging frameworks and statistics from the 2000census,China’s population has already be⁃come an aging population.Among the total popula⁃tion of that year,10.46%of the population was a⁃bove the age of 60;7.10%of the population was above the age of 65.Among the ethnic minority populations,8.57%of the population was above the age of 60,and 5.58%was above the age of65.Hence,the minority population had not yet become a typical aging population.However,in 2010,the rate of aging in the total minority popu⁃lation further increased,and it also became a typi⁃cal aging population.2.Ethnic Differences of Population Aging a⁃mong the MinoritiesThere are 55ethnic minorities in China,andthe rate of aging among these minorities differs from each other.From 2000to 2010,the rate ofpopulation aging of every ethnic minority was in⁃creasing.3.The Impact of Population Aging on the Minority People and their Local Socioeconomic De⁃velopmentAccording to data from the demographic cen⁃sus,the aging trends among China’s ethnic mi⁃nority population will continue,and their rate of population aging will increase further over a fairly long period of time into the future.Moreover,be⁃cause the socioeconomic development level is rela⁃tively low in China’s ethnic minorities’areas,the situation of becoming an aging society under such background will result in a classic example of“Aging before Getting Rich”.This will influence the minorities and their local socioeconomic devel⁃opment from various aspects.Seen from the perspective of supplies,the most direct impact of population aging is on labor supply.Secondly,population aging will influence the supply and formation of capital.Moreover,the large scale or rapid growth of the elderly will in⁃crease the expense of social insurance provided forthe elderly as well as the government’s annual pension payments.This,in turn,will influence2014/01 总第21期JOURNAL OFETHNOLOGY第五卷the formation of capital related to the government’s investment in ethnic minority areas where devel⁃opment mainly depends on the government’s in⁃vestment .In a word,the acceleration of the popu⁃lation’s aging process will shorten the minorityareas’“population dividend”period,and reduce related economic benefits.Seen from the perspective of demand,popula⁃tion aging will first influence the consumption mod⁃el.The change in the structure of population aging will cause the rate of social consumption and de⁃posit to fluctuate,and in doing so will influence e⁃conomic development.Secondly,the development of sociocultural welfare services will not be able to adapt to the population aging.Thirdly,population aging will increase the needs of social services for the elderly.Fourthly,the constant increase of an aging population will reveal the strong need forhealth care for the elderly.4.Concluding Comments and Policy Sugges⁃tionsPopulation aging is a trend that human society cannot avoid.The economic development level in ethnic minority areas in China is still low.It has entered an aging society when the per -capita in⁃come and its development level is still low.Hence,it is a typical type of “Aging before Get⁃ting Rich”.Therefore,we must pay attention to the issue of population aging in the socioeconomic development of the minority areas by:1)Adjusting population policy as soon as possible by using a “positive aging policy”in order to address the issues of social pressure and eco⁃nomic burden during the process of population ag⁃ing.2)Changing the methods,adjusting the structure,and accelerating the socioeconomic de⁃velopment in minorities’areas.3)Exploiting and using fully “silver humanresources”(i.e.the human capital of the elder⁃ly),and accelerating the development of the serv⁃ices and industries related to the aging.4)Constructing a social service institutionwith universal respect and love for the elderly by taking healthy aging as the core,and by widely en⁃couraging and adopting the participation of social intermediary organizations,volunteers and social resources.Key Words :minority populations;aging;“Aging before Getting Rich”;demographic censusReferences :David E.Bloom,David Canning,andGünther Fink.Implications of Population Aging forEconomic Growth ,2011,PGDA Working Paper No.64, /pg⁃da /working.htm.Liu Hongkang,Wu Zhongguan ed.renkoushouce (Manual of Population ),Chengdu:xinan caijing daxue chubanshe,1988:461.shijie wensheng zuzhi queding xin de nianlingfenduan (WHO Announces a New Age Standard ),China News, /life /2013/05-21/4838966.shtml.The census office of the state council,popula⁃tion and employment statistics division of the na⁃tional bureau of statistics ed.zhongguo yijiu jiuling nian renkou pucha ziliao (Data of China Census in1990),Beijing:zhongguo tongji chubanju,1992.———.zhongguo erling lingling nian renkoupucha ziliao (Data of China Census in 2000),Beijing:zhongguo tongji chubanju,2002.———.zhongguo erling yiling nian renkou pu⁃cha ziliao (Data of China Census in 2010),Bei⁃jing:zhongguo tongji chubanju,2012.Yi Fuxian.Daguo kongchao :fangsi zhonghuajihua shengyu zhengce (Empty Nests in a Big Country :Reflection on China ’s Family Planning Policy ),Beijing:zhongguo fazhan chubanshe,2013:141.Zheng Changde.jiyu xin jiegou jingjixue shi⁃jiao de minzu diqu chanye jiegou tiaozheng yushengji yanjiu (A Study on the Industrial StructureAdjustment and Upgrade in Ethnic Areas from the Perspective of New Structural Economics ),2013,draft for discussion.。
小学上册K卷英语第六单元自测题
小学上册英语第六单元自测题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Carbon dioxide is produced when we ______.2.The kitten is _____ with a ball of yarn. (playing)3.Rock layers can provide important information about the ______ of the Earth.4.The ________ (环境) affects plant diversity.5.The process of a liquid turning into gas is called _______.6.What do we call a young female deer?A. CalfB. FawnC. KidD. CubB7.What is the chemical symbol for gold?A. AgB. AuC. PbD. FeB8.The __________ is known for its preserved wildlife.9.What do you call a large body of salt water?A. RiverB. LakeC. OceanD. Pond10.The __________ (历史的分析) can uncover hidden narratives.11. A _____ (蜜蜂) is busy collecting pollen.12.I love to read ________ before going to sleep.13.The butterfly is _____ on the flower. (resting)14.What is the name of the famous movie about a sinking ship?A. TitanicB. JawsC. The AbyssD. Finding NemoA Titanic15.What is the name of the famous bear in the jungle?A. BalooB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. Paddington Bear16.The ________ was a significant event in the quest for knowledge.17.My brother is a ______. He enjoys running.18.__________ (环境) can affect the stability of chemical compounds.19.My ______ plays soccer every Saturday.20.The bear catches _________ (鱼) in the river.21.The sun is ___ (setting/rising) in the evening.22. A compound is a substance made of two or more different _____.23.The air feels fresh after it ______ (下雨).24.The _____ (raspberry) plant produces sweet berries.25.Reactants are the starting materials in a _____.26.My cousin is a skilled __________ (程序员).27.The main gas in Earth's atmosphere is ______.28.What do we call the place where we learn math, science, and history?A. LibraryB. SchoolC. OfficeD. Home29.The __________ is an important natural resource in the ocean. (鱼类)30.She wears a ___ (dress).31.What do we call a shape with four equal sides?A. RectangleB. SquareC. TriangleD. PentagonB32.My aunt loves __________ (参加慈善活动).33.The _______ (海龟) swims in the ocean.34.Granite contains minerals like quartz, feldspar, and ______.35.The puppy is very _______ (playful).36.The Sun's light takes about minutes to reach ______.37.The solid formed from a chemical reaction is called a ______.38.The _____ (fruit) is juicy.39.How many colors are there in a rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 840.The snow is _____ on the ground. (white)41.The country known for its wine is ________ (以葡萄酒闻名的国家是________).42.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. SugarB. CocoaC. FlourD. Butter43.The capital city of Nigeria is __________.44.The dog is ______ in the sun. (laying)45.I see a _______ (squirrel) in the park.46.The cat purrs when it is ______.47.She has a big _____ (洋娃娃) collection.48.What is the main function of the heart?A. Pump bloodB. BreatheC. Digest foodD. Filter waste49.We eat ______ (snacks) during recess.50.The hamster runs on a ______ wheel.51.My uncle is a skilled __________ (手工艺人).52.We go _____ (fishing/camping) every summer.53.What do we call a scientist who studies fossils?A. PaleontologistB. ArchaeologistC. GeologistD. BiologistA54.My sister enjoys __________ (科学实验).55.What is the capital city of Finland?A. HelsinkiB. EspooC. TampereD. Vantaa56.What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. PhuketC. Chiang MaiD. Pattaya57.What is the capital of Kazakhstan?A. AlmatyB. Nur-SultanC. AstanaD. ShymkentB Nur-Sultan58.What do you call a person who plays a musical instrument?A. MusicianB. SingerC. ActorD. DancerA59.What color is a banana?A. RedB. YellowC. GreenD. Blue60.What is the capital of the USA?A. New YorkB. Washington,C. Los AngelesD. ChicagoB61.The __________ is a famous river in India. (恒河)62.I enjoy playing ________ (乐器) in music class.63.What is the capital of Finland?A. HelsinkiB. OsloC. StockholmD. TallinnA64.The __________ point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid.65.In a reaction, the rate can be influenced by factors such as concentration, temperature, and _____.66.What do we call the time of day when it gets dark?A. NoonB. DuskC. DawnD. Midnight67.Plants provide habitats for many _______.68.The __________ is a famous city known for its historical sites. (耶路撒冷)69.What do we call the act of identifying problems?A. DiagnosisB. AssessmentC. EvaluationD. All of the AboveD70.What do you call the currency used in Europe?A. DollarB. EuroC. PoundD. Yen71. A ______ reaction releases energy, often as heat or light.72.The fish is _____ around the tank. (swimming)73.What is the name of the chemical element with the symbol H?A. HeliumB. HydrogenC. OxygenD. NitrogenB74.I see a ___ on the shelf. (book)75.Which animal lives in a hive?A. AntB. BeeC. SpiderD. Worm76.What color is a typical school bus?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red77.What is the capital of Kenya?A. NairobiB. MombasaC. KisumuD. NakuruA78.The vulture cleans up ______ (尸体) in nature.79.My brother is very ___. (tall)80.My uncle is really ____.81.She enjoys ________ (mentoring) students.82.What do we call a baby cow?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. FoalA83.In a solution, the substance in the greatest amount is called the _______. (溶剂)84.What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. ShoesC. GlovesD. Scarf85.My brother is a ______. He dreams of playing in the NBA.86.My dad provides __________ (指导) when I need it.87.What is the term for a young lizard?A. HatchlingB. PupC. BabyD. KitA88.What do you call the process of a plant growing?A. GerminationB. PhotosynthesisC. DigestionD. Respiration89.The __________ is a region characterized by its unique wildlife.90.The dog is ___ the ball. (chasing, eating, sleeping)91.The bat has wings that are very ______.92.The smallest unit of an element is called an _______.93.My uncle is very _______ (形容词) about his work. 他总是 _______ (动词).94.I like to _____ (swim) in the pool.95.The dog likes to fetch a ______.96.I enjoy _____ to music in my free time. (listening)97.He is ___ (tall/short) for his age.98.What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. EarthC. JupiterD. Venus99.We have music class on ___. (Wednesday)100.The deer grazes quietly in the _______ (草地).。
英语语法词汇详解diagnosis
英语语法词汇详解diagnosis diagnosis英[ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs]美[ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsɪs]n.诊断；判断；特征简介复数：diagnoses同根词词根：diagnosediagnosticadj. 诊断的；特征的n. 诊断法；诊断结论diagnosticsn. 诊断学（用作单数）diagnosingn. 诊断v. 诊断（diagnose的现在分词）diagnosticiann. 诊断专家；诊断医生diagnosevi. 诊断；判断vt. 诊断；断定英文释义：diagnosis (of something) the act of discovering or identifying the exact cause of an illness or a problem(对某事物的)诊断发现或确定疾病或问题的确切原因的行为举个例子：1.They are waiting for the doctor's diagnosis.他们在等待医生的诊断。
2.An accurate diagnosis was made after a series of tests.经过一系列测试后，做出了准确的诊断。
3.Diagnosis is one of the most important parts of the doctor’s work.诊病是医生工作中最重要的环节之一。
4.I was stunned by the diagnosis and did not dare to tell him what was written there.我一看诊断书，顿时怔住了，没敢对他明说。
常用短语：diagnosis of lung cancer肺癌的诊断make a diagnosis做出诊断differential diagnosis鉴别诊断prenatal diagnosis[妇产]产前诊断；产前检查correct diagnosis正确诊断accurate diagnosis确诊；正确诊断pathologic diagnosis病理诊断；病理学诊断；病理检查诊断definite diagnosis确诊preliminary diagnosis初步诊断；初诊wrong diagnosis误诊；错误判断make diagnosis作出诊断；确定诊断computer diagnosis计算机诊断；电脑诊断computer fault diagnosis 计算机故障诊断confirm diagnosis诊断；确诊give diagnosis给出诊断；得出诊断。
冒口设计(英文版)
Department of Material Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran e-mail: tav@
206
R. Tavakoli, P. Davami
sign and definition of feeding path. To overcome these difficulties, in Tavakoli and Davami (2008) the topology optimization based on SIMP approach is adapted to find the best riser topology for a prescribed value of the riser volume. In Tavakoli and Davami (2007c), a heuristic growth method is suggested to automate the optimal riser design in the sand casting process. This work is in fact in parallel with the present study as it could be considered as an additive evolutionary topology optimization method (considering the present work which is a subtractive evolutionary algorithm).
社区获得型肺炎英国指南
347Downloaded from at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on April 21, 2014/348Bartlett et al.CID2000;31(August)is not available initially but is subsequently reported,changing to the antimicrobial agent that is most cost-effective,least toxic, and most narrow in spectrum is encouraged.Recommendations for treating patients who require empirical antibiotic selection are based on severity of illness,pathogen probabilities,resis-tance patterns of S.pneumoniae(the most commonly implicated etiologic agent),and comorbid conditions.The recommendation for outpatients is administration of a macrolide,doxycycline,orfluoroquinolone with enhanced ac-tivity against S.pneumoniae.For patients who are hospitalized, the recommendation is administration of afluoroquinolone alone or an extended-spectrum cephalosporin(cefotaxime or ceftriaxone)plus a macrolide.Patients hospitalized in the in-tensive care unit(ICU)should receive ceftriaxone,cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam,or piperacillin-tazobactam in combina-tion with afluoroquinolone or macrolide.b-lactams,other than those noted,are not recommended.Intravenous antibiotics may be switched to oral agents when the patient is improving clin-ically,is hemodynamically stable,and is able to ingest drugs. Most patients show a clinical response within3–5days. Changes evident on chest radiographs usually lag behind the clinical response,and repeated chest radiography is generally not indicated for patients who respond.The failure to respond usually indicates an incorrect diagnosis;host failure;inappro-priate antibiotic;inappropriate dose or route of administration; unusual or unanticipated pathogen;adverse drug reaction;or complication,such as pulmonary superinfection or empyema. Prognosis.The most frequent causes of lethal community-acquired pneumonia are S.pneumoniae and Legionella.The most frequent reason for failure to respond is progression of pathophysiological changes,despite appropriate antibiotic treatment.Pneumococcal pneumonia.S.pneumoniae,the most com-mon identifiable etiologic agent of pneumonia in virtually all studies,accounts for about two-thirds of bacteremic pneumonia cases,and pneumococci are the most frequent cause of lethal community-acquired pneumonia.Management has been com-plicated in recent years by the evolution of multidrug resistance. b-lactams(amoxicillin,cefotaxime,and ceftriaxone)are gen-erally regarded as the drugs of choice,although pneumonia caused by resistant strains(MIC,у2m g/mL)may not respond as readily as pneumonia caused by more susceptible strains. The activity of macrolides and doxycycline or other b-lactams, including cefuroxime,is good against penicillin-susceptible strains but less predictable with strains that show reduced pen-icillin-susceptibility.Vancomycin,linezolid,and quinupristin/ dalfopristin are the only drugs with predictable in vitro activity. Fluoroquinolones are generally active against strains that are susceptible or resistant to penicillin,but recent reports indicate increasing resistance in selective locations that correlate with excessivefluoroquinolone use.Prevention.The major preventive measures are use of in-fluenza vaccine and use of pneumococcal vaccine,according to guidelines of the Advisory Council on Immunization Practicesof the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC). Performance indicators.Recommendations for perform-ance indicators include the collection of blood culture speci-mens before antibiotic treatment and the institution of anti-biotic treatment within8h of hospitalization,since both aresupported on the basis of evidence-based trials.Additional per-formance indicators recommended are laboratory tests for Le-gionella in patients hospitalized in the ICU,demonstration ofan infiltrate on chest radiographs of patients with an ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases,9th edition)code for pneumonia,and measurement of blood gases or pulse oximetrywithin24h of admission.IntroductionLower respiratory tract infections are the major cause ofdeath in the world and the major cause of death due to infec-tious diseases in the United States.Recent advances in thefieldinclude the identification of new pathogens(Chlamydia pneu-moniae and hantavirus),new methods of microbial detection (PCR),and new antimicrobial agents(macrolides,b-lactamagents,fluoroquinolones,oxazolidinones,and streptogramins).Despite extensive studies,there are few conditions in medicinethat are so controversial in terms of management.Guidelinesfor management were published in1993by the American Tho-racic Society[1],the British Thoracic Society[2],and the Ca-nadian Infectious Disease Society[3],as well as the InfectiousDiseases Society of America(IDSA)in1998[4].The presentguidelines represent revised recommendations of the IDSA. Compared with previous guidelines,these guidelines are in-tended to reflect updated information,provide more extensive recommendations in selected areas,and indicate an evolutionof opinion.These therapeutic guidelines are restricted to com-munity-acquired pneumonia(CAP)in immunocompetentadults.Recommendations are given alphabetical ranking to reflecttheir strength and a Roman numeral ranking to reflect thequality of supporting evidence(table1).This is customary forquality standards from the IDSA[5].It should be acknowledgedthat no set of standards can be constructed to deal with themultitude of variables that influence decisions regarding site ofcare,diagnostic evaluation,and selection of antibiotics.Thus,these standards should not supplant good clinical judgement.EpidemiologyMagnitudeCAP is commonly defined as an acute infection of the pul-monary parenchyma that is associated with at least some symp-toms of acute infection,accompanied by the presence of anacute infiltrate on a chest radiograph or auscultatoryfindingsconsistent with pneumonia(such as altered breath sounds and/at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on April 21, 2014/Downloaded fromCID2000;31(August)IDSA Guidelines for CAP in Adults349Table1.Categories for ranking recommendations in the therapeutic guidelines.Category DescriptionStrength of recommendationA Good evidence to support a recommendation for useB Moderate evidence to support a recommendation for useC Poor evidence to support a recommendationD Moderate evidence to support a recommendation against useE Good evidence to support a recommendation against useQuality of evidenceI Evidence from at least1randomized,controlled trialII Evidence from at least1well-designed clinical trial without randomizationIII Evidence from opinions of respected authorities,based on clinical experi-ence,descriptive studies,or reports of expert committeesor localized rales),in a patient not hospitalized or residing in a long-term-care facility forу14days before onset of symp-toms.Symptoms of acute lower respiratory infection may in-clude several(in most studies,at least2)of the following:fever or hypothermia,rigors,sweats,new cough with or without sputum production or change in color of respiratory secretions in a patient with chronic cough,chest discomfort,or the onset of dyspnea.Most patients also have nonspecific symptoms, such as fatigue,myalgias,abdominal pain,anorexia,and headache.Pneumonia is the sixth most common cause of death in the United States.From1979through1994,the overall rates of death due to pneumonia and influenza increased by59%(on the basis of ICD-9codes on death certificates)in the United States[6].Much of this increase is due to a greater proportion of persons agedу65years;however,age-adjusted rates also increased by22%,which suggests that other factors may have contributed to a changing epidemiology of pneumonia,includ-ing a greater proportion of the population with underlying med-ical conditions at increased risk of respiratory infection. Annually,2–3million cases of CAP result in∼10million physician visits,500,000hospitalizations,and45,000deaths in the United States[7,8].The incidence of CAP that requires hospitalization is estimated to be258persons per100,000pop-ulation and962per100,000persons agedу65years[8].Al-though mortality has ranged from2%to30%among hospi-talized patients in a variety of studies,the average is∼14%[9]. Mortality is estimated to be!1%for patients not hospitalized [9,10].The incidence of CAP is heavily weighted toward the winter months.Prognosis,Risk Stratification,and the Initial Site-of-Treatment DecisionKnowledge about the prognosis of a disease allows physi-cians to inform their patients about the expected natural history of an illness,the likelihood of potential complications,and the probability of successful treatment.Understanding the prog-nosis of CAP is of particular clinical relevance,since it ranges from rapid recovery from symptoms without functional im-pairment to serious morbid complications and death.The abil-ity to accurately predict medical outcomes in cases of CAP hasa major impact on management.The decision to hospitalize apatient or to treat him or her as an outpatient(figure1)isperhaps the single most important clinical decision made by physicians during the entire course of illness,which has directbearing on the location and intensity of laboratory evaluation,antibiotic therapy,and costs.The estimated total treatment costfor an episode of CAP managed in the hospital is$7500(USdollars)[11],120-fold higher than the cost of outpatient treatment.Numerous studies have identified risk factors for death incases of CAP[9,10,12].These factors were well-defined in thepre–penicillin era;studies of adults showed an increased riskwith alcohol consumption,increasing age,the presence of leu-kopenia,the presence of bacteremia,and radiographic changes[12].More recent studies have confirmed thesefindings[2,13–18].Independent associations with increased mortality havealso been demonstrated for a variety of comorbid illnesses,suchas active malignancies[10,16,19],immunosuppression[20,21], neurological disease[19,22,23],congestive heart failure[10,17,19],coronary artery disease[19],and diabetes mellitus[10,19,24].Signs and symptoms independently associated with in-creased mortality consist of dyspnea[10],chills[25],alteredmental status[10,19,23,26],hypothermia or hyperthermia[10,16,17,20],tachypnea[10,19,23,27],and hypotension(diastolic and systolic)[10,19,26–28].Laboratory and radiographicfindings independently asso-ciated with increased mortality are hyponatremia[10,19],hy-perglycemia[10,19],azotemia[10,19,27,28],hypoalbumi-nemia[16,19,22,25],hypoxemia[10,19],liver function test abnormalities[19],and pleural effusion[29].Infections due togram-negative bacilli or S.aureus,postobstructive pneumonia,and aspiration pneumonia are also independently associatedwith higher mortality[30].Despite our knowledge regarding the associations of clinical, laboratory,and radiographic factors and patient mortality,there is wide geographic variation in hospital admission ratesfor CAP[31,32].This variation suggests that physicians donot use a uniform strategy to relate the decision to hospitalizeto the prognosis.In fact,physicians often overestimate the riskof death for patients with CAP,and the degree of overesti-at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on April 21, 2014/Downloaded from350Bartlett et al.CID2000;31(August)Figure1.Evaluation for diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia,including site,duration,and type of treatment. b-Lactam:cefotaxime,ceftriaxone,or a b-lactam/b-lactamase inhibitor.Fluoroquinolone:levofloxacin,moxifloxacin,or gatifloxacin or another fluoroquinolone with enhanced antipneumococcal activity.Macrolide:erythromycin,clarithromycin,or azithromycin.CBC,complete blood cell count;ICU,intensive care unit.*Other tests for selected patients:see text,Diagnostic Evaluation:Etiology.**See table15for special considerations.mation is independently associated with the decision to hos-pitalize[30].Over the past10years,at least13studies have used multi-variate analysis to identify predictors of prognosis for patients with CAP[10,16–20,25–27,33–35].The Pneumonia PORT developed a methodologically sound clinical prediction rule that quantifies short-term mortality for patients with this illness [10].Used as a guideline,this rule may help physicians make decisions about the initial location and intensity of treatment for patients with this illness(table2).The Pneumonia PORT prediction rule was derived with 14,199inpatients with CAP;it was independently validated with 38,039inpatients with CAP and2287inpatients and outpatients prospectively enrolled in the Pneumonia PORT cohort study. With this rule,patients are stratified into5severity classes by means of a2-step process.In step1,patients are classified as risk class I(the lowest severity level)if they are agedр50years,have none of5important comorbid conditions(neoplastic dis-ease,liver disease,congestive heart failure,cerebrovascular dis-ease,or renal disease),and have normal or only mildly derangedvital signs and normal mental status.In step2,all patients whoare not assigned to risk class I on the basis of the initial historyand physical examinationfindings alone are stratified into clas-ses II–V,on the basis of points assigned for3demographicvariables(age,sex,and nursing home residence),5comorbidconditions(listed above),5physical examinationfindings(al-tered mental status,tachypnea,tachycardia,systolic hypoten-sion,hypothermia,or hyperthermia),and7laboratory or ra-diographicfindings(acidemia,elevated blood urea nitrogen, hyponatremia,hyperglycemia,anemia,hypoxemia,or pleuraleffusion;table3).Point assignments correspond with the fol-lowing classes:р70,class II;71–90,class III;91–130,class IV;and1130,class V.In the derivation and validation of this rule,mortality wasat Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on April 21, 2014/Downloaded fromCID2000;31(August)IDSA Guidelines for CAP in Adults351 parison of risk class–specific mortality rates in the derivation and validation cohorts.Risk class a (total points)MedisGroups MedisGroupsPneumonia PORT validation cohortderivation cohort validation cohort Inpatients Outpatients All patientsn Mortality,%n Mortality,%n Mortality,%n Mortality,%n Mortality,%I13720.430340.11850.55870.07720.1II(р70)24120.757780.62330.92440.44770.6III(71–90)2632 2.86790 2.8254 1.2720.03260.9IV(91–130)46978.513,1048.24469.04012.54869.3V(1130)308631.1933329.222527.110.022627.0 Total14,19910.238,03910.613438.09440.62287 5.2 NOTE.No statistically significant differences in overall mortality or mortality within risk class existed among patients in the MedisGroups derivation,MedisGroups validation,and overall Pneumonia Patient Outcome Research Team(PORT)validation cohorts(n denotes the no.of patients within each risk class in the derivation and validation cohorts).P values for the comparisons of mortality across risk classes are as follows:class I,;class II,;class III,;class IV,;and class V,.P p.22P p.67P p.12P p.69P p.09a Risk class I was determined by the absence of all predictors identified in step1of the prediction rule.Risk classes II–V were determined by a patient’s total risk score,which is computed by use of the point scoring system shown in table3.low for risk classes I–III(0.1%–2.8%),intermediate for class IV(8.2%–9.3%),and high for class V(27.0%–31.1%).Increases in risk class were also associated with subsequent hospitaliza-tion and delayed return to usual activities for outpatients and with rates of admission to the ICU and length of stay for inpatients in the Pneumonia PORT validation cohort.On the basis of these observations,Pneumonia PORT investigators suggest that patients in risk classes I or II generally are can-didates for outpatient treatment,risk class III patients are po-tential candidates for outpatient treatment or brief inpatient observation,and patients in classes IV and V should be hos-pitalized(table4).Estimates from the Pneumonia PORT cohort study suggest that these recommendations would reduce the proportion of patients receiving traditional inpatient care by 31%and that there would be a brief observational inpatient stay for an additional19%.The effectiveness and safety of applying the Pneumonia PORT prediction rule to the initial site of care for an indepen-dent population of patients with CAP have been examined with use of a modified version of the Pneumonia PORT prediction rule[36].Emergency room physicians were educated about the rule and were encouraged to treat those in risk classes I–III as outpatients,with close,structured follow-up and provision of oral clarithromycin at no cost to the patient,if desired.The outcomes for those treated at home during this intervention phase were compared with the outcomes for historical control subjects from the time period immediately preceding the intervention.During the intervention period,there were166eligible pa-tients classified as“low risk”for short-term mortality(risk classes I–III)for comparison with147control subjects.The percentage treated initially as outpatients was higher during the intervention period than during the control period(57%vs. 42%;relative increase of36%;).When initial plus sub-P p.01sequent hospitalization was used as the outcome measure,there was a trend toward more outpatient care during the interven-tion period,but the difference was no longer statistically sig-nificant(52%vs.42%;).None of those initially treatedP p.07in the outpatient setting during the intervention period diedwithin4weeks of presentation.A second multicenter controlled trial subsequently assessedthe effectiveness and safety of using the Pneumonia PORT pre-diction rule for the initial site-of-treatment decision[37].In thistrial,19emergency departments were randomly assigned eitherto continue conventional management of CAP or to implementa critical pathway that included the Pneumonia PORT predic-tion rule to guide the admission decision.Emergency room physicians were educated about the rule and were encouragedto treat those in risk classes I–III as outpatients with oral levo-floxacin.Overall,1743patients with CAP were enrolled in this6-month e of the prediction rule resulted in an18%reduction in the admission of low-risk patients(31%vs.49%;).Use of the rule did not result in an increase in mor-P p.013tality or morbidity and did not compromise patients’30-dayfunctional status.These studies support use of the PneumoniaPORT prediction rule to help physicians identify low-risk pa-tients who can be safely treated in the outpatient setting.The IDSA panel endorses thefindings of the PneumoniaPORT prediction rule,which identifies valid predictors for mor-tality and provides a rational foundation for the decision re-garding hospitalization.However,it should be emphasized thatthe PORT prediction rule is validated as a mortality predictionmodel and not as a method to triage patients with CAP.Newstudies are required to test the basic premise underlying the useof this rule in the initial site-of-treatment decision,so that pa-tients classified as“low risk”and treated in the outpatient set-ting will have outcomes equivalent to or better than those ofsimilar“low-risk”patients who are hospitalized.It is important to note that prediction rules are meant tocontribute to rather than to supersede physicians’judgment.Another limitation is that factors other than severity of illnessmust also be considered in determining whether an individualpatient is a candidate for outpatient care.Patients designatedas“low risk”may have important medical and psychosocial contraindications to outpatient care,including expected com-pliance problems with medical treatment or poor social supportat Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on April 21, 2014/Downloaded from352Bartlett et al.CID 2000;31(August)Table 3.Scoring system for step 2of the prediction rule:assignment to risk classes II–V .Patient characteristicPoints assignedaDemographic factor Age Male No.of years of age FemaleNo.of years of age Ϫ10Nursing home resident ϩ10Comorbid illnessesNeoplastic diseasebϩ30Liver diseasecϩ20Congestive heart failuredϩ10Cerebrovascular diseaseeϩ10Renal diseasefϩ10Physical examination findingAltered mental statusgϩ20Respiratory rate 130breaths/min ϩ20Systolic blood pressure !90mm Hg ϩ20Temperature !35ЊC or 140ЊC ϩ15Pulse 1125beats/minϩ10Laboratory or radiographic finding Arterial pH !7.35ϩ30Blood urea nitrogen 130mg/dL ϩ20Sodium !130mEq/L ϩ20Glucose 1250mg/dL ϩ10Hematocrit !30%ϩ10Arterial partial pressure of oxygen !60mm Hg hϩ10Pleural effusionϩ10aA total point score for a given patient is obtained by adding the patient’s age in years (age Ϫ10,for females)and the points for each applicable patient char-acteristic.Points assigned to each predictor variable were based on coefficients obtained from the logistic regression model used in step 2of the prediction rule.bAny cancer except basal or squamous cell cancer of the skin that was active at the time of presentation or diagnosed within 1year of presentation.cA clinical or histologic diagnosis of cirrhosis or other form of chronic liver disease such as chronic active hepatitis.dSystolic or diastolic ventricular dysfunction documented by history and physical examination,as well as chest radiography,echocardiography,Muga scanning,or left ventriculography.eA clinical diagnosis of stroke,transient ischemic attack,or stroke docu-mented by MRI or computed axial tomography.fA history of chronic renal disease or abnormal blood urea nitrogen and creatinine values documented in the medical record.gDisorientation (to person,place,or time,not known to be chronic),stupor,or coma.hIn the Pneumonia Patient Outcome Research Team cohort study,an oxygen saturation value !90%on pulse oximetry or intubation before admission was also considered abnormal.Table 4.Risk-class mortality rates.Risk class No.of points Validation cohortRecommended site of care No.of patientsMortality,%I —a30340.1Outpatient II р7057780.6Outpatient III 71–906790 2.8Outpatient or brief inpatient IV 91–13013,1048.2Inpatient V1130933329.2InpatientNOTE.Table is adapted from [10].aAbsence of predictors.at home.Ability to maintain oral intake,history of substance abuse,cognitive impairment,and ability to perform activities of daily living must be considered.In addition,patients may have rare conditions,such as severe neuromuscular disease or immunosuppression,which are not included as predictors in these prediction rules but increase the likelihood of a poor prognosis.Prediction rules may also oversimplify the way physicians interpret important predictor variables.For example,extreme alterations in any one variable have the same effect on risk stratification as lesser changes,despite obvious differences in clinical import (e.g.,a systolic blood pressure of 40mm Hg vs.one of 88mm Hg).Furthermore,such rules discount the cu-mulative importance of multiple simultaneous physiological de-rangements,especially if each derangement alone does not reach the threshold that defines an abnormal value (e.g.,systolicblood pressure of 90/40mm Hg,respiratory rate of 28breaths/min,and pulse of 120beats/min).Finally,prediction rules often neglect the importance of patients’preferences in clinical de-cision-making.This point is highlighted by the observation that the vast majority of low-risk patients with CAP do not have their preferences for site of care solicited,despite strong pref-erences for outpatient care [38].Role of Specific Pathogens in CAPProspective studies evaluating the causes of CAP in adults have failed to identify the cause of 40%–60%of cases of CAP and have detected у2etiologies in 2%–5%[2,7,26,39,40].The most common etiologic agent identified in virtually all studies of CAP is S.pneumoniae,which accounts for about two-thirds of all cases of bacteremic pneumonia cases [9].Other pathogens implicated less frequently include H.influenzae (most strains of which are nontypeable),Mycoplasma pneumoniae,C.pneumoniae,S.aureus,Streptococcus pyogenes,N.meningitidis,Moraxella catarrhalis,Klebsiella pneumoniae and other gram-negative rods,Legionella species,influenza virus (depending on the season),respiratory syncytial virus,adenovirus,parainflu-enza virus,and other microbes.The frequency of other etiol-ogies is dependent on specific epidemiological factors,as with Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis),Coxiella burnetii (Q fever),Francisella tularensis (tularemia),and endemic fungi (histo-plasmosis,blastomycosis,and coccidioidomycosis).Comparisons of relative frequency of each of the etiologies of pneumonia are hampered by the varying levels of sensitivity and specificity of the tests used for each of the pathogens that they detect;for example,in some studies,tests used for legi-onella infections provide a much higher degree of sensitivity and possibly specificity than do tests used for pneumococcal infections.Thus,the relative contribution of many causes to the incidence of CAP is undoubtedly either exaggerated or un-derestimated,depending on the sensitivity and specificity of tests used in each of the studies.Etiology-Specific Diagnoses and the Clinical SettingNo convincing association has been demonstrated between individual symptoms,physical findings,or laboratory test re-sults and specific etiology [39].Even time-honored beliefs,suchat Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on April 21, 2014/Downloaded fromCID2000;31(August)IDSA Guidelines for CAP in Adults353Table5.Diagnostic studies for evaluation of community-acquired pneumonia.Baseline assessmentChest radiography to substantiate diagnosis of pneumonia,to detect associated lung diseases,to gain insightinto causative agent(in some cases),to assess severity,and as baseline to assess responseOutpatientsSputum Gram stain and culture for conventional bacteria are optionalInpatientsDetermination of complete blood cell and differential countsSerum creatinine,urea nitrogen,glucose,electrolyte,bilirubin,and liver enzyme valuesHIV serological status for persons aged15–54yearsO2saturation arterial blood gas values for selected patientsBlood cultures(ϫ2;before treatment)Gram stain and culture of sputum aTest for Mycobacterium tuberculosis,with acid-fast bacilli staining and culture for selected patients,especiallythose with cough for11mo,other common symptoms,or suggestive radiographic changesTest for Legionella in selected patients,including all seriously ill patients without an alternative diagnosis,es-pecially if aged140years,immunocompromised,or nonresponsive to b-lactam antibiotics,if clinicalfeatures are suggestive of this diagnosis,or in outbreak settingsThoracentesis with stain,culture,and determination of pH and leukocyte count differential(pleuralfluid)Alternative specimens to expectorated sputumAspirates of intubated patients,tracheostomy aspirates,and nasotracheal aspirates:manage as with expec-torated sputumInduced sputum:recommended for detection of M.tuberculosis or Pneumocystis cariniiBronchoscopy(see text under Special Considerations:Pnemococcal Pneumonia)Transtracheal aspiration:recommended only in cases of enigmatic pneumonia,to be done by personsskilled in the technique,preferably before antibiotic treatmentOptionalAdditional cytological or microbiological tests,as listed in table8,depending on clinical features,availableresources,underlying conditions,and/or epidemiological associations of the patientSerum:to be frozen and saved for serological analysis,if needed ba Should be deep-cough specimen obtained before antibiotic therapy.Gram stain should be interpreted by trainedpersonnel and culture done only if specimen is adequate by cytological criteria,except for Legionella and myco-bacteria.Consider diagnostic studies for endemic fungi and mycobacteria when clinical features suggest infectionwith these.For hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia or clinical features that suggest legionnaires’disease,perform culture and urinary antigen testing for Legionella.Inability to obtain specimens for diagnostic studiesshould not delay antibiotic treatment of acutely ill patients.b Serological tests would include those for Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Legionella pneumophila,Chlamydia pneu-moniae,or others(i.e.,viruses,Chlamydia psittaci,or Coxiella burnetii),depending on the circumstances.as the absence of productive cough or inflammatory sputum in pneumonia due to Mycoplasma,Legionella,or Chlamydia species,have not withstood close inspection.On the other hand, most comparisons have involved relatively small numbers of patients and have not evaluated the potential for separating causes by use of constellations of symptoms and physical findings.In one study,as yet unconfirmed,that compared patients identified in a prospective standardized fashion,a scoring sys-tem using5symptoms and laboratory abnormalities was able to differentiate most patients with legionnaires’disease from the other patients[41].A similar type of system has been devised for identifying patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)[42].If validated,such scoring systems may be useful for identifying patients who should undergo specific diagnostic tests(which are too expensive to use routinely for all patients with CAP)and be empirically treated with specific antimicrobial drugs while test results are pending.Certain pathogens cause pneumonia more commonly among persons with specific risk factors.For instance,pneumococcal pneumonia is especially likely to occur in the elderly and in patients with a variety of medical conditions,including alco-holism,chronic cardiovascular disease,chronic obstructed air-way disease,immunoglobulin deficiency,hematologic malig-nancy,and HIV infection.However,outbreaks occur amongyoung adults under conditions of crowding,such as in armycamps or prisons.S.pneumoniae is second only to Pneumocystiscarinii as the most common identifiable cause of acute pneu-monia in patients with AIDS[43–45].Legionella is an oppor-tunistic pathogen;legionella pneumonia is rarely recognized inhealthy young children and young adults.It is an importantcause of pneumonia in organ transplant recipients and in pa-tients with renal failure and occurs with increased frequency inpatients with chronic lung disease,smokers,and possibly thosewith AIDS[46].Although M.pneumoniae historically has beenthought primarily to involve children and young adults,someevidence suggests that it causes pneumonia in healthy adultsof any age[8].There are seasonal differences in incidence of many of thecauses of CAP.Pneumonia due to S.pneumoniae,H.influenzae,and influenza occurs predominantly in winter months,whereasC.pneumoniae appears to cause pneumonia year-round.Al-though there is a summer prevalence of outbreaks of legion-naires’disease,sporadic cases occur with similar frequency dur-ing all seasons[8,46].Some studies suggest that there is noseasonal variation in mycoplasma infection;however,otherdata suggest that its incidence is greatest during the fall andwinter months[47].at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on April 21, 2014/Downloaded from。
2007考研英语二答案
2007考研英语二答案【篇一：2009年考研英语二真题及答案】t>section ii close(10%)directions: for each numbered blank in the followingpassage ,there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. choose thebest one and mark your answer on answer sheet 1 with a pencil. (10 points)in1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. by 2008, it had(21)the $100 a barrel mark. the reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and india to widespread(23) in oil-producing regions, including iraq and nigerias delta region. triple-digit oil prices have(24)the economic and political map of the world,(25) some old notions of power. oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities,(26)major importers—including chinaand india, home to a third of the worlds population-- (27) rising economic and social costs.managing this new order is fast becoming a central(28)of global politics. countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .in many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. and oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments,(32)some in the west see as a new threat.countries like russia, venezuela and iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. but some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. consider germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming russia and the middle east. german exports to russia(36)128 percent from 2001 to 2006.in the united states, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with senators mccain and obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. and driving habits began to (39),as sales of smallcars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. a. comeb. gone c. crossed d. arrived22. a. covered b. discovered c. arranged d. ranged23. a. intensityb. infinity c. insecurity d.instability24. a. drawn b. redrawn c. retained d. reviewed25. a. fighting b. struggling c. challenging d. threateninh27. a. confine b. conflict c. conform d. confront28. a. problem b. question c. matterd. event29. a. look forb. lock up c. send out d. keep off30. a. no matter b. what if c. only if d. in spite of31. a. abolishing b. deprivingc. destroying d. eliminating32. a. whatb. that c. which d. whom33. a. interestsb. taxes c. incomes d. revenues34. a. as many as b. as good as c. as far asd. as well as35. a. although b. because c. since d. as36. a. advanced b. grew c. reduces d. multiplie37. a. evenb. still c. ratherd. fairly38. a. asking b. requesting c. calling d. demanding39. a. change b. turn c. shift d. transform40.a. for b. from c. acrossd. overpart iii reading comprehension (40%)direction: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. you should decide on the best choice. then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a pencil.passage1.heic ibsen ,author of the playa dolls house, in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. from january ist ,2008, all public companies in norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.but about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the governments liking. they will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of february to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in norway were female , according to the centre for corporate diversity .the number has since jumped to 36%. that is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across europe or americas 15% for the fortune 500.norways stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. i am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle, says sverre munck , head of international operations at a media firm. board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,be says. several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in norwegian business circles as the golden skirts. one reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. it has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. recent history in norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. women feel more compelled than men to do their homework, says ms reksten skaugen , who was voted norways chairman of the year for 2007, and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.41. the author mentions ibsens play in the first paragraph in order to?????????? .a. depict womens dilemma at workb. explain the newly passed lawc. support norwegian governmentd. introduce the topic under discussion42. a public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?????????? .a. pay a heavy fineb. close down its businessc. change to a private businessd. sign a document promising to act43. to which of the following is sverre munck most likely to agree?a. a set ratio of women in a board is ueasonable.b. a reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.c. a common principle should be followed by all companies.d. an inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.the author attributes the phenomenon of golden skirts to??????????? .a. the small number of qualified females in managementb. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesc. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsd. the discrimination toward women in norwegian business circles45. the main idea of the passage might be???????? .a. female power and liberation in norwayb. the significance of heic ibsens playc. womens status in norwegian firmsd. the constitution of board members in norwaypassage2while theres never a good age to get cancer, people in their20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. the average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.in her new book crazy sexy cancer tips, writer kris carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as shes discovering life. ms. carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.ms. carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. she called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a full-time healing addict. then shepicked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. the result was her own personal cancer posse: a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a mtv celebrity, to name a few. this club of? cancer babes offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things. ms. carr put her cancer experience in a recent learning channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. cancer isnt funny, but ms. carr often is. she swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( dr. fabulous and dr. guru ), and she even makes second sound fun (cancer road trips, she calls them).she leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. i refused to let cancer ruin my party, she writes. there are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for. ms. carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so youre not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing gloria gaynors i will survive so loud you neighbors call the police. ms. carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle, she writes.while her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?a. children.b. people in their 20s and 30s.c. young adults.d. elderly people.47. all of the following statements are true except _______.a. kris carr is a female writerb. kris carr is more than 31-year-old.c. kris carr works in a cancer center.d. kris carr is very optimistic.48. the phrase cancer posse (line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________a. a cancer research organizationb. a group of people who suffer from cancerc. people who have recovered from cancerd. people who cope with cancer49. kris carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________a. she is depressed and likes swearingb. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorc. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctord. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. from kris carrs cancer tips we may infer that ________a. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerb. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerc. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsd. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientspassage3questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:should a leader strive to be loved or feared?thisquestion,famously posed by machiavelli,lies at the heart of joseph nyes new book.mr.nye,a former dean of the kennedy school of govemment at harvard and one-time chairman of americas national intelligence council,is best known for promoting the idea of soft power,based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to hard power,based oncoercion(强迫) and force.having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,mr.nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.machiavelli,he notes,concluded that one ought to be both feared andloved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved.in short,hard power is preferable to soft power.but modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.the context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.inmodem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.but that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.mr.nye argues.instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.the conclusion of the powers to lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.the dominant theoretical model of leadership at the momentis ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but mr,nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.he examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.there are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical andcontemporary,political and corporate.alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even mr.nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.he is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of hisconclusions.a recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.from the first two paragraphs we may learn thanmr.machiavellis idea of hard power is ______.a.well accepted by joseph nyeb.very influential till nowadaysc.based on sound theoriesd.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.which of the following makes soft power more important today according to mr.nye?a.coercion is widespread.b.morality is devalued.c.power is no longer concentrated.d.traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.in his book the powers to lead,mr.nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership except_____.a.authorityb.contextc.approachesd.morality54.mr.nyes book is particularly valuable in that it _____.a.makes little use of management termsb.summarizes various studies conciselyc.serves as an exit for leadership researchersd.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.according to the author,the most interesting part ofmr.nyes book lies in his _____.a.view of changeable leadershipb.definition of good leadershipc.summary of leadership historyd.discussion of moral leadershippassage4questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:americans dont like to lose wars. of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. there are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the u.s excels. but other struggles test those qualities too. what else was the great depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? if american indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.now there is a similar challenge. global warming. the steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the u.s. produces nearly a quarter of the worlds greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesnt intend to do a whole lot about it. although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the u.s. walked away from them. there are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. but for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the u.s. is taking a pass on what mightbe the most patriotic struggle of all. its hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a countrys coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.the rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, theres far less agreement on how to fix it. industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. environmentalists【篇二：2007年考研英语完形真题及答案解析(二)】ss=txt>（二）1. 【解析】[b] 词汇辨析题。
城市诊断方法在社区更新规划中的应用——以北京石景山区八角社区为例
城市诊断方法在社区更新规划中的应用—以北京石景山区八角社区为例□ 叶锺楠，韦寒雪[摘 要]城市诊断是运用城市研究和实践中所归纳总结的规律、理论与经验对具体城市的运行状态进行剖析，找出问题并探寻问题产生原因的一项工作，社区诊断是城市诊断在微观尺度上的重要应用场景。
既有社区所具有的人群基础、历史数据和现实诉求决定了城市诊断在帮助社区更新规划制定精准科学的规划策略、实现“对症下药”上具有重要意义。
北京石景山区八角社区的更新规划基于城市诊断的思想方法和工作框架，在传统调研和城市体检的基础上运用多源数据对社区开展症状识别、城市问诊、病史分析及相应的城市系统检查，帮助发掘并量化分析了社区发展的主要诉求及在设施供给、公共空间和人群活动等方面存在的问题，为社区更新规划策略的制定及实施路径的设计提供了指导。
[关键词]城市诊断；社区更新规划；多源数据；规划策略[文章编号]1006-0022(2020)12-0051-07 [中图分类号]TU984.12 [文献标识码]B[引文格式]叶锺楠，韦寒雪．城市诊断方法在社区更新规划中的应用—以北京石景山区八角社区为例[J]．规划师，2020(12)：51-57．Community Renewal with Urban Diagnosis: Bajiao Community, Shijingshan District, Beijing/Y e Zhongnan, WeiHanxue[Abstract]Urban Diagnosis is an analytical method that applies the laws, theories, and experience obtained from urban studiesand practice to analyze the city’s operating status, issues, and causes. Community Diagnosis is an important application of UrbanDiagnosis on the micro scale. The demographics, historical data, and demands of existing communities are critical for UrbanDiagnosis in making scientific planning strategies for community renewal. In Bajiao community renewal, Urban Diagnosis is used toconduct symptom recognition, urban inquiry, medical history analysis, and systematic examination based on multi-source data. UrbanDiagnosis helps investigate and quantify the demands of the community and problems in facilities supply, public space, and people’sactivities, providing guidance for making community renewal planning strategies and implementation path.[Keywords]Urban Diagnosis, Community renewal, Multi-source data, Planning strategy随着我国城镇化进程逐步走向存量时代，规划工作面临的对象越来越多的是已经形成的城市系统及其背后错综复杂的网络关系，在物质空间、设施供给和资源协调等各方面相比传统增量规划面临的问题更加复杂，粗放的“目标导向”“经验主义”“长官意志”式的规划越来越难以适应存量地区发展的客观需求，“对症下药”“精准规划”成为重要的发展方向。
头颈肿瘤英语缩写
头颈肿瘤英语缩写English:Head and neck tumors encompass a diverse range of neoplasms arising from various structures within the head and neck region, including the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, salivary glands, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. These tumors can present with a multitude of symptoms depending on their location and histological type, ranging from painless masses to obstructive symptoms such as difficulty in swallowing or breathing. The diagnosis of head and neck tumors typically involves a comprehensive evaluation including physical examination, imaging studies (such as CT scan, MRI, or PET scan), and often requires tissue biopsy for histopathological analysis. Treatment strategies vary depending on factors such as tumor type, stage, and patient factors, but commonly include a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The prognosis of head and neck tumors can vary widely depending on these factors, with early detection and treatment associated with better outcomes. However, challenges such as late presentation, locoregional recurrence, and distantmetastasis can significantly impact prognosis and require ongoing management and surveillance.中文翻译:头颈肿瘤包括头颈区域各种结构内起源的多种肿瘤，包括口腔、咽喉、喉、鼻旁窦、鼻腔、唾液腺、甲状腺和副甲状腺。
关于中医和西医的英语作文
In the vast landscape of medical practices,two distinct traditions stand out: Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM and Western Medicine.These two systems offer different perspectives on health,illness,and treatment,and each has its own unique set of principles and methodologies.Traditional Chinese Medicine TCMTCM is an ancient system of healing that has been practiced in China for thousands of years.It is based on the concept of Qi pronounced chee,which is the vital energy that flows through the body and is responsible for maintaining health.TCM practitioners believe that illness occurs when the flow of Qi is disrupted,leading to an imbalance in the body.1.Holistic Approach:TCM takes a holistic approach to health,considering not only the physical symptoms but also the emotional and mental state of the patient.It emphasizes the interconnectedness of the body,mind,and spirit.2.Diagnosis:Diagnosis in TCM is often based on observing the patients tongue,feeling the pulse,and listening to the patients voice.These observations help the practitioner understand the imbalances in the patients body.3.Treatment Methods:TCM employs a variety of treatment methods,including acupuncture,herbal medicine,cupping,and massage Tui Na.These treatments aim to restore the balance of Qi and promote the bodys natural healing processes.4.Herbal Medicine:A significant component of TCM is the use of herbal remedies. These herbs are carefully selected and combined to target specific imbalances and symptoms.Western MedicineWestern Medicine,also known as allopathic medicine,is the dominant medical system in many parts of the world.It is characterized by a more scientific and evidencebased approach to health and disease.1.Anatomical and Physiological Focus:Western Medicine is based on a detailed understanding of the human bodys anatomy and physiology.It focuses on identifying the specific cause of a disease and treating it directly.2.Diagnosis:Diagnosis in Western Medicine often involves laboratory tests,imagingstudies,and other technological tools to pinpoint the exact location and nature of the disease.3.Treatment:Treatments in Western Medicine can range from medications and surgery to lifestyle changes and physical therapy.The goal is to eliminate the disease or manage its symptoms effectively.4.Pharmaceuticals:The use of pharmaceutical drugs is a cornerstone of Western Medicine.These drugs are developed through rigorous scientific research and are tested for safety and efficacy.Integration of TCM and Western MedicineIn recent years,there has been a growing interest in integrating the principles of TCM with Western Medicine.This approach,known as integrative medicine,seeks to combine the best of both worlds to provide patients with a more comprehensive and personalized healthcare experience.plementary Approaches:Integrative medicine recognizes that TCM and Western Medicine can complement each other.For example,acupuncture might be used to manage pain in a patient undergoing chemotherapy for cancer.2.PatientCentered Care:Integrative medicine emphasizes patientcentered care,taking into account the patients preferences,values,and overall wellbeing.3.Research and Evidence:While TCM has a long history,there is a growing body of research that supports the efficacy of certain TCM practices when used in conjunction with Western Medicine.In conclusion,both Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine offer valuable insights into the human body and the treatment of disease.As the world becomes more interconnected,the potential for these two systems to learn from and enhance each other is immense.The future of medicine may very well lie in the integration of these diverse approaches to health and healing.。
小学上册第2次英语第5单元测验卷
小学上册英语第5单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The concept of biodiversity conservation focuses on protecting ______ species.2. A suspension is a mixture that contains large ______.3.Flowers often attract _____ (昆虫) like bees.4.What do you call a piece of furniture for sleeping?A. ChairB. TableC. BedD. CouchC5.The __________ is a major river system in Africa. (刚果河)6.What do we call a person who fixes pipes?A. ElectricianB. MechanicC. PlumberD. CarpenterC7.Which animal says "woof"?A. CatB. DogC. CowD. SheepB8.What is the name of the animal that has a long tail and climbs trees?A. CatB. SquirrelC. DogD. RabbitB9.What is 100 75?A. 25B. 35C. 20D. 30A10.What is the name of the device used to take pictures?A. CameraB. ProjectorC. TelevisionD. Radio11.The _____ is a large area of space filled with stars.12. A chemical reaction involves the rearranging of ______.13.What is the name of the famous American landmark known for its large stone faces?A. Mount RushmoreB. Statue of LibertyC. Lincoln MemorialD. Washington MonumentA Mount Rushmore14.The chemical formula for barium chloride is ______.15.What is the main ingredient in a hamburger?A. BreadB. CheeseC. MeatD. LettuceC16. A thermos bottle reduces heat ______.17.I have a ________ that I can share secrets with.18. A chemical reaction can be exothermic or ______.19.The Great Wall stretches over ________ kilometers.20.I enjoy playing ______ on weekends.21.My sister loves to watch ______ (小鸟) outside.22.I like to _______ (跳舞) at parties.23.The girl is very ________.24.What is the opposite of "happy"?A. GladB. SadC. ExcitedD. AngryB25.The _____ (自然保护区) protects many species of plants.26.The __________ (历史的多样性) enriches our understanding.27.The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of its _______.28.I have a special __________ (玩具名) just for __________ (活动).29.My favorite _____ is a bouncing ball.30.The _____ (露水) in the morning helps hydrate the plants.31.What is the main ingredient in aBLT sandwich?A. ChickenB. BaconC. TurkeyD. Ham32.I like to make ________ (手工艺品).33.The chemical symbol for calcium is ______.34.The chemical formula for lithium phosphate is ______.35.The macaw is a large, colorful _________ (鹦鹉).36.The ________ (bus) is late today.37.The __________ is a famous city known for its fashion.38.She is reading a ________.39.The _____ (生态系统) is balanced by different plant species.40.I can discover new things with my ________ (玩具).41.What do you call a person who repairs cars?A. MechanicB. EngineerC. ElectricianD. PlumberA42.The ______ helps with digestion in the stomach.43.What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. BrownD. OrangeA44.I have a ________ (玩具火箭) that I pretend to launch into space.45.The iguana has a long _______ (尾巴).46.My pet snake needs a warm _______ (环境) to live.47.We should plant more ______ (树木).48.s always turn their ______ toward the sun. (向日葵总是朝着太阳的方向转动。
小学上册第七次英语第四单元测验卷
小学上册英语第四单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the main purpose of a refrigerator?A. To cook foodB. To freeze foodC. To keep food coldD. To wash foodC To keep food cold2.I want to ___ (learn/know) more about science.3.What is the capital city of Italy?A. RomeB. MilanC. VeniceD. FlorenceA4.The __________ (历史的情感纽带) foster connections.5.I love _______ (读书) at night.6.What is the primary color of a fire?A. YellowB. RedC. OrangeD. All of the aboveD All of the above7.I love to watch _______ (我爱看_______).8.My cousin is a ______. She enjoys playing board games.9.I love to see _____ (小动物) at the farm.10.The Earth's crust is made up of several ______ plates.11.What is the name of the holiday celebrated on December 25th?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. EasterC12.I love to explore ________ (森林).13.I help my mom clean the ____.14.The city of Bangkok is the capital of _______.15.We celebrate ________ (growth) as a team.16.The wildebeest migrates across the ______ (草原).17.I like to pick _____ (野花) in the field.18.How many strings does a standard guitar have?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7C19.The movement of tectonic plates can lead to ______ activity.20. A rabbit has long _____ ears.21.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. WaterD. YeastB22.How many players are on a rugby union team?A. 13B. 14C. 15D. 1623.The dog digs in the ______.24.My friend is __________ (具有前瞻性).25.The first humans are believed to have lived in _______. (非洲)26.The ______ (鸽子) can be seen in parks everywhere.27.What do we call a movie that tells a story through moving pictures?A. DocumentaryB. AnimationC. FilmD. TheaterC28.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the structure of the solar system?A. Nicolaus CopernicusB. Galileo GalileiC. Johannes KeplerD. Isaac NewtonA29.I enjoy ___ (making) new friends.30.The butterfly goes through a ______ (变形) phase.31.What is the name of the fairy tale character who has long hair?A. MulanB. RapunzelC. ArielD. Belle32.The __________ is a region known for its fjords.33. A chemical reaction can be represented by a ______ equation.34. A curious ___ (小狐狸) peeks out from behind a bush.35. A giraffe has a very long _______ (脖子).36.My favorite food is _______ (披萨), and I can eat it every _______ (天).37.The bus is ______ at the station. (waiting)38.I enjoy ___ (playing) soccer with my friends.39.The city of Kuwait City is the capital of _______.40.ither on the ______. Snakes u41.This ________ (玩具) helps me stay active.42.The baby kangaroo is carried in its _________. (育儿袋)43.The Earth's crust is ______ than the mantle.44.The __________ in spring brings new growth to the garden. (雨水)45.Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. ElephantB. TigerC. BirdD. FishC46.The __________ is a region known for its fishing.47. A _____ (种植者社区) can support each other’s efforts.48.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KazanD. NovosibirskA49.The chemical symbol for chromium is _______.50.The chemical formula for lithium bromide is _______.51.Which shape has no corners?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle52.I have a big ________ (梦想) to travel the world.53.Which animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. ElephantC. DogD. CatA54.What is the main purpose of a pencil?A. To eraseB. To drawC. To writeD. To color55.I like reading ______ at night. (books)56.The elephant is a very ______ animal. (large)57.The sky is ___ (clear).58.What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. TransformationC. EvolutionD. DevelopmentA59.How many hours are in a day?A. 12B. 24C. 36D. 48B60.We have ______ (一个) fun day at the amusement park.61.The Earth's magnetic field protects us from ______.62.What is the name of the famous character who is a mischievous cat?A. GarfieldB. FelixC. TomD. Sylvester63. A goldfish can recognize different ______ (形状).64.An alloy is a mixture of two or more _____, usually metals.65.What is the capital of Russia?A. KievB. MoscowC. MinskD. Sofia66.What is the main ingredient in guacamole?A. TomatoB. AvocadoC. PepperD. Onion67.What is the name of the famous detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam Spade68.des were a series of _____ wars. The Crus69.Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one ______ atom.70.What is the largest organ in the human body?A. BrainB. LiverC. SkinD. HeartC71.The capital of Bhutan is __________.72.What is the capital of Honduras?A. TegucigalpaB. San Pedro SulaC. La CeibaD. CholutecaA73.Gravity makes things fall _______.74.What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed around the world?A. Ferdinand MagellanB. Christopher ColumbusC. Vasco da GamaD. Marco PoloA75.I love to eat ______ at lunchtime.76.What is the primary color of a sweet potato?A. YellowB. OrangeC. BrownD. Red77.I have a new ___. (toy)78.The school is ________ my house.79.The chemical formula for calcium chloride is ______.80.sustainable tourism) minimizes ecological footprints. The ____81.I can ______ (描述) my feelings clearly.82.The chemical formula for magnesium sulfate is ______.83.I love to eat fruit from the _____ (果园). It is fresh and delicious. 我喜欢吃果园里的水果。
脑脓肿诊断及治疗英文版护理课件
Overview of Brain Absence
Definition and Characteristics
Definition
Brain abscision is a focal pathological infection within the brain parenchyma that results in pus accumulation
30 minutes every day
02
Balanced die
A balanced die rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean
protein, and healthy fat can provide the body with the nutrients
Observation of neurological status
Assess the patient's neurological status regularly, including Glasgow coma scale score and muscle strength, to detect any neurological defects or changes
it needs to maintain good health
Anti legal agents
In cases where the brain abscision is caused by a functional infection, anti legal agents such as amphotericin B or fluconazole may be subscribedCogni源自ive rehabilitation
小学上册A卷英语第二单元综合卷
小学上册英语第二单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The sun is ___ in the morning. (rising)2.The period in which an element is found indicates its number of ______.3.Vinegar is an example of an _______.4.The ______ helps us learn about technology.5.The ______ (树叶) fall off in winter for some trees.6.What is the name of the famous American landmark in New York Harbor?A. Statue of LibertyB. Great WallC. Eiffel TowerD. ColosseumA7.What do we call a story that is told through dialogue and action?A. NovelB. PlayC. PoemD. Short Story8.What instrument do you blow into?A. GuitarB. FluteC. DrumsD. Violin9. A ______ (马) can be very strong and fast.10.Gardening tools like shovels and rakes make planting ______. (铲子和耙子等园艺工具使种植变得容易。
)11.What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?A. WeightB. VolumeC. MassD. DensityC12.My favorite sport is _______ (篮球), and I play it with friends.13.The __________ is a region known for its mining.14.The ______ teaches us about media literacy.15.In the winter, I like to __________. The snow makes everything look __________.I love to build __________ and go __________ with my friends. It’s so much fun to__________ in the snow!16.I think it’s important to ________ (照顾) our planet.17.The boiling point of water is __________ (100度) Celsius at sea level.18.We should keep ______ (环境清洁) for plants to thrive.19.What is the coldest season of the year?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. WinterD20.What do we call the primary source of energy for the Earth?A. WindB. SunC. WaterD. Coal21.What is the term for a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. UniverseC. ClusterD. ConstellationD22.What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Yuri GagarinD. John GlennA23.In my free time, I love to __________ with my family.24.What do you use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PencilC. ForkD. SpoonB25.I like to go to the ______ (游乐园) to have fun and try out the rides. It’s an exciting day out.26.He is a soccer player, ______ (他是一名足球运动员), practicing every day.27.What do you use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PencilC. RulerD. EraserB28.The _______ (The Treaty of Versailles) ended World War I and reshaped Europe.29.ts produce _____ (果汁) that is tasty. Some pla30.My sister is a great __________. (演讲者)31.What is 15 7?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9C 832.The ______ (根系) of a plant can spread wide and deep.33.The _____ (parrot) can talk.34.My sister loves to play ____ (soccer) after school.35.I enjoy learning new ______ (单词) in English. It helps me communicate better with others.36.I like to go to the beach and ______.37.What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AustraliaD. Europe38. A _______ (青蛙) lives in wet areas.39. A _______ (鸭子) paddles around in the water.40.My brother plays the ____ (keyboard) in a band.41.The _____ (狮子) is powerful and majestic.42.__________ (化学反应速率常数) quantifies the speed of a reaction under specific conditions.43.What is the name of the famous ancient civilization in Mexico?A. IncasB. AztecsC. MayansD. OlmecsB44.We will go ______ in the evening. (walking)45.The diversity of plant life contributes to a healthy ______. (植物生命的多样性有助于健康的生态系统。
高三英语词汇深度解析单选题40题
高三英语词汇深度解析单选题40题1. With the rapid development of _____, more and more people are using mobile payment.A.techniqueB.technologyC.skillD.ability答案：B。
解析：technique主要指艺术、体育等方面的技巧、技术；technology指科学技术、工业技术等，此处说的移动支付是一种科技成果，用technology合适；skill侧重于个人经过训练而获得的技能；ability指人的能力，综合比较，technology最符合语境。
2. The new cultural ______ in this area has attracted a lot of tourists.A.phenomenonB.appearanceC.situationD.condition答案：A。
解析：phenomenon指现象，新的文化现象符合语境；appearance强调外观、外貌；situation主要指形势、状况；condition指条件、状况，相比之下，phenomenon更能表达新的文化方面的现象这一含义。
3. In modern society, ______ is highly valued, so people are constantly learning new things.A.knowledgermationC.messageD.news答案：A。
解析：knowledge指系统的知识，在现代社会知识被高度重视；information指信息，范围较广；message主要指消息、口信；news指新闻，这里强调的是知识的价值，所以knowledge最恰当。
4. The government has taken a series of ______ to protect the environment.A.measuresB.waysC.methodsD.approaches答案：A。
小学下册G卷英语第二单元测验试卷
小学下册英语第二单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My mom loves to make ____ (salads) in the summer.2.My favorite character from a movie is _______ (名字). 他/她很 _______ (形容词).3.What is 5 + 3?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 94.What is the term for a baby horse?A. FoalB. CalfC. KidD. Lamb答案:A5.The chemical formula for ammonium dichromate is ______.6.How do you say "father" in Spanish?A. PadreB. PappaC. PapaD. Pére7.We measure temperature in degrees ______.8.Where do penguins live?A. DesertB. ForestC. ArcticD. Antarctica答案:D9.The stars are ______ (亮) at night.10.What is the name of the famous wizarding school in Harry Potter?A. HogwartsB. BeauxbatonsC. DurmstrangD. Ilvermorny答案:A11.The capital of South Korea is __________.12.I like to race my toy ________ (玩具名称) with friends.13. A ______ is a geological feature that can provide habitat.14.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is __________.15.What do you call a person who studies stars?A. BiologistB. AstronomerC. ChemistD. Geologist答案:B16. Barrier Reef is located in _____ (澳大利亚). The Grea17.What do you call the smallest unit of life?A. OrganB. TissueC. CellD. Organism答案:C18. A __________ is a geological structure formed by volcanic activity.19.The __________ (历史的资源) are crucial for research.20. A parakeet enjoys hanging upside down on its ______ (栖木).21. A catalyst is not consumed in a ______.22. A horse goes ____.23.My sister is very _______ (有趣).24.What do we call the study of the weather?A. AstronomyB. GeographyC. MeteorologyD. Biology25.The ant can lift objects many times its _________ (重量).26.Ice melting is an example of a ______ change.27.The _______ of a chemical reaction is the starting materials.28.The chemical formula for methane is _______.29.What is the name of the event where you celebrate the birth of someone?A. AnniversaryB. BirthdayC. GraduationD. Wedding答案:B30.The __________ is a region known for its natural beauty.31. A jellyfish has a soft, ______ body.32.The train goes _____ (fast/slow) on the tracks.33.What is the capital city of Sweden?A. StockholmB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. Copenhagen34.Water is a ______ solvent.35. A _______ (小鹤) stands tall by the water’s e dge.36._____ (saffron) is the most expensive spice.37.Gravity helps keep the planets in ______.38.The _____ (狼) hunts in packs.39.The capital of the Bahamas is __________.40.The _____ of a planet determines how hot it is.41.I can _______ (写) a letter to my friend.42.The _____ (生态恢复项目) aim to bring back lost habitats.43.Which animal is known for its ability to hop?A. FrogB. HorseC. SnakeD. Fish答案:A44.The first person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics was _______. (亨利·贝克勒尔)45.What is the capital city of Australia?A. SydneyB. CanberraC. MelbourneD. Brisbane答案:B46.The _____ (小鸟) is chirping happily in the tree.47.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. PompeiiB. FlorenceC. RomeD. Venice答案:A48.The chemical formula for potassium thiocyanate is _____.49.The chemical symbol for gold is _____.50.The _______ of a solution can change with temperature.51.The ____ has spines and curls up when scared.52.What is the name of the sport played on ice with skates?A. HockeyB. Figure skatingC. CurlingD. Speed skating53.I enjoy _______ (参加) local events.54.What is the season after winter?A. FallB. SpringC. SummerD. Rainy答案:B55.The _______ helps nourish the soil.56.The __________ (区域差异) highlight diverse lifestyles.57.The flowers bloom in _____ (spring/fall).58.The __________ is a large area that is covered by trees.59.The grass is ___ (green/brown).60.The ________ (goal) is to inspire change.61.The Earth is divided into ______ hemispheres.62.Which of these animals is a reptile?A. FrogB. SnakeC. BirdD. Fish63. A __________ can help scientists learn about past climates.64.My sister is _____ a book right now. (reading)65.I like to _______ (跳舞) at parties.66.The ______ is known for her musical talent.67.My dad enjoys _______ (动词) in the evenings. 他总是 _______ (形容词).68.I want to ___ a friend. (make)69.The __________ (历史的连接) fosters unity.70.The flowers in the garden are _______ and vibrant, attracting many butterflies.71.Which animal can swim?A. CatB. DogC. FishD. Bird答案:C72.The hamster runs in its _______ (仓鼠在它的_______里跑).73.My favorite color is _____ (green/yellow).74.What is the primary color of a kiwi?A. BrownB. GreenC. YellowD. Red75.The _____ (果汁) is sweet.76.What do we call the tool we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PenC. RulerD. Scissors答案:B77.Frogs can make a ______ sound.78.Which of the following is a vegetable?A. BananaB. CarrotC. AppleD. Grape79.The __________ (历史的完整性) is vital for accuracy.80.The snowman is _____ in the yard. (standing)81. A snake can be very ______.82.I saw a _____ (magnolia) tree in bloom.83.What is the capital of Greece?A. AthensB. ThessalonikiC. PatrasD. Heraklion答案:A84.What do we call the seasons that occur after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. FallD. Autumn答案:C85.The ______ (组织) in plants helps with nutrient transport.86.I can ______ (游泳) in the pool.87.The _____ is the distance between two celestial bodies.88.The _______ (蝴蝶) flutters near flowers.89.What do we call a person who studies the effects of poverty on society?A. Poverty ResearcherB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. Political Scientist答案:A90.He likes to draw ___. (pictures)91.What do we call a person who plays a musical instrument?A. MusicianB. ArtistC. ComposerD. Performer答案:A92.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the atom?A. Niels BohrB. Albert EinsteinC. Ernest RutherfordD. J.J. Thomson答案:A93.The goldfinch is a lovely ______ (鸟) that sings beautifully.94.When I have friends over, we create a ________ (名词) together with our toys.95.What is the capital of Jamaica?A. KingstonB. Montego BayC. Ocho RiosD. Negril答案:A96.The first person to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic was _______ Lindbergh.97.They are _____ (friends/enemies).98.What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. OrangeD. Brown答案:A99.What is the opposite of empty?A. FullB. LightC. HeavyD. Small 100.What is the tallest mountain in the world?A. K2B. KilimanjaroC. EverestD. Denali。
统计管理英语
统计管理英语作文Title:Statistics ManagementStatistics management plays a crucial role in various aspects of modern society.In businesses, effective statistics management is essential for decision - making. For example, by collecting and analyzing sales data, companies can identify trends in consumer behavior. They can see which products are selling well and which are not. Managers can use statistical techniques to forecast future sales volumes, helping them to plan production levels and inventory management. If a company notices through statistical analysis that the sales of a particular product have been steadily decreasing over the past few months, they can take steps such as launching a marketing campaign or improving the product features.In the field of healthcare, statistics management is also of great significance. Hospitals use statistical data to manage patient flow. They can analyze the number of patients arriving at different times of the day or week and allocate resources accordingly. Statistics on the prevalence of diseases in a certain area can help healthcare providers plan preventivemeasures and allocate medical resources. For instance, if statistical data shows that the incidence of a certain infectious disease is on the rise in a particular region, more medical staff and vaccines can be dispatched to that area.Moreover, in government management, statistics are used for policy - making. Governments collect data on economic growth, employment rates, and poverty levels. By analyzing these statistics, they can formulate appropriate economic policies. If the unemployment rate statistics show an upward trend, the government may introduce policies to stimulate employment, such as providing tax incentives for enterprises to hire more workers.However, statistics management also faces some challenges. One of the main challenges is data accuracy. Incorrect data collection methods or inaccurate recording can lead to wrong conclusions. Another challenge is data security. With the increasing amount of data being collected, ensuring that the data is not leaked or misused is crucial.In conclusion, statistics management is a powerful tool in today's world. It helps businesses, healthcare providers, and governments make informed decisions. But we also need toaddress the challenges associated with it to ensure its effectiveness.。
常德2024年09版小学五年级第一次英语第2单元测验试卷
常德2024年09版小学五年级英语第2单元测验试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My family enjoys ______ together. (我的家人一起享受______。
)2. 听力填空题：I think staying positive is crucial. A positive mindset helps us overcome challenges and encourages others. I try to maintain a positive attitude by __________.3. 听力题：The Himalayas continue to rise because of tectonic ______.4. 选择题：Which month has Halloween?A. JanuaryB. FebruaryC. OctoberD. December答案:C5. 听力题：The study of Earth's materials is known as ______.6. 填空题：When I go to the park, I always bring my ________ (玩具名). I love to ________ (动词) with my friends there. We have so much ________ (名词) together!7. 听力题：The __________ is a region known for its maritime culture.8. 听力题：Electrolysis is a process that uses electricity to break down ______.What do we call the large body of saltwater?A. RiverB. OceanC. LakeD. Pond答案:B10. 填空题：I saw a ______ (刺猬) curled up in a ball.11. 填空题：My brother is my playful _______ who loves to joke.12. 听力题：A saturated solution can hold only a fixed amount of _______.13. 填空题：I enjoy playing ______ (团队运动) with my classmates.14. 听力题：She is a talented ________.15. 选择题：Which planet is known for its Great Red Spot?A. EarthB. JupiterC. SaturnD. Mars答案: B16. 听力题：The chemical symbol for bismuth is _______.17. 选择题：What is the capital city of Fiji?A. SuvaB. NadiC. LautokaD. Labasa答案: A18. 听力题：A liquid that can dissolve other substances is called a ______.What do we call a person who helps students learn?A. TeacherB. TutorC. EducatorD. All of the above20. 填空题：The bison's thick coat protects it from harsh ________________ (天气).21. 听力题：The park is ______ during the weekend. (busy)22. 听力题：The chemical formula for magnesium chloride is _______.23. demographics) study population characteristics. 填空题：The ____24. 选择题：What is the capital of Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. LuxorD. Giza25. 填空题：At the library, I found a book about ________ (恐龙). It had amazing ________ (插图).26. 填空题：Every evening, I help my parents ______ (做家务). It teaches me to be responsible and ______ (勤劳).27. 填空题：The ______ (气候变化) impacts global plant life.28. 填空题：The ________ (生态) of oceans is complex.29. 填空题：The sloth moves slowly in the _______ (树上).30. 选择题：What do we call the natural satellite that orbits the Earth?A. StarB. PlanetC. MoonD. Comet答案：C31. 选择题：What is the term for a baby hawk?a. Eyasb. Chickc. Calfd. Kit答案:a32. 听力题：A __________ is a reaction that produces heat.33. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. CocoaB. SugarC. MilkD. Vanilla答案: A34. 听力题：The property of a substance that describes its ability to conduct electricity is called ______.35. 填空题：We have a ______ (快乐的) celebration for achievements.36. 填空题：This boy, ______ (这个男孩), loves to play outside.37. 选择题：What is the largest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn答案: C38. 填空题：A _____ is a large area covered with trees.The __________ (大英帝国) was the largest empire in history.40. 听力题：The river is ___ (flowing) gently.41. 选择题：What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. ButterD. Eggs答案:B42. 选择题：What do we call the solid part of the Earth?A. AtmosphereB. HydrosphereC. LithosphereD. Biosphere答案：C43. 听力题：My brother likes to go ____ (rock climbing).44. 选择题：What is the term for a baby frog?A. TadpoleB. KitC. FryD. Calf答案:A45. 填空题：_____ (weeds) can compete with other plants.46. 填空题：A _____ (植物保护政策) can promote sustainable practices.47. 选择题：What do we call a book that tells a true story?A. FictionB. NovelC. BiographyD. FantasyWhich festival is known as the "Festival of Lights"?A. ChristmasB. DiwaliC. HalloweenD. Thanksgiving答案: B49. 听力题：The main gas emitted during combustion is __________.50. 填空题：The _____ (小兔) hops around happily.51. 填空题：I have a toy _____ that glows in the dark.52. 选择题：What do bees collect from flowers?A. NectarB. HoneyC. PollenD. Water53. 听力题：The chemical formula for silicate is ______.54. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies the causes and effects of diseases?A. EpidemiologistB. PathologistC. BiologistD. Pharmacologist答案: A55. 填空题：The __________ is a famous ancient city in Peru. (马丘比丘)56. 选择题：What do we call a large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. RiverC. OceanD. Pond答案:CWhich instrument has strings and is played with a bow?A. GuitarB. ViolinC. FluteD. Trumpet答案: B58. 填空题：The jellyfish has a bell-shaped ________________ (身体).59. 选择题：What do we call the place where we go to learn about history?A. MuseumB. LibraryC. SchoolD. Archive60. 填空题：The fish swims with its ______ (鳍) and tail.61. 选择题：What do we call a person who sells goods?A. MerchantB. FarmerC. TeacherD. Doctor62. 听力题：The _______ of light can be affected by the angle of incidence.63. 选择题：How many wheels does a bicycle have?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 164. 填空题：The teacher, ______ (老师), gives us fun assignments.65. 听力题：The teacher is _____ the lesson. (explaining)66. 选择题：What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?A. The Last SupperB. Starry NightC. The ScreamD. Girl with a Pearl Earring答案:A67. 填空题：The __________ is the lowest point on Earth's surface. (死海)68. 选择题：What is the name of the vast region containing thousands of galaxies?A. SuperclusterB. Galaxy ClusterC. NebulaD. Cosmic Web69. 填空题：The ______ (草坪) needs mowing.70. 听力题：Space exploration helps us understand our place in the _______.71. 听力题：The __________ is the layer of skin that helps to protect against injury.72. 选择题：What is the opposite of "sweet"?A. BitterB. SourC. SaltyD. Spicy73. 选择题：What do you call the act of speaking loudly?A. WhisperingB. YellingC. ShoutingD. Talking答案: B74. 填空题：I found a _______ (小虫) crawling on my desk.75. 填空题：Planting cover crops can improve soil ______. (种植覆盖作物可以改善土壤质量。