微观经济学原理曼昆演示课件
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4 C H A P T E R
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F
N. Gregory Mankiw
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
a good and the quantity sold?
▪ How do changes in the factors that affect demand
or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good?
▪ How do markets allocate resources?
8
Demand Curve Shifters: # of Buyers ▪ Increase in # of buyers
quantities demanded by all buyers at each price.
▪ Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in
the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)
Price Helen’s Qd Ken’s Qd
Market Qd
$0.00
16
+8
=
24
1.00
14
+7
=
21
2.00
12
+6
=
18
3.00
10
+5
=
源自文库15
4.00
8
+4
=
12
5.00
6
+3
=
9
6.00
4
+2
=
6
6
The Market Demand Curve for Lattes
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
▪ In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly
competitive.
2
Demand
▪ The quantity demanded of any good is the
amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
▪ Law of demand: the claim that the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
3
The Demand Schedule
▪ Demand schedule:
▪ These “other things” are non-price determinants
of demand (i.e., things that determine buyers’ demand for a good, other than the good’s price).
▪ Changes in them shift the D curve…
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00 16
1.00
14
2.00
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
4
Helen’s Demand Schedule & Curve
Price of Lattes
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
0
Q
5 10 15 20 25
P
$0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Qd (Market)
24 21 18 15 12 9 6
7
Demand Curve Shifters
▪ The demand curve shows how price affects
quantity demanded, other things being equal.
▪ In a perfectly competitive market: ▪ All goods exactly the same ▪ Buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can
affect market price – each is a “price taker”
1
Markets and Competition
▪ A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
▪ A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
0
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00 16
1.00
14
2.00
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
Quantity
5
10
15 of Lattes
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand ▪ The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
▪ What factors affect buyers’ demand for goods? ▪ What factors affect sellers’ supply of goods? ▪ How do supply and demand determine the price of
a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
▪ Example:
Helen’s demand for lattes.
▪ Notice that Helen’s
preferences obey the Law of Demand.
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F
N. Gregory Mankiw
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
a good and the quantity sold?
▪ How do changes in the factors that affect demand
or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good?
▪ How do markets allocate resources?
8
Demand Curve Shifters: # of Buyers ▪ Increase in # of buyers
quantities demanded by all buyers at each price.
▪ Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in
the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)
Price Helen’s Qd Ken’s Qd
Market Qd
$0.00
16
+8
=
24
1.00
14
+7
=
21
2.00
12
+6
=
18
3.00
10
+5
=
源自文库15
4.00
8
+4
=
12
5.00
6
+3
=
9
6.00
4
+2
=
6
6
The Market Demand Curve for Lattes
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
▪ In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly
competitive.
2
Demand
▪ The quantity demanded of any good is the
amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
▪ Law of demand: the claim that the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
3
The Demand Schedule
▪ Demand schedule:
▪ These “other things” are non-price determinants
of demand (i.e., things that determine buyers’ demand for a good, other than the good’s price).
▪ Changes in them shift the D curve…
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00 16
1.00
14
2.00
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
4
Helen’s Demand Schedule & Curve
Price of Lattes
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
0
Q
5 10 15 20 25
P
$0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Qd (Market)
24 21 18 15 12 9 6
7
Demand Curve Shifters
▪ The demand curve shows how price affects
quantity demanded, other things being equal.
▪ In a perfectly competitive market: ▪ All goods exactly the same ▪ Buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can
affect market price – each is a “price taker”
1
Markets and Competition
▪ A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
▪ A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
0
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00 16
1.00
14
2.00
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
Quantity
5
10
15 of Lattes
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand ▪ The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
▪ What factors affect buyers’ demand for goods? ▪ What factors affect sellers’ supply of goods? ▪ How do supply and demand determine the price of
a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
▪ Example:
Helen’s demand for lattes.
▪ Notice that Helen’s
preferences obey the Law of Demand.