20141108 上海玛顿10月产能表(已制造出货)
MPS管理系统
阿美泰克2014样本
page 02
板式换热器特点
page 03
板式换热器系列
Plate heat exchanger
板式换热器系列
Plate heat exchanger
板式换热器特点
先进的板型设计
上海阿美泰克公司引进了AMETECH的先进设计、制造生产工艺，以用户使用的 可靠性与最佳运行性能为核心，最大限度提高换热效率，降低能耗损失。
板式换热器系列
Plate heat exchanger
板式换热器系列
Plate heat exchanger
等截面板式换热器型号及意义 A M 20–MPM /6000 - 100
换热量（kw）- 换热面积（m2）
压力等级
PL:1.0 MPa PM:1.6MPa PG:1.6~2.5MPa
波纹深度
M:深波纹 B:浅波纹
管壳式换热器………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………25
容积式换热器………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………27
半即热式换热器……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
板式换热器的结构原理板式换热器材质技术规范和质量保证体系美国asme日本jis标准美国3a卫生标准德国tuv标准中国nbt47004iso90011400118000板片材质材料型号适用场合耐酸耐热不锈钢工业纯钛哈氏合金镍基合金超级铁素体工业黄铜sus304sus316lta1ta2hastelloyc276c2000n6c4000cr18mo2000cr26mo1h68河水盐水海水和有氯离子腐蚀场合浓硫酸盐酸磷酸及强氧化性介质等场合高温高浓度苛性钠和有氯离子腐蚀场合有机溶剂和有晶间腐蚀氯离子腐蚀场合海水低温冷冻场合净水河川水食用油矿物油酸碱介质和腐蚀较严重的场合不适宜有氯离子的场合垫片材质使用温度适用介质场合丁腈橡胶nbr氯丁橡胶neoprene三元乙丙橡胶epdm氟橡胶vitonfpm硅橡胶siliconerubber水氟里昂等一般弱酸弱碱腐蚀的场合高温热水和蒸汽
石油工程设计大赛获奖作品
年产十万吨乙二醇项目-初步设计说明书
2008年10月份SUV主要品牌产销情况表
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F1-F7精轧机组机械设备设备使用说明书
F1-F7精轧机组机械设备设备使用说明书
使用说明书
(包括功能、安装、操作、维护)
13272.302.00SM
13272.304.00SM
13272.305.00SM
13272.306.00SM
13272.307.00SM
（机械部分）
中国二重(德阳)重型装备责任有限公司
设计研究院
2006年3月25日
使用说明书13272.302.00SM 13272.304.00SM 13272.305.00SM 13272.306.00SM 13272.307.00SM
F1-F7精轧机组设
备
共88 页第7 页
1. 概述
F1-F7精轧区设备为1750mm热轧带钢工程的核心设备，位于热卷箱飞剪区之后、输出辊道和层流冷却区之前，包含精除鳞箱（13272.301.00）、F1-F7精轧机（13272.302.00）、精轧机（F1-F7）主传动装置（13272.303.00）、F1-F7机上配管（13272.307.00）、工作辊换辊小车（13272.305.00）、F1-F7快速换辊装置（13272.304.00）、F1-F7侧导板及导卫、活套装置（13272.306.00）。
其中主要设备F1-F7精轧机位于精除鳞箱后，可完成从中间坯料轧制到成品带钢的全轧制过程。
F1-F7精轧机由六台全液压压下、带串辊、正弯辊板型控制的四辊不可逆轧机(F1－F7)组成, 每两台轧机之间间距为5500mm，由于装有液压AGC装置、正弯辊及工作辊水平串辊等装置，提高成品钢带的厚度精度和板型精度。
贝加莱B&R控制系统简介
B&R X67 I/O 系统 ...............................................................................................................5
ETHERNET POWERLINK 定性实时性的以太网 -
系统和 总线 I/O
系统 B&R 2003 系统 B&R 2005 系统 B&R 2010
................................................................................................................. 10
可编程计算机控制器 ( PCC ) ............................................................................................. 4
概述 ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 特点一览 ................................................................................................................................................ 4 用模块码诊断 ........................................................................................................................................... 4
HMI-L1软件说明规则、简单的变量命名规则
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocument no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003011 of 49Cliente ClientCommessa JobEnte emittente Issued byANSTEELTitolo TitleAV.85.7031365ISA/ATLSoftware Rules Level 1- HMI01 0019/10/09 15/07/09General revision PreliminaryDescrizione della revisione Revision descriptionFirpo D. Firpo D.Redazione PreparedGatti R. Gatti R.Verifica CheckedFarina G. Farina G.Approvazione ApprovedRev. Data approv. Scopo Rev. Approv. date CodeInformazioni riservate di proprietà di Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali S.p.A. - Non utilizzare per scopi diversi da quelli per cui sono state fornite.Confidential information, property of Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali S.p.A. - Not to be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied.File :70313650K200003_SW_rules_rev01.docINDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003012 - 49Index1 1.1 1.2 2PROJECT ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................. 4 Project and Comments Language Settings.....................................................................................4 Reference Documentation ................................................................................................................4 SOFTWARE ORGANIZATION.......................................................................................... 52.1 Main Tasks Management .................................................................................................................5 2.1.1 Common internal Structure ............................................................................................................6 2.1.2 Programming Languages ................................................................................................................7 2.1.3 Automation control and diagnostic ................................................................................................8 2.1.3.1 PLC watch dog control ........................................................................................................8 2.1.3.2 Profibus status control .........................................................................................................8 2.2 Rules for symbolic names.................................................................................................................9 2.2.1 AMS names and addressing ...........................................................................................................9 2.2.2 CPU names and addressing ............................................................................................................9 2.2.3 POUs names .................................................................................................................................11 2.2.4 Signals name.................................................................................................................................11 2.2.5 INSTANCE name for I/O.............................................................................................................13 3 3.1 SOFTWARE RULES....................................................................................................... 16 Organization Basic Rules ...............................................................................................................163.2 ASI Standard Blocks ......................................................................................................................17 3.2.1 Analog input conversion ..............................................................................................................17 3.2.2 Analog output convertion .............................................................................................................17 3.2.3 First order filter ............................................................................................................................18 3.2.4 Ramp.............................................................................................................................................18 3.2.5 Proportional-Integral regulator.....................................................................................................18 3.2.6 Proportional valve management ...................................................................................................18 3.2.7 Servovalve management...............................................................................................................18 3.2.8 GT3000 drive management ..........................................................................................................18 3.2.9 SPDMR drive management ..........................................................................................................18 3.3 Function blocks and instance.........................................................................................................193.4 Code initialization ...........................................................................................................................21 3.4.1 Insertion of a new parameter ........................................................................................................24 3.5 Automatic Sequences management...............................................................................................24 3.5.1 Sequencer .....................................................................................................................................24 3.5.2 Sw Management ...........................................................................................................................24INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003013 - 493.6 3.7 3.8SPDMR MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................28 Drive MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................................30 CONDITIONS MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................323.9 Piece tracking Management...........................................................................................................35 3.9.1 FB for Trk Management...............................................................................................................36 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 HMI INTERFACE ............................................................................................................ 39 Roller Tables Conditions................................................................................................................40 Hydraulic stations – Main and Conditioning pumps. .................................................................41 SPDMR ............................................................................................................................................43 GT3000.............................................................................................................................................45 Piece Tracking.................................................................................................................................48INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003014 - 491PROJECT ORGANIZATION1.1 Project and Comments Language SettingsIn order to allow a good cooperation between the involved working team, all comments, information, nicknames and instructions will be written in ENGLISH LANGUAGE.1.2 Reference DocumentationDocument N° 70313650K200013_00 Title Codesys Project StructureINDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003015 - 492SOFTWARE ORGANIZATION2.1 Main Tasks ManagementThe complete control of the machines (in particular concerning the two main stands) is divided in several Projects (PRO), each one designed to work in a separated CPU. As example we explain the PRO division for the main Stands controls (AMS2 and AMS3, respectively for Roughing and Finishing mill). CPU 0 – General Services – Diagnostic – HMI Interface CPU 1 – FAST Gap Control CPU 2 – SAS (speed master, logic, tracking, setup management) CPU 3 – SLOW Gap Control (HGC, procedures, screwdown control, Balancing and Bending,…) CPU 4 – Roll Change Every PROJECT can contain different POUs, every one of which can have its own sweep in order to optimize the tasks performances according to the CPU resources and the cycling time requested by the application. As shown in the side figure for example we can easily understand that the Project, in this case RM_SAS, is divided as follows: SetUp – Tracking – Master – Logic – D_RSas_Sup E_RSas_Trk F_RSas_Mst G_RSas_LogPOUs starting with A, B, C and Z are reserved for standard system management. Details are explained in the next chapters.INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003016 - 492.1.1Common internal StructureIn every task inside a project we have a structure based on three main blocks: Begin –PRG dedicated to input reading operations Main – Main Loop – Calls to the application Programs (PRG) End – PRG dedicated to output writing operations Furthermore Begin PRG manages InfoTask (FB) that provides task system information. The most important data for the user are: FirstCycle – used normally to lock temporary some applications at startup, to start data initializations,… Cycle – cycle time, used in all the time controlled FBs like ramp, positioning loops,… Count – used to send a Watchdog to other tasks and to the Diagnostic taskThe PRGs dedicated to the I/O read/write operations are collected in the ARTG folder where we can find all the instructions to acquire and deliver data, divided by type. ARTG PRGs are divided in the following four standard folders: • • • • FIELDBUS GM HMI IO – I/O from/to Profibus or other kind of fieldbus systems – I/O from/to Global memory (LGM or EtherArc) – I/O from/to HMI – fast I/O from/to AMS Internal cards.INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003017 - 492.1.2Programming LanguagesMain kind of programming languages used are: CFC LD SFC For all the PRGs containing calls to FBs it is preferred the use of CFC language. Transition conditions for SFC sequencers are made in LD logic in order to simplify the operator debugging and the logic laying. SFC is used exclusively for Sequencers management (please refer to Typical Sequencer description). Obviously, if strictly necessary, also other languages like ST are used, but just for limited applications such as Setup Management or Tracking data management and anyway inside tested and verified FBs not object of operator maintenance.INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003018 - 492.1.3Automation control and diagnosticwatch dog check for all the application tasks running on the AMS profibus status checkFor each AMS a diagnostic task is foreseen on CPU0. It performs:and provides to HMI the information necessary to display the actual status. 2.1.3.1 PLC watch dog controlA watch dog counter for each task in all the CPUs has to be provided. If a communication watch dog fault occurs, the signals and the actions related to that task have to be inhibited. The watch dog consist in a counter that is cyclically increased by the Infotask FB until a constant number. When the counter is greater than the constant number, the counter restarts from zero. Cyclically this counter is checked from a third device (in our case CPU 0) and, if the number doesn’t change, a fault on HMI is signaled. 2.1.3.2 Profibus status control The Profibus status is checked by DIAG task on the CPU0 of each AMS. In particolar it verifies for that AMS and displays on HMI the alive/not alive status of: - all the profibus masters - all the profibus slaves connected to each master The status information collected by DIAG task is made available also to the application tasks, if necessary.INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K200003019 - 49Formattati: Elenchi puntati e numerati2.2 Rules for symbolic names2.2.1 AMS names and addressingFormattati: Elenchi puntati e numeratiNaming of AMS devices is very important because everybody, starting from Electrical crew up to the HMI developers, know AMSs with the same symbolic names. The name assigned in our automation system to AMS controllers follow the Electrical Item assigned in the Ffunctional drawings so we will find in our plant: N01 – (HYD) N02 – (RM) N03 – (FM) N04 – (HPL) N05 – (LV2) N06 – (HDS) N07 – (DDS) N08 – (DVS) AMS 1 – Central Utilities management AMS 2 – Roughing Mill Control AMS 3 – Finishing Mill Control AMS 4 – Hot Plate Leveller Control AMS 5 – Level 2 interface AMS 6 – Head Shear (Cold Area) AMS 7 – Double Side Shear AMS 8 – Dividing ShearInside the Artics Tools the AMSs will be identified by the name closed in brackets but a KEYWORD (marked in Bold) will be assigned to every device. I/O variable assignment will be done through an INSTANCE name composed at the beginning from the AMS KEYWORD (N01_.....). Description of this structure will be done in a dedicated chapter. According to the Equipment itemization also the IP Addresses follow the progressive count: N01 – 161.54.180.101 N02 – 161.54.180.102 N03 – 161.54.180.103 … N08 – 161.54.180.1082.2.2CPU names and addressingFormattati: Elenchi puntati e numeratiSeveral AMSs include more than one CPU for an optimal management of the resources. In our system as standard the first CPU on the left of the rack is identified as BUS/System Controller: CPU 0: bus controller, Ethernet gateway interface,.. The progressive numeration then continues with CPU 1; CPU 2; … The keywords for CPUs are the following ones: CPU0 – for the bus controller CPU1 – for the first application CPU CPU2 – and so on. VME bus allows a TCP-IP access to the Slave CPUs using the Bus as network so all CPUs are identified with a “Backplane Address”. Our standard foresees that the address on the bus is the “Rack Address” without the second byte of the address and with the CPU number (starting from 1) as last Byte:INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATIONProgetto ProjectDocumento nr. Document no.Rev. Rev.Pagina PageANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL70313650K2000030110 - 49EXAMPLE: If Rack address is: 161.54.180.102 Backplane address is: 161.180.102.0 (0 is the jolly character in Ethernet addressing so the CPU0 will have address .1) CPU0 on backplane will be reachable at the address 161.180.102.1 The gateway for the level 1 network will be the CPU0, connected to both networks: 161.54.180.102 and 161.180.102.1.Progetto Project ANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILLDocumento nr. Document no. 70313650K200003Rev.Rev. 01 Pagina Page11 - 492.2.3 POUs namesPOUs naming rule is given only to keep a proper order inside the container folders. So a prefix following the alphabetical increasing order is added to every PRG, Action or folder itself.For all the parts (Folders, PRG, Actions) related to the process management the letter order follows the process material flow:Example for Roughing inlet side:…2.2.4 Signals namesignal or data we are talking about. The second part of the rule is used to identify that a certain signal is related to a specific equipment.A separated rule is used for the I/O Instance naming (see dedicated chapter). For task internal signals we have the following cases: Local VariablesLocal Variables are located and limited inside a PRG. These variables are used only inside this PRG so no naming rules must be applied. Obviously it’s always suggested to follow the same philosophy when we find similar signals.Global VariablesThese variables are used globally to the project so the declaration must be done inside the “global variables” folder in Resources palette. The tree structure inside the Resources area normally is the same present in POUs folder. This because it’ll be clean and easy to look for a variable declaration inside the folder of the related equipment.For this kind of variables a prefix must be applied to the variable name in order to identify quickly the variable TYPE and also that it’s a global resource.Boolean - XB_VarName Integer - XA_VarName Float/Real - XF_VarName Structures - X_StructName PlantParamStruct - PP_StructName TuningParamStr - TP_StructNameDescaler TableInlet Table Section 1 Inlet Table Section 2Progetto Project ANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL Documento nr. Document no. 70313650K200003Rev. Rev.01 Pagina Page12 - 49I/O VariablesI/O variables have a prefix exactly like Global variables but instead of “X” there is an “I” or an “O” depending if the variable is an Input or an Output.So Boolean Input variables will be:IB_VarNameOutput will be:OB_VarNameIn order to identify what is the equipment related to a signal the suggestion is to use when and where possible the following rule:<MechItem>_<Electrical Item>Mechanical Item is always the code used by mechanical staff to identify a machine.For the “Electrical Item” there is a difference in case we are talking about a Drive, so an equipment inserted in a cabinet with a certain purpose, or if we are speaking about a single component installed in the field.DRIVE CASE:The Electrical Item is composed by the cabinet item which identify from where the machine is controlled and the Drive Item which is the component item of the Drive.For example:DR1_F405_T01 means that:- We are talking about the DR1 Machine (Roughing mill Roller Table Inlet Section n°1). - Its drive is inside the F405 Cabinet (DC BUS Board).- Its drive is T01. If there are more drives, the equipment items will be…_T02; …_T03,…SENSOR CASE:The Electrical Item is just the component Item code.For example:IA_R815_00_BD01_PresFbk means that:We are talking about the machine R815_00 (ESG Drive Side). The sensor is BD01In the specific case we are checking the Pressure Feedback.The last part of the signal is a Mnemonic code helpful tounderstand what is the meaning of the signal, helpful in particular when a single component have more than 1 signal related, for example sometimes pressure transmitter have 1 analog signal for the feedback and some digital signals to identify some thresholds.Progetto Project ANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILLDocumento nr. Document no. 70313650K200003Rev. Rev.01 Pagina Page13 - 492.2.5 INSTANCE name for I/OInstance Name is used to identify clearly from where the signal is coming or where the signal is going. If the variables are related to GM, HMI or to any SW interface, the instance is generated automatically by the Variables Configurator (Artics Tools – AT in the following).Anyway for the Physical I/O signals Artics Tools prepare the Interface Instances depending on the HW configuration and basing on a predefined structure. In order to align the I/O Signal list with the SW, it is necessary to know how this structure is composed.Basically there are three kinds of Instances, depending if it is the interface for: 1. FieldBus Remote I/O 2. FieldBus Slave 3. AMS Fast I/OType N°1 – FieldBus Remote I/OThe Instance in this case identifies the Single Channel of a certain card of the relevant remote I/O. So the composition of the instance will be:<AMS>_<ProfiMaster>_<ElectItem>_<SlaveN>_<Card>_<CH.>In detail:<AMS> contains the keyword inserted in AT (Artics Tools) for the related AMS; N01 in case of AMS1; N02 in case of AMS2;…<ProfiMaster> contains the keyword inserted in AT for the related Profibus Master Card controller of the Remote I/O we are speaking about; PM1 for the first master; PM2 for the second one,…<ElecItem>_<SlaveN> this group is the keyword inserted for the Remote I/O in the Slave configuration. ElecItem correspond to the Cabinet Item where the rack is installed and SlaveN corresponds to the RACK Name, equal to the slave address number. Because the rack name is not gotten automatically by the configurator (AT) it is necessary to define as keyword the full code (for example H221_14, where H221 corresponds to the cabinet name and 14 to rack number).<Card> is the keyword assigned to the card of the Remote I/O; as the Keyword is given starting from “A” and going up.<CH> Channel is assigned automatically from AT depending on what kind of card is inserted in the configuration. Numbering starts from “001”.Following an example for AMS2:N02_PM1_H223_9_A_DI010It means: AMS2 - ProfiMaster 1- Rack in +H223 - Slave n°9 - Card A - 10th Channel.Progetto Project ANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILLDocumento nr. Document no. 70313650K200003Rev. Rev.01 Pagina Page14 - 49Type N°2 – FieldBus SlaveMost common application for this kind of slaves are the AC and DC DRIVES. In these cases normally the Instance does not reach the final channel of the Slave interface, because inside AT it is possible to define a STRUCTURE SIGNAL to be linked to a certain Slave Input or Output.In case of Drive interface it is created an instance like this:<AMS>_<ProfiMaster>_<SlaveN>_<Board>In detail:<AMS> contains the keyword inserted in AT (Artics Tool) for the related AMS; N01 in case of AMS1; N02 in case of AMS2;…same as for Remote I/O<ProfiMaster> contains the keyword inserted in AT for the related Profibus Master Card controller of the Remote I/O we are speaking about; PM1 for the first master; PM2 for the second one,… SAME as For Remote I/O<SlaveN> Contain a Progressive code related only to the slave address. For Example for Profibus Networks we start usually from Slave N°3 so the first configured Drive will have in the <SlaveN> Field: PS3PS4 for the second Slave with address 4 …<Board> includes the Keyword inserted for a certain SlaveBoard (it’s a similar code like for the field <Card> in remote I/O Configuration). In Drives configuration normally we have PB1 for Inputs signals and PB2 for Output Signals but anyway this field can be customized.AT will automatically split the structures PB1 and PB2 and will link the variables to the SW Structures for Codesys application.Example for AMS2: N02_PM4_PS3_PB1It means: AMS2 - ProfiMaster 4 - ProfiSlave 3 - ProfiBoard1 (Inputs)Type N°3 – AMS Fast I/OThese are signals connected to the AMS Fast I/O Cards so there is a dedicated Instance Naming for this card:<AMS>_<ElectItem>_<SlaveN>_<Card>_<CH.>In detail:<AMS> contains the keyword inserted in AT (Artics Tool) for the related AMS; N01 in case of AMS1; N02 in case of AMS2;…Progetto Project ANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL Documento nr. Document no. 70313650K200003Rev.Rev. 01 Pagina Page15 - 49<ElecItem>_<SlaveN> Electrical Item in this case is always the Automation Cabinet where AMS is installed; H110 for AMS1; H120 for AMS2;…SlaveN in case of Fast I/O is always 1 (AMS is not used with Expansion rack).<Card> like for other kind of signals this code identifies the card where the signal is linked. For AMS card the standard foresee to put the Slot N° where the card is inserted.<CH> Channel is assigned automatically from AT depending on what kind of card is inserted in the configuration.Example for AMS2:N02_H120_1_12_AI01It means: AMS2-rack in +H120 – AMS Card n°12 - Analog Input Channel n°1Progetto Project ANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILLDocumento nr. Document no. 70313650K200003Rev. Rev.01 Pagina Page16 - 493 SOFTWARE RULES 3.1 Organization Basic RulesThe main organization rule that must be respected (when and where possible) is that inside a POU folder all the necessary for the management of a Plant Area must be included. Inside the same folder there must be the logic for the equipments management and for the automatic sequencer if necessary. The division of these two parts must be done separating in two different PRGs the logics.If the area management foresees more than one machine there will be several ACTIONS under the PRG for the logic Management. All these ACTIONS will include all the FBs and logics for the single equipment management.The Automatic Sequencer will be managed in a separated PRG and the SFC part (see dedicated Chapter) will be an SFC ACTION of the Sequencer PRG.In order to understand the previous description it can be helpful to analyze for example the Entry Area of the Roughing Mill.Inside SlabIn Folder (H_SlabIn ) there are two PRGs:SlabIn (PRG) SlabIn_Seq (PRG)We can easily understand from the names that the first one includes the management of the logic related to the Entry area of the mill. The second PRG manages the Automatic Sequencer for the automatic Slab transportation.Because the Entry Area includes four roller Tables Sections, there are four ACTIONS under the SlabIn PRG, one for each table. In Detail SlabIn manages:A_DescTable_C8 - Descaler Roller Table B_InTable_DR1 - Inlet Table Section 1 C_InTable_DR2 - Inlet Table Section 2 D_InTable_DR3 - Inlet Table Section 3Progetto Project ANGANG 3800 MM PLATE MILL Documento nr. Document no. 70313650K200003Rev. Rev.01 Pagina Page17 - 49For each equipment (so inside every ACTION) it’s prepared a group of conditions, used to define the status of the machine and to decide if it is necessary to arrange a stop procedure or if it is possible to start with the mill, with the Area, with the Equipment. These conditions are basically divided in three groups: PCOND_N Conditions to stop the Equipment at the end of the active mission PCOND_F Conditions to stop the Equipment immediately SCOND Conditions to start the EquipmentIn case one of these equipments is included in a group jog, in a group rolling phase, or in any case in a coordinated action, all the related machines will be managed together with the same action. Depending on the requested command different conditions are checked.Inside the Equipment ACTION together with the drive management all the single ramps and all the speed reference selections are included, some of these coming from manual commands, other coming from automatic sequencers. These controls inside equipment management blocks are multi-instance FB that allow to work with a clean SW organization, allow to modify really quickly an error on all machines at the same time. Moreover thanks to the good feature of codesys, it is possible to debug online the FB going on-line on the specified instance.Using this FB philosophy, it is possible to create custom functions in order to simplify the SW in the PRG or ACTIONS organization.Inside the main PRG (SlabIn) all the CONDITIONS are collected (Permanent and Starting) related to the machines involved by the area division. The cumulative meaning of these conditions is used inside the Sequencer to define when and if it’s possible to proceed with the sequencer mission.Here the synchronization of the equipments with automatic sequencers are also managed thanks to some FB dedicated to this control.This description of the SlabIn Area is valid also for all other similar Area and equipments in general.3.2 ASI Standard BlocksIn parallel to the customized FBs defined and tuned by the user/programmer, there is a complete set of FBs performing several functions, starting from basic logic, bit handling, ramp generation up to process control blocks. These blocks are grouped in a library, called ASILib.A dedicated documentation is available for ASILib, explaining for each block the I/O interface, the HMI interface and the parameters to initialize/tune the block. These blocks are protected so it’s not possible to perform on-line sw analyzing.The list of the most commonly used blocks follows. For details, see ASILib manual.3.2.1 Analog input conversionFor analog inputs from ET200 AI_Cnv_ET200 is used. For analog inputs hradwired to AMS AI_Cnv is used.3.2.2 Analog output convertionThe block AO_Cnv is used。
2008年10月份发动机及其零部件出口情况汇总表
一１ ｌ ｌ． １
．０７ ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ ６． ９
发 动机整 机
ｌ０ ｍ Ｏ０ Ｌ＜￣ 量￣３０ ｍＬ ＜ ００
排量 ＞３ ０ ｍＬ ００
２８ ３ ９ ６
６ ４ ５５
２ ９０ ４９１
ｌ５ ７ ０３ ６
３ ． ４ ６２ ８ ３６ ８３ ７ ２ ２ ６ ７６ ５ ５６ １ ｌ ０
２ ．８ １ ２ １ ３ １８ ９ １ ８ ７ ０８ ６ ９ ７Ｏ ４２ ４
２ ４
２
４ ９
９９ ３
１６６ ６．７
５２ ５０
ｌ９ ２ １３
１２ ７ ９ ０
２２ ７ ４２ ７
１５３ ４＿ ３
汽 油发 动机 （ ） ２Ｏ Ｌ＜排 量 ≤ｌ０ ｍ 台 ５ｍ Ｏ０ Ｌ 发 动机 整机 ｌ０ ｍＬ Ｏ０ ＜￣ 量 ￣３ ０ｒＬ ＜ ０Ｏ ａ
排 量 ＞３ ０ ｍＬ Ｏ０
６ ｌｌ１ ｌ３ ３ ６７ ０ ９６ ３ ９４ ６ ０ ８３ ３ １６ ４ ４６９
１． ｌ４ ８６ １９５ ０８ ８９ ２ ３ ４０ １ ２ｏ ５５
合 计
注 ：表 中数据 含有 摩 托车发 动机 及零 部件 。
７ ４３ ９ １３ ２１ ５ ９ ６１ ０ ７４ ２
．５１ １４ ６０９ ｌｌ３ ７４ ２．４ ９１８ ２ ２４５ ２７
５ ． ４２ ０４ ３５ ２８９ ４２ ２ ４ ５ １３ ２ ｌ １８ ２． １３ ２ —． ９８ ４ ４ １ ． ２ ２Ｏ９ ３ １６０ ９５ Ｏ ７６ ５ ７７ ５０ ４ ８８ ４ ５ ８６ ２ ３ ８ｏ ２６ ５３ ８ ６ ｌｏ １４６ ９ｏ ６ ８４ ２７ Ｏ６
．． ２７ ２ ．． ６５ ６
１３ ２６ ２ １１２４ ９３ ６７ ２ ５９ ２ ６８ １２ ７ ３８ ８ ８ ５９ ８ ８７９
]锂离子电池用PVDF粘结剂调研资料
![]锂离子电池用PVDF粘结剂调研资料](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/3f19e8e24693daef5ef73dc1.png)
5.2 粘结剂表征手段 ................................................................................................................. 54
第 1 章 氟化工行业基本概况
1.1 氟化工产品
目录 第 1 章 氟化工行业基本概况......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 氟化工产品 ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 含氟聚合物 ............................................................................................................................ 3 第 2 章 PVDF 粘结剂在锂离子电池中的应用............................................................................ 10 2.1 锂离子电池粘结剂使用要求............................................................................................... 11 2.2 PVDF 的物理性能 ............................................................................................................... 12 2.3 聚合物的电化学稳定性....................................................................................................... 14 第 3 章 PVDF 粘结剂生产公司的信息调研................................................................................ 16 3.1 苏威(SOLVAY)集团............................................................................................................ 16 3.1.1 苏威（SOLVAY）集团公司简介 ............................................................................... 16 3.1.2 苏威集团产品线、事业群和海外分公司.................................................................... 17 3.1.3 苏威锂电用粘结剂信息(Solef ® PVDF) ..................................................................... 17 3.2 日本吴羽(Kureha)株式会社 ............................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 吴羽概况 ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.2 吴羽公司发展历程 ....................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3 全球分公司及网点布局 .............................................................................................. 22 3.2.4 吴羽公司事业部 ........................................................................................................... 25 3.2.5 吴羽 KF POLYMER 产品信息 .................................................................................... 25
丁二烯抽提二装置工艺流程简述(最终版)
丁二烯生产技术进展及国内外市场分析崔小明(北京燕山石油化工公司研究院，北京102500)摘要介绍了生产丁二烯的工艺方法，包括乙腈法(ACN法)、二甲基甲酰胺法(DMF法Ⅳ一甲基吡咯烷酮法(NMP法)、C 馏分选择加氢脱炔烃法(KLP法)和丁烯生产丁二烯法，重点绍了前3种方法的工艺特点和生产技术的研究开发进展。
分析了国内外丁二烯的生产消费现及发展前景，提出了我国丁二烯行业今后发展建议。
关键词丁二烯生产消费发展前景丁二烯是c 馏分中最重要的组分之一，在石油化工烯烃原料中的地位仅次于乙烯和丙烯。
主要用于合成聚丁二烯橡胶(BR)、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、丁腈橡胶(NBR)、丁苯聚合物胶乳、苯乙烯热塑性弹性体(SBS)以及丙烯腈一丁二烯一苯乙烯(ABS)树脂等多种产品，此外还可用于生产己二腈、己二胺、尼龙66、1，4一丁二醇等有机化工产品以及用作粘接剂、汽油添加剂等，用途十分广泛。
1 丁二烯生产技术及其进展目前，世界丁二烯的来源主要有两种，一种是从乙烯裂解装置副产的混合c 馏分中抽提得到，这种方法价格低廉，经济上占优势，是目前世界上丁二烯的主要来源。
另一种是从炼油厂C 馏分脱氢得到，该方法只在一些丁烷、丁烯资源丰富的少数几个国家采用。
从裂解c 馏分抽提丁二烯程较为复杂，操作费用高；蒸汽压高，随尾气排出的溶剂损失大；用于回收溶剂的水洗塔较多，相对流程长¨。
1．1．2 ACN法生产丁二烯工艺技术进展日本JRS工艺(ACN法)以含水10％的乙腈(ACN)为溶剂，采用两段萃取蒸馏，第一萃取蒸馏塔由两塔串联而成。
该工艺经过两次重大的改造。
第一次改造是采用热偶合技术，即将第二萃取蒸馏塔顶全部富含丁二烯的蒸汽不经冷凝直接送人脱重塔中段，同时将脱重塔内下降液流的一部分从中段塔盘上抽出，送往第二萃取蒸馏塔作为塔顶回流液，这样第二萃取蒸馏塔塔顶不需要冷凝器，这部分热量将全部加到脱重塔，使该塔塔底再沸器的热负荷比热偶合前降低40％左右，从而实现大幅度节能。
美国近年宏观经济数据
D–2 November 2010National DataA. Selected NIPA Tables The selected set of NIPA tables presents the most recent estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) and i tscomponents, which were released on October 29, 2010. These estimates include the “advance” estimates for the third quarter of 2010.The selected set presents quarterly esti mates that are updated monthly. Annual esti mates are presented i n most of the tables.The GDP news release is available on BEA’s Web site within minutes after the release. To receive an e-mail notification of the release, go to and subscribe. The “Selected NIPA Tables” are available later that day.1. Domestic Product and IncomeTable 1.1.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Table 1.1.2. Contributions to Percent Change Gross Domestic Productin Real Gross Domestic Product[Percent]Line 20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIV I II III Gross domestic product ........ Personal consumption1 0.0 –2.6 1.6 5.0 3.7 1.7 2.0 expenditures ...............................2 –0.3 –1.2 2.0 0.9 1.9 2.2 2.6 Goods........................................... 3 –2.5 –2.0 7.2 1.7 5.7 3.4 2.8 Durable goods .......................... 4 –5.2 –3.7 20.1 –1.1 8.8 6.8 6.1 Nondurable goods ....................5 –1.1 –1.2 1.7 3.1 4.2 1.9 1.3 Services .......................................Gross private domestic60.9–0.8–0.5 0.50.11.62.5investment ................................... 7 –9.5 –22.6 11.8 26.7 29.1 26.2 12.8 Fixed investment........................... 8 –6.4 –18.3 0.7 –1.3 3.3 18.9 0.8 Nonresidential .......................... 9 0.3 –17.1 –1.7 –1.4 7.8 17.2 9.7 Structures............................. 10 5.9 –20.4 –12.4 –29.2 –17.8 –0.5 3.9 Equipment and software....... 11 –2.4 –15.3 4.2 14.6 20.4 24.8 12.0 Residential................................ 12 –24.0 –22.9 10.6 –0.8 –12.3 25.7 –29.1 Change in private inventories ....... 13 ............ ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ Net exports of goods and services 14 ............ ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ Exports ......................................... 15 6.0 –9.5 12.2 24.4 11.4 9.1 5.0 Goods....................................... 16 6.3 –12.0 18.7 31.7 14.0 11.5 3.4 Services ................................... 17 5.3 –3.9 0.1 10.2 5.8 3.9 8.6 Imports ......................................... 18 –2.6 –13.8 21.9 4.9 11.2 33.5 17.4 Goods....................................... 19 –3.5 –15.8 27.4 6.2 12.0 40.5 18.1 Services ................................... Government consumption expenditures and gross 20 2.4 –4.2 1.5 –0.5 7.8 4.3 14.1 investment ................................... 21 2.8 1.6 1.6 –1.4 –1.6 3.9 3.4 Federal ......................................... 22 7.3 5.7 5.7 0.0 1.8 9.1 8.8 National defense....................... 23 7.5 5.4 9.0 –2.5 0.4 7.4 8.5 Nondefense .............................. 24 6.7 6.5 –0.9 5.6 5.0 12.8 9.6 State and local.............................. Addendum:Gross domestic product, current 25 0.3 –0.9 –1.0 –2.3 –3.8 0.6 –0.2 dollars.......................................262.2–1.72.34.74.83.74.2Line 20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIV I II III Percent change at annual rate: Gross domestic product (1)0.0–2.61.6 5.03.71.72.0Percentage points at annual rates: Personal consumption expenditures ............................... 2 –0.18 –0.84 1.41 0.69 1.33 1.54 1.79 Goods ........................................... 3 –0.60 –0.46 1.62 0.42 1.29 0.79 0.64 Durable goods .......................... 4 –0.42 –0.27 1.35 –0.07 0.62 0.49 0.44 Nondurable goods .................... 5 –0.18 –0.18 0.27 0.49 0.67 0.31 0.20 Services........................................Gross private domestic6 0.41 –0.38 –0.21 0.27 0.03 0.75 1.15 investment ................................... 7 –1.53 –3.24 1.22 2.70 3.04 2.88 1.54 Fixed investment........................... 8 –1.02 –2.69 0.12 –0.12 0.39 2.06 0.10 Nonresidential........................... 9 0.03 –1.96 –0.13 –0.10 0.71 1.51 0.91 Structures .............................10 0.22 –0.81 –0.41 –1.01 –0.53 –0.01 0.10 Equipment and software.......11 –0.19 –1.15 0.28 0.91 1.24 1.52 0.80 Residential................................ 12 –1.05 –0.74 0.25 –0.02 –0.32 0.55 –0.80 Change in private inventories .......13 –0.51 –0.55 1.10 2.83 2.64 0.82 1.44 Net exports of goods and services14 1.18 1.13 –1.37 1.90 –0.31 –3.50 –2.01 Exports ......................................... 15 0.72 –1.18 1.30 2.56 1.30 1.08 0.61 Goods ....................................... 16 0.53 –1.04 1.29 2.19 1.09 0.93 0.29 Services.................................... 17 0.19 –0.15 0.01 0.37 0.21 0.15 0.32 Imports.......................................... 18 0.46 2.32 –2.67 –0.66 –1.61 –4.58 –2.61 Goods ....................................... 19 0.52 2.20 –2.64 –0.68 –1.41 –4.46 –2.25 Services.................................... 20 –0.07 0.12 –0.03 0.02 –0.20 –0.12 –0.37 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ................................... 21 0.54 0.32 0.33 –0.28 –0.32 0.80 0.68 Federal.......................................... 22 0.51 0.43 0.45 0.01 0.15 0.72 0.71 National defense....................... 23 0.36 0.27 0.48 –0.13 0.02 0.40 0.46 Nondefense .............................. 24 0.15 0.16 –0.03 0.14 0.13 0.32 0.25 State and local..............................250.04–0.11–0.12–0.29–0.480.08–0.03November 2010S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESSD–3Table 1.1.3. Real Gross Domestic Product, Quantity IndexesTable 1.1.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product[Index numbers, 2005=100][Index numbers, 2005=100]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic productPersonal consumption1 104.672 101.917 101.760 103.012 103.960 104.403 104.924 expenditures ....................... 2 105.057 103.797 103.885 104.126 104.608 105.178 105.846 Goods................................... 3 103.462 101.416 102.092 102.533 103.952 104.837 105.565 Durable goods .................. 4 102.798 99.011 101.159 100.870 103.025 104.735 106.304 Nondurable goods ............ 5 103.698 102.487 102.460 103.247 104.321 104.823 105.160 Services ...............................Gross private domestic6 105.870105.006104.797104.936104.952105.366106.006investment ........................... 7 90.105 69.778 68.800 73.000 77.811 82.474 84.986 Fixed investment................... 8 94.096 76.835 76.447 76.198 76.826 80.219 80.383 Nonresidential .................. 9 115.532 95.804 95.216 94.879 96.677 100.592 102.957 Structures..................... 10 131.976 105.064 103.911 95.310 90.761 90.649 91.515 Equipment and software 11 108.681 92.035 91.716 94.895 99.408 105.067 108.085 Residential........................12 57.324 44.220 44.185 44.092 42.670 45.177 41.455 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and13 .............. .............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. services ............................... 14 .............. .............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. Exports ................................. 15 126.255 114.228 114.174 120.569 123.858 126.592 128.138 Goods............................... 16 127.649 112.377 112.474 120.484 124.495 127.939 129.014 Services ........................... 17 123.095 118.303 117.933 120.822 122.533 123.708 126.292 Imports ................................. 18 106.113 91.418 92.752 93.874 96.401 103.613 107.859 Goods............................... 19 105.189 88.615 90.324 91.691 94.321 102.690 107.056 Services ........................... 20 111.167 106.461 105.915 105.772 107.766 108.916 112.572 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 105.605 107.287 107.991 107.613 107.185 108.228 109.125 Federal ................................. 22 110.900 117.266 119.085 119.091 119.634 122.276 124.891 National defense............... 23 111.653 117.648 120.237 119.477 119.582 121.732 124.229 Nondefense ...................... 24 109.326 116.467 116.687 118.283 119.738 123.410 126.271 State and local......................25102.611101.688101.770101.179100.213100.367100.310Line20082009Seasonally adjusted20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic product Personal consumption 1 108.598 109.618 109.759 109.693 109.959 110.485 111.108 expenditures ....................... 2 109.061 109.258 109.598 110.333 110.901 110.888 111.166 Goods ................................... 3 106.262 103.634 104.403 105.120 105.784 104.812 105.064 Durable goods .................. 4 95.340 93.782 93.450 93.603 93.121 92.755 92.234 Nondurable goods ............ 5 112.484 109.262 110.624 111.651 112.949 111.638 112.325 Services................................ Gross private domestic 6 110.566 112.233 112.355 113.102 113.620 114.116114.408investment ........................... 7 106.977 104.873 103.656 103.466 102.952 102.765 102.875 Fixed investment................... 8 107.053 105.260 104.294 104.030 103.661 103.487 103.539 Nonresidential................... 9 106.984 105.700 104.768 104.144 103.639 103.636 103.730 Structures ..................... 10 125.460 122.187 119.654 119.017 119.291 119.887 120.665 Equipment and software 11 100.083 99.620 99.344 98.721 97.954 97.764 97.651 Residential ........................ 12 106.361 102.736 101.637 102.712 102.869 102.030 101.907 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. services ............................... 14 .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. Exports ................................. 15 111.874 105.877 106.212 107.424 108.771 110.060 110.180 Goods ............................... 16 111.970 104.403 104.892 106.072 107.565 108.965 109.098 Services............................ 17 111.643 109.172 109.164 110.437 111.451 112.480 112.568 Imports.................................. 18 118.685 105.987 105.879 111.222 114.514 112.234 109.936 Goods ............................... 19 119.603 104.908 104.680 110.650 114.497 111.653 109.033 Services............................ 20 113.921 110.711 111.179 113.650 114.351 114.813 114.152 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 115.009 114.644 114.635 115.067 116.358 116.606 116.734 Federal.................................. 22 111.119 110.895 110.716 111.141 112.375 112.615 112.718 National defense............... 23 112.109 111.342 111.153 111.590 113.046 113.377 113.489 Nondefense ...................... 24 109.077 109.984 109.822 110.222 110.997 111.053 111.138 State and local ......................25117.349116.892116.998117.434118.760119.014119.158Table 1.1.5. Gross Domestic ProductTable 1.1.6. Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained Dollars[Billions of dollars][Billions of chained (2005) dollars]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic productPersonal consumption1 14,369.1 14,119.0 14,114.7 14,277.3 14,446.4 14,578.7 14,730.2 expenditures ....................... 2 10,104.5 10,001.3 10,040.7 10,131.5 10,230.8 10,285.4 10,376.7 Goods................................... 3 3,379.5 3,230.7 3,276.1 3,312.9 3,380.0 3,377.5 3,409.0 Durable goods .................. 4 1,083.5 1,026.5 1,045.2 1,043.9 1,060.7 1,074.1 1,084.1 Nondurable goods ............ 5 2,296.0 2,204.2 2,231.0 2,269.0 2,319.3 2,303.4 2,325.0 Services ...............................Gross private domestic6 6,725.06,770.66,764.66,818.66,850.96,907.96,967.6investment ........................... 7 2,096.7 1,589.2 1,548.5 1,637.7 1,739.7 1,841.8 1,896.1 Fixed investment................... 8 2,137.8 1,716.4 1,691.8 1,681.9 1,689.8 1,761.4 1,765.9 Nonresidential .................. 9 1,665.3 1,364.4 1,343.8 1,330.9 1,349.6 1,404.2 1,438.5 Structures..................... 10 582.4 451.6 436.6 398.2 380.1 381.5 387.7 Equipment and software 11 1,082.9 912.8 907.2 932.7 969.5 1,022.7 1,050.9 Residential........................12 472.5 352.1 348.0 351.0 340.2 357.2 327.4 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and13 –41.1 –127.2 –143.3 –44.2 50.0 80.4 130.2 services ............................... 14 –710.4 –386.4 –408.3 –426.4 –479.9 –539.3 –561.5 Exports ................................. 15 1,843.4 1,578.4 1,582.1 1,689.9 1,757.8 1,817.9 1,842.1 Goods............................... 16 1,295.1 1,063.1 1,068.6 1,157.6 1,213.0 1,262.8 1,274.9 Services ........................... 17 548.3 515.3 513.6 532.3 544.8 555.1 567.1 Imports ................................. 18 2,553.8 1,964.7 1,990.5 2,116.3 2,237.6 2,357.1 2,403.5 Goods............................... 19 2,148.8 1,587.8 1,613.8 1,731.8 1,843.5 1,957.2 1,992.5 Services ........................... Government consumptionexpenditures and gross20405.0376.9376.6384.5394.1400.0411.0investment ........................... 21 2,878.3 2,914.9 2,933.8 2,934.5 2,955.7 2,990.8 3,018.9 Federal ................................. 22 1,079.9 1,139.6 1,155.4 1,159.9 1,178.1 1,206.7 1,233.6 National defense............... 23 737.3 771.6 787.3 785.4 796.3 813.0 830.5 Nondefense ...................... 24 342.5 368.0 368.1 374.5 381.8 393.7 403.1 State and local......................25 1,798.5 1,775.3 1,778.4 1,774.7 1,777.6 1,784.1 1,785.3Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic product Personal consumption 1 13,228.8 12,880.6 12,860.8 13,019.0 13,138.8 13,194.9 13,260.7 expenditures ....................... 2 9,265.0 9,153.9 9,161.6 9,182.9 9,225.4 9,275.7 9,334.6 Goods ................................... 3 3,180.3 3,117.4 3,138.2 3,151.8 3,195.4 3,222.6 3,245.0 Durable goods .................. 4 1,136.4 1,094.6 1,118.3 1,115.1 1,138.9 1,157.8 1,175.2 Nondurable goods ............ 5 2,041.2 2,017.4 2,016.9 2,032.3 2,053.5 2,063.4 2,070.0 Services................................ Gross private domestic 6 6,082.36,032.76,020.76,028.76,029.66,053.46,090.1investment ........................... 7 1,957.3 1,515.7 1,494.5 1,585.7 1,690.2 1,791.5 1,846.1 Fixed investment................... 8 1,997.0 1,630.7 1,622.4 1,617.1 1,630.5 1,702.5 1,706.0 Nonresidential................... 9 1,556.6 1,290.8 1,282.9 1,278.3 1,302.6 1,355.3 1,387.2 Structures ..................... 10 464.2 369.6 365.5 335.3 319.3 318.9 321.9 Equipment and software 11 1,082.0 916.3 913.1 944.7 989.7 1,046.0 1,076.1 Residential ........................ 12 444.2 342.7 342.4 341.7 330.7 350.1 321.3 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 –37.6 –113.1 –128.2 –36.7 44.1 68.8 115.5 services ............................... 14 –504.1 –363.0 –390.8 –330.1 –338.4 –449.0 –514.9 Exports ................................. 15 1,647.7 1,490.7 1,490.0 1,573.5 1,616.4 1,652.1 1,672.3 Goods ............................... 16 1,156.6 1,018.2 1,019.1 1,091.7 1,128.0 1,159.2 1,169.0 Services............................ 17 491.1 472.0 470.5 482.0 488.9 493.6 503.9 Imports.................................. 18 2,151.7 1,853.8 1,880.8 1,903.6 1,954.8 2,101.1 2,187.2 Goods ............................... 19 1,796.6 1,513.5 1,542.7 1,566.1 1,611.0 1,753.9 1,828.5 Services............................ Government consumption expenditures and gross 20355.5340.5338.7338.3344.6348.3360.0investment ........................... 21 2,502.7 2,542.6 2,559.3 2,550.3 2,540.2 2,564.9 2,586.1 Federal.................................. 22 971.8 1,027.6 1,043.5 1,043.6 1,048.4 1,071.5 1,094.4 National defense............... 23 657.7 693.0 708.3 703.8 704.4 717.1 731.8 Nondefense ...................... 24 314.0 334.6 335.2 339.8 344.0 354.5 362.7 State and local ...................... 25 1,532.6 1,518.8 1,520.0 1,511.2 1,496.8 1,499.1 1,498.2 Residual....................................26 16.2 37.8 40.4 33.8 26.5 15.2 13.5N OTE . Chained (2005) dollar series are calculated as the product of the chain-type quantity index and the 2005 current-dollar value of the corresponding series, divided by 100. Because the formula for the chain-type quantity indexes uses weights of more than one period, the corresponding chained-dollar estimates are usually not additive. The residual line is the difference between the first line and the sum of the most detailed lines.D–4 National Data November 2010Table 1.1.7. Percent Change From Preceding Period Table 1.1.8. Contributions to Percent Change in the in Prices for Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product Price Index[Percent]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates 20092010 IIIIV I II III Gross domestic productPersonal consumption1 2.2 0.9 0.7 –0.2 1.0 1.9 2.3 expenditures (2)3.3 0.2 2.9 2.7 2.1 0.0 1.0 Goods................................... 3 3.2 –2.5 5.7 2.8 2.6 –3.6 1.0 Durable goods .................. 4 –1.4 –1.6 –2.5 0.7 –2.0 –1.6 –2.2 Nondurable goods ............ 5 5.6 –2.9 9.7 3.84.7 –4.6 2.5 Services ...............................Gross private domestic63.41.51.72.71.81.81.0investment ........................... 7 0.7 –2.0 –6.0 –0.7 –2.0 –0.7 0.4 Fixed investment................... 8 0.8 –1.7 –4.8 –1.0 –1.4 –0.7 0.2 Nonresidential .................. 9 1.4 –1.2 –5.1 –2.4 –1.9 0.0 0.4 Structures..................... 10 4.7 –2.6 –10.5 –2.1 0.9 2.0 2.6 Equipment and software 11 –0.2 –0.5 –2.4 –2.5 –3.1 –0.8 –0.5 Residential........................ 12 –1.2 –3.4 –3.3 4.3 0.6 –3.2 –0.5 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. services ............................... 14 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. Exports ................................. 15 4.7 –5.4 4.6 4.6 5.1 4.8 0.4 Goods............................... 16 4.8 –6.8 4.8 4.6 5.8 5.3 0.5 Services ........................... 17 4.2 –2.2 4.0 4.7 3.7 3.7 0.3 Imports ................................. 18 10.4 –10.7 8.6 21.8 12.4 –7.7 –7.9 Goods............................... 19 11.3 –12.3 9.2 24.8 14.6 –9.6 –9.1 Services ........................... Government consumption expenditures and gross 20 5.7 –2.8 6.2 9.2 2.5 1.6 –2.3 investment ........................... 21 4.7 –0.3 0.4 1.5 4.6 0.9 0.4 Federal ................................. 22 3.1 –0.2 –0.1 1.5 4.5 0.9 0.4 National defense............... 23 3.6 –0.7 0.3 1.6 5.3 1.2 0.4 Nondefense ...................... 24 2.2 0.8 –1.0 1.5 2.8 0.2 0.3 State and local...................... Addenda:25 5.6 –0.4 0.8 1.5 4.6 0.90.5Gross national product ......... Implicit price deflators: 26 2.2 0.9 0.8 –0.2 1.0 1.9 ............. Gross domestic product 127 2.2 0.9 0.7 –0.3 1.1 2.0 2.2 Gross national product 1 282.20.90.7–0.31.01.9 .............Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates 20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIPercent change at annualrate:Gross domestic product 1 2.2 0.9 0.7 –0.2 1.0 1.9 2.3Percentage points at annualrates:Personal consumptionexpenditures ....................... 2 2.31 0.13 1.98 1.87 1.46 –0.03 0.72 Goods ................................... 3 0.76 –0.58 1.22 0.62 0.59 –0.86 0.23 Durable goods ..................4 –0.12 –0.12 –0.19 0.04 –0.15 –0.12 –0.17 Nondurable goods ............ 5 0.88 –0.46 1.41 0.58 0.74 –0.74 0.39 Services................................Gross private domestic6 1.55 0.71 0.76 1.25 0.87 0.83 0.49 investment ........................... 7 0.11 –0.25 –0.63 –0.05 –0.23 –0.09 0.06 Fixed investment...................8 0.12 –0.23 –0.61 –0.13 –0.17 –0.08 0.03 Nonresidential...................9 0.16 –0.13 –0.53 –0.23 –0.18 0.00 0.04 Structures ..................... 10 0.18 –0.10 –0.37 –0.07 0.02 0.05 0.07 Equipment and software 11 –0.02 –0.03 –0.16 –0.17 –0.21 –0.05 –0.03 Residential ........................ 12 –0.05 –0.10 –0.08 0.10 0.01 –0.08 –0.01 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 0.00 –0.02 –0.01 0.07 –0.07 –0.01 0.03 services ............................... 14 –1.16 1.13 –0.69 –2.37 –1.17 1.87 1.41 Exports ................................. 15 0.57 –0.66 0.48 0.52 0.60 0.58 0.06 Goods ............................... 16 0.41 –0.58 0.34 0.35 0.46 0.44 0.04 Services............................ 17 0.15 –0.08 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.01 Imports.................................. 18 –1.73 1.79 –1.17 –2.88 –1.77 1.28 1.35 Goods ............................... 19 –1.58 1.71 –1.00 –2.64 –1.70 1.33 1.29 Services............................ 20 –0.15 0.08 –0.17 –0.24 –0.07 –0.04 0.06 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 0.90 –0.07 0.08 0.31 0.92 0.18 0.09 Federal.................................. 22 0.22 –0.02 0.00 0.13 0.36 0.07 0.03 National defense............... 23 0.17 –0.04 0.02 0.09 0.29 0.07 0.02 Nondefense ...................... 24 0.05 0.02 –0.02 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.01 State and local ......................250.68–0.050.080.180.560.110.061. The percent change for this series is calculated from the implicit price deflator in NIP A table 1.1.9.Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Deflators for Gross Domestic Product Table 1.1.10. Percentage Shares of Gross Domestic Product[Index numbers, 2005=100][Percent]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic product Personal consumption1 108.619 109.615 109.750 109.665 109.952 110.488 111.082 expenditures ....................... 2 109.061 109.258 109.596 110.330 110.899 110.886 111.163 Goods................................... 3 106.263 103.634 104.394 105.113 105.777 104.805 105.056 Durable goods .................. 4 95.340 93.782 93.459 93.615 93.133 92.767 92.246 Nondurable goods ............ 5 112.484 109.262 110.617 111.645 112.942 111.632 112.319 Services ............................... Gross private domestic 6 110.566112.233112.356113.102 113.621 114.117 114.409 investment ........................... 7 107.122 104.848 103.613 103.278 102.929 102.807 102.710 Fixed investment................... 8 107.052 105.260 104.274 104.006 103.637 103.463 103.515 Nonresidential .................. 9 106.984 105.700 104.745 104.116 103.611 103.608 103.702 Structures..................... 10 125.460 122.187 119.439 118.782 119.055 119.650 120.427 Equipment and software 11 100.083 99.620 99.352 98.727 97.961 97.770 97.657 Residential........................ 12 106.361 102.737 101.635 102.717 102.874 102.035 101.912 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. services ............................... 14 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. Exports ................................. 15 111.875 105.877 106.182 107.398 108.745 110.033 110.153 Goods............................... 16 111.970 104.403 104.852 106.038 107.531 108.930 109.063 Services ........................... 17 111.643 109.171 109.154 110.426 111.438 112.467 112.556 Imports ................................. 18 118.685 105.987 105.829 111.178 114.468 112.189 109.892 Goods............................... 19 119.603 104.908 104.609 110.586 114.432 111.588 108.970 Services ........................... 20 113.921 110.711 111.191 113.662 114.362 114.824 114.164 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 115.008 114.644 114.635 115.067 116.358 116.607 116.734 Federal ................................. 22 111.119 110.895 110.717 111.142 112.376 112.616 112.719 National defense............... 23 112.109 111.342 111.157 111.594 113.051 113.381 113.494 Nondefense ...................... 24 109.077 109.984 109.820 110.220 110.995 111.050 111.135 State and local...................... Addendum:25117.348116.892116.999117.435118.762119.016119.160Gross national product .........26 108.626 109.609 109.744 109.664 109.950 110.479 .............Line2008 2009 2009 2010 III IV I II III Gross domestic product Personal consumption 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 expenditures ....................... 2 70.3 70.8 71.1 71.0 70.8 70.6 70.4 Goods ................................... 3 23.5 22.9 23.2 23.2 23.4 23.2 23.1 Durable goods .................. 4 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 Nondurable goods ............ 5 16.0 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 15.8 15.8 Services................................Gross private domestic6 46.8 48.0 47.9 47.8 47.4 47.4 47.3 investment ...........................7 14.6 11.3 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.6 12.9 Fixed investment...................8 14.9 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.7 12.1 12.0 Nonresidential................... 9 11.6 9.7 9.5 9.3 9.3 9.6 9.8 Structures ..................... 10 4.1 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 Equipment and software 11 7.5 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.1 Residential ........................ 12 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.2 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 –0.3 –0.9 –1.0 –0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 services ............................... 14 –4.9 –2.7 –2.9 –3.0 –3.3 –3.7 –3.8 Exports ................................. 15 12.8 11.2 11.2 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.5 Goods ............................... 16 9.0 7.5 7.6 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.7 Services............................ 17 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 Imports.................................. 18 17.8 13.9 14.1 14.8 15.5 16.2 16.3 Goods ............................... 19 15.0 11.2 11.4 12.1 12.8 13.4 13.5 Services............................ Government consumptionexpenditures and gross20 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 investment ........................... 21 20.0 20.6 20.8 20.6 20.5 20.5 20.5 Federal.................................. 22 7.5 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 National defense............... 23 5.1 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 Nondefense ...................... 24 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 State and local ......................2512.512.612.612.412.312.212.1November 2010 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS D–5 Table 1.1.11. Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change From Quarter One Year Ago[Percent]Line2009 2010III IV I II IIIGross domestic product.............................................................................................. 1 –2.7 0.2 2.4 3.0 3.1 Personal consumption expenditures ................................................................................. 2 –0.9 0.2 0.8 1.7 1.9 Goods................................................................................................................................. 3 –1.0 2.3 3.2 4.5 3.4 Durable goods................................................................................................................ 4 –1.3 4.8 5.8 8.4 5.1 Nondurable goods.......................................................................................................... 5 –0.9 1.1 2.1 2.7 2.6 Services ............................................................................................................................. 6 –0.8 –0.8 –0.4 0.4 1.2 Gross private domestic investment.................................................................................... 7 –24.0 –9.6 10.5 23.3 23.5 Fixed investment ................................................................................................................ 8 –18.6 –12.9 –2.0 5.1 5.1 Nonresidential ................................................................................................................ 9 –17.8 –12.7 –0.8 5.2 8.1 Structures................................................................................................................... 10 –21.7 –26.5 –20.1 –15.6 –11.9 Equipment and software ............................................................................................ 11 –15.8 –4.9 9.515.717.8 Residential ..................................................................................................................... 12 –21.4 –13.4 –6.3 4.8 –6.2 Change in private inventories............................................................................................. 13 ................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................. Net exports of goods and services .................................................................................... 14 ................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ .................................Exports............................................................................................................................... 15 –11.0 –0.1 11.4 14.1 12.2 Goods ............................................................................................................................ 16 –13.8 –0.2 14.4 18.7 14.7 Services ......................................................................................................................... 17 –4.6 0.3 5.1 4.9 7.1 Imports ............................................................................................................................... 18 –14.1 –7.2 6.2 17.4 16.3 Goods ............................................................................................................................ 19 –16.0 –7.3 7.9 20.8 18.5 Services ......................................................................................................................... 20 –4.3 –7.0 –0.8 3.2 6.3 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ..................................... 21 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.6 1.1 Federal ............................................................................................................................... 22 5.7 3.6 5.5 4.1 4.9 National defense ............................................................................................................ 23 5.2 3.3 5.6 3.4 3.3 Nondefense.................................................................................................................... 246.74.55.15.58.2 State and local ................................................................................................................... 25 –1.1 –1.0 –1.5 –1.6 –1.4 Addenda:Final sales of domestic product.......................................................................................... 26 –2.0 –0.3 0.9 1.1 1.1 Gross domestic purchases................................................................................................. 27 –3.6 –0.9 1.9 3.8 4.0 Final sales to domestic purchasers.................................................................................... 28 –2.9 –1.40.51.92.1 Gross national product ....................................................................................................... 29 –2.9 0.5 2.8 3.4 .................................Real disposable personal income ...................................................................................... 30 1.1 0.4 0.70.31.6 Price indexes (Chain–type):Gross domestic purchases ............................................................................................ 31 –1.1 0.5 1.51.41.3 Gross domestic purchases excluding food and energy 1 ............................................... 32 0.2 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 Gross domestic product ................................................................................................. 33 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.2 Gross domestic product excluding food and energy 1.................................................... 34 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 Personal consumption expenditures .............................................................................. 35 –0.7 1.5 2.4 1.9 1.4 Personal consumption expenditures excluding food and energy 1................................. 36 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.3 Market-based PCE 2 ...................................................................................................... 37 –0.6 1.5 2.2 1.7 1.2 Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 2 ........................................................... 38 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.01. Food excludes personal consumption expenditures for purchased meals and beverages, which are classified in food services.2. Market-based PCE is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most imputed transactions (for example, financial services furnished without payment) and the final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households.N OTE. Percent changes for real estimates are calculated from corresponding quantity indexes presented in NIP A tables 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.4.3, and 1.7.3. Percent changes in price estimates are calculated from corresponding price indexes presented in NIPA tables 1.1.4, 1.6.4, and 2.3.4.Table 1.2.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in RealGross Domestic Product by Major Type of Product[Percent]Line 2008 2009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates2009 2010III IV I II IIIGross domestic product.............................................................................................. 1 0.0 –2.6 1.6 5.0 3.7 1.7 2.0 Final sales of domestic product ................................................................................. 2 0.5 –2.1 0.4 2.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 Change in private inventories..................................................................................... 3 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Goods.................................................................................................................................... 4 –0.5 –3.8 6.8 23.9 19.5 –0.8 3.6 Final sales...................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 –1.6 2.0 11.0 8.6 –3.7 –1.7 Change in private inventories......................................................................................... 6 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Durable goods.................................................................................................................... 7 –0.9 –10.0 15.2 16.3 33.3 11.2 7.0 Final sales...................................................................................................................... 8 0.9 –5.4 5.9 4.0 11.2 5.3 3.0 Change in private inventories 1 ...................................................................................... 9 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Nondurable goods.............................................................................................................. 10 0.0 3.2 –0.6 31.7 7.4 –11.8 0.1 Final sales...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 2.6 –1.9 18.5 6.0 –12.2 –6.4 Change in private inventories 1 ...................................................................................... 12 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Services 2.............................................................................................................................. 13 1.5 –0.2 –0.2 0.8 0.0 1.9 2.4 Structures ............................................................................................................................. 14 –7.9 –16.6 –0.1 –15.9 –15.2 10.6 –7.2 Addenda:Motor vehicle output........................................................................................................... 15 –18.6 –24.7 145.5 13.7 42.3 –2.7 21.2 Gross domestic product excluding motor vehicle output.................................................... 16 0.5 –2.1 0.0 4.8 3.0 1.8 1.6 Final sales of computers 3 ................................................................................................. 17 26.5 5.0 –4.0 17.3 19.2 5.3 55.4 Gross domestic product excluding final sales of computers .............................................. 18 –0.1 –2.7 1.6 5.0 3.7 1.7 1.8 Gross domestic purchases excluding final sales of computers to domestic purchasers.... 19 –1.3 –3.7 2.8 2.6 3.9 4.9 3.9 Final sales of domestic product, current dollars................................................................. 20 2.7 –1.1 1.2 1.82.12.92.81. Estimates for durable goods and nondurable goods for 1996 and earlier periods are based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC); later estimates for these industries are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).2. Includes government consumption expenditures, which are for services (such as education and national defense) produced by government. In current dollars, these services are valued at their cost of production.3. Some components of final sales of computers include computer parts.。
Emulsions乳剂
Section 10EmulsionsBy Drs. Pardeep K. Gupta, Clyde M. Ofner and Roger L. SchnaareTable of Contents Emulsions (1)Table of Contents (1)Introduction and Background (3)Definitions (3)Types of Emulsions (3)Formation of an Emulsion (4)Determination of Emulsion Type (4)Miscibility or Dilution Test (4)Staining or Dye Test (4)Electrical Conductivity Test (4)Physical State of Emulsions (5)Pharmaceutical Application of Emulsions (5)Formulations (6)Typical Ingredients (6)Drug (6)Oil Phase (6)Aqueous Phase (6)Thickening Agents (6)Sweeteners (6)Preservative (6)Buffer (7)Flavor (7)Color (7)Sequestering Agents (7)Humectants (7)Antioxidants (7)Emulsifiers (7)Guidelines (7)Type of Emulsion Desired (7)Toxicity (8)Method of Preparation (8)Typical Formulas (8)Cod Liver Oil Emulsion (polysaccharide emulsifier) (8)Protective Lotion (divalent soap emulsifier) (8)Benzoyl Benzoate Emulsion (emulsifying wax emulsifier) (8)Barrier Cream (soap emulsifier) (9)Cold Cream (soap emulsifier) (9)All Purpose Cream (synthetic surfactant emulsifier) (9)Emulsifiers (10)Natural Products (10)Polysaccharides (10)Sterols (10)Phospholipids (10)Surfactants (10)Anionic Surfactants (11)Soaps (11)Detergents (11)Cationic Surfactants (11)Nonionic Surfactants (11)Finely Divided Solids (12)Methods to Prepare Emulsions (13)Classical Gum Methods (13)Dry Gum Method (13)Wet Gum Method (13)“In Situ” Soap Method (13)Lime Water/Vegetable Oil Emulsions (13)Other Soaps (13)With Synthetic Surfactants (13)Required HLB of the Oil Phase (14)HLB of Surfactant Mixtures (14)Emulsion Stability (15)Sedimentation or Creaming (15)Factors - Stoke’s Law (15)Droplet Size (15)Density Difference (15)The Gravitational Constant, g (15)Viscosity (15)Breaking or Cracking (16)Thermodynamics of Emulsions (17)Microemulsions (18)References (19)Selected Readings (19)Introduction and BackgroundDefinitionsEmulsions are pharmaceutical preparations consisting of at least two immiscible liquids.Due to the lack of mutual solubility, one liquid is dispersed as tiny droplets in the other liquid to form an emulsion. Therefore,emulsions belong to the group of prepara-tions known as disperse systems.The USP also defines several dosage forms that are essentially emulsions but historically are referred to by other names. For example;Lotions are fluid emulsions orsuspensions intended for external application.Creams are viscous liquid or semi-solid emulsions of either an oil-in-water (O/W) or the water-in-oil (W/O) type. They are ordinarily used topically. The term cream is applied most frequently to soft, cosmetically acceptable types of preparations.Microemulsions are emulsions withextremely small droplet sizes and usually require a high concentration of surfactant for stability. They can also be regarded as isotropic, swollen micellar systems.Multiple emulsions are emulsions that have been emulsified a second time,consequently containing three phases. They may be water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) or oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O).Fluid emulsions are generally composed of discrete, observable liquid droplets in a fluid media, while semi-solid emulsions generally have a complex, more disorganized structure.The liquid which is dispersed as droplets iscalled as the dispersed , discontinuous or internal phase, and the liquid in which thedispersion is suspended is the dispersion medium or the continuous or external phase.For example, if olive oil is shaken with water,it breaks up into small globules andbecomes dispersed in water. In this case the oil is the internal phase, and water is the external phase.The dispersed particles or globules can range in size from less than 1 µm up to 100 µm. An emulsion is rarely a monodis-perse system, e.g., all the particles are rarely of the same size. A typical emulsion contains a distribution of many sizes, making it a polydisperse system.Types of EmulsionsBased on the nature of the internal (or exter-nal) phase, emulsions are of two types; oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O). In an O/W type the oil phase is dispersed in the aqueous phase, while the opposite is true in W/O emulsions. Figure 1 depicts these two types of emulsions.Figure 1: Representation of Two Types of EmulsionsO/W Emulsion W/O Emulsion (water black)(oil white)When two immiscible phases are shaken together, either type of emulsion can result.However, this result is not random, but is dependent primarily on two factors; most importantly the type of emulsifier used and secondly the relative ratio of the aqueous and oil phases (phase volume ratio). The emulsifiers and their role in the type of emulsion are discussed in detail later in this chapter.In terms of the phase volume ratio, the percent of the internal phase is generally less than 50%, although emulsions can have internal phase volume percent as high as 75%. Uniform spheres, when packed in a rhombohedral geometry occupy approxi-mately 75% of the total volume. Phase volumes higher than 75% require that the droplets of dispersed phase be distorted into geometric shapes other than perfect spheres. Although it is rare to find emulsions with higher than 75% internal volume, phase volumes of over 90% have been reportedin literature.Formation of an EmulsionWhen two immiscible liquids are placedin contact with each other, they form two separate layers. The liquid with higher density forms the lower layer and the one with lower density forms the upper layer. When this two-layer system is shaken vigorously, one of the layers disperses in the other liquid forming an unstable emul-sion. If left unstirred, the dispersed phase comes together and coalesces into larger drops until the layers become separate again. If no other ingredient is added, this process of separation is usually completein a matter of a few minutes to a few hours. Therefore, a liquid dispersion is inherently an unstable system.However, when an emulsifier is present in the system, it reduces the interfacial tension between the two liquids and forms a physical barrier between droplets, hence lowers the total energy of the system(see discussion on Thermodynamics of Emulsions), thereby reducing the tendency of the droplets to come together and coalesce. Consequently, the globules ofthe internal phase may remain intact for long periods of time, forming a “stable”emulsion. It should be noted, however,that even with an emulsifier, an emulsionis a thermodynamically unstable system and will eventually revert to bulk phases. The time required for this process is determined by kinetics.Determination of Emulsion TypeSeveral tests can be used to determine whether a given emulsion is an O/W or W/O type. These are as follows:Miscibility or Dilution TestThis method is based on the fact that an emulsion can be diluted freely with a liquid of the same kind as its external phase. Typically, a small amount of the emulsion is added to a relatively large volume of water and the mixture is stirred. If the emulsion disperses in water, it is considered to bean O/W type emulsion. If, however, the emulsion remains undispersed, it is a W/O type emulsion.Staining or Dye TestThis test is based on the fact that if a dye is added to an emulsion and the dye is soluble only in the internal phase, the emulsion contains colored droplets dispersed inthe colorless external phase. This can be confirmed by observing a drop of emulsion under a low power microscope. An example of such a dye is scarlet red, which is an oil soluble dye. When added to an O/W type emulsion, followed by observation under the microscope, bright red colored oil drops in an aqueous phase can be seen clearly. Electrical Conductivity TestThis test is based on the fact that onlythe aqueous phase can conduct electrical current. Thus, when a voltage is applied across a liquid, a significant amount of electrical current will flow only when the path of the current is through a continuous aqueous phase. Since oil is a non-conductor of electricity, when tested for conductivity, a W/O type emulsion will show insignificant current flow.Often times a single test may not be conclu-sive. In such circumstances, more than one test may need to be carried out to confirm the emulsion type.Physical State of EmulsionsMost emulsions are either liquid or semi-solid at room temperature. In general, due to their high viscosity, the semi-solid emulsions are relatively more physically stable. Liquid emulsions are more commonly compounded for internal use, while semisolids are usually for external use or for use in body cavities (rectal or vaginal).Other terms commonly used to describe emulsions are lotion and cream . The term lotion refers to a disperse system that flows freely under the force of gravity. A cream is a product that does not flow freely under the force of gravity. It should be noted, however,that these terms are meaningful only when the product is at room temperature. A cream product may behave like a lotion with a temperature increase of a few degrees. The physical state of the final product is also influenced by its intended use. For example suntan lotions are dispensed as lotions instead of creams because they need to be applied on large body surface. Lotion form makes it easy to pour and spread the product. For application over a small portion of skin, a cream is the preferred form of an emulsion.Pharmaceutical Applications of Emulsions There are several reasons for formulation of a product as an emulsion. These include the following:•To disguise the taste or smell of oils or oil soluble drugs. These emulsions are normally O/W types with the aqueous phase containing sweeteners and flavoring agents to mask the poor taste of oils. An O/W type of emulsionalso makes it easy to rinse off the residual dose from the mouth and does not leave an oily taste. Mineral oil and cod liver oil are emulsified for this reason.•To improve the absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Oil soluble drugs may not be soluble enough to be absorbed efficiently. An example of such a drug is cyclosporin, which is dispensed as a microemulsion. •To deliver nutrients and vitamins by intravenous injection. Intralipid is an emulsion product for administering an oil by the IV route.•To serve as a vehicle for the topical administration of a variety of drugs.Kb is the binding constant of the preservative with the surfactantSweeteners are added to emulsions to produce a more palatable preparation, toand sorbitol.AntioxidantsAntioxidants are often added to prevent oxidation of vegetable oils and/or the active drug.Table 1. Typical AntioxidantsEmulsifiersEmulsifiers are substances that have the ability to concentrate at the surface of a liquid or interface of two liquids, many of them reducing the surface or interfacial tension. Those emulsifiers that reduce surface tension are also called surfactants .Emulsifiers in general are discussed inmore detail in a later section of this chapter.GuidelinesBefore selecting a formula for an emulsion,one needs to consider several factors.These are listed below.Type of Emulsion DesiredSince O/W emulsions are more pleasant to touch and swallow, they are generally preferred. Preparations for internal use are almost always O/W type products.Externally used emulsions may be of either type. Creams and lotions that are used primarily to provide oil to the skin need to be W/O due to high concentration of oils in these preparations.The equation shows that the effective concentration in the aqueous phase will always be a fraction of the total concentration.Solvents such as alcohol, glycerin and propylene glycol are often used as apreservative at concentrations approaching 10%. See Table 5, Typical Preservatives in Section 9 of this manual.BufferMany chemical buffer systems have been used in emulsions to control the pH. The optimal pH is chosen to ensure activity of the emulsifier, control stability of the drug and to ensure compatibility and stability of other ingredients.FlavorFlavoring agents enhance patient accept-ance of the product, which is particularly important for pediatric patients.ColorColorants are intended to provide a more aesthetic appearance to the final product.Emulsions are generally not colored with the exception of some topical products. Sequestering AgentsSequestering agents may be necessary to bind metal ions in order to control oxidative degradation of either the drug or other ingredients. HumectantsHumectants are water soluble polyols that prevent or hinder the loss of water from semi-solid emulsions, i.e., topical creams.They also contribute to the solvent proper-ties of the aqueous phase and contribute to the sweetness of oral preparations. The most common are glycerin, propylene glycolToxicityMost emulsifiers are not suitable for internal use. For orally given emulsions, acacia is commonly used as an emulsifying agent.Taste is another factor in selection ofingredients. In this regard, most polysaccha-rides are tasteless and, hence, suitable from a taste standpoint.Method of PreparationSoaps and acacia are excellent forextemporaneous preparations. While soaps allow the preparation to be made by simply mixing the ingredients and shaking, acacia can be used in a pestle and mortar to prepare emulsions.Typical FormulasCod Liver Oil Emulsion (polysaccharide emulsifier)Preparationing a ratio of 4:2:1 for oil, water and gums(both combined), prepare a primary emulsion by dry gum method. (See Methods to Prepare Emulsions on page 13.)2.Dilute with water to a flowable consistency andpour in a measuring device.3.Add alcohol diluted with equal volume of water,followed by the benzaldehyde and saccharin sodium.4.Dilute to volume (200 mL) with waterPreparation1.Add benzyl benzoate to the wax in a beakerand heat in a water bath until the wax melts and the temperature reaches 60°C.2.In a separate beaker, add an appropriate volumeof water and heat to the same temperature.3.Add the water to the oil phase with continuousstirring.4.Continue to stir until the mixture begins tothicken and cools to room temperature.Preparation1.Mix the two powders in a mortar and trituratewell, taking care that all the lumps and large particles have been reduced.2.Then add oil slowly with constant trituration untilall the oil has been added. Triturate to form a smooth paste.3.Then add the limewater and triturate briskly toform the emulsion.Note: The emulsifier, calcium oleate (from limewater and olive oil), preferentially forms O/W emulsions.Protective Lotion (divalent soap emulsifier)Benzyl Benzoate Emulsion (emulsifying wax emulsifier)Preparation1.Mix the paraffins, cetostearyl alcohol andstearic acid in a beaker and heat in a water bath to about 60°C.2.Heat water and chlorocresol together to thesame temperature.3.Add the aqueous phase to the oil phase andstir until congealed and cooled to room temperature.Note:The emulsifier is triethanolamine stearate formed in situ.Preparation1.Melt the sorbitan monostearate and stearicacid in the liquid paraffin and cool to 60°C. 2.Mix the sorbitol solution, preservatives,polysorbate 60 and water and heat to the temperature of the oil mixture.3.Add the aqueous solution to the oil phase andstir until it has congealed and cooled to room temperature.Note:Propylene glycol serves as a solvent for the preservatives.Preparation1.Mix and melt the wax and paraffin together.2.Dissolve borax in water and heat both containerson a water bath to 70°C.3.Add the aqueous phase to the oil phase andstir until it has congealed and cooled to room temperature.Note:The fatty acid in white beeswax reacts with borax (sodium borate) to make a sodium soap which acts as an W/O type emulsifier.Barrier Cream (soap emulsifier)All Purpose Cream (synthetic surfactant emulsifier)Cold Cream (soap emulsifier)Surfactants or surface active agents are molecules that consist of two distinct parts,a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head group. They are generally classified based on the hydrophilic properties of the head group (ionic charge, polarity, etc.). Since the hydrophobic chains do not vary much in their properties, the nature of surfactants is dependent mainly on the head group structure.A common problem with sterol-containing emulsifiers is that being complex mixtures of natural substances, they are prone to variability in their quality and, hence, performance. Also, these agents usually contain some degree of an odor, which varies with the purity and source. Some semi-synthetic substitutes are available that seek to overcome some of the problems associated with these agents.There are of basically three types of emulsifiers: natural products, surface active agents (surfactants), and finely divided solids. Based on whether a stable emulsion can be produced, emulsifiers are also classified either as primary emulsifying agents which produce stable emulsions by themselves, or secondary emulsifying agents (stabilizers) which help primary emulsifiers to form a more stable emulsion.of cholesterol. Cholesterol itself is a very efficient emulsifier and produces W/O type emulsions. Consequently, its use is limited to topical preparations such as Hydrophilic Petrolatum USP which readily absorbs water forming a W/O cream. Woolfat or lanolin contains a considerable amount of choles-terol esters and can absorb up to 50% of its own weight of water.This group of emulsifiers, which numbers in the hundreds, contain a polyoxyethylene chain as the polar head group. They arenonionic and, thus, are compatible with ionic compounds and are less susceptible to pH changes. There are several such surfactants official in the USP/NF , typified by sorbitan monooleate (a partial ester of lauric acid with sorbitol), polysorbate 80(polyoxyethyl-ene 20 sorbitan monooleate) which contains 20 oxyethylene units copolymerized sorbitanAmine soaps consist of an amine, such as triethanolamine, in the presence of a fatty acid. These surfactants are viscous solutions and produce O/W type emulsions. They offer the advantage that the final pH of the preparations is generally close to neutral,and, therefore, allows their use on skin for extended periods of time.monooleate) and polyoxyl 40 stearate(a mixture of stearic acid esters with mixed poloxyethylene diols equivalent to about40 oxyethylene units).The large number of nonionic emulsifiers results from the large number of possible combinations of various alkyl groups with polyoxyethylene chains of varying lengths. Compounds with saturated and/or large alkyl groups, such as stearyl, tend to be solids or semisolids while oleyl (also large, but unsaturated) compounds tend to be liquids. Also, the longer the polyoxyethylene chain, the higher the melting point.To characterize such a large number of compounds, they are each assigned an HLB number. The HLB number or hydrophile-lipophile balance, is a measure of the relative hydrophilic vs lipophilic character of the molecule as determined by the relative size of the polyoxyethylene chain vs the alkyl group. HLB numbers range from 0 for a pure hydrocarbon to 20 for a pure poly-oxyethylene chain. Some typical valuesare listed in Table 3.Ionic surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, were not included in the original definition of the HLB system but have been included as the HLB system was developed. The HLB number of 40 for sodium lauryl sulfate is outside of the range of 0 to 20 and simply means that sodium lauryl sulfate is much more soluble or hydrophilic thana pure polyoxyethylene chain.Table 3. Typical HLB Numbersof EmulsifiersFinely Divided SolidsFinely divided solids function as emulsifiers because of their small particle size. Fine particles tend to concentrate at a liquid-liquid interface, depending on their wetability, and form a particulate film around the dispersed droplets. They are seldom used as the primary emulsifier.phase. The emulsion type will depend on the type of soap formed.Basically the formula is divided into anoil phase and an aqueous phase with the ingredients dissolved in their proper phases (oil or water). The surfactant(s) is added to the phase in which it is most soluble. The oil phase is then added to the aqueous phase with mixing, and the coarse mixture passed through an homogenizer.When waxes or waxy solids are included in the formulation, the use of heat is necessary,as described above.Required HLB of the Oil Phase.It has been found that various oils and lipid materials form stable emulsions withsurfactants that have a certain HLB value.This HLB value is called the required HLB of the oil or lipid. Theoretically, any surfac-tant with the required HLB would produce a stable emulsion with the indicated oil or lipid. Some examples are given in Table 4.Table 4. Required HLB Values for Typical Oils and LipidsHLB of Surfactant MixturesIt may be difficult to find a surfactant with the exact HLB number required for a given oil phase in an emulsion. Fortunately, the HLB numbers have been shown to be additive for a mixture of surfactants. Thus, if one required a surfactant with a HLB of 10, one could use a mixture of sorbitan monooleate (HLB = 4.7) and polysorbate 80 (HLB = 15.6). Such a mixture can be calculated on the basis of a simple weighted average as follows.Suppose 5 g of surfactant mixture is required. Let = the g of sorbitanmonooleate, then 5 = the g of polysorbate 80 required.(4.7)+(5- )(15.6) = 10(5)4.7 + 78.0- 15.6= 10(5)10.9= 28= 2.57 and 5- = 2.43Thus a mixture of 2.57 g of sorbitanmonooleate and 2.43 g of polysorbate 80would have a HLB of 10.Griffin 2described an experimental approach for the formulation of emulsions using synthetic emulsifiers.1.Group the ingredients on the basis of theirsolubilities in the aqueous and oil phases.2.Determine the type of emulsion required andcalculate an approximate required HLB value.3.Blend a low HLB emulsifier and a high HLBemulsifier to the required HLB.4.Dissolve the oil soluble ingredients and the lowHLB emulsifier in the oil phase. Heat, if necessary,to approximately 5 to 10°over the melting point of the highest melting ingredient or to a maximum temperature of 70 to 80°C.5.Dissolve the water soluble ingredients (exceptacids and salts) in a sufficient quantity of water.6.Heat the aqueous phase to a temperature whichis 3 to 5°higher than that of the oil phase.7.Add the aqueous phase to the oil phase withsuitable agitation.8.If acids or salts are employed, dissolve them inwater and add the solution to the cold emulsion.9.Examine the emulsion and make adjustments inthe formulation if the product is unstable. It may be necessary to add more emulsifier, change to an emulsifier with a slightly higher or lower HLB value or to use an emulsifier with different chemical characteristics.In addition to chemical degradation of various components of an emulsion, which can happen in any liquid preparation, emulsions are subject to a variety of physical instabilities. Sedimentation or Creaming Factors - Stoke’s LawCreaming usually occurs in a liquid emulsion since the particle size is generally greater than that of a colloidal dispersion. The rate is described by Stoke’s Law for a single particle settling in an infinite container under the force of gravity as follows:d =d 2(2- 1)gdt 18where:d /d t= the sedimentation rate in distance/time d = droplet diameter 2= droplet density1= emulsion medium density g = acceleration due to gravity = viscosity of the emulsion mediumSince for most oil phases, 2< 1, then sedimentation will be negative, i.e., the oil droplets will rise forming a creamy whitelayer. While Stoke’s Law does not describe creaming quantitatively in an emulsion, it does provide a clear collection of factors and their qualitative influence on creaming.Droplet SizeReducing droplet size can have a significant effect on creaming rate. Since the diameter is squared in Stoke’s Law, a reduction in size by ¹⁄₂will reduce the creaming rate by (¹⁄₂)2or a factor of 4.Emulsion StabilityDensity DifferenceIf the difference in density between the emulsion droplet and the external phase can be matched, the creaming rate could be reduced to zero. This is almost impossi-ble with most oils and waxy solids used in emulsions.The Gravitational Constant, gThis parameter is not of much interest since it can not be controlled or changed unless in space flight.ViscosityViscosity turns out to be the most readily controllable parameter in affecting the creaming rate. While the viscosity in Stoke’s Law refers to the viscosity of the fluid through which a droplet rises, in reality the viscosity that controls creaming is the viscosity of the entire emulsion. Thus, doubling the viscosity of an emulsion will decrease the creaming rate by a factor of 2.There are three major ways to increase the viscosity of an emulsion:•Increase the concentration of the internal phase•Increase the viscosity of the internal phase by adding waxes and waxy solids to the oil phase.•Increase the viscosity of the external phase by adding a viscosity building agent. Most of the suspending agents described in the Suspensions Section in this manual have been used for this purpose.Creaming does not usually occur in a semi-solid emulsion.Breaking or CrackingThis problem arises when the dispersed globules come together and coalesce to form larger globules. As this process continues, the size of the globules increases, making it easier for them to coalesce. This eventually leads to separation of the oil and water phases. For cracking to occur, the barrier that normally holds globules apart has to break down. Some of the factorsthat contribute to cracking are as follows:•Insufficient or wrong kind of emulsifier in the system.•Addition of ingredients that inactivate the emulsifier. Incompatible ingredients may show their effect over a period of time.An example of such an incompatibilitywill be to use large anions in thepresence of cationic emulsifier.•Presence of hardness in water. The calcium and magnesium present in hard water can replace a part of the alkalisoap with divalent soap. Since thesesoaps form different kinds of emulsions, phase inversion usually takes place.•Low viscosity of the emulsion •Exposure to high temperatures can also accelerate the process of coalescence.This is due to the fact that at an elevated temperature, the collisions between theglobules can overcome the barrier tocoalescence, thereby increasing thechance that a contact between twoparticles will lead to their fusion.Temperature may have an adverse effect on the activity of emulsifiers, particularly if these are proteinaceous in nature.However, this usually happens at temper-atures higher than 50°C. Conversely, areduction in temperature to the point that the aqueous phase freezes also will break the emulsion.•An excessive amount of the internal phase makes an emulsion inherently less stable because there is a greater chance of globules coming together.Cracking is the most serious kind of physical instability of an emulsion. Cracking of an emulsion usually renders it useless. In creams, the problem of cracking may show up as tearing. This is a process where one phase separates and appears like drops on top of the cream.The basic difference between creamingand cracking is that the globules in creaming do not coalesce to form larger particles. Therefore, creaming is a less serious problem and most preparations that show creaming can be shaken to redisperse the internal phase to its original state. A com-mon example of creaming is the formation of cream on top of whole milk due to collection of emulsified fat of the milk. This problem is solved by homogenizing the milk to reduce the particle size of dispersed fat, thereby reducing the rate at which they travel tothe surface.。
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IFS 应用系统功能概要......................................................................................................................................10 IFS 应用系统 ......................................................................................................................................................10
国际MIM技术和中国MIM技术发展历程
海美格磁石技术（深圳）有限公司（以下简称“海美格”）系由有着多年NdFeB磁体生产经验的台湾海恩科技股份公司于2001年投资兴建，2003年经资产重组后成为安泰科技（2000年深交所上市，股票代码：000969）的控股子公司，专业生产粘结NdFeB磁铁的现代化生产企业。
海美格于2008年成立深圳市安泰海美格金属有限公司（以下简称“安泰海美格”），专业从事金属注射成型（以下简称“MIM”）产品的研发和大批量制造。
安泰海美格以国际领先的MIM技术和德国进口CATAMOLD喂料为基础，为全球各业的客户提供大批量、高品质、合理价位的MIM产品。
今天，安泰海美格在中国MIM行业中取得多方面的突出表现。
海美格地处中国最具活力的珠三角地区，凭借大规模生产能力、健全高效的后续配套能力，可以承接粘结NdFeB磁铁产品和MIM产品的大批量、高要求的产品定单。
海美格已经与LG、三洋、松下、三星、OKI、BROTHER、亚马逊、美国新飞通、伟迪捷、伟创力等多家跨国公司建立了战略合作关系，目前月产接粘接钕铁硼磁铁产品超过26,000KPCS、各类MIM零部件超过2,000KPCS，其中MIM产线在2011年4月份再次扩产后注射设备超过24台、脱脂烧结设备超过24台，实际年产能将达到100吨以上，在中国MIM行业中居领先地位。
海美格以国际先进的技术、健全高效的配套能力、国内一流的制造能力与服务水准，陆续与国际上各行业翘楚企业战略合作，为客户提供自产品设计、产品开发、小批量试产到大批量生产的一站式解决方案，为客户的最终产品的竞争能力提供强有力的战略支撑，海美格在此恭候各行业翘楚企业莅临指导、建立合作共赢的战略发展关系。
公司位于交通便利、经济发达、制造业实力雄厚的珠三角窗口城市——广东省深圳市，与主要客户形成毗邻辐射的格局。
公司贴近市场、信息渠道广泛、出口通道畅通，能及时掌握行业动态、快速响应市场需求、迅捷提供产品服务。
安泰海美格于2008年下半年正式进行产业化运行，采用国际最先进的德国CATAMOL喂料体系进行MIM产品开发和生产，为全球各业的客户提供大批量、高品质、合理价位的MIM产品。
IMDS 培训
Appl. rel. subst. (应用相关的物质) 这些列表可以用来对显示的成份进行过滤或运用在对材料数据表/组件单元的 分析当中(使用证明). 目前IMDS使用 GADSL 作为其默认的物质清单. 物质属 性 "需申报"(英文 "duty-to-declare") 和 "禁止的" (英文 "prohibited") 总是参照 该表来显示, 与用户所选的物质清单无关. 通过该物质清单IMDS用户可以为其 产品中用到的危险物质建立一套管理系统以便能够查询产品的当前状态. 不管 是在设计阶段还是在产品的寿命终期这些都是很重要的. 在产品的寿命终期, 来自IMDS的数据有助于实现自2015年起回收利用率为95%的要求.
GADSL (Global Automotive Declarable Substance List ) GADSL 是多年来全球范围内的汽车工业, 配件供应商以及 化学/塑料工业的代表们共同努力的结果. 由他们联合成立 的 Global Automotive Stakeholders Group (GASG, 全球 汽车营运组织), 其目的是就汽车生产过程中所用特定物质 为贯穿整个供应链的相互沟通和信息交流提供便利. GADSL 只包含那些在销售时间汽车材料或部件中所含或 预期含有的物质. GADSL 不受 IMDS 支配并从2005年开始融入了 OEM 的 标准. 对于 IMDS 的用户来说这意味着, GADSL 是在对须 申报物质进行检测时唯一所要核对的清单. 与之相应, 目前 所有 IMDS 的准则和其他有关文件正在更新当中.