Physics Laboratory Report-6
双语标识
填报单位：江夏四中联系人：鲁辉联系电话：87952004
序号
设置地点
中文
英文
正确英文
汉语拼音（字样）
备注
1
办公室
Office
SchoolOffice
2
副校长室
Vice-President’s Office
Vice Principle
3
书记室
Secretary of the chamber
Party Secretary
4
校长室
Principal’s office
Principal
5
接待室
Reception
正确
6
小会议室
Meeting rooms
Meeting Room
7
九年级办公室（6）
Ninth-grade group of office(6)
Teachers’ Office 6,Grade 9
Clinic
正确
21
化学实验室（1）
Chemical Laboratory(1)
Chemistry Laboratory (1)
22
化学准备室(1)
Chemical Preparation Room(1)
Chemistry Experiment Preparation Room
23
内保室
Internal security room
Internal Security
24
总务处
General Office
General Services
25
综合组
Integrated Group
大学物理实验的英语教材
大学物理实验的英语教材University Physics Laboratory: English TextbookIntroduction:The aim of this English textbook is to provide comprehensive guidance and instructions for university physics laboratory experiments. The textbook covers a wide range of topics, including fundamental laws and principles, experimental techniques, data analysis, and safety precautions. By following this textbook, students will enhance their laboratory skills, develop a deeper understanding of physics concepts, and improve their English proficiency.Chapter 1: Introduction to Laboratory Equipment1.1 Laboratory Safety1.2 Basic Laboratory Equipment1.2.1 Glassware and Containers1.2.2 Measuring Instruments1.2.3 Electrical Equipment1.2.4 Advanced EquipmentChapter 2: Measurement Techniques2.1 Units and Dimensions2.2 Uncertainty and Error Analysis2.3 Measurement Tools and Techniques2.3.1 Length Measurement2.3.2 Time Measurement2.3.3 Mass Measurement2.3.4 Temperature Measurement2.3.5 Other Important MeasurementsChapter 3: Experiments on Mechanics3.1 Introduction to Mechanics3.2 Experimental Procedures for Newton's Laws3.2.1 Experiment 1: Force and Motion3.2.2 Experiment 2: Frictional Forces3.3 Experiment on Gravitation3.3.1 Experiment 3: Gravitational Force and Acceleration due to Gravity 3.4 Experiment on Simple Harmonic Motion3.4.1 Experiment 4: Pendulum MotionChapter 4: Experiments on Optics4.1 Introduction to Optics4.2 Experiments on Geometrical Optics4.2.1 Experiment 5: Reflection4.2.2 Experiment 6: Refraction4.3 Experiments on Wave Optics4.3.1 Experiment 7: Interference of Light4.3.2 Experiment 8: Diffraction of LightChapter 5: Experiments on Electricity and Magnetism 5.1 Introduction to Electricity and Magnetism5.2 Experiments on DC Circuits5.2.1 Experiment 9: Ohm's Law and Resistors5.2.2 Experiment 10: Kirchhoff's Laws and DC Circuits 5.3 Experiments on Magnetism and Electromagnetism 5.3.1 Experiment 11: Magnetic Fields and Forces5.3.2 Experiment 12: Electromagnetic Induction Chapter 6: Experiments on Modern Physics6.1 Introduction to Modern Physics6.2 Experiments on Atomic and Nuclear Physics6.2.1 Experiment 13: Radioactivity and Half-Life6.2.2 Experiment 14: Atomic Spectra and Energy Levels 6.3 Experiments on Quantum Mechanics6.3.1 Experiment 15: Wave-Particle Duality6.3.2 Experiment 16: Photoelectric EffectChapter 7: Data Analysis and Error Propagation7.1 Data Collection and Recording7.2 Data Analysis Techniques7.3 Graphing and Curve Fitting7.4 Error Propagation and ReportingChapter 8: Laboratory Reports and Presentation8.1 Structure of a Laboratory Report8.2 Writing Style and Language8.3 Presenting Experimental Results8.4 Peer Review and FeedbackConclusion:This English textbook for university physics laboratory experiments offers a comprehensive guide for students to conduct practical experiments effectively. With a strong emphasis on safety, accurate measurements, data analysis, and clear reporting, the textbook equips students with the necessary skills to excel in the laboratory. By using this textbook, students will enhance their understanding of physics concepts, improve their English proficiency, and become adept researchers in the field of physics.。
英语作文物理电学实验报告
英语作文物理电学实验报告Physics Experiment Report on Electric Circuits。
Introduction。
Electric circuits are important in our daily lives as they form the basis of all electrical devices. In this experiment, we investigated the behavior of electric circuits, including Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and the behavior of resistors in series and parallel.Materials。
Power supply。
Ammeter。
Voltmeter。
Resistors (varying values)。
Wires。
Breadboard。
Procedure。
1. Set up the circuit as shown in the diagram below, using a breadboard to connect the components.2. Measure the voltage across the resistor using the voltmeter and record the value.3. Measure the current flowing through the resistor using the ammeter and record the value.4. Repeat steps 2-3 for different values of resistors.5. Connect resistors in series and parallel and measure the voltage and current across each resistor.Results。
CMIP6_模式对欧亚大陆冬季雪水当量的模拟能力评估及未来预估
陈红, 史学丽. 2024. CMIP6模式对欧亚大陆冬季雪水当量的模拟能力评估及未来预估[J]. 气候与环境研究, 29(1): 75−89. CHEN Hong, SHI Xueli. 2024. Evaluation and Projection of the Eurasian Winter Snow Water Equivalent Based on CMIP6 Models [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 29 (1): 75−89. doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2023.23005CMIP6模式对欧亚大陆冬季雪水当量的模拟能力评估及未来预估陈红 1 史学丽 2, 31 中国科学院大气物理研究所，北京 1000292 中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心，北京 1000813 中国气象局地球系统数值预报重点开放实验室，北京 100081摘 要 基于第六次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的模式模拟数据和欧洲宇航局GlobSnow卫星遥感雪水当量（Snow Water Equivalent, SWE）资料，评估了CMIP6耦合模式对 1981～2014 年欧亚大陆冬季SWE的模拟能力，并应用多模式集合平均结果预估了 21 世纪欧亚大陆SWE的变化情况。
结果表明，CMIP6耦合模式对冬季欧亚大陆中高纬度SWE空间分布具有较好的再现能力，能模拟出欧亚大陆中高纬度SWE的主要分布特征；耦合模式对SWE变化趋势及经验正交函数主要模态特征的模拟能力存在较大差异，但多模式集合能提高模式对SWE 变化趋势和主要时空变化特征的模拟能力；此外，多模式集合结果对欧亚大陆冬季SWE与降水、气温的关系也有较好的再现能力。
预估结果表明，21世纪欧亚大陆东北大部分地区的SWE均要高于基准期（1995～2014年），而90°E以西的欧洲大陆SWE基本上呈现减少的特征；21世纪早期，4种不同排放情景下积雪变化的差异不大，但21世纪后期积雪变化的幅度差异较大，而且排放越高积雪变化的幅度越大，模式不确定性也越大；进一步的分析表明，欧亚大陆冬季未来积雪变化特征的空间分布与全球变化背景下局地气温、降水的变化密切相关，高温高湿的条件有利于欧亚大陆东北部积雪的增多。
班牌、处室功能牌(英文翻译)
学生教室（蓝）
学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）
学生教室（蓝）
教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）
教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）
教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）教师用室（白）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）
学生教室（蓝）学生教室（蓝）。
《大学物理实验》教学大纲（SyllabusofCollegePhysicsExperiment）
《大学物理实验》教学大纲（Syllabus of College PhysicsExperiment）Syllabus of College Physics Experiment(for engineering majors)Course number:Course English Name: Physical experiment of CollegeApplicable Specialty: Engineering Department: water conservancy, power, civil engineering, power machinery, medical department (five year) each professionDepartment of information: Surveying and mapping, remote sensing information, computer science, resources and environmental specialtiesSemester: This course takes two semesters (one, two)Class hour: 54 hoursCredits: 1.5Examination: examination scores of the experimental class with grades and final experimental skills examination of two parts: the scores accounted for 70% (including the report and experiment operation examination) accounted for 30% (including experimental operation and experimental results).Lecture room and teaching and research section: Physics Laboratory Center of physical science and Technology College (1), (two)First, the nature, purpose and task of the courseThe university physics experiment in higher school students in basic training of scientific experiment a compulsory basic course, is the beginning to accept system training experimental skills of students entering college, is an important basis for engineering students to conduct scientific experiments and training. It is the practical teaching link that students turn knowledge into ability through their own practice. It plays an important role in cultivating students' ability to observe, discover, analyze and research problems, and ultimately solve problems by means of experiments. Also for students to carry out scientific research independently, the design of experimental programs, selection, use of equipment and put forward new experimental topics; for further study of subsequent experimental courses to lay a good foundation. Its specific tasks are as follows:1, cultivate and improve students' scientific experimental literacy. Asked students to engage in scientific experiments should be conscientious, meticulous and strict working attitude and style of combining theory with practice, study and active exploration spirit, good discipline, unity and cooperation and take good care of public property.2, learn and master the use of experimental principles, methods to study some physical phenomena, conduct specific tests, drawconclusions, deepen the understanding of the principles of physics.3. Cultivate and improve students' ability of scientific experiment:(1) be able to read textbooks and materials, from the purpose of measurement requirements, the correct understanding of the scientific principles on the basis of good preparation before the experiment;(2) the correct selection and use of common instruments and the determination of reasonable experimental procedures can be carried out with the aid of teaching materials and instrument instructions;(3) basic training of experimental skills, familiar with the working principle, structure, performance, adjustment operation, observation, analysis and troubleshooting of common instruments;(4) good at using physics theory, observing the phenomena (general, normal, individual, abnormal) in experiment, and analyzing and judging the experimental phenomena preliminarily;(5) learn the correct recording and processing of experimental data, according to the requirements of drawing curves, the correct expression of the experimental results, writing experiment report qualified and the analysis of experimental methods, measuring instruments, the surrounding environment,the number of measurements and skills to influence the measurement result;(6) the experimental data can be consulted, and the simple design experiment can be done independently.Two, the course before classAdvanced mathematics and general physicsThree, the basic requirements of curriculum teaching1, in experiment teaching and introduces some appropriate physical experiment for students of the historical development, dialectical materialism, the world outlook and methodology of education, to enable students to understand the importance of scientific experiments, clear the course of physical experiment purpose, status, function and task.2, during the experiment, to educate students to develop good habits of experiment, training scientific style, linking theory with practice and realistic serious attitude and take good care of public property, follow the operating rules, abide by the rules of good moral character.3, the experimental introduction class should give students the basic knowledge of measurement error, uncertainty and experimental data processing, requiring students to master and apply in specific experiments,Cultivate students' ability to correctly analyze experimentalerrors and deal with experimental results.4, through the physical experiment system training, require students to do:(1) finish the experiment preparation before the class, write the preview report of the experiment (ask for self made data record form), conduct the experiment operation independently, and write the experiment report after class.(2) master the adjustment and operation technology of common physics experiment instruments. For example: zero calibration; horizontal, vertical balance adjustment; according to the correct circuit wiring diagram is given; the light path and high alignment etc..(3) master the commonly used experimental methods. Such as comparison method, amplification method, conversion measurement method, simulation method, balance method, compensation method, interference method and so on.(4) the measurement of common physical quantities. For example, length (including micro length and its change), angle, mass, time, force, pressure, temperature, heat, current, voltage, electromotive force, resistance, magnetic induction intensity, wavelength, refractive index, etc..(5) familiar with the performance and usage of common instruments. For example: vernier, micrometer, balance, stopwatch, thermometer (including thermocouple), DC voltage meter, current meter, electric meter, flow, pick up thepotentiometer, sliding rheostat, resistance box, universal oscilloscope, low-frequency signal source, reading microscope and telescope, raler reading spectrometer and the common light source (sodium lamp mercury, light and laser) etc..The design of experiments and comprehensive experiments by 5 students to complete a certain amount (including the modern physics experiment, etc.) determined to make students think, in the experimental method of measuring instrument selection and collocation, the measurement conditions by preliminary training.Four, the main content and specific requirements of the curriculumThis course is divided into introduction, basic experiment (60%), comprehensive and modern physics experiment (25%), design experiment four parts (15%). In the specific teaching arrangements, according to the professional situation and the number of hours of the following parts of the appropriate combination of content.Introduction classThe use of multimedia teaching of the introduction lesson form, measurement error and introduces the basic concepts of uncertainty and experimental results, effective digital processing method of uncertainty estimation, the common data, and the basic procedures and requirements. In the first experiment class, teachers divided classes, explained the experimental data, pre processed knowledge and the firstchapter exercises.Part 1 Basic ExperimentsExperiment 1 gravity acceleration measurementBy measuring the acceleration of gravity free fall 2-12-2 the pendulum is used to measure the acceleration of gravityExperiment 2 optical lever method to measure the young's modulus of steel wireMoment of inertia with torsion pendulum test 3 rigid body experimentExperiment 4 Determination of liquid viscosity coefficientThe surface tension coefficient of 5 by adruption measured liquidExperiment 6 Determination of thermal conductivity of poor conductorExperiment 7 sound velocity measurementExperimental 8 volt ampere method for measuring transistor characteristicsExperiment 9 DC bridge and its applicationThe principle and application of experiment 10 oscilloscopeExperiment 11 simulation of electrostatic fieldExperiment 12 alternating current bridgeExperiment 13 resonance of AC circuitExperiment 14 electromagnetic induction method to measure alternating magnetic fieldExperiment 15 Holzer effectExperiment 16 the measurement of the focal length of thin lensThe adjustment and use of spectrometer in experiment 17Application of equal thickness interference in experiment 18Experiment 19 diffraction gratingExperiment 20 analysis of polarized lightThe second part synthesis and modern physics experimentExperiment 21 measuring Young's modulus of metal by dynamic methodExperiment 22 ultrasonic thickness measurementExperiment 23 using nonlinear circuit to study chaoticphenomenaExperiment 24 unbalanced DC bridge and its application Steady state characteristics of RLC circuit in experiment 25 Transient characteristics of RLC circuit in experiment 26Fourier analysis of square wave electrical signals in experiment 27Experiment 28 Michelson interferometerExperiment 29 ultrasonic gratingExperiment 30 holographyExperiment 31 photoelectric effectExperiment 32 Franck Hertz experimentIn experiment 33, Millikan Oil Drop ExperimentExperiment 34 hydrogen atom spectrumThe third part is the design experimentExperiment 35 determination of the density of soluble particles in waterExperiment 36 measuring the volt ampere characteristic curveof small bulbExperiment 37 measuring the resistance of a given resistance wireExperiment 38 measuring resistance with potential difference meterIn experiment 39, the electromotive force and internal resistance of dry cell were measured by potential difference meterExperiment 40 modification and correction of ammeterExperiment 41 measuring the temperature coefficient of metal resistanceExperiment 42 design and manufacture of small power stabilized voltage power supplyExperiment 43 measuring the temperature characteristics of PN junction temperature sensorDesign and manufacture of digital thermometer in experiment 44Experiment 45 measuring the hysteresis loop of ferromagnetic materials by oscilloscopeExperiment 46 using Holzer device to measure the horizontal component of geomagnetic fieldExperiment 47 synthetic measurement of refractive index of optical materialsAssembly of internal focusing telescope in experiment 48 and determination of magnificationExperiment 49 measuring tiny length by Moire fringeFabrication of holographic grating in experiment 50In experiment 51, the light wavelength of sodium was measured by laser speckle photographyExperiment 52 measurement of optical fiber characteristic parametersExperiment 53 fiber optic temperature sensorExperiment 54 the application of computer in physics experimentLaser Doppler frequency shift measurementFive, teaching implementation and main contentEmphasis on experimental methods is a very important means of scientific research, such as comparative methods, amplification method, conversion measurement method, simulation method, compensation method and interference method used in physics experiments. Make the students realize the importance and necessity of the experiment course. In class, we should use questions and speeches, and take the students'independent operation as the main teaching method. In the course of teaching, we should consciously carry out the education of dialectical materialism and scientific methodology, and appropriately introduce some historical materials of physical experiments.The specific approach is strictly three:Good preview. Before class prepare to inform students to do experiment preparation, put forward request, teachers should check the students' Preview report before the students enter the lab, asked a sample preview the degree and effect of some experimental principle, the use of the equipment, operation steps, measurement of the content, check the students for individual students.Seriously guide the experiment. Before the operation, the teacher first teaches the basic principles of the experiment (theory and formula), the operation essentials and the basic requirements in the experiment, and puts forward the matters needing attention. The whole experiment process is the most active and the most important stage for students, and teachers should seize the opportunity to conduct on-the-spot instruction. With the elicitation method, cultivating students' independent thinking, independent operation, independent observation, analysis and problem solving ability; check the students' operation and reading correctly, guide the students to observe the experiment phenomenon of contact theory, make a rational analysis, and requires students to exclude the general fault, teachers do not require students to engage in rigorous acting on their behalf, students should cherisheducation, strict in demands, equipment, comply with laboratory rules, through the experiment, cultivate students' attitude is rigorous, careful, realistic, bold exploration, scientific experiments style of thinking, teacher to student questions to answer patiently. In the experiment, the student's measurement data should be signed by teachers, and the equipment should be cleaned so that they can leave the laboratory.To read the reports. First check whether the original data with the experiment report (by teacher signature, analysis and preview report) discuss the processing accuracy and data seriouslycritiqued experimental results, experimental report requirements of standardization requirements shall be clean and neat handwriting, with test report sheet. Check the ability of students to properly handle the experimental data (such as the effective number of application and operation, error analysis, the correct expression, curve drawing, answer questions or specify teacher questions) according to the comprehensive score, the experiment report no original data to be eligible.In addition to the normal arrangement of experimental extracurricular activities, we also actively create conditions to expand open experimental projects. This will enable students to use their spare time to prepare and prepare for the laboratory. In order to improve students' interest in physics experiments, and be familiar with the equipment and instruments, as well as the surrounding environment.Setting up designing experiment further.According to the equipment condition and teachers' strength in this room, we can set up the design experiment items. First of all, the questions and requirements are put forward by the teacher, and then the experiment is completed by the students themselves (including the principle, the choice of the instrument, the design of the circuit or light path, the means of operation, etc.). The teacher only serves as a supplementary guide. Designing experimental items is of great benefit to the cultivation of students' ability to think independently, to practice and to handle problems by themselves, which is of great benefit to the initiative to explore the spirit.Some experimental questions require students to use the microcomputer to process the data on the spot and exercise the ability of using computers.Six. Distribution of reference hoursIntroduction class (3 hours), basic experiment (30 hours), comprehensive and Modern Physics (12 hours), design experiment (9 hours)Seven, teaching materials and reference booksZhou Dianqing edited the college physics experiment course, Wuhan University press, January 2005Edited by Pan Shouqing, college physics experiment, Dalian Maritime University press, February 1998Ma Qingmao edited the physics experiment course, Wuhan University of Surveying and Mapping Press, January 1999Shen Yuanhua, Lu Shenlong, editor of basic physics experiment, higher education press, March 2003.College of physical science and technology, Wuhan UniversityPhysics Experiment Center2005.2 revisionOne。
学校标牌翻译(已审校)
翻译内容中学1.校长办公室Head Master’s Office2.副校长办公室Vice Head Master’s Office3.学区主任办公室Director’s Office3.教导处Teaching AffairsOffice4.总务处General Affairs Office5.学生处Students’Affairs Office6.财务处Finance Office7.团委Youth League Committee8.工会Labor Union9.教学楼Teaching Building10.行政楼Administration Building11.实验楼Laboratory Building生物实验室Biology Laboratory化学实验室Chemistry Laboratory物理实验室Physics Laboratory12.食堂Dining Hall13.图书馆Library阅览室Reading Room14.医务室Infirmary15.会议室Meeting Room16.德育处Moral Education Office17.政教处IdeologicalEducation Office18.初一年级办公室Grade 7 Teachers’Office19.初二年级办公室Grade 8 Teachers’Office20.初三年级办公室Grade 9 Teachers’Office21.学校办公室School Office22.资料室Reference Room23.档案室Archives Room24.洗手间（男）Men’s Room 洗手间（女）Women’s Room25.信息化办公室IT Teachers’ Office26.计算机室Computer Room27.美术教室Art Classroom28.音乐教室Music Classroom29.舞蹈教室Dance Classroom30.礼堂Auditorium31.运动场Sports Ground32.多功能教室Multi-function Room33.体育器材室Sports Equipment Room34.音体美办公室Music, Art and P. E. Office35.多媒体教室Multi-media Room小学校长办公室：Principal’s Office副校长办公室：Vice Principal’s Office英语办公室：English Teachers’ Office一年级语文办公室：Chinese Teachers’ Office (Grade 1)二至四年级语文办公室：Chinese Teachers’ Office (Grades 2-4) 五年级办公室：Grade 5 Teachers’Office美术体育办公室:Art and PETeachers’Office综合办公室：Music, Science and IT Teachers’Office器材室：Sports Equipment Room大队部：Young Pioneers Committee教导处：Teaching Affairs Office体育室：PERoom音乐室：Music Room画室：Painting Studio舞蹈室：Dance Studio党支部室：Office of CPC Branch图书室：Library会议室：Meeting Room实验室：Laboratory档案室：Archives Room财务室：Finance Office值班室：Porter’s Lounge电教室：Audio-visual Room医务室：Infirmary广播室:Broadcasting Studio总务处：General Affairs Office卫生间(男):Men’s Room卫生间(女) :Women’s Room。
物理英语词汇大全掌握物理原理物理实验和物理学家的英文表达
物理英语词汇大全掌握物理原理物理实验和物理学家的英文表达IntroductionPhysics is a fascinating subject that deals with the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. As with any subject, mastering the vocabulary and terminology is crucial for a comprehensive understanding. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of physics terms related to principles, experiments, and prominent physicists, along with their English translations. Let's delve into the world of physics and enhance our knowledge of the subject!1. Terms related to Physics Principles1.1. Force and Motion- Acceleration (加速度)- Velocity (速度)- Displacement (位移)- Friction (摩擦力)- Gravity (重力)- Inertia (惯性)- Kinetic Energy (动能)- Momentum (动量)- Work (功)- Power (功率)1.2. Energy- Potential Energy (势能)- Thermal Energy (热能)- Conservation of Energy (能量守恒)- Electromagnetic Energy (电磁能)- Nuclear Energy (核能)- Conservation of Momentum (动量守恒) 1.3. Waves and Optics- Amplitude (振幅)- Frequency (频率)- Wavelength (波长)- Reflection (反射)- Refraction (折射)- Diffraction (衍射)- Interference (干涉)- Polarization (偏振)- Optics (光学)1.4. Electricity and Magnetism- Current (电流)- Voltage (电压)- Resistance (电阻)- Capacitance (电容)- Inductance (电感)- Magnetic Field (磁场)- Electromagnetic Induction (电磁感应) - Ohm's Law (欧姆定律)2. Terms related to Physics Experiments 2.1. Instruments- Thermometer (温度计)- Barometer (气压计)- Spectroscope (分光镜)- Microscope (显微镜)- Telescope (望远镜)- Oscilloscope (示波器)- Geiger Counter (盖革计数器)- Spectrometer (光谱仪)- Electroscope (静电仪)2.2. Laboratory Techniques- Calibration (校准)- Observation (观察)- Measurement (测量)- Analytical Balance (分析天平)- Experiment (实验)- Data Analysis (数据分析)- Error Analysis (误差分析)- Hypothesis (假设)- Conclusion (结论)3. Prominent Physicists3.1. Classical Physicists- Isaac Newton (艾萨克·牛顿)- Galileo Galilei (伽利略·伽利雷)- Albert Einstein (阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦)- Nikola Tesla (尼古拉·特斯拉)- James Clerk Maxwell (詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦)- Michael Faraday (迈克尔·法拉第)- Thomas Edison (托马斯·爱迪生)3.2. Modern Physicists- Niels Bohr (尼尔斯·玻尔)- Albert Michelson (阿尔伯特·迈克尔逊)- Marie Curie (玛丽·居里)- Werner Heisenberg (维尔纳·海森堡)- Erwin Schrödinger (埃尔温·薛定谔)- Richard Feynman (理查德·费曼)- Stephen Hawking (斯蒂芬·霍金)ConclusionPhysics, as a scientific discipline, has its own unique vocabulary that is essential for understanding the principles, conducting experiments, and appreciating the contributions of prominent physicists. By familiarizing ourselves with the English translations of physics terms related to principles, experiments, and physicists, we can deepen our understanding of the subject and communicate effectively with others in the field. Remember to keepexploring and expanding your knowledge of physics, as it is a gateway to understanding the fundamental principles governing our universe.。
物理竞赛复赛实验考评时间安排
物理竞赛复赛实验考评时间安排英文版Physics Competition Semi-Final Experimental Evaluation ScheduleThe semi-final round of the physics competition will include an experimental evaluation component. This part of the competition will test the students' ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings.The schedule for the experimental evaluation is as follows:Date: March 15th, 2022Time: 9:00 AM - 12:00 PMLocation: Physics Laboratory, Room 202Students will be required to complete three experiments within the given time frame. Each experiment will be designed to assess different skills and knowledge related to physics concepts. Students will be provided with the necessary materials and equipment for each experiment.It is important for all participants to arrive on time and be prepared for the experimental evaluation. Any student who arrives late may not be allowed to participate in the competition.We wish all the participants the best of luck in the semi-final round of the physics competition. May the best student win!物理竞赛复赛实验考评时间安排物理竞赛的复赛将包括实验考评环节。
弗兰克赫兹(FranckHertz)实验
简单叠加
11.68eV
Ug = 12.45eV
13.21eV
简单叠加
14
系数1240
当电子的加速电压UA<原子第一激发电势Ug 电子与原子碰撞过程中无能量的交换。
UA上限电压设置接近90V，IP在表头指示接近50μA。 注2意021/：3/24关联调节灯丝电压DUr.FP、rof. 控W.N制.Pan栅g 电压UG和拒斥电压UR26。
2021/3/24
Dr. Prof. W.N.Pang
28
设置U A 90.0V
表显示满刻度 (50A)
实验注意事项
激发态(excited states)
除基态以外的其余定态。 各激发态的能量随 n 值增大而增
高。电子只有从外部吸收足够能量时才能到达激发态。
2021/3/24
Dr. Prof. W.N.Pang
8
原子的基态与激发态之间的关系
吸收能量
基态原子
激发态原子
释放能量
2021/3/24
Dr. Prof. W.N.Pang
2021/3/24
Dr. Prof. W.N.Pang
30
上课时间：下午1:30--4:50
晚上6:30--9:50
切勿产生浮躁情绪
谢谢
五、实验报告及数据处理要求
2021/3/24
Dr. Prof. W.N.Pang
31
五、实验报告及数据处理要求
实验报告要求
1)拒收电子版；
近代物理研究所夸克物质研究中心介绍
2018·15·2-1Quark Matter Research Center at IMP ∗Chen Xurong,Fang Dongliang,Qiu Hao and XuNuFig.1(color online)The organization of the newlyproposed Quark Matter Research Center at IMP.As shown in Fig.1,the newly proposed Quark Mat-ter Research Center (QMRC)is made of three researchdivisions focusing on Quark Matter Phase Structure,Hadron Structure and the Neutrino Nature.In addi-tion,a detector research group,focusing on solid-statepixel detector,which supports all experimental activi-ties of the above three research groups.In this report,we will describe the physics of these groups in QMRCat IMP.1Quark matter phase structure Initially when Lee and Wick first proposed studying the high-energy nuclear collisions their goal was to create a new form of nu-clear matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma(QGP)[1].It turns out that the net-baryondensity as well as the temperature strongly depend on the colliding energy,therefore high-energy collisions are also very effective for studying the QCD phase diagram [2].In ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions,where the net-baryon density is close to zero,the strongly coupled QGP has been observed [3]at both RHIC and LHC.The properties of the medium created in such collisions show a strong opacity to colored objects and small ratio of shear viscosity over entropy density [4].In the region with vanishing net-baryon density,a smooth-crossover is expected [5,6].At the high net-baryon region,on the other hand,model calculations have suggested the 1st −order phase boundary between QGP and hadronic phase.Hence to be thermodynamically consistent,there must be a critical point (CP)between the smooth-crossover and the 1st −order phase boundary line.The CP is a mile stone,the Holy Grail,for high-energy nuclear collisions.Nowadays many experimental programs have been set-up in order to study the QCD phase structure and search for the possible critical point.The first RHIC beam energy scan (RHIC BESI)program (USA)started almost ten years ago and the 2nd phase is under way.Both CBM experiment at FAIR (Germany)and MPD experiment at NICA (Russia)will be ready for action in 2025.The CEE experiment at HIRFL-CSR (China)[7]is under construction and will be in operation in 2022.While collaborating with international collages from STAR,CBM,NICA experiments,the main mission of the Nuclear Matter Phase Structure at QMRC is to complete the construction of CEE and start the experiment at CSR as soon as possible.It will be part of the world class fleet competing for the discovery of the QCD critical point.2Nucleon structureMost of the visible matter exists in form of hadrons.They are the building blocks for all nuclei in the universe.However,the basic properties of hadrons,proton spin,mass and radii,for example,are not known.The main task of the Nucleon Structure Group are two folds:(i)Establish the science cases for future polarized Electron-Ion Collider in China (EicC )and complete the Whitepaper including physics cases and detector conceptual design by the end of 2019.In the mean time,develop flagship measurements for the EicC.Unlike the high energy EIC proposed in US [8–11]and Europe [12],the EicC will be an e-p/e-A collider with center-of-mass energy around 10∼20GeV for electron and proton beams.Both electron and proton (light nucleus)beams will be polarized with the projected luminosity of (2∼4)×1033/cm 2·s.High-precision measurements of the distribution functions of sea-and valence-quarks at EicC will uncover the internal structure of nucleons and ultimately solve the puzzles about nucleon properties.The very first design of the EicC detector is discussed by Liang [13]in this Annual Report;(ii)Participate in few world-class ongoing electron scattering experiments at the JLab including search for penta-quark [14]and the DVCS experiment [15].∗Foundation item:Key Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y832020YRC,XDBP09)·16·2018 3Neutrino NatureNeutrinoless double-beta decay(0νββ)experiment is a powerful tool for determining the nature of neutrino: Majorana or Dirac fermion.This is one of the few most foundermental physics questions beyond the successful Standard Model.The0νββdecay has been pursed ever since it is suggested in1930s.The limit on the effective Majorana mass has been pushed down to∼100meV in recent years,corresponding to a decay half-time of∼1026 a.The primary goal of the Neutrino Nature group at QMRC is to establish a next generation high sensitivity experiment in order to search for the0νββand to identify the dominant decay mechanism.We will propose an experiment:No neutrino Double-beta Experiment(NνDEx)to be located in the underground laboratory CJPL in Jingping,China.The NνDEx project aims to take advantage of the recent development of the Topmetal sensors and the gainless TPC to have a high energy resolution,together with the choice of large Q-value isotope82Se with Q=2.995MeV to achieve high sensitivity.The projected limit on the effective Majorana mass for one tonne,five-year data is about5∼14MeV,corresponding to a half-time of1028a.The low cosmic background environment in CPJL makes it the ideal place for this experiment.In addition,the group will work on high precision calculations of various observables such as decay half-lives and electron spectra,etc.through a collaborative effort from the nuclear theorists and particle physicists.The ultimate goal is tofind the new physics behind the decay and answer the question on the origin of neutrino mass. References[1]T.D.Lee,G.C.Wick,Phys.Rev.D,9a(1974)2291.[2]P.Braun-Munzinger,J.Stachel,Nature,448,(2007)302.[3]J.Adams,et al.,[STAR Collaboration],Nucl.Phys.A757,(2005)102.[4]M.Gyulassy,L.McLerran,Nucl.Phys.A,750(2005)30.[5]Y.Aoki,G.Endrodi,Z.Fodor,et al.,Nature,443,(2006)675.[6]S.Gupta,X.Luo,B.Monhanty,et al.,Science,332,(2011)1525.[7]Z.G.Xiao,Eur.Phys.J.A,50(2014)37.[8]eRHIC Homepage:[/WWW/publish/abhay/HomeofEIC].[9]JLab EIC Homepage:[https:///wiki/index.php/MainPage].[10]EIC-White Paper:“Electron-Ion Collider:Next QCD Frontier”,arXiv:1212.1701.[11]INT-Write-Up:“Gluons and the Quark Sea at High Energies:Distributions,Report on the Physics and Design Concepts forMachine and Detector”,arXiv:1206.2913.Polarization,Tomography”,arXiv:1108.1713.[12]J.L.Abelleira Fernandez,“A Large Hadron Electron Collider at CERN:[13]Y.T.Liang,“A Conceptual Design for EicC Detector”,(2019).[14]JLab E12-16-007:[https:///abs/1609.00676].[15]For reference see[https:///experiment/DVCS/].2-2Cosmic-ray Charge Measurement by DAMPE PlasticScintillator Detector∗Zhang Yapeng and Ding MengPrecisely measuring the energy spectra of cosmic-rays is vital to constrain the cosmic-ray production mechanism[1] and their propagation in the stellar medium[2].DArk Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE)[3]is a high-resolution multi-purpose device for detecting cosmic-rays including electrons,γ-rays,protons and heavy ions in an energy range of a few GeV to100TeV.DAMPE has been launched on December17th,2015and operates on a sun-synchronous orbit at the altitude of500km.DAMPE consists of four sub-detectors:a Plastic Scintillator Detector(PSD),a Silicon-Tungsten Tracker(STK),a Bismuth Germanate Oxid Calorimeter(BGO)and a NeUtron Detector(NUD).The PSD is designed to fulfill two major tasks:(a)to measure the charge of incident high-energy particles with the charge number Z from1to26;(b)to serve as a veto detector for discriminatingγ-rays from charged particles.The on-orbit temperature variation of the PSD is verified to be less than1℃,which is a crucial factor for maintaining a stable performance of the PSD.After the calibration steps of pedestal,dynode ratio,response to minimum ionizing particles,light attenuation function and energy reconstruction,the charge of incident cosmic-ray particle can be obtained by comparing its energy deposition to the one of minimum-ionizing protons.The detailed calibration of PSD is presented in Ref.[4].The reconstructed charge of incid.ent particles(Q L/R/Crec)could be extracted by following expression:Q L/R/Crec =√E L/R/CA L/R/C(x)×sD,(1)。
霍尔效应测量磁场PPT课件
整流电路（rectifying circuit）把交流电转换 为直流电的电路。电源电路中的整流电路主要有 半波整流电路、全波整流电路和桥式整流三种。 大多数整流电路由变压器、整流主电路和滤波电 路等组成。整流以后的电压是一种含有直流电压 和交流电压的混合电压，称单向脉动性直流电压。 再经滤波电路，将大部分高频交流成分滤去，得 到较为稳定的直流电。
（TA－TB）。因为霍尔电极和元件两者材料不同，电 极和元件之间形成温差电偶，这一温差在A、B间产生 温差电动势VE，VE∝IB。
称爱廷豪森效应，VE的大小与正负符号与I、B的大 小和方向有关，跟VH与I、B的关系相同，不能在测量 中消除
. PHYSICS LABORATORY
正电子运动平均速度（ 图中V’<V V”>V）
-120 -110 -100 -90 ……
0 10 20 …… 50 60
V3(mV) -Is、-IM
V4(mV) -Is、+IM
VHV1V2V3V4 (mV) 4
. PHYSICS LABORATORY
B1(mT)
2. 测量单个载流圆线圈B轴线上(X向)磁场B2 的分布
(1) 用连接线将励磁电流IM输出端连接到圆线圈B，霍尔传感 器的信号连接线连接到面板的对应插座。
. PHYSICS LABORATORY
表2 Ｂ2~X
IS =5.00mA IM =0.5A
X（mm）
-60
V1(mV) +Is、+IM
V2(mV) +Is、-IM
-50
……
V3(mV) -Is、-IM
-20
-10
0 10 20 …… 110 120
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
对IPCC第六次评估报告中有关干旱变化的解读
对IPCC第六次评估报告中有关干旱变化的解读作者：姜大膀王晓欣来源：《大气科学学报》2021年第05期摘要政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）于2021年8月发布了第六次评估报告（AR6）自然科学基础卷的决策者摘要，主要对自2013年第五次评估报告（AR5）以来的气候变化科学研究进展进行了系统的评估，并使用新一代气候模式在新的共享社会经济路径情景下对未来气候变化进行了预估。
本文基于AR5和AR6相关章节素材，解读了干旱变化的评估结论。
关键词政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）;评估报告;气候变化;干旱干旱对社会经济和生态系统等方面有重要的影响，是气候变化研究领域的前沿问题。
政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第六次评估报告（AR6;Douville et al.，2021）评估了有关全球和区域尺度上干旱变化的科研工作，包括观测到的变化及其原因、未来变化预估及其不确定性、以及发生突变的可能性。
以下是主要评估结论。
1 干旱变化的物理基础干旱与温度、降水、风速、湿度和植被等要素密切相关，按照其成因和影响可以分为不同类型，主要包括气象干旱、水文干旱、生物物理干旱、农业生态干旱等。
AR6指出，基于历史观测和21世纪模式模拟试验，全球尺度上陆地升温造成了大气蒸发需求和干旱事件强度的增加（高信度）;陆地增温幅度高于海洋进而影响了大气环流，总体上使得近地表的相对湿度降低，导致区域性干旱事件的发生（高信度）;大气中CO2的增加可以促进植物生长和提高水分利用效率，但是对这些因素如何共同影响区域水循环变化的认识当下只有低信度。
2 观测的干旱变化及原因第五次评估报告（AR5;IPCC，2013）指出，第四次评估报告（AR4;IPCC，2007）关于20世纪70年代以来全球干旱增加趋势这一结论可能被夸大了，并且由于观测的不确定性、在干旱长期趋勢中辨别年代际尺度变率的困难，20世纪中期以来全球陆地干旱变化可归因于人类影响的结论只具有低信度。
2024年小学物理实验室运行计划英文版
2024年小学物理实验室运行计划英文版2024 Primary School Physics Laboratory Operation PlanIn the year 2024, the primary school physics laboratory will operate with a focus on enhancing students' understanding of scientific concepts through hands-on experiments and activities. The plan includes scheduling regular lab sessions, maintaining equipment, and ensuring safety protocols are followed.The laboratory will be open for students from different grades to participate in a variety of experiments that cover topics such as forces, motion, energy, and matter. These experiments will be designed to be engaging and educational, allowing students to learn through exploration and observation.To ensure the smooth operation of the laboratory, a team of dedicated teachers and lab technicians will be responsible for overseeing the activities, setting up experiments, and assisting students with theirinquiries. Regular training sessions will be conducted to keep the staff updated on safety procedures and best practices.The equipment in the laboratory will be regularly checked and maintained to ensure that it is in good working condition. Any faulty equipment will be repaired or replaced promptly to minimize disruptions to the students' learning experience.Safety will be a top priority in the physics laboratory, with strict protocols in place to prevent accidents and ensure the well-being of all participants. Students will be briefed on safety procedures before conducting any experiments, and teachers will closely supervise all activities to prevent any mishaps.Overall, the 2024 primary school physics laboratory operation plan aims to provide students with a stimulating and enriching learning environment where they can explore the wonders of science through hands-on experimentation.。
八年级下册物理沪科版课时a计划
八年级下册物理沪科版课时a计划1.物理实验室里有各种各样的仪器和设备。
In the physics laboratory, there are various instruments and devices.2.学生们在实验课上进行不同的物理实验。
Students conduct different physics experiments in the lab class.3.实验课可以增强学生对物理知识的理解。
Lab classes can enhance students' understanding of physics.4.实验课还能培养学生的动手能力和实践能力。
Lab classes can also enhance students' hands-on and practical abilities.5.实验课上，学生们需要严格遵守实验室安全规定。
During lab classes, students need to strictly abide by the laboratory safety regulations.6.实验室里的实验器材需要谨慎使用和保管。
The experimental equipment in the laboratory needs to be used and kept carefully.7.不懂得器材使用方法的学生需要向老师请教。
Students who do not know how to use the equipment need to seek advice from the teacher.8.老师会向学生讲解实验的操作方法和注意事项。
Teachers will explain the operation methods and precautions of the experiments to the students.9.每个学生都要做好实验记录和实验报告。
学校标牌翻译(已审校)
翻译内容中学1.校长办公室Head Master’s Office2.副校长办公室Vice Head Master’s Office3.学区主任办公室Director’s Office3.教导处Teaching Affairs Office4.总务处General Affairs Office5.学生处Students’ Affairs Office6.财务处Finance Office7.团委Youth League Committee8.工会Labor Union9.教学楼Teaching Building10.行政楼Administration Building11.实验楼Laboratory Building生物实验室Biology Laboratory化学实验室Chemistry Laboratory物理实验室Physics Laboratory12.食堂Dining Hall13.图书馆Library阅览室Reading Room14.医务室Infirmary15.会议室Meeting Room16.德育处Moral Education Office17. 政教处Ideological Education Office18.初一年级办公室Grade 7 Teachers’ Office19.初二年级办公室Grade 8 Teachers’ Office20.初三年级办公室Grade 9 Teachers’ Office21.学校办公室School Office22.资料室Reference Room23.档案室Archives Room24.洗手间〔男〕Men’s Room 洗手间〔女〕Women’s Room25.信息化办公室IT Teachers’ Office26.计算机室Computer Room27.美术教室Art Classroom28.音乐教室Music Classroom29.舞蹈教室Dance Classroom30.礼堂Auditorium31.运动场Sports Ground32.多功能教室Multi-function Room33.体育器材室Sports Equipment Room34.音体美办公室Music, Art and P. E. Office35.多媒体教室Multi-media Room小学校长办公室：Principal’s Office副校长办公室：Vice Principal’s Office英语办公室：English Teachers’ Office一年级语文办公室：Chinese Teachers’ Office (Grade 1)二至四年级语文办公室：Chinese Teachers’ Office (Grades 2-4) 五年级办公室：Grade 5 Teachers’ Office美术体育办公室: Art and PE Teachers’ Office综合办公室：Music, Science and IT Teachers’ Office器材室：Sports Equipment Room大队部：Young Pioneers Committee教导处：Teaching Affairs Office体育室：PE Room音乐室：Music Room画室：Painting Studio舞蹈室：Dance Studio党支部室：Office of CPC Branch图书室：Library会议室：Meeting Room实验室：Laboratory档案室：Archives Room财务室：Finance Office值班室：Porter’s Lounge电教室：Audio-visual Room医务室：Infirmary播送室: Broadcasting Studio总务处：General Affairs Office卫生间(男): Men’s Room卫生间(女) : Women’s Room。
物理因素实验报告
物理因素实验报告实验名称：物理因素对某种材料热导率的影响实验实验目的：研究不同物理因素对某种材料热导率的影响，了解热导率与物理因素之间的关系。
实验原理：热导率是指物质在单位时间内传导单位面积上的热量，用λ表示，单位是W/(m·K)。
热导率的大小与材料的物理性质密切相关，常受材料的温度、密度、结构以及杂质等物理因素的影响。
实验材料和器材：1. 实验材料：铜和铝两种金属样品。
2. 实验器材：热导率测量仪、温度计、电炉、计时器、天平、计算机等。
实验步骤：1. 首先，准备两种金属样品铜和铝，将它们分别切割成正方形形状的薄片，确保尺寸相同。
2. 在实验室条件下，将金属样品放在热导率测量仪上，并确保测量仪的温度计与样品的接触密封良好。
3. 调节电炉的温度为30，开始实验前，先测量室温，并记录下来。
4. 打开电炉，调节温度为60，待温度稳定后，记录测量仪上显示的温度数据。
5. 保持温度不变，记录一段时间内测量仪上的温度数据，并使用计时器计时。
6. 记录一段时间后，关闭电炉，让样品冷却至室温，再次测量测量仪上的温度数据。
7. 根据测得的温度差，计算热导率λ。
实验结果：利用实验测得的温度数据，计算两种金属样品的热导率λ。
经过多次重复实验，取平均值。
实验讨论和分析：在实验过程中，我们可以对热导率与物理因素的关系进行分析。
例如，我们可以探究温度对热导率的影响，通过改变电炉的温度，观察温度的升高是否会导致热导率的增加。
此外，我们还可以探讨材料的密度、结构和杂质等因素对热导率的影响，比较不同材料的热导率大小。
实验总结：通过本实验，我们可以更深入地了解热导率与物理因素之间的关系，并对某种材料的热导率进行测量和分析。
这有助于我们深入了解材料的物理性质，为相关领域的研究和应用提供依据。
在实验过程中，我们还需要注意实验环境的稳定性和数据的准确性，以确保实验结果的可靠性。
同时，我们也应该探讨可能存在的误差来源，并对实验结果进行合理的解释和分析。
英语描述光学实验报告
IntroductionThis report details the results of an optical experiment conducted in the Physics Laboratory of [University Name]. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the behavior of light and its interaction with various optical devices. The experiment was designed to explore the principles of reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light, as well as the formation of images using lenses and mirrors.Materials and EquipmentThe following materials and equipment were used during the experiment:- Laser pointer- Plane mirrors- Concave mirrors- Convex mirrors- Transparent prisms- Diffraction grating- Transparent blocks- Optical bench- Retort stand- Sensitive screen- Protractor- Ruler- White paper- CompassExperiment 1: Reflection of LightIn the first part of the experiment, we observed the reflection of light from various surfaces. We used a laser pointer to direct a beam of light at different angles onto a plane mirror. The angle of incidence was measured using a protractor, and the angle of reflection was noted. The results were consistent with the law of reflection, which states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.Experiment 2: Refraction of LightNext, we investigated the refraction of light as it passes through different mediums. We placed a laser pointer behind a transparent block and observed the path of the light beam as it entered and exited the block. The angle of refraction was measured using a protractor. By varying the angle of incidence, we observed that the angle of refraction changed, which is in accordance with Snell's law.Experiment 3: Dispersion of LightTo observe the dispersion of light, we used a transparent prism. A laser pointer was directed through the prism, and the resulting spectrum was observed on a white paper. The spectrum showed a continuous range of colors, which is a result of the different wavelengths of light being refracted at different angles within the prism.Experiment 4: Formation of ImagesIn this experiment, we explored the formation of images using lenses and mirrors. We set up a concave mirror and a convex mirror on the optical bench. A laser pointer was used to create a point source of light, and the resulting images were observed on a sensitive screen. For the concave mirror, we observed a real image when the object was placed beyond the focal point, and a virtual image when the object was placed between the focal point and the mirror. For the convex mirror, we observed only virtual images, which were always diminished and upright.Results and DiscussionThe results of the experiment were consistent with the theoretical principles of optics. The law of reflection was confirmed through theobservation of equal angles of incidence and reflection. Snell's law was verified by the consistent change in the angle of refraction with the angle of incidence. The dispersion of light was demonstrated by the spectrum observed through the prism, which is a direct result of the different refractive indices for different wavelengths of light.The formation of images using lenses and mirrors was also consistent with the principles of image formation. The real and virtual images formed by the concave and convex mirrors, respectively, were observed and measured. The images were found to be real when they could be projected onto a screen and virtual when they could not.ConclusionThe optical experiment conducted in the Physics Laboratory provided a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of light and its interaction with optical devices. The principles of reflection, refraction, dispersion, and image formation were explored and verified through a series of experiments. The results obtained were consistent with the theoretical predictions, and the experiment was successful in achieving its objectives.Recommendations for Further StudyFuture studies could involve more complex optical setups, such as the use of multiple lenses and prisms to create and analyze more intricate optical phenomena. Additionally, the effects of different materials on the refractive indices of light could be investigated to further understand the principles of optics.。
Airresistance
University-based Physics LaboratoryFaculty of Physics and Astronomy, Utrecht University, The NetherlandsStudents’ manualExperiment 1-1Air resistance1 IntroductionA moving vehicle such as a bicycle, car or plane is subject to air resistance. The air exerts anopposing friction force. The greater this air friction, the greater the vehicle’s fuel consumptionis. Or, in the case of cycling, the more effort you must make to stay in motion.Air frictionWhile in motion at a constant speed, the resultant force on a vehicle is zero, as indicated inFigure 1. When we do not consider the other sources of friction (such as the friction betweenthe wheels and road surface), the forward force on the vehicle equals the backward air friction.The greater the air friction, the greater the force needed to keep the vehicle moving at a constantspeed. As the forward force becomes greater, so must the work done by the motor or your ownbody for covering a certain distance, resulting in a larger energy consumption. It is thereforeimportant to reduce the air resistance on a vehicle as much as possible.1 Reducing air resistanceIn practice there are several ways of reducing air friction on a moving vehicle. Figure 2shows some examples.a What ways of reducing air friction are shown in Figure 2? Can you think of some otherways?b What hypotheses can you make concerning the factors that influence the amount of airfriction on a moving vehicle?Figure 1 < At a constant speed the resultant force on a vehicle is zero: the forward force F v equals the backward airfriction force F w,l, provided the other backward frictional forces are small enough to be neglected.Figure 2 – Examples of situations where the air friction force on a moving vehicle is made as small as possible.To test these hypotheses is difficult in realistic traffic situations, not to mention measuring theforces on a moving vehicle. Checking the hypotheses is more easily done by measuring the airfriction when the air is moving and the vehicle is stationary as in a wind tunnel. To carry outmeasurements on realistic vehicles, a wind tunnel needs to be large, which can be problematic.However, the research can also be done with model vehicles in a model wind tunnel.The next section describes the available equipment set-up and explains which variables can beadjusted and measured. After that you will be able to formulate the research questions, draw upa work plan, explore the measuring methods and conduct the investigation. Finally you will usethe results to determine the air friction coefficient, and you will be able to check whether thisexperimental value reflects reality.2 Equipment set-upWind tunnelThe wind tunnel is shown in Figure 3. It consists of a tunnel with a fan and a measuring platform. The fan is connected to a variable voltage source for regulating the number of fan revolutions, and thus the air speed in the tunnel. This air speed v can be measured with an anemometer (air speed meter) at the end of the tunnel.Figure 3 – Model wind tunnel for measuring the air friction force on a vehicle. The measuring platform can be fitted with a model vehicle. The platform floats on an air track to minimise the influence of other sources of friction. The air friction F w,l on the vehicle is measured by a force metre outside the tunnel. Frontal surface area The air friction on a vehicle depends, among others, on the frontal surface area of that vehicle: the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of motion. A method for measuring the frontal surface area A using a projection method is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4 < The projection method for measuring the frontal surface area of a vehicle. The light source provides an almost parallel light beam. The vehicle’s shadow is visible on the screen with a millimetre-grid. After drawing the shadow’s shape on the screen, the frontal surface area can be determined by counting the number of mm 2 or cm 2.3 Research questions and work planIn the introduction you have formulated a number of hypotheses about the factors influencing the air friction on a moving vehicle. From the description of the equipment set-up you can devise a plan to test these hypotheses.2 Research questionsFormulate the research questions for the investigation with the wind tunnel. Draw up a hypothesis for each research question.3 Work planDraw up a work plan for the investigation with the wind tunnel. For each research question force meter fanair trackmeasuring platformvariable voltage source frontal surface areascreen light sourceindicate which variables you are going to adjust and measure, and how this will enable youto test the hypothesis.4 Model vehiclesFind out which model vehicles are available. Look for or make, if necessary, the requiredmodel vehicles (scale approximately 1:25).4 Measuring methodBefore doing the research following your work plan in Task 7, an understanding of theequipment set-up is necessary. In Task 5 you will do some preliminary measurements to get anidea whether a measurement of air friction is sufficiently reproducible. In Task 6 you willmeasure the frontal surface area of the model vehicles you are going to use in the investigation.5 Air frictionAn important characteristic of the equipment set-up is that the influence of friction otherthan air friction is as small as possible. However, these unwanted sources of friction cannever be completely reduced to zero, and can cause variations in the measured air friction.In other words, the measurements may not be sufficiently reproducible. In this task, youcheck whether such variations occur, how big they are, and how they can be reduced.• Measurement – Put a model vehicle on the measuring platform. Fix the variable voltagesource at a particular setting. Measure the air speed v in the wind tunnel and the air frictionF w,l on the model vehicle. Switch off the fan, and let the equipment set-up ‘come to rest’.Repeat these measurements a number of times. What can you conclude? Are themeasurements sufficiently reproducible?•Measuring method – Think about how a measurement of ‘the’ air speed v and ‘the’ airfriction F w,l can be best carried out. How large (approximately) would the measurementerror be in both measurements?6 Frontal surface areaBy using the projection method, determine, as accurately as possible, the frontal surfacearea A of the model vehicles you are going to use in your investigation.5 Investigation7 Research questionsSearch for answers to you research questions with the help of the equipment set-up andaccording to your work plan, and check your hypotheses. Whenever possible, present yourresults in the form of a diagram.6 Theory: flow mechanicsThe research results can be checked by using the theory of flow mechanics. This theorydescribes, among others, how air friction on a moving vehicle depends on factors such asstream line, frontal surface area and vehicle speed.8 Air friction forceAccording to the theory, air friction F w,l on a moving vehicle is given by: F w,l = ½⋅c w⋅A⋅ρ⋅v2.In this formula, F w,l is the air friction force on the vehicle, ρ is the air density, A is thefrontal surface area, and v is the vehicle speed. The constant of proportionality c w is calledthe air friction coefficient. This air friction coefficient represents the influence of thevehicle’s stream line: the better the stream line, the smaller the c w-value.a Check, if possible, whether the research results reflect this theory of flow mechanics.b Indicate, if possible, the significance of the research results for realistic traffic situations.So, answer questions such as ‘by what percentage does fuel consumption of a vehicledecrease if...’, or ‘by what percentage does the speed of a vehicle increase at constant powerif...’, or a comparable question related to the research done.9 Air friction coefficientFrom the research results the air friction coefficient (or c w-value) of one or more modelvehicles can be determined. In practice, comparable measurements have been done on ‘real’vehicles. A comparison might show the extent to which research on model vehicles in thewind tunnel relates to reality.a Determine the air friction coefficient of the model vehicles used in the research.b Search the literature for data about the air friction coefficient of comparable vehicles.Compare these data with the c w-values found in your investigation. Do the research resultsfor model vehicles in the wind tunnel also apply to real situations?7 ReportReport about this investigation in the form of a written report or an oral presentation. Make surethat this report or presentation addresses the following: the research questions, the equipmentset-up, the research results including answers to the research questions, the (additional)determination of the air friction coefficient, and the relevance of this kind of model research topractice.Submit your report to your teacher together with the lab journal which you kept whilepreparing and conducting the investigation. For presentations, simply hand in the lab journal.。
弗兰克赫兹-实验报告
近代物理实验报告实验3-2 夫兰克—赫兹实验℃ 实验日期：2013-4-19【摘要】本实验采用夫兰克〔Frank 〕和赫兹〔Hertz 〕于1914年使用的简单的实验方法，用慢电子轰击稀薄气体的原子，通过研究输出电流和加速电压的曲线关系，测量了氩原子和汞原子的第一激发电位，进而证明了原子分立态的存在。
实验结果误差较小。
【关键词】碰撞，激发，夫兰克—赫兹实验仪1914年，德国物理学家夫兰克和赫兹对勒纳用来测量电离电位的实验装置作了改良。
他们采取慢电子(几个到几十个电子伏特)与单元素气体原子碰撞的方法，着重观察碰撞后电子发生什么变化(勒纳则观察碰撞后离子流的情况)。
通过实验测量，电子和原子碰撞时会交换某一定值的能量，且可以使原子从低能级激发到高能级，独立证明了原子波尔理论的正确性，由此获得了1925年诺贝尔物理学奖。
一、实验目的● 学习关于原子碰撞激发和测量的方法。
● 测量氩原子的第一激发电位。
● 通过对氩原子激发电位的测量证实原子能级的存在。
二、实验原理根据波尔原子模型理论，原子一定轨道上的电子，具有一定的能量，当同一原子的电子从低能量轨道跃迁到较高能量轨道时，就称原子处于受激状态。
玻尔理论的前提是波尔提出的两条基本假设：〔1〕定态假设。
原子只能处在一些不连续的稳定状态中，其中每一状态相应于一定的能量值i E 〔,...,...,...,,3,2,1n m i 〕；〔2〕频率定则。
当一个原子从一个稳定状态过渡到另一个稳定状态时，就吸收或辐射一定频率的电磁波，频率ν的大小决定于原子所处两定态之间的能量差，满足：m n E E h -=ν 式中n E 代表较高能态，m E 代表较低能态，h 为普朗克常数。
当电子与原子碰撞时，如果电子能量大于临界能量，二者发生非弹性碰撞，电子把能量传递给原子，使原子从正常态跃迁到第一激发态。
假设初速为零的电子在电位差V 的加速下具有激发速度v ，则有：mn e g E E v m eV -==221其中g V 为第一激发电位，即临界电位，这是当电子具有的能量恰好使原子从正常态跃迁到第一激发态时的加速电压。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Objective: To measure the frequency of vibration of a string as a function of tension and length of the string.
Procedure:
1.Switch on the oscilloscope, LF amplifier and counter/timer and wait until
a trace.
2.Set the LF amplifier gain to 102 and counter/timer knob to 101 KHz
scale.
ing the tensioner, set the tension in the string to about 10N.
4.Make sure that the shadow of the string falls on the aperture slit of the
photocell.
5.Gently tap the string with the rubber hammer to produce vibrations.
6.In order to obtain the fundamental frequency, counter/timer is started
once the harmonics in the vibrations have died away.
7.Measure the frequency of vibration of string by varying tension at fixed
length.
8.Repeat the measurement of frequency by varying length of string at fixed
tension.
Data
Table1 measurement of f with particular L and variance F.
Table2 measurement of f with particular F and variance L.
Calculation and Analysis
1.When the length is fixed at 0.6m, w e can use the function log f = Blog F + log A.
Table 3 calculation of log F and log f.
The relationship of log F and log f can be shown as the following figure.
Figure 1 log F vs. log f
From the figure we can find that the two constants: B=1.016 and log A=-2.7311, that is A=3
10
255
.4-⨯. Use these two A and B and the equation f = AF B to
calculate the f. For example, in trial 1,
kHz
f 053.012
10
255.4016
.13
=⨯⨯=-
Table 4
calculation of f.
Compared this f with the f which measured before, I find that they are almost the same. The max error is only 1.39%.
2. When the tension is fixed at 14N, we can use the function log f = Dlog L + log C.
Table 4
calculation of f.
The relationship of log L and log f can be shown as the following figure.
Figure 2
log L vs. log f
From this figure we can find out the two constants: D=-1.0225 and log C=-1.4381,
that is C=0.0365.
Use these C and D and the function f
= CL D we can calculate f. for example, in trial one,
kHz
f 074.05
.00365.00225
.1=⨯=-
Table 4
calculation of f.
Compare this f with the f which measured before, we can find that the errors are also very small. The max error is 1.92%.
Error analysis
The errors I calculated in this experiment are shown before. The max error is 1.92%. We can see that the errors are all small and acceptable. I think the errors are caused by the following reasons.
A.Count the frequency before the secondary harmonious vibrancy disappeared.
B.The shadow of the string does not fall on the aperture.
C.Errors in reading the length of the string and the tension from the tensioner. Conclusion
In this experiment, we try to measure the frequency of vibration of a string as a function of tension and length of the string. From the result, we compare the calculated f and measured f and find that they are almost the same. That means the result is acceptable and I also verify the equations that given by the manual and the experiment is done successfully.。