CLAY ARCHITECTURE
中国粘土艺术英语作文
中国粘土艺术英语作文（中英文实用版）Title: The Art of Chinese ClayThe art of Chinese clay is a traditional form of craftsmanship that has been cherished and practiced for thousands of years.It represents an integral part of Chinese culture, reflecting the nation"s rich history and artistic heritage.Clay art in China encompasses a variety of techniques, including pottery, sculpture, and the creation of everyday objects.One of the most renowned forms is the creation of Chinese clay figurines.These figurines are intricate and detailed, often depicting scenes from Chinese opera, folklore, or historical events.They serve as a means of storytelling and preserving cultural traditions.The process of creating Chinese clay art is both delicate and labor-intensive.Artists begin by selecting the appropriate type of clay, which is then carefully shaped and molded.The use of simple tools, such as knives, spatulas, and wire, allows the artists to achieve the desired level of detail.After the clay is shaped, it is left to dry before being fired in a kiln.The firing process not only hardens the clay but also gives it a smooth and polished finish.Chinese clay art is not only known for its aesthetic beauty but also for its cultural significance.Many of the designs and motifs used in thisart form carry deep symbolic meanings.For example, the dragon represents power and wisdom, while the phoenix symbolizes beauty and peace.By incorporating these symbols into their work, artists are able to convey profound cultural messages and values.Moreover, Chinese clay art has a strong connection to the country"s tea culture.The creation of teapots, cups, and other tea-related utensils is an important aspect of this art form.These clay tea wares are not only functional but also works of art in their own right.The craftsmanship and attention to detail make them highly sought after by tea enthusiasts and collectors alike.In recent years, Chinese clay art has gained international recognition and popularity.Its unique blend of tradition, craftsmanship, and cultural significance has captivated audiences worldwide.As a result, many contemporary artists are incorporating elements of Chinese clay art into their own works, creating a fusion of traditional and modern aesthetics.In conclusion, the art of Chinese clay is a treasure that embodies the nation"s cultural identity and artistic expression.It serves as a bridge between the past and the present, preserving ancient traditions while inspiring new creative endeavors.---标题：中国泥塑艺术中国泥塑艺术是一种传承数千年的传统手工艺，它是中国文化的重要组成部分，反映了这个国家丰富的历史和艺术遗产。
chinese clay art英语作文
The Splendor of Chinese Clay ArtChinese clay art, known as "Terracotta" in English, is a remarkable testament to the rich cultural heritage and extraordinary craftsmanship of China. This ancient form of art dates back over 2,000 years, with its roots tracing to the Qin dynasty, when it was primarily used for functional purposes in the burial rites of noble families. Over time, Terracotta evolved into a highly prized artistic medium, with intricate details and lifelike representations of figures, animals, and even entire scenes.The essence of Chinese clay art lies in its meticulous craftsmanship and profound cultural symbolism. The artists, often referred to as "potters," meticulously shape the clay into desired forms using their hands, tools, and wheels. The clay is then fired at high temperatures to harden it, resulting in a durable and long-lasting piece of art. The intricate carvings and designs on these Terracotta pieces are often inspired by nature, mythology, or historical events, reflecting the values and beliefs of the Chinese people.One of the most著名 examples of Chinese clay art isthe Terracotta Army of the Qin dynasty. This immense collection of lifesize figures, horses, and chariots was buried alongside the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect him in the afterlife. Each figure is unique in its detail and pose, displaying the remarkable skill and dedication of the artisans who created them.Beyond its historical significance, Chinese clay art has also found its way into modern art and design. Many artists today experiment with new techniques and materials to create contemporary Terracotta pieces that resonate with modern audiences. These innovative works often blend traditional motifs with modern designs, bridging the gap between old and new, past and present.The beauty and elegance of Chinese clay art are notjust limited to visual aesthetics. It also carries profound cultural and historical meanings that speak to the essence of Chinese civilization. From the intricate carvings that tell a story to the lifelike representations that evoke emotions, this ancient art form continues to captivate and inspire people across the globe.The legacy of Chinese clay art is not just abouttradition and history; it's also about innovation and progress. As technology and design continue to evolve, sodo the possibilities for Terracotta art. From the ancient Terracotta Army to modern-day sculptures and decorative pieces, this remarkable art form remains a vibrant and enduring expression of Chinese culture and creativity.**中国泥塑艺术的辉煌**中国泥塑艺术，英文称为“Terracotta”，是中国丰富文化遗产和卓越工艺水平的卓越见证。
介绍建筑作文英语带翻译
介绍建筑作文英语带翻译Title: Introduction to Architecture。
Architecture is a captivating blend of art, science,and culture. It is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, structures, and spaces that notonly serve functional purposes but also evoke emotions and reflect the values of a society. In this essay, we will delve into the fascinating world of architecture, exploring its history, principles, and significance.建筑是艺术、科学和文化的迷人融合。
它是设计和建造建筑物、结构和空间的艺术和科学，不仅服务于功能目的，还能唤起情感并反映社会的价值观。
在这篇文章中，我们将深入探讨建筑这个迷人的世界，探索其历史、原则和意义。
History of Architecture。
Architecture has been an integral part of human civilization since ancient times. From the majesticpyramids of Egypt to the awe-inspiring temples of Greece, each period in history has left its mark on the built environment. The evolution of architectural styles reflects changes in societal needs, beliefs, and technological advancements. For example, the Gothic architecture of the Middle Ages emphasized verticality and light, symbolizing spiritual aspirations, while the modernist movement of the 20th century embraced simplicity and functionality.建筑从古代起就是人类文明的一个不可或缺的部分。
建筑设计英语词汇ARCHITECTUREDESIGNEnglishChinese
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING ROOFING & CEILING f. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件i. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT (ELEV A TOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MA TERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语砖和瓦】【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】灰、砂和石】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】饰面及粉刷材料】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】沥青和石棉】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】木材】【Timber 木材】金属材料】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】有色金属】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】防腐蚀材料】【Anti-Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】建筑五金】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】油漆】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语专业】【Discipline 专业】一般通用名词】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】建筑物理】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】职务名称】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】制图】【Drafting 制图】2. STRUCTURE 结构专业结构专业a. LOAD 荷载荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构钢结构钢结构 e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇施工常用词汇1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据 计划建议书planning planning proposalsproposals 设计任务书design design orderorder 标准规范standards and codes条件图information information drawingdrawing 设计基础资料设计基础资料 basic data for design工艺流程图process process flowchartflowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original original data data 设计进度设计进度 schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段设计阶段方案scheme, scheme, draftdraft 草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究feasibility feasibility studystudy 初步设计preliminary preliminary designdesign 基础设计basic basic designdesign 详细设计detail detail designdesign 询价图enquiry enquiry drawingdrawing 施工图施工图 working drawing, construction drawing竣工图竣工图 as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件气象条件 日照 sunshine风玫瑰wind wind roserose 主导风向prevailing prevailing windwind wind direction direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载wind wind loadload 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual annual rainfallrainfall 湿球温度wet wet bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 干球温度dry dry bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 冰冻期frost frost periodperiod 冰冻线frost frost lineline 冰冻区frost frost zone zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative relative humidityhumidity d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房service service roomroom 换班室shift shift roomroom 休息室休息室 rest room (break room)起居室living living roomroom 浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室locker locker room room 厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房电梯机房 lift motor room车库 garage清洁间cleaning cleaning roomroom 会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting meeting roomroom 衣柜间ward ward roberobe 暖风间 H.V .A.C .A.C roomroom 饭店 restaurant餐厅canteen, canteen, diningdining dining room room 厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处reception reception areaarea 会计室accountant accountant roomroom 秘书室secretary secretary roomroom 电气室electrical electrical roomroom 控制室control control roomroom 工长室foreman foreman officeoffice 开关柜室switch switch geargear 前室antecabinet antecabinet (Ante.)(Ante.) 生产区production production areaarea 马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房utility utility roomroom 化验室laboratory laboratory roomroom 经理室manager manager roomroom 披 屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard guard househouse e. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊roof roof ridgeridge 坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层附加油毡一层 extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐overhanging overhanging eave eave 檐沟eave eave guttergutter 平屋面flat flat roofroof 坡屋面pitched pitched roofroof 雨水管雨水管 downspout, rain water pipe(R.W.P) 汇水面积catchment catchment areaarea 泛水 flashing内排水interior interior drainagedrainage 外排水exterior exterior drainagedrainage 滴水 drip屋面排水roof roof drainagedrainage 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 卷材屋面built-up built-up roofingroofing 天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板roofing roofing boardboard 天花板ceiling ceiling boardboard 防水层water-proof water-proof coursecourse 检查孔inspection inspection holehole 人孔 manhole吊顶吊顶 suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick brick wallwall 砌块墙block block wallwall 清水砖墙清水砖墙 brick wall without plastering抹灰墙rendered rendered wallwall 石膏板墙石膏板墙 gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙空心砖墙 hollow brick wall承重墙bearing bearing wallwall 非承重墙non-bearing non-bearing wallwall 纵墙longitudinal longitudinal wallwall 横墙transverse transverse wallwall 外墙external external (exterior)(exterior) (exterior) wall wall 内墙内墙 internal (interior) wall填充墙filler filler wallwall 防火墙fire fire wallwall 窗间墙wall wall betweenbetween between window window 空心墙cavity cavity wallwall 压顶 coping圈梁gird, gird, girt,girt, girt, girth girth 玻璃隔断glazed glazed wallwall 防潮层damp-proof damp-proof coursecourse course (D.P.C) (D.P.C) 遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony 伸缩缝expansion expansion jointjoint 沉降缝settlement settlement jointjoint 抗震缝seismic seismic jointjoint 复合夹心板sandwich sandwich boardboard 压型单板压型单板 corrugated single steel plate外墙板cladding cladding panelpanel 复合板composite composite panelpanel 轻质隔断light-weight light-weight partitionpartition 牛腿 bracket砖烟囱brick brick chimneychimney 勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面地面和楼面 ground and floor素土夯实rammed rammed earthearth 炉渣夯实tamped tamped cindercinder 填土filled filled earthearth 回填土夯实tamped tamped backfillbackfill 垫层垫层 bedding course, blinding面层covering, covering, finishfinish 结合层bonding bonding (binding)(binding) (binding) course course 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面concrete concrete floorfloor 水泥地面cement cement floorfloor 机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面terrazzo terrazzo flooringflooring 马赛克地面mosaic mosaic flooringflooring 瓷砖地面瓷砖地面 ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面linoleum linoleum flooringflooring 预制水磨预制水磨 石地面precast precast terrazzoterrazzo terrazzo flooring flooring 硬木花地面hard-wood hard-wood parquetparquet parquet flooring flooring 搁栅 joist硬木毛地面hard-wood hard-wood roughrough rough flooring flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant acid-resistant floorfloor 钢筋混凝土楼板钢筋混凝土楼板 reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面vinyl vinyl flooringflooring 水磨石嵌条水磨石嵌条 divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡％坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟drainage drainage trenchtrench 沟盖板trench trench cover cover 活动盖板活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑sump sump pitpit 孔翻边hole hole upup up stand stand 电缆沟cable cable trenchtrench h. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件 木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled panelled doordoor 夹板门plywood plywood doordoor 铝合金门铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门swing swing doordoor 推拉门sliding sliding doordoor 平开门side-hung side-hung doordoor 折叠门folding folding doordoor 旋转门revolving revolving doordoor 玻璃门glazed glazed doordoor 密闭门air-Tight air-Tight doordoor 保温门保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门fire fire doordoor (大门上的)小门 wicket门框door door frameframe 门扇door door leafleaf 门洞door door openingopening 结构开洞structural structural openingopening 单扇门single single doordoor 双扇门double double doordoor 疏散门emergency emergency doordoor 纱门screen screen doordoor 门槛door door sillsill 门过梁door door lintellintel 上冒头top top railrail 下冒头bottom bottom railrail 门边木 stile门樘侧料side side jumbjumb 槽口 notch木窗wooden wooden windowwindow 钢窗steel steel windowwindow 铝合金窗铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow hollow steelsteel steel window window 固定窗fixed fixed windowwindow 平开窗side-hung side-hung window window 推拉窗sliding sliding windowwindow 气窗 transom上悬窗top-hung top-hung windowwindow 中悬窗center-pivoted center-pivoted windowwindow 下悬窗hopper hopper windowwindow 活动百叶窗adjustable adjustable louverlouver 天窗 skylight老虎窗dormer dormer windowwindow 密封双层玻璃密封双层玻璃 sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced reinforced brickbrick brick lintel lintel 窗扇casement casement sashsash 窗台window window sillsill 窗台板window window boardboard 窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条cover cover mouldmould 窗帘盒curtain curtain boxbox 合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链parliament parliament hingehinge 闭门器door door closercloser 地弹簧floor floor closercloser 插销 bolt门锁door door locklock 拉手 pull链条 chain门钩door door hangerhanger 碰球ball ball latchlatch 窗钩window window catchcatch 暗插销insert insert boltbolt 电动开关器electric electric openeropener 平板玻璃plate plate glassglass夹丝玻璃wire wire glassglass 透明玻璃clear clear glassglass 毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃bullet-proof bullet-proof glassglass 石英玻璃quartz quartz glassglass 吸热玻璃heat heat absorbingabsorbing absorbing glass glass 磨光玻璃polished polished glassglass 着色玻璃pigmented pigmented glassglass 玻璃瓦glass glass tiletile 玻璃砖glass glass block block 有机玻璃organic organic glassglass i. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯emergency emergency stairstair 旋转梯旋转梯 spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane crane ladderladder 直爬梯vertical vertical ladderladder 踏步 step扇形踏步winder winder (wheel(wheel (wheel step) step) 踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度tread tread widthwidth 防滑条non-slip non-slip insertinsert insert (strips) (strips) 栏杆railing railing (balustrade)(balustrade) 平台栏杆platform platform railingrailing 吊装孔栏杆吊装孔栏杆 railing around mounting hole 扶手 handrail梯段高度height height ofof of flight flight 防护梯笼防护梯笼 protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing landing (platform)(platform) 操作平台operating operating platformplatform 装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair stair landinglanding 客梯passenger passenger liftlift 货梯goods goods liftlift 客/货两用梯goods/passenger goods/passenger liftlift 液压电梯hydraulic hydraulic liftlift 自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯observation observation elevatorelevator 电梯机房电梯机房 lift mortar room电梯坑lift lift pitpit 电梯井道lift lift shaftshaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦砖和瓦】红砖red red brickbrick 粘土砖clay clay brickbrick 瓷砖瓷砖 glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire fire brickbrick 空心砖hollow hollow brickbrick 面砖facing facing brickbrick 地板砖flooring flooring tiletile 缸砖clinkery clinkery brick brick 马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite ceramsite concreteconcrete 琉璃瓦glazed glazed tiletile 脊瓦ridge ridge tiletile 石棉瓦石棉瓦 asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】灰、砂和石】石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉white white marblemarble 花岗岩 granite碎石crushed crushed stonestone 毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂course course sandsand 中砂medium medium sandsand 细砂fine fine sandsand 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥silicate silicate cementcement 火山灰水泥pozzolana pozzolana cementcement 白水泥white white cementcement 水泥砂浆cement cement mortarmortar 石灰砂浆lime lime mortarmortar 水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal thermal mortarmortar 防水砂浆water-proof water-proof mortarmortar 耐酸砂浆acid-resistant acid-resistant mortarmortar 耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistant alkaline-resistant mortarmortar沥青砂浆bituminous bituminous mortarmortar 纸筋灰纸筋灰 paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰麻刀灰 hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar mortar jointjoint 素混凝土plain plain concreteconcrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced reinforced concreteconcrete 轻质混凝土lightweight lightweight concreteconcrete 细石混凝土细石混凝土 fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt asphalt concreteconcrete 泡沫混凝土foamed foamed concrete concrete 炉渣混凝土cinder cinder concreteconcrete【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】饰面及粉刷材料】水刷石granitic granitic plasterplaster 斩假石artificial artificial stonestone 刷浆lime lime washwash 可赛银 casein大白浆white white washwash 麻刀灰打底麻刀灰打底 hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash 分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰板条抹灰 lath and plaster【Asphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】 沥青卷材asphalt asphalt feltfelt 沥青填料asphalt asphalt fillerfiller 沥青胶泥asphalt asphalt groutgrout 冷底子油adhesive adhesive bitumenbitumen bitumen primer primer 沥青玛啼脂asphaltic asphaltic masticmastic 沥青麻丝bitumastic bitumastic oakumoakum 石棉板asbestos asbestos sheetsheet 石棉纤维asbestos asbestos fiberfiber【Timber 木材】木材】裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木round round timbertimber 方木square square timbertimber 板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松red red pinepine 白松white white pinepine 落叶松deciduous deciduous pinepine 云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨white white poplarpoplar 桦木 birch冷杉 fir 栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木camphor camphor woodwood 防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber 胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板laminated laminated plankplank 胶合层夹木材glue-laminated glue-laminated lumberlumber 纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bamboo【Metallic Materials 金属材料】金属材料】黑色金属ferrous ferrous metalmetal 圆钢 steelbBar方钢square square steelsteel 扁钢steel steel atrapatrap 型钢steel steel sectionsection section (shape) (shape) 槽钢 channel角钢angle angle steelsteel 等边角钢equal-leg equal-leg angleangle 不等边角钢unequal-leg unequal-leg angleangle 工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢T-bar T-bar (Z-bar)(Z-bar) 冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢alloy alloy steelsteel钛合金titanium titanium alloyalloy 不锈钢stainless stainless steelsteel 竹节钢筋corrugated corrugated steelsteel steel bar bar 变形钢筋deformed deformed barbar 光圆钢筋plain plain roundround round bar bar 钢板steel steel plateplate 薄钢板thin thin steelsteel steel plate plate 低碳钢低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯cold cold bendingbending 钢管steel steel pipe pipe pipe (tube) (tube) 无缝钢管无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管welded welded steelsteel steel pipe pipe 黑铁管iron iron pipepipe 镀锌钢管镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁cast cast ironiron 生铁pig pig ironiron 熟铁wrought wrought ironiron 镀锌铁皮镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁丝镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire 钢丝网钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网expanded expanded metalmetal 锰钢managanese managanese steelsteel 高强度合金钢高强度合金钢 high strength alloy steel【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】有色金属】 金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 lead【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】防腐蚀材料】聚乙烯polythene, polythene, polyethylenepolyethylene 尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯聚氯乙烯 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylic acrylic resinresin 乙烯基酯vinyl vinyl esterester 橡胶内衬rubber rubber lininglining 氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆bitumen bitumen paintpaint 环氧树脂漆epoxy epoxy resinresin resin paint paint 氧化锌底漆zinc zinc oxideoxide oxide primer primer 防锈漆anti-rust anti-rust paintpaint 耐酸漆acid-resistant acid-resistant paintpaint 耐碱漆alkali-resistant alkali-resistant paintpaint 水玻璃sodium sodium silicatesilicate 树脂砂浆resin-bonded resin-bonded mortarmortar 环氧树脂epoxy epoxy resinresin【Building Building Hardware Hardware 建筑五金】建筑五金】钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail 环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝flat-head flat-head screwscrew 螺栓 bolt普通螺栓commercial commercial boltbolt 高强螺栓high high strengthstrength strength bolt bolt 预埋螺栓insert insert boltbolt 胀锚螺栓cinch cinch boltbolt 垫片 washer【Paint 油漆】油漆】底漆 primer防锈底漆rust-inhibitive rust-inhibitive primerprimer 防腐漆anti-corrosion anti-corrosion paintpaint 调和漆mixed mixed paintpaint 无光漆flat flat paintpaint 透明漆 varnish银粉漆aluminum aluminum paintpaint 磁漆enamel enamel paintpaint 干性油drying drying oiloil 稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆asphalt asphalt paintpaint 桐油桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹red red leadlead 铅油lead lead oiloil 腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】专业】建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水给排水 water supply and drainage总图plot plot planplan 采暖通风H.V H.V.A.C.A.C .A.C (heating (heating 、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应电力供应 electric power supply电气照明electric electric lightinglighting 电讯 telecommunication 仪表 instrument热力供应heat heat powerpower power supply supply 动力mechanical mechanical powerpower 工艺process process technologytechnology 管道 piping【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】一般通用名词】建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式architectural architectural stylestyle 民用建筑civil civil architecturearchitecture 城市建筑urban urban architecturearchitecture 农村建筑rural rural architecturearchitecture 农业建筑farm farm buildingbuilding 工业建筑industrial industrial buildingbuilding 重工业的heavy heavy industrialindustrial 轻工业的light light industrialindustrial 古代建筑ancient ancient architecturearchitecture 现代建筑modern modern architecturearchitecture 标准化建筑standardized standardized buildingsbuildings 附属建筑auxiliary auxiliary buildingsbuildings 城市规划city city planningplanning 厂区内within within sitesite 厂区外 offsite封闭式closed closed typetype 开敞式open open typetype 半开敞式semi-open semi-open typetype 模数制modular modular systemsystem 单位造价unit unit costcost 概算preliminary preliminary estimateestimate 承包商constructor, constructor, contractorcontractor 现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震aseismatic, aseismatic, quake-proofquake-proof 防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量traffic traffic volumevolume 货流量freight freight traffictraffic traffic volume volume 人流量pedestrian pedestrian volume volume 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 建筑模型building building modelmodel【Architectural Architectural Physics Physics 建筑物理】建筑物理】照明 illumination照度degree degree ofof of illumination illumination 亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光natural natural lightinglighting 光强light light intensityintensity 侧光side side lightlight 顶光top top lightlight 眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温thermal thermal insulationinsulation 恒温constant constant temperaturetemperature 恒湿constant constant humidityhumidity 噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音sound sound absorptionabsorption 露点dew dew pointpoint 隔汽 vapor-proof【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】职务名称】项目经理项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理design design managermanager 首席建筑师principal principal architectarchitect总工程师chief chief engineerengineer 土木工程师civil civil engineerengineer 工艺工程师process process engineerengineer 电气工程师electrical electrical engineerengineer 机械工程师mechanical mechanical engineerengineer 计划工程师planning planning engineerengineer 助理工程师assistant assistant engineerengineer 实习生 probationer专家specialist, specialist, expertexpert 制图员 draftsman 技术员 technician【Drafting 制图】制图】总说明general general specificationspecification 工程说明project project specificationspecification 采用标准规范目录采用标准规范目录 list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录图纸目录 list of drawings 平面图 plan局部放大图局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图schematic schematic planplan plan of... of... ．．．平剖面图．平剖面图 sectional plan of... 留孔平面图留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes 剖面 section纵剖面longitudinal longitudinal sectionsection 横剖面横剖面 cross (transverse) section 立面 elevation正立面front front elevationelevation 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 侧立面side side elevationelevation 背立面back back elevationelevation 详图detail detail drawingsdrawings 典型节点typical typical detaildetail 节点号detail detail No.No. 首页front front pagepage 图纸目录及说明list of contents and description 图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图load load diagramdiagram 流程示意图flow flow diagramdiagram 标准图standard standard drawingdrawing ．．．布置图layout layout ofof of ... ... 地形图topographical topographical mapmap土方工程图earth-work earth-work drawing drawing 展开图developed developed drawing drawing 模板图formwork formwork drawingdrawing 配筋配筋 arrangement of reinforcement 表格 tables工程进度表working working scheduleschedule 技术经济指标technical and economical index 建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号serial serial No. No. 行和栏rows rows andand and columns columns 备注 remarks 等级 grade直线straight straight Line Line 曲线 curves曲折线zigzag zigzag lineline 虚线dotted dotted lineline 实线solid solid lineline 影线hatching hatching line line 点划线点划线 dot and dash line 轴线 axis等高线contour contour Line Line 中心线center center LineLine 双曲线 hyperbola 抛物线 parabola切线tangent tangent Line Line 尺寸线dimension dimension LineLine 园形 round 环形 annular 方形 square 矩形 rectangle 平行四边形 parallelogram 三角形 triangle 五角形 pentagon 六角形 hexagon 八角形 octagon 梯形 trapezoid 圆圈 circle 弓形 sagment 扇形 sector 球形的 spherical 抛物面 paraboloid 圆锥形 cone椭圆形ellipse, ellipse, oblongoblong面积 area 体积 volume 容量 capacity 重量 weight 质量 mass 力 force 米 meter 厘米 centimeter 毫米 millimeter 公顷 hectate 牛顿/平方米Newton/square Newton/square metermeter 千克/立方米kilogram/cubic kilogram/cubic metermeter 英尺 foot 英寸 inch 磅 pound 吨 ton 加仑 gallon 千磅 kip平均尺寸average average dimension dimension 变尺寸variable variable dimension dimension 外形尺寸overall overall dimension dimension 展开尺寸developed developed dimension dimension 内径inside inside diameter diameter 外径outside outside diameter diameter 净重net net weight weight 毛重gross gross weight weight 数量 quantity 百分比 percentage 净空 clearance 净高 headroom净距clear clear distance distance 净跨clear clear spanspan 截面尺寸sectional sectional dimensiondimension 开间 bay 进深 depth单跨single single span span 双跨double double span span 多跨 multi-span标高elevation, elevation, levellevel 绝对标高absolute absolute elevation elevation 设计标高designed designed elevationelevation 室外地面标高ground ground elevation elevation 室内地面标高floor floor elevation elevation 柱网column column gridgrid坐标 coordinate厂区占地site site areaarea 使用面积usable usable area area 辅助面积service service area area 通道面积passage passage area area 管架pipe pipe rackrack 管廊pipeline pipeline gallerygallery 架空管线overhead overhead pipeline pipeline 排水沟drain drain ditch ditch 集水坑sump sump pit pit 喷泉 fountain地漏floor floor drain drain 消火栓fire fire hydrant hydrant 灭火器fire fire extinguisherextinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher卤代烷灭火器halon halon extinguisherextinguisher2. STRUCTURE 结构专业 a. Load 荷载荷载拔力pulling pulling force force 标准值standard standard value value 残余应力residual residual stressstress 冲击荷载冲击荷载 impact load, punch load残余变形residual residual deflectiondeflection 承压 bearing承载能力bearing bearing capacitycapacity 承重承重 bearing, load bearing承重结构bearing bearing structure structure 脆性材料brittle brittle material material 脆性破坏brittle brittle failure failure 抵抗力resisting resisting power, power, power, resistance resistance 吊车荷载crane crane load load 分布荷载distributed distributed load load 风荷载wind wind loadload 风速风速 wind velocity, wind speed风压wind wind pressure pressure 风振wind wind vibration vibration 浮力buoyance, buoyance, floatage floatage 符号symbol, symbol, mark mark 负弯矩负弯矩 negative moment, hogging moment附加荷载additional additional load load 附加应力additional additional stress stress 副作用side side effect,effect, effect, by-effect by-effect刚度 rigidity 刚度比刚度比 ratio of rigidity刚度系数rigidity rigidity factor factor 刚接rigid rigid connectionconnection 刚性节点rigid rigid joint joint 恒载dead dead load load 荷载传递荷载传递 transmission of load固端弯矩fixed-end fixed-end moment moment 活荷载live live load load 积灰荷载dust dust load load 集中荷载concentrated concentrated loadload 加载, 加荷 loading 剪力剪力 shear, shearing force剪切破坏shear shear failure failure 剪应变shear shear strain strain 剪应力shear shear stress stress 简支simple simple support support 静定结构静定结构 statically determinate structure 截面模量截面模量 modulus of section,section section modulusmodulus 静力static static forceforce 静力分析static static analysisanalysis 局部压力局部压力 local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈local local bulkling bulkling 绝对值absolute absolute valuevalue 均布荷载均布荷载 uniformly distributed load抗拔力pulling pulling resistance resistance 抗剪刚度shear shear rigidityrigidity 抗剪强度抗剪强度 shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度tensile tensile strength strength 抗扭torsion torsion resistanceresistance 抗扭刚度torsional torsional rigidity rigidity 抗弯bending bending resistanceresistance 抗弯刚度bending bending rigidityrigidity 抗压强度抗压强度 compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计reliability reliability design design 拉力tensile tensile force force 拉应力拉应力 tensile stress, tension stress 拉应变拉应变 tensile strain, tension strain临界点critical critical point point 临界荷载critical critical load load 临界应力critical critical stressstress 密度 density离心力centrifugal centrifugal forceforce 摩擦力friction friction forceforce 摩擦系数frictional frictional factorfactor 挠度 deflection内力内力 internal force, inner force 扭矩扭矩 moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度fatigue fatigue strengthstrength 偏心荷载偏心荷载 eccentric load, non-central load偏心距eccentric eccentric distance,distance, distance, eccentricity eccentricity 偏心受拉eccentric eccentric tension tension 偏心受压eccentric eccentric compressioncompression 屈服强度yield yield strengthstrength 使用荷载working working loadload 水平力horizontal horizontal forceforce 水平推力horizontal horizontal thrustthrust 弹塑性变形elastoplastic elastoplastic deformationdeformation 弹性弹性 elasticity, resilience, spring塑限plastic plastic limitlimit 弹性变形elastic elastic deformationdeformation 塑性变形plastic plastic deformationdeformation 弹性模量弹性模量 modulus of elastic, elastic modulus 体积体积 volume, bulk, cubature, cubage 土压力土压力 earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩bending bending moment,moment, moment, moment moment 弯曲半径弯曲半径 radius at bent, radius of curve 位移 displacement温度应力temperature temperature stressstress 温度作用temperature temperature actionaction 系数coefficient, coefficient, factorfactor 雪荷载snow snow loadload 压应变compression compression strainstrain 压应力compression compression stressstress 应力集中应力集中 concentration of stress 预应力预应力 prestressing force, prestress 振动荷载振动荷载 vibrating load, racking load支座反力support support reactionreaction 自重own own weightweight 作用action, action, effecteffect 作用点作用点 point of application,application jointb. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础地基及基础板桩板桩 sheet pile, sheeting pile 板桩基础板桩基础 sheet pile foundation。
英文介绍泥塑的文章
中华泥塑英文介绍Chinese Clay Sculptures: A Rich Cultural LegacyClay sculptures, or "mud figurines", as they are commonly known in China, are an ancient and deeply cherished form of art in Chinese culture. These sculptures are crafted from a mixture of clay and other organic materials, molded and shaped by skilled artists into a wide range of subjects, from mythological creatures to historical figures, and even everyday objects.The history of Chinese clay sculptures can be traced back to the Neolithic period, with evidence of early clay figurines found in archaeological sites across the country. Over the centuries, the craft has evolved and developed, incorporating new techniques and styles, while maintaining its deep roots in Chinese tradition and folklore.One of the most distinctive characteristics of Chinese clay sculptures is their intricate detailing and vibrant colors. The sculptures are often adorned with intricate patterns and designs, while the use of bright, bold colors brings them to life. This combination of intricate design and vivid coloration is what gives Chinese clay sculptures their unique character and charm.Another notable aspect of this art form is the wide range of subjects that are depicted. From mythical dragons and phoenixes to scenes from everyday life, Chinese clay sculptures encompass a vast and diverse array of themes. This reflects the richness and complexity of Chinese culture, which has always sought to express the beauty and meaning of both the divine and the mundane.The process of creating a clay sculpture is both art and science. Skilledartists carefully select and prepare the clay, mixing it with other materials to give it the desired consistency and texture. They then shape the clay into the desired form, using a variety of tools and techniques to achieve the desired effect. Once the sculpture is complete, it is fired in a kiln to harden it, and then painted or glazed to give it its final coloration.Chinese clay sculptures have played a significant role in the cultural life of China for thousands of years. They have been used as religious icons, decorative objects, and even toys for children. T oday, they are recognized as an important part of China's cultural heritage, and are highly prized by collectors and art lovers around the world.In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in traditional Chinese crafts, including clay sculptures. Many artists are now exploring new ways to incorporate traditional techniques and materials into contemporary art forms, creating a fusion of old and new that speaks to both Chinese tradition and modern aesthetic sensibilities.As China continues to evolve and modernize, it is important to preserve and celebrate its rich cultural legacy. Chinese clay sculptures are a testament to the creativity, ingenuity, and artistic vision of the Chinese people, and they continue to inspire and captivate generations of artists and art lovers around the world. Whether as a symbol of religious devotion, artistic expression, or simply as a reminder of China's deep cultural heritage, these sculptures remain an integral part of the country's identity and spirit.Chinese clay sculptures also hold significant cultural and historical value, often serving as tangible representations of various aspects of Chinese history, mythology, and folklore. Many of these sculptures depict legendary figures, such as the Monkey King or the Eight Immortals, whoare revered in Chinese culture for their wisdom, courage, and other admirable qualities. By creating these sculptures, artists not only honor these legendary figures but also pass down their stories and cultural significance to future generations.Additionally, many Chinese clay sculptures reflect the influence of various dynasties and historical periods, providing valuable insights into the social, political, and cultural landscapes of those times. For example, sculptures from the Tang Dynasty often exhibit a grandeur and sophistication that mirrors the prosperity and artistic flourish of that era, while those from the Song Dynasty tend to be more understated and introspective, reflecting the more contemplative and scholarly nature of that period.Chinese clay sculptures have also played a role in religious rituals and ceremonies, particularly in Buddhism and Taoism. Temples and monasteries have long commissioned clay sculptures of deities and bodhisattvas as objects of veneration, while some sculptures are created to commemorate important events or to offer protection and blessings. These religious sculptures often display a high level of craftsmanship and artistry, reflecting the devotion and reverence of the artists and the communities that created them.In modern times, Chinese clay sculptures have gained recognition and appreciation not only in China but also internationally. Their unique aesthetic qualities and cultural significance have made them highly sought-after by art collectors, museums, and cultural institutions worldwide. As a result, many artists today are finding new ways to innovate within the tradition, creating works that speak to contemporary issues and aesthetics while staying true to the spirit of the craft.The preservation and promotion of Chinese clay sculptures have become important cultural initiatives in recent years. Organizations and institutions dedicated to the study, preservation, and dissemination of this art form have been established, while exhibitions, workshops, and other cultural events have been organized to raise awareness and appreciation for this unique aspect of China's cultural heritage.In conclusion, Chinese clay sculptures represent a rich and diverse aspect of China's cultural legacy, embodying the creativity, skill, and artistic vision of generations of Chinese artists. From ancient religious icons to contemporary artistic expressions, these sculptures offer a glimpse into the vast and complex tapestry of Chinese culture, history, and tradition. As China continues to evolve and modernize, it is essential to cherish and celebrate this vital part of its cultural identity, ensuring that the legacy of Chinese clay sculptures continues to inspire and captivate for generations to come.。
建筑专业英语词汇（M-N）
建筑专业英语词汇(M-N)macadam aggregate 锁结式集料machine 机械machine application 机械粉饰machine cavern 地下机械室machine made brick 机制砖machine mixed concrete 机拌混凝土machinery and equipment yard 机械设备堆集场地machinery foundation 机迄座machinery room 机房macrography 肉眼检查macrostructure 宏观结构made ground 填土magnesia brick 镁砖magnesia cement 镁氧水泥magnesia insulation 镁质绝缘材料magnesite brick 镁砖magnet 磁铁magnetic crack detection 磁力探伤magnetic separator 磁力分离器magnetism 磁力magnetization 磁化magnitude 大小main 干线main air duct 昼道main bar 种筋main beam 趾main bridge members 知桥梁杆件main canal 干渠main dike 痔main door 正门main drain 峙水沟main face 正面main girder 趾main pressure differential 周压差main rafter 知main reinforcement 种筋main runner 脂条main stair 芝梯main structural part 知结构配件main tie 值材main truss 朱架main valve 支main wall 纸mains distribution box 干线配电箱mains failure 电力网毁坏mains supply 干线供给mains water 自来水maintenance 维护maintenance cost 保养费maintenance hangar 修理棚maintenance overhaul 维修检查major axes of stress ellipse 应力椭圆的长径major axis 长径major overhaul 大修make up air 补偿空气make up pump 补充水泵make up water 补给水mall 木大锤mallet 木锤man 人man made stone 人造石management 管理manager program 操纵程序manhole 人孔manhole cover 检查井盖manhole rings 人孔环manhole step irons 人孔踏步铁manifold 集合管manilla rope 马尼拉麻绳索manometer 压力计manometric pressure 计示压力mansard 复折屋顶mansard dormer window 折线形屋顶窗mansard roof 折线形屋顶mansard roof construction 折线形屋顶结构mansion 住宅mantelpiece 壁炉台mantelshelf 壁炉台manual batcher 手动计量器manual cycling control 循环工程手动操纵manual damper 手动档板manual press 手压机manual proportioning control 手工称量控制manufacture 制造manufactured construction materials 人造建筑材料manufactured sand 人工砂manufacturing process 生产过程many roomed apartment 一套多房间公寓map 地图map cracking 网状裂缝marble 大理石marble gravel 大理石砾石marbling 仿制的大理石margin 边缘margin of safety 安全系数margin of stability 稳定性限marginal concrete strip finisher 混凝土边缘修整机marginal strip 路缘带marine clay 海成粘土marine construction 海洋建筑物marine glue 防水胶marine paint 海船油漆marine park 海蚀公园marine sand 海砂marine structures 海洋建筑物marine works 海洋建筑物mark 标记marker 标识器marker line 标志线marker post 标志杆market 市场market building 市场房屋marking 标识marking gauge 划线刀marl 泥灰岩marquee 雨罩marquetry 镶嵌装饰品marsh 沼泽地marshalling 砌体marshy ground 沼泽地mashroom valve 园锥形活门mason 石工mason's adjustable suspension scaffold 砖石工用可迭挂式脚手架mason's hammer 砖石工锤mason's mortar 圬工灰浆mason's scaffold 圬工脚手架masonry 砌石masonry anchor 圬工锚碇masonry arch 砌石拱masonry block 砌筑块masonry bridge 圬工桥masonry cement 砌切筑水泥masonry construction 砌筑结构masonry drill 圬工钻masonry mortar 圬工灰浆masonry nail 砖石钉masonry plate 座板masonry sand 圬工砂masonry veneer 表层砌体mass concrete 大块混凝土mass curve 土方曲线mass force 质量力mass foundation 块状基础mass haule curve 土方曲线mass produced structural units 成批生产的结构部件mass runoff 径量massive concrete structures 块状混凝土结构masstone 天然色调mast arm 灯具悬臂mast cap spider 紧桅箍星形轮mast with arm 带臂电杆master plan 总体规划mastic 玛脂mastic asphalt 石油沥青砂胶mastic cement 水泥砂胶mastic cooker 地沥青砂胶加热锅mat 底板mat coat 罩面mat foundation 板式基础mat reinforcement bender 钢筋网弯曲机match marking 装配标记match plane 开槽刨matchboarding 企口镶板matched ceiling 企口顶棚material 材料material aggressive to concrete 混凝土侵蚀材料material behavior 材料特性material debris chute 残渣滑槽material handling 材料装卸material handling bridge 材料转运桥material handling system 材料转运系统material hose 原料软管material list 材料酶表material retained on sieve 筛上筛余物material strength 材料强度material test 材料试验materials testing laboratory 材料试验室matt paint 无光泽涂料matte surface glass 毛面玻璃matted glass 毛面玻璃mattress 柴排mattress revetment 沉排铺面matured cement 长期贮存的老化水泥matured concrete 成熟混凝土maturing 老化maturing of concrete 混凝土的熟化maul 木大锤maximum 最大maximum allowable concentration 最大容许浓度maximum allowable emission 最大容许发散maximum capacity of well 井的最高容量maximum density grading 最大密度级配maximum density of soil 土壤的最大密度maximum dry density 最大干密度maximum flood discharge 最大洪水量maximum gradient 最大坡度maximum load 最大负荷maximum load design 最大荷载重设计法maximum rated load 最大额定荷载maximum safe load 最大安全载荷maximum simultaneous demand 最大同时需要量maximum size 最大尺寸maximum value 最大值meager lime 贫石灰mean cycle stress 循环应力的平均值mean depth 平均深度mean radiant temperature 平均辐射温度mean temperature difference 平均温差mean velocity of flow 平均临means of conveyance 传送工具means of egress 出口装置means of slinging 吊税置means of transportation 传送工具measure 尺寸measured drawing 实测图measurement 测定measurement data 测定资料measuring apparatus 测量仪器measuring chain 测量链measuring element 测定元件measuring frame 配料量斗measuring tank 计量槽measuring tape 卷尺measuring worm conveyor 测量螺旋输送机mechanical aeration 机械通风mechanical analysis 机械分析mechanical application 机械粉饰mechanical area 机械布置空间mechanical bond 机械结合mechanical calculation 力学计算mechanical classification 机械分级mechanical cooling 机械冷却mechanical core 技术设施中心带mechanical core wall 设有设施装置的心墙mechanical coupling link 机械轴节连杆mechanical draft cooling tower 机动气龄却塔mechanical dust collector 机械除尘器mechanical filter 机械滤器mechanical operator 机动装置mechanical rake 机械耙mechanical rammer 机械夯具mechanical refrigerating system 机械冷冻系统mechanical refrigeration 机械制冷mechanical stabilisation 机械稳定处理mechanical strength characteristics 力学强度特性mechanical testing 机械试验mechanical tooling of concrete 混凝土的机械加工mechanical treatment of sawage 污水的机械净化mechanical trowel 抹灰机mechanical ventilation 机械通风mechanics 力学mechanics of materials 材料力学mechanism 机构mechanization 机械化median barrier 路中护栏medium burned brick 标准烧成砖medium duty scaffold 中型脚手架medium grained asphalt concrete 中粒级配地沥青混凝土meeting rail 窗框的横挡meeting stile 连接板条member 构件membrane concrete curing 用膜混凝土养护membrane curing 薄膜养护法membrane filter 薄膜过滤器membrane fireproofing 隔膜防火层membrane forming type bond braker 粘结制止膜形成剂membrane theory 薄膜理论membrane waterproofing 薄膜防水memorial 纪念碑memorial architecture 纪念性建筑memorial table 纪念雕版menstruum 溶媒mercury arc lamp 汞弧灯meridian stress 经线应力mesh 筛目mesh analysis 筛分析mesh laying jumbo 钢筋网敷设设备mesh reinforced shotcrete 钢筋网加强喷射混凝土mesh reinforcement 钢筋网mesh series 筛一套mesh size 筛目大小metal 金属;铺路碎石metal clad cable 金属包皮电缆metal clad fire door 有金属包层的防火门metal construction 金属结构metal curtain wall 铁骨架悬挂壁metal door 金属门metal floor decking 金属楼板铺面metal form 金属模板metal furniture 金属家具metal gauze 金属网metal grating 金属栅板metal hose 金属蛇管metal lathing 钉钢丝网metal mesh fabric 金属网metal plate 金属板metal plating 镀metal runner 金属滑条metal sash putty 金属窗框油灰metal sheet 金属板metal sheet roof covering 金属薄板metal shingle 金属鱼鳞板metal stud 金属立杆metal tube 金属管metal valley 金属沟槽metal water stop 金属带密封metallic cement 熔渣硅酸盐水泥metallic sprayed coating 喷镀金属膜meteorological observation 气象观测meteorology 气象学meter 米methane tank 沼气桶method 方法method of curing 养护法method of elastic weights 弹性荷载法method of joint isolation 结点法method of least work 最小功法method of minimum strain energy 最小功法method of moment 力矩法method of redundant reactions 弯矩面积法method of sections 断面法method of the substitute redundant members 超静定构件取代法method of zero moment points 零点力矩法metro 地下铁道metropolitan area 大城市区域mezzanine 中二楼mica 云母micro crack 微细龟裂micro strainer 微孔滤网microclimate 小气候micrometer 微米microparticle 微粒micropolitan 居住区microscope 显微镜microstructure 微结构middle girder 中间梁middle strip 中间带middle surface 中面midget construction crane 小型建筑起重机midspan 中跨midspan deflection 中跨挠度midspan load 跨中荷载midwall 间隔墙mild steel reinforcement 低碳钢钢筋milk of lime 石灰乳mill 粉碎机mill construction 厂房结构millboard 麻丝板milled joint 研压接缝mineral aggregate 矿质骨料mineral dust 矿物粉末mineral fiber tiles 矿物纤维板mineral fibers 矿物纤维mineral filled asphalt 填充细矿料的沥青mineral filler 矿物质填料mineral pigment 矿物颜料mineral wool 矿物棉mineralogical composition of aggregates 集料的矿物的组成miniaturization 小型化mining shovel 采矿机铲mining town 矿业城镇mirror 镜mission tile 半圆形截面瓦mist 烟雾mist spraying 喷雾miter cut 斜切割miter gate 人字间门miter joint 斜角连接mitigation 水的软化mix 混合mix control 混合控制mix design 配合比设计mix in place machine 就地拌和机mix in place travel plant 就地拌和机mix ingredients 混合物成分mix proportions 混合比mixed cement 混合水泥mixed concrete 拌好的混凝土mixed construction 混合构造mixed greenery 混合式绿化区mixed in place construction of road 就地拌和法筑路mixed in place method 就地拌和法mixer 混合机mixer drum 混合圆筒mixer efficiency 混合机效率mixer skip 拌和机装料斗mixer trestle 混合机栈桥mixer truck 混凝土搅拌车mixing 混合mixing box 混合室mixing chamber 混合室mixing cycle 混合周期mixing damper 混合档板mixing drum 混合圆筒mixing of concrete 混凝土的搅拌mixing placing train 混合与灌筑综合装置mixing plant 搅拌装置mixing platform 拌和台mixing rate 混合物比率mixing ratio 混合比mixing screw 混合用螺旋mixing speed 拌和速度mixing tank 混合槽mixing temperature 混合温度mixing time 拌和时间mixing tower 混合塔mixing valve 混合阀mixing water 搅拌用水mixometer 拌和计时器mixture 混合mobile bituminous mixing plant 移动式沥青混合设备mobile crane 自行吊车mobile field office 移动式工地办公室mobile form 移动式模壳mobile hoist 移动式卷杨机mobile job crane 移动式起重机mobile load 活动荷载mobile scaffold tower 塔式机动脚手架mobile site office 移动式工地办公室mobile space heater 移动式空气加热器mobile tower crane 可移动塔式起重机mobile work platform 移动式工专mobility of concrete 混凝土怜性mode of buckling 压屈状态mode of failure 毁坏模式model 模型model testing 模型试验modern architecture 现代建筑modern city 现代城市modernization 现代化modification 更改modified i beam 改进的i型梁modified portland cement 改良硅酸盐水泥modular brick 符合模数尺寸的砖modular building 模数法建筑modular building unit 模数化建筑物单元modular constuction 模数化构造modular coordination 模数协调modular design 模数法设计modular dimension 模数尺寸modular ratio 模量化modular ratio method 模量比法modular size 标准化尺寸modular system 模数制modular unit 模数化构件modulator 爹器module 尺度modulus 系数modulus of creep 蠕变模量modulus of deformation 形变模量modulus of elasticity 弹性模量modulus of foundation support 地基反力系数modulus of resilience 回弹模量modulus of rigidity 抗剪模量modulus of rupture 挠折模量modulus of section 断面模量modulus of subgrade reaction 地基反力系数moist air cabinet 保湿箱moist room 湿气室moisture 湿气moisture barrier 防潮层moisture gradient 湿度梯度moisture laden air 潮湿空气moisture migration 水分移动moisture movement 水分移动moisture proof luminaire 防湿灯moisture resistant insulating material 耐湿性绝热材料moisture seal 防潮层moisture sensing probe 测湿器moisture tons 潜热冷冻负荷mold 模型mold oil 脱模油mold release 脱模剂molded brick 模制砖molded gutter 模制天沟molded insulation 模制塑料绝缘molded plywood 成型胶合板moldings 线脚molds reuseability 模重复使用能力mole 防波堤mole drain 地下排水沟mole drainage 地下排水工程moler brick 硅藻土砖moling 地下排水沟设置moment 力矩moment area 力矩面积moment area method 弯矩面积法moment at fixed end 支承挠矩moment at support 弯矩钢筋moment bar 弯矩杆moment buckling 力矩弯曲moment curvature law 力矩与曲率定律moment diagram 力矩分配法moment distribution 弯矩分配moment distribution method 力矩分配法moment equation 力矩方程moment influence line 力矩影响线图moment of couple 力偶矩moment of deflection 弯曲力矩moment of friction 摩擦力矩moment of inertia 惯性矩moment of load 负载矩moment of resistance 抗力矩moment of rupture 裂断力矩moment of span 跨矩moment of stiffness 刚性力矩moment reinforcement 弯曲钢筋moment resisting space frame 抗力矩空间构架moment resulting from sidesway 侧倾力矩moment splice 力矩的拼接moment zero point 零力矩点monastic building 寺院房屋monat cement 无熟料的矿渣水泥monitor 天窗monitor roof 通风的屋顶monitoring 监视monkey 起重机小车monkey wrench 螺丝板手monocable 单塑空死monolithic 整体式monolithic concrete 整体浇灌混凝土monolithic construction 整体式构造monolithic finish 整体修整monolithic grillage 整体式格床monolithic slab and foundation wall 整体式楼板与基础壁monolithic terrazzo 整块水磨石monolithic topping 整体式上部覆盖monopitch roof 单斜屋顶monorail 单轨道monorail system 单轨运输系统monorail transporter 单线运送机monorailway 单轨铁路monotower crane 单塔式起重机monsoon 季节风montage 装配monument 界标moon 月亮moor 沼泽地mooring accessories 系船设备mooring appurtenances 系船设备mooring dolphin 系船柱mooring ring 系船环mordant 腐蚀剂mortar 灰浆mortar additive 灰浆附加剂mortar admixture 灰浆附加剂mortar bar 灰浆棒mortar base 灰浆底座mortar bed 灰浆层mortar bond 灰浆砌筑mortar box 灰浆层mortar cube 灰浆立方块mortar fraction 灰浆部分mortar from chamotte 灰泥灰浆mortar from trass 火山灰灰浆mortar grouting 灌浆mortar gun 灰浆喷枪mortar mill 灰泥混合机mortar mixer 灰泥混合机mortar mixing machine 灰泥混合机mortar of dry consistency 干硬稠度灰浆mortar plasticizer 灰浆增塑剂mortar pump 灰浆泵mortar sand 灰浆用砂mortar spreader 灰浆撒布机mortar walling 灰浆砌筑mortarboard 灰板mortice 榫槽mortise 榫槽mortise chisel 錾mortise gauge 划榫器mortise joint 镶榫接头mortise lock 插锁mortise pin 梢子mosaic 镶嵌砖mosaic floor 镶嵌地板mosaic glass 嵌镶玻璃mosaic structure 镶嵌结构mosaic tile 镶嵌地砖moss 沼泽motel 汽车旅馆mother town 母域motion 运动motomixer 混凝土搅拌车motor 发动机motor bug 机动小车motor bus 公共汽车motor car 轿车motor damper 电动气邻器motor generator set 电动发电机motor grader 自行式平地机motor in head vibrator 电动振动棒motor operated valve 电动阀motor scraper 自动铲运机motorized solar control blinds 机动遮阳帘motorway 汽车路mottle effect 斑点样褪色mottled discoloration 斑点样褪色mottled surface 斑点样表面mould 型mould releasing agent 脱模剂moulded brick 模制砖moulded concrete 模制混凝土moulding plaster 模制用石膏moulding sand 型砂mound breakwater 堆石防波堤mounter 装配工mounting shop 装配车间mouthpiece 嘴子movable barrack 移动式工棚movable bridge 开合桥movable dam 活动堰movable distributor 活动配水器movable joint 活接头movable partition 可动间壁movable rocker bearing 活动振动机支承movable scaffolding 移动式脚手架movable span 可动桥跨movable tangential bearing 活动切线支承movable weir 活动堰moving form 移动式模壳moving form construction 活动模板建造moving load 活动荷载moving ramp 跳板moving staircase 自动升降梯moving walk 滑动步道muck loader 装渣机mucker 装渣机mucker belt 装岩机引带mucking 清理坍方mucosity 粘性mud 软泥mud box 泥渣分离箱mud outlet 污泥排泄口mud room 前厅mud soil 泥土mud trap 泥渣分离箱mudcapping 外部装药爆破mudsill 排架座木muffle furnace 高温烘炉muffler 消声器mullion 竖框mulseal 乳化沥青multi arch dam 连拱坝multi bucket dredger 多斗采砂船multi bucket excavator 多斗挖土机multi cell battery mould 多格仓式模板multi cell dust collector 多孔式积尘器multi compartment building 多户住宅multi compartment settling basin 多槽式沉淀池multi cored brick 多孔砖multi degree system 多自由度系multi lane roadway 多车道道路multi layer consolidation 多层固结multi legged sling 多支吊索multi point heater 多位置加热器multi purpose coating plant 多用途混合装置multi purpose scheme 综合利用设计multi rubber tire roller 多轴碾压机multi span structure 多跨结构multi wheel roller 多轴碾压机multi zone system 多区的空档统multiblade damper 多重叶瓣式节气闸multicolor brick 多色砖multicolor finish 多彩色终饰multideck screen 多层筛multielement member 多单元装配件multielement prestressing 多单元构件预加应力multifamily housing 多户住房multifolding door 卷折式门multilayer insulation 多层绝缘multilevel guyed tower 多位缆风拉紧的塔multimixer 通用混合器multipass aeration tank 多撂曝气池multiple 倍数multiple aeration tank 多撂曝气池multiple arch 连拱multiple arch bridge 连拱桥multiple bay frame 多跨框架multiple dome dam 弓顶连拱坝multiple dwelling 多户住房multiple dwelling building 多户住宅multiple flue chimney 多路烟囱multiple glass 多层玻璃multiple glazing 多层玻璃窗施工multiple leaf damper 多重叶瓣式节气闸multiple pipe inverted siphon 多管式倒虹吸管multiple purpose project 综合利用设计multiple purpose reservoir 综合利用水库multiple row heating coil 多行供热盘管multiple sedimentation tank 多路沉淀池multiple span bridge 多跨桥multiple span structure 多跨构造物multiple web systems 多肋式系统multiply plywood 多层夹板multiplying factor 倍加系数multistage construction 分阶段建筑multistage fan 多级风扇multistage gas supply system 多级供煤气系统multistage stressing 多级施加应力multistorey building 多层房屋;多层建筑物multistorey parking space 多层停车场multistoried building 多层房屋multistoried garage building 多层车库multiuse building 多用途建筑物multiway junction 复合交叉口municipal engineering 市政工程municipal facilities 市政工程设施municipal sanitary 城市卫生municipal sanitary engineering 城市卫生工程学municipal service 市政业务municipal sewage 城市污水municipal sewers 城市下水道网municipal treatment plant 城市污水处理场muntin 窗格条museum 博物馆mushroom construction 无粱板构造mushroom floor 环辐式楼板mushroom head column 无粱式楼板支承柱mushroom slab 无粱楼板mushy concrete 连混凝土mutual action of steel and concrete 钢筋和混凝土的共同酌n truss n字桁架n year flood n年周期洪水nail 钉nail claw 钉拔nail float 钉板抹子nail plate 钉接板nail puller 钉拔nailable concrete 受钉混凝土nailcrete 受钉混凝土nailed beam 钉梁nailed connection 钉结合nailed joint 钉结合nailed roof truss 钉固屋架nailer 可钉条nailing 打钉nailing block 可受钉块nailing marker 标记钉模naked flooring 毛面地板name block 名牌names of parts 部件品目narrow gauge 窄轨narrow gauge railway 窄轨铁路national architecture 民族建筑national highway 国道national style 民族形式natural adhesive 天然粘合剂natural aeration 自然通风natural aggregate 天然骨料natural angle of slope 自然倾斜角natural asphalt 天然沥青natural building sand 天然建筑砂natural cement 天然水泥natural circulation 自然循环natural color 天然色natural concrete aggregate 天然混凝土骨料natural convection 自然对流natural convector 自然对僚热器natural depth 天然深度natural draft 自然通风natural draft cooling tower 自然通风凉水塔natural drainage 自然排水natural finish 天然装饰natural flow 自然量natural foundation 天然地基natural grade 自然坡度natural ground 天然地基natural head 天然水头natural illumination factor 自然采光照玫数natural light 自然光natural lighting 天然照明natural mineral materials 天然矿物质材料natural pigment 天然颜料natural rock asphalt 沥青岩natural sand 天然砂natural sett 天然铺石natural slope 天然坡度natural stone 天然石natural stone slab 天然石板natural stone veneer 天然石表层natural stonework 天然石砌筑natural ventilation 自然通风natural water level 自然水位nature park 自然公园navier's hypothesis 纳维尔假说navigable canal 航行运河navigable construction 通航构造navigation canal 航行运河navigation facilities 通航设施navigation lock 通航船闸neat cement grout 净水泥浆neat cement mortar 净水泥灰浆neat cement paste 净水泥浆neat line 准线neat portland cement 纯波特兰水泥necking 颈缩现象needle 横撑杆needle beam 针梁needle beam scaffold 小梁托撑脚手架needle gate 针形闸门needle valve 针阀needle vibrator 针状振捣器needling 横撑杆negative friction 负摩擦negative moment 负力矩negative pressure 负压negative reaction 负反力negative reinforcement 负挠钢筋negative well 渗水井neighbourhood unit 近里单位neoprene paint 氯丁橡胶涂料nerve 交叉侧肋nervure 交叉侧肋nest of sieves 一套筛子net 网net area 净面积net cut 净挖方net duty of water 净用水量net fill 净填方net floor area 地板或楼层净面积net line 墙面交接线net load 净载荷net positive suction head 净吸引压头net residential area 居住净面积net room area 房间净面积net sectional area 净断面面积net settlement 净沉降net structure 网状结构netting 铁丝网network 格网络network of chains 三角测量网network of coordinates 坐标格网network of underground 地下管网neutral axis 中性轴neutral plane 中性面neutral pressure 中性压力neutral surface 中性面neutralisation tank 中和槽neutron shield 中子防护屏new construction 新建工程new town 新城市newel 螺旋楼梯中柱newel post 螺旋楼梯中柱newel stair 有中柱的螺旋楼梯newly placed concrete 新浇混凝土nibbed tile 有挂脚的瓦niche 壁龛nick break test 缺口冲辉验nidged ashlar 琢石nigged ashlar 琢石nigging 砍修石头night population 夜间人口night setback 夜间温度降低nippers 钳子nipple 短连接管nissen hut 金属结构掩蔽棚屋nitrogen 氮no bond prestressing 无粘结纲筋的后预应力no bond stretching 无粘结纲筋的后预应力no bond tensioning 无粘结纲筋的后预应力no fines concrete 无细集料混凝土no hinged frame 无铰的框架no slump concrete 干硬混凝土nodal forces 节点力node 节点nog 木栓nogging 填墙木砖;系柱横撑nogging piece 横撑noise 噪声noise abatement 减声noise abatement wall 减声壁noise absorption factor 噪声吸收系数noise attenuation 减声noise barrier 消音屏noise control 噪声控剂noise criteria curves 噪声标准曲线noise damper 消音器noise level 噪音级noise meter 噪声计noise nuisance 噪声危害noise rating 噪声评价noise rating curves 噪声评级曲线noise reduction coefficient 噪声降低系数nominal bore 公称直径nominal diameter 公称直径nominal dimension 标称尺寸nominal horsepower 标称马力nominal maximum size of aggregate 骨料的额定最大粒径nominal mix 标称配合比nominal size 公称尺寸nomogram 计算图表non air entrained concrete 非含气的混凝土non bonded joint 不粘着的楼缝non carbonate hardness 非碳酸盐硬度non clogging filter 不堵塞的过滤器non clogging screen 不堵塞的筛non concussive tap 无冲机头non fireproof construction 非防火建筑non load bearing partition 非承重隔墙non load bearing wall 非承重墙non pressure drain 无压排水渠non pressure pipe 无压管non redundant structure 静定结构non retern valve 逆止阀non scouring velocity 不冲刷临non shrinking cement 不收缩水泥non silting velocity 不淤临non slewing crane 非回转式吊机non slip floor 防滑楼板non structural component 非构造部件non tilting drum mixer 直卸料式拌合机nonagitating unit 途中不搅拌的混凝土运送车nonbearing partition 非承重隔墙nonbearing structure 非承压结构nonbearing wall 非承重墙nonbreakable glass 刚性玻璃noncohesive soil 不粘结的土质noncombustible construction 非燃结构noncombustible materials 非燃建筑材料noncreeping material 无蠕变材料nondestructive testing 非破坏性试验nondomestic building 非住宅楼nondomestic premises 非居住房产nonelastic deformation 非弹性变形nonelastic range 非弹性段nonhomogeneity of materials 材料的非均质性nonhomogeneous state of stress 不均等应力状况nonhydraulic lime 非水化石灰nonhydraulic mortar 非水硬性灰浆nonlinear distribution of stresses 应力的非线形分布nonlinear elastic behavior 非线性弹性状态nonlinear elasticity 非线性弹性nonlinear plastic theory 非线性塑性理论nonoverflow section 非溢水部分nonparallel chord truss 非平行弦杆桁架nonprestressed reinforcement 非预应力的钢筋nonresidential building 非居住建筑物nonrigid carriageway 非刚性车道nonrigid pavement 非刚性路面nonrotating rope 不旋转绳nonshrink concrete 抗缩混凝土nonsimultaneous prestressing 非同时预应力nonskid carpet 防滑毡层nonskid surfacing 防滑铺面nonstaining cement 无玷污水泥nonstaining mortar 不生锈的灰浆nonstandard component 非标准构件nonsticky soil 非粘结性土壤nonstorage calorifier 快速加热装置nonsymmetry 非对称nonvolatile matter 非挥发性物质nonvolatile vehicle 非挥发性媒液noon 正午noria 斗式提升机norm 标准norm of construction 建筑规范norm of material consumption 材料消耗定额norm of work 工专额normal concrete 普通混凝土normal consistency 正常稠度normal force 法向力normal force diagram 法向力图表normal heavy concrete 普通重混凝土normal portland cement 普通波特兰水泥normal section 正常断面normal weight concrete 正常重量混凝土normalization 标准化normalization of production 生产正规化normally hydrated cement 正常水化水泥north easter 东北风north light glazing 朝北锯齿形采光屋面装配玻璃north light gutter 朝北锯齿形屋顶边沟north wester 伪风northlight roof 朝北锯齿形屋面norton tube well 管井nose of groyne 丁顶前端noser 强迎面风nosing 梯级突边not water carriage toilet facility 非水冲厕notation 标记notch 切口notch board 梯级侧板notch fall 带缝隙的阶梯式构造notch impact strength 刻痕冲豢度notch shock test 刻痕冲辉验notch toughness 刻痕韧性notched bar test 切口试样冲辉验notched bars 变形钢筋notched specimen 切口试样notching 凹槽连结;刻痕notching machine 齿形刀片栽剪机novelty flooring 新颖花绞地板novelty siding 下垂坡叠板noxious fumes 有毒炮烟nozzle 喷嘴nozzle meter 管嘴式临计ntatorium 游泳池nuclear energy structures 原子力发电厂构造物nuclear reactor 核反应堆nursery 育儿室nursery garden 育苗区nut 螺母nut anchorage 带螺母锚nut runner 螺帽扳手nut socket driver 螺母扳手nut torque 拧螺母转矩nylon 尼龙nylon rope 尼龙绳。
clay art英语作文
clay art英语作文English Answer.Clay art, also known as ceramics, is a form of art that uses clay as its primary medium. Clay is a natural material that is composed of fine-grained minerals and organic matter. When mixed with water, clay becomes a pliable material that can be molded into various shapes. Once the clay has dried, it can be fired in a kiln, which hardensthe clay and gives it a durable finish.Clay art has been practiced for centuries, and it has been used to create a wide variety of objects, including pottery, sculptures, and tiles. Pottery is the most common type of clay art, and it is used to create functionalobjects such as bowls, plates, and cups. Sculptures arethree-dimensional works of art that are made from clay, and they can be either abstract or representational. Tiles are flat pieces of clay that are used to cover walls and floors.Clay art is a versatile medium that can be used to create a wide range of objects with different shapes, textures, and colors. Clay is a relatively inexpensive material, and it is easy to work with, which makes it a popular choice for artists of all ages and skill levels.中文回答：粘土艺术，也称为陶瓷艺术，是一种以粘土为主要媒介的艺术形式。
chinese clay art英语作文
chinese clay art英语作文Chinese clay art, also known as Chinese pottery, is a traditional art form that has a long history in China. It involves the use of clay to create various decorative and functional items such as vases, bowls, and figurines. Theart form has evolved over the centuries, with different regions in China developing their own unique styles and techniques.The process of creating Chinese clay art involvesseveral steps. First, the clay is kneaded and shaped into the desired form. Then, the piece is fired in a kiln to harden the clay and give it a permanent shape. After firing, the piece is often painted or glazed to add color and decoration.One of the most famous types of Chinese clay art is the terracotta army, which was discovered in the tomb of thefirst Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. This incredible collection of clay sculptures consists of thousands oflife-sized soldiers, horses, and chariots, and is a testament to the skill and artistry of ancient Chinese craftsmen.In addition to the terracotta army, Chinese clay art is also widely used in everyday life. Many households use clay pots and dishes for cooking and serving food, and decorative clay figurines are popular as gifts and souvenirs.The art of Chinese clay art is not only a beautiful form of expression, but it also holds cultural and historical significance. It reflects the traditions and beliefs of the Chinese people, and serves as a link to the country's rich artistic heritage.中文：中国陶艺，也称为中国陶瓷，是中国的一种传统艺术形式，历史悠久。
clay art英语作文
clay art英语作文Clay Art: A Creative Expression of Culture and Imagination Clay art, an ancient and enchanting form of expression, has captivated artists and enthusiasts for centuries. It is a medium that allows one to bring imagination to life, shaping and molding clay into intricate designs and figures.The versatility of clay is what makes it such a popular choice for artists. Whether it's terra cotta, porcelain, or polymer clay, each type offers unique characteristics and possibilities. Clay can be smoothed into sleek surfaces, textured with intricate patterns, or even combined with other materials to create hybrid works of art.The process of creating clay art is both therapeutic and rewarding. Artists begin by selecting and preparing their clay, often kneading and rolling it to achieve the desired consistency. Then, they begin to shape the clay, using tools and their hands to form it into the desired shape. This can be anything from a simple pot or vase to a complex sculpture or figurine.Once the basic shape is formed, artists can further enhance their creation by adding details, such as carvings,glazes, or even other materials like glass or metal. The final step is firing the clay in a kiln, which hardens it and gives it a durable finish.Clay art is not just about the finished product; it's also about the journey. It's a way for artists to express their creativity, tell stories, and connect with their cultural heritage. Clay artworks often reflect the traditions and values of the artist's community, making them powerful cultural symbols.In conclusion, clay art is a captivating and rewarding form of expression. It allows artists to bring their imaginations to life, creating beautiful and meaningful works of art. Whether you're a professional artist or a hobbyist, clay art offers a unique and fulfilling creative outlet.。
介绍中国泥塑的英文作文
介绍中国泥塑的英文作文英文：As a traditional Chinese art form, clay sculpture, also known as mud sculpture, has a long history and richcultural connotations. It is a unique form of folk art that has been passed down for generations in China.The origins of Chinese clay sculpture can be tracedback to ancient times, with evidence of its existencedating back to the Neolithic period. The art form has evolved over thousands of years, with different regions in China developing their own distinct styles and techniques.One of the most famous examples of Chinese claysculpture is the "Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses" in Xi'an, which were created over 2,000 years ago to accompany thefirst Emperor of China in the afterlife. These life-sized sculptures are a testament to the skill and craftsmanshipof ancient Chinese artisans.In addition to its historical significance, Chinese clay sculpture also plays an important role in everyday life. It is often used to create figurines, vases, and other decorative items that are popular among Chinese households. Many people also use clay sculpture as a form of religious expression, creating statues of deities and other spiritual figures.Chinese clay sculpture is known for its intricate details and expressive forms. Artisans use a variety of tools and techniques to mold the clay into different shapes and designs, often incorporating traditional Chinese motifs and symbols into their work.Furthermore, Chinese clay sculpture has gained international recognition in recent years, with exhibitions and workshops being held around the world to showcase the beauty and complexity of this art form.Overall, Chinese clay sculpture is a cherished part of China's cultural heritage, and it continues to thrive as avibrant and dynamic art form that is deeply rooted in the traditions and customs of the Chinese people.中文：作为中国传统艺术形式，泥塑（又称泥雕）有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化内涵。
泥塑艺术具体介绍英文作文
泥塑艺术具体介绍英文作文英文：As a lover of art, I am particularly interested in the art of clay sculpting, also known as mud sculpting. Clay sculpting involves the use of clay to create three-dimensional figures, objects, and scenes. This art form has been around for thousands of years and has been used to create everything from decorative objects to life-size sculptures.One of the things I love about clay sculpting is the versatility of the medium. Clay is a very forgivingmaterial that can be molded and shaped in a variety of ways. It allows for a great deal of creativity and experimentation, and can be used to create everything from abstract forms to highly detailed figurines.Another aspect of clay sculpting that I findfascinating is the tactile nature of the process. There issomething very satisfying about working with your hands to create something from scratch. The process of molding and shaping the clay can be very meditative and relaxing, andit allows you to connect with the material on a deeper level.One of my favorite things to create with clay is animals. I love the challenge of capturing the unique characteristics and personalities of different animals in my sculptures. For example, I recently created a clay sculpture of a playful puppy, complete with floppy ears and a wagging tail. It was a lot of fun to create, and I was really happy with how it turned out.Overall, I think clay sculpting is a wonderful art form that allows for a lot of creativity and self-expression. It is a great way to unwind and relax, and it can be a very rewarding hobby or profession.中文：作为一位艺术爱好者，我特别喜欢泥塑艺术，也被称为泥雕艺术。
泥塑艺术英语作文
泥塑艺术英语作文The Art of Clay SculptingClay sculpting is an ancient art form that has captivated artists and enthusiasts for centuries. This versatile medium allows for the creation of intricate and expressive works, ranging from realistic figurines to abstract forms. The process of clay sculpting is both challenging and rewarding, requiring a unique blend of technical skill, creativity, and patience.One of the primary appeals of clay sculpting lies in its tactile nature. The malleable quality of the material allows sculptors to mold and shape it with their hands, imbuing each piece with a sense of personal touch and individuality. This hands-on approach encourages a deep connection between the artist and their work, as they carefully manipulate the clay to bring their artistic vision to life.The versatility of clay sculpting is truly remarkable. From the delicate features of a human face to the bold lines of a modern abstract piece, the medium can be used to create a wide range of styles and forms. This diversity is part of what makes clay sculpting such a compelling art form, as artists can constantly push the boundaries of what ispossible and explore new creative avenues.One of the most captivating aspects of clay sculpting is the way it can capture the essence of the human experience. Sculptors often use the medium to express emotions, tell stories, or commemorate significant events. By sculpting figures or scenes that resonate with the viewer, artists can evoke powerful responses and create a deeper understanding of the human condition.The process of clay sculpting is not without its challenges, however. Achieving the desired shape and form requires a keen eye, a steady hand, and a deep understanding of the material. Sculptors must carefully consider the properties of the clay, such as its moisture content, malleability, and drying time, in order to create pieces that are structurally sound and visually compelling.Moreover, the firing process, which involves baking the clay in a kiln to harden it, can be a delicate and crucial step. If not done properly, the piece may crack, warp, or even shatter, rendering all the hard work and effort meaningless. This level of technical skill and attention to detail is what sets the great clay sculptors apart from the rest.Despite these challenges, the rewards of clay sculpting are immense. The sense of accomplishment that comes with creating a successfulpiece, the joy of seeing one's artistic vision come to life, and the opportunity to share that vision with others are all powerful motivators for those who pursue this art form.Furthermore, clay sculpting has the ability to transcend cultures and boundaries, as the medium has been used by artists around the world to express their unique perspectives and experiences. From the ancient terracotta warriors of China to the intricate figurines of the Mayan civilization, clay sculpting has played a significant role in the artistic and cultural heritage of many societies.In conclusion, the art of clay sculpting is a testament to the human spirit's ability to create, to express, and to connect. Through this medium, artists can capture the beauty, complexity, and diversity of the world around them, and share their unique perspectives with others. Whether one is a seasoned sculptor or a curious beginner, the allure of clay sculpting is undeniable, and the journey of mastering this art form is one that is both challenging and deeply rewarding.。
介绍建筑作文英语作文初一
介绍建筑作文英语作文初一Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It is a field that combines creativity, engineering, and aestheticsto create functional and beautiful spaces. In this essay, we will explore the basics of architecture, its history, and its importance in our everyday lives.History of ArchitectureArchitecture has been a part of human civilization since the earliest times. From the pyramids of Egypt to the Roman Colosseum, from the medieval cathedrals of Europe to the modern skyscrapers of New York City, architecture has evolved over the millennia, reflecting the cultural, technological, and artistic changes of each era.Elements of ArchitectureThe basic elements of architecture include form, space, and structure. Architects use these elements to create buildings that serve a purpose and also inspire the people who use them. Form refers to the overall shape and appearance of a building. Space is the area within and around the building that can be used for various activities. Structure is the system of supports that allows the building to stand up.Styles and MovementsThroughout history, there have been many different architectural styles and movements. Some of the most well-known include:1. Classical Architecture: Inspired by the buildings of ancient Greece and Rome, classical architecture is characterized by symmetry, geometry, and the use of columns and arches.2. Gothic Architecture: This style emerged during the Middle Ages and is known for its pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.3. Modern Architecture: With the advent of new materials and technologies in the 20th century, modern architecture focused on simplicity, functionality, and minimal ornamentation.4. Postmodern Architecture: A reaction to modernism, postmodern architecture incorporates historical elements and a variety of styles to create buildings that are playful and diverse.The Role of ArchitectsArchitects play a crucial role in society. They are not only responsible for the design of buildings but also for ensuring that these structures are safe, sustainable, and meet the needs of the people who will use them. They work closely with engineers, builders, and clients to bring their visions to life.Importance in Daily LifeArchitecture affects our daily lives in many ways. It shapes our cities and towns, influences how we live, work, and play, and can even impact our mood and well-being. A well-designed building can inspire and uplift, while a poorly designed one can have the opposite effect.ConclusionUnderstanding architecture is not just about appreciating beautiful buildings; it's about recognizing the thought, effort, and creativity that goes into creating the spaces where we spend our lives. As we continue to evolve and adapt to new challenges, such as urbanization and climate change, the role of architects and the importance of good design will only become more significant.In conclusion, architecture is a fascinating field that combines art, science, and technology to create thestructures that define our world. As middle school students, learning about architecture can inspire creativity, improve problem-solving skills, and foster an appreciation for the built environment that surrounds us.。
英语介绍一个古老建筑作文
英语介绍一个古老建筑作文Title: Exploring the Timeless Marvel: The Great Wall of China。
Nestled in the heart of China, stretching over 13,000 miles, stands an enduring testament to human ingenuity and perseverance The Great Wall of China. This colossal structure, steeped in history and legend, has captured the imagination of people worldwide for centuries.Constructed over several dynasties, primarily duringthe Qin and Ming dynasties, the Great Wall served as a formidable barrier against invasions from nomadic tribes to the north. Its primary purpose was defense, strategically positioned along the northern borders of China to protectits civilization and cultural heritage.The construction of the Great Wall involved a monumental effort, employing millions of laborers and soldiers over centuries. Initially built using rammed earth,the wall's design evolved over time, incorporating various materials such as bricks, stone, and wood. The result is a breathtaking blend of architectural styles and engineering techniques, reflecting the cultural and technological advancements of each era.One of the most remarkable features of the Great Wall is its sheer scale and length. Stretching across diverse terrain, from rugged mountains to vast plains, the wall winds its way through breathtaking landscapes, offering panoramic views that inspire awe and wonder. Its imposing watchtowers and battlements stand as silent sentinels, bearing witness to the passage of time and the triumphs and tribulations of history.Beyond its military significance, the Great Wall also served as a symbol of unity and strength for the Chinese people. It not only provided protection but alsofacilitated trade, communication, and cultural exchange along the ancient Silk Road routes. The wall's strategic location and imposing presence played a pivotal role in shaping the geopolitical landscape of East Asia forcenturies.Today, the Great Wall stands as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting millions of visitors from around the globe each year. Travelers come to marvel at its grandeur, to walk in the footsteps of emperors and warriors, and to connect with the rich tapestry of Chinese history and culture.Exploring the Great Wall offers a journey through time, a chance to immerse oneself in the stories of dynasties past and the remarkable feats of human endeavor. From the bustling streets of Beijing to the remote stretches of the Gobi Desert, the Great Wall beckons adventurers to discover its secrets and unravel the mysteries of ancient China.As the sun sets behind the distant horizon, casting a golden glow upon the weathered stones of the Great Wall, one cannot help but feel a sense of reverence for this enduring symbol of human resilience and determination. For in the timeless embrace of the Great Wall, we find not onlya monument to the past but also a beacon of hope for the future.。
介绍中国泥塑的英文作文
介绍中国泥塑的英文作文Title: Unveiling the Timeless Charm of Chinese Clay Sculptures。
1. Enter the realm of artistry, and you'll stumble upona treasure trove of cultural heritage Chinese clay sculptures, a living testament to the nation's artistic prowess. These humble creations, crafted with clay andfired in the heat of tradition, are more than just pottery; they're stories waiting to be discovered.2. The first touch of these clay figures reveals their raw, tactile appeal. They come in a myriad of shapes, from delicate figurines to grand landscapes, each one a reflection of the artist's vision. The technique, honed over centuries, is as organic as the clay itself, allowing the clay to take on the most intricate forms.3. The process, a blend of science and art, involves a mesmerizing dance between the artisan's hands and the kiln.The clay, a humble medium, transforms into a living sculpture, capturing the essence of Chinese philosophy and folklore. It's a silent conversation between the clay and the craftsman, a dialogue that speaks of the human touchand the connection to the past.4. Chinese clay sculptures aren't just decorative; they carry the weight of history. They depict historical figures, mythological creatures, and everyday life, offering a glimpse into the social and cultural norms of their time. They are living museums, each piece a chapter in China'srich tapestry.5. The appeal of these sculptures transcends borders. They captivate foreign audiences with their intricate details, vibrant colors, and profound symbolism. They serve as bridges, connecting the past with the present, andinviting the world to delve into the rich tapestry of Chinese culture.In conclusion, Chinese clay sculptures are not just clay; they are a living, breathing testament to thecreativity and resilience of a nation. They are a testament to the power of art to preserve and share stories, making them a true treasure of global heritage. So, next time you hold one in your hands, let it whisper its ancient tale to you.。
泥塑文物介绍英文作文高中
泥塑文物介绍英文作文高中英文：As a lover of ancient Chinese culture, I amparticularly interested in the art of clay sculpture. Clay sculpture is a traditional Chinese folk art that has a long history and is an important part of Chinese cultural heritage. It can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when people used clay to make pottery and figurines for daily use.Over time, clay figurines became more refined and began to take on a more artistic form. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, clay sculpture reached its peak and became a popular art form among the people. The figurines were often made to depict daily life scenes, such as farmers, musicians, and dancers, and were often used as offerings to the gods.In addition to figurines, clay sculpture was also usedto create tomb figurines, which were placed in tombs to accompany the deceased on their journey to the afterlife. These tomb figurines were often highly detailed and realistic, and were made to represent the deceased andtheir lifestyle.Today, clay sculpture is still a popular art form in China, and can be seen in museums and art galleries around the world. One example is the famous Terracotta Warriorsand Horses in Xi'an, which is a collection of clay sculptures that were buried with the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect him in the afterlife.中文：作为一个中国古代文化的爱好者，我特别喜欢泥塑艺术。
介绍古老的建筑英语作文
介绍古老的建筑英语作文Ancient Architecture: A Glimpse into the Past。
Throughout history, humanity has left its mark on the world through various forms of architecture. Among the most captivating are the ancient structures, which stand as testaments to the ingenuity, skill, and cultural richness of their creators. In this essay, we will explore some of the most remarkable examples of ancient architecture from different civilizations around the globe.One of the earliest and most iconic examples of ancient architecture is the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. Built over 4,500 years ago during the reign of Pharaoh Khufu, it is the largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Constructed using massive limestone blocks, the Great Pyramid once stood at an impressive height of 146.6 meters (481 feet), making it the tallest man-made structure for over 3,800 years. Its perfectly aligned sides and preciseengineering continue to baffle historians and architects alike, showcasing the advanced knowledge and technological prowess of ancient Egyptian civilization.Moving to ancient Greece, we encounter another marvel of architecture: the Parthenon. Built in the 5th century BCE on the Acropolis of Athens, this temple dedicated to the goddess Athena is considered the epitome of classical Greek architecture. Designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates, and adorned with sculptures by the renowned artist Phidias, the Parthenon exemplifies the principles of Doric architecture, characterized by its sturdy columns and simple yet elegant design. Despite suffering damage over the centuries, including from wars and natural disasters, the Parthenon remains a symbol of ancient Greekcivilization and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.In Rome, the Colosseum stands as a testament to the grandeur and engineering prowess of the ancient Roman Empire. Completed in 80 CE under the emperor Titus, this colossal amphitheater could accommodate up to 80,000 spectators and was used for gladiatorial contests, animalhunts, and other public spectacles. Constructed of concrete and sandstone, the Colosseum features a series of arched entrances and a complex system of ramps and corridors that facilitated the flow of crowds. Despite suffering damage from earthquakes, fires, and looting over the centuries,the Colosseum remains one of the most iconic symbols of ancient Rome and a major tourist attraction.Turning our attention to Asia, we find the Great Wallof China, one of the most ambitious architectural projects ever undertaken. Stretching over 21,000 kilometers (13,000 miles) across northern China, the Great Wall was built over several centuries starting in the 7th century BCE, with major expansions occurring during the Qin and Han dynasties. Constructed primarily of stone, brick, tamped earth, and other materials, the wall served as a defensivefortification against invasions from nomadic tribes to the north. Despite its name, the Great Wall is not a single continuous structure but rather a series of walls, fortifications, and watchtowers built by various Chinese dynasties. Today, it stands as a symbol of China's rich history and cultural heritage, attracting millions ofvisitors from around the world.In conclusion, ancient architecture offers a fascinating glimpse into the achievements and aspirations of past civilizations. From the awe-inspiring pyramids of Egypt to the majestic temples of Greece, the monumental amphitheaters of Rome, and the sprawling Great Wall of China, these structures continue to inspire wonder and admiration centuries after their construction. Through their enduring beauty and historical significance, ancient architecture serves as a reminder of the ingenuity, creativity, and resilience of humanity across time and space.。
传统泥塑介绍英文作文
传统泥塑介绍英文作文Title: An Introduction to Traditional Clay Sculpture。
Introduction:Traditional clay sculpture, also known as pottery or ceramics, is an ancient art form that has been practiced across cultures for thousands of years. This craft involves shaping and molding clay into various forms, often with intricate details and designs. In this essay, we will delve into the rich history, techniques, and significance of traditional clay sculpture.History:The history of traditional clay sculpture dates back to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, where clay was abundant and easily accessible. These early artisans discovered that clay could be molded and fired to create durable objects for practical use, religious rituals,and artistic expression.Techniques:The process of creating traditional clay sculpture typically involves several steps. First, the clay is prepared by kneading and wedging to remove air bubbles and achieve a uniform consistency. Then, the sculptor begins shaping the clay using various tools such as hands, wooden sticks, and pottery wheels. This stage requires precision and skill to create the desired form and details.Once the sculpture is complete, it is left to dry partially before undergoing the firing process. Firing can be done in kilns or open pits, depending on the desired outcome and available resources. During firing, the clay hardens and becomes permanent, transforming into pottery or ceramic art.Significance:Traditional clay sculpture holds significant culturaland artistic value in many societies. It serves as a means of preserving cultural heritage, documenting historical events, and expressing individual creativity. In addition to its aesthetic appeal, clay sculpture often carries symbolic meanings and spiritual significance, particularly in religious ceremonies and rituals.Furthermore, traditional clay sculpture plays a practical role in everyday life, providing vessels for storing food and water, cooking utensils, and decorative items for the home. Its versatility and durability make it a timeless art form that continues to evolve and adapt to contemporary tastes and trends.Conclusion:In conclusion, traditional clay sculpture is a fascinating art form with a rich history and cultural significance. From ancient civilizations to modern-day artisans, clay sculpture continues to captivate audiences with its beauty, craftsmanship, and versatility. Whether used for practical purposes or artistic expression, claysculpture remains an enduring symbol of human creativity and ingenuity.。
建筑设计英语
Acrylic[ə'krɪlɪk]亚克力Construction: 指建造的那个建筑, construct对应的名词，如“建筑工程”construction project Architecture: 指具体的建筑物，风格Building: 一般指的是某幢建筑物。
Stage1: Architectural Conceptual design建筑概念设计●Plan 平面图●Reference pictures 参考图片/风格意向图●Presentation document汇报文件Stage2: Architectural Schematic design方案设计●Renders效果图●方案: Elevation立面图, Section剖面图●Construction design 施工设计●Presentation document汇报文件Stage3: Interior Conceptual design室内概念设计●Plan 平面图●Reference pictures 参考图片/风格意向图●Presentation document汇报文件Stage4: Interior Schematic design方案设计●Renders效果图●方案: Elevation立面图, Section剖面图●Construction design 施工设计●Presentation document汇报文件plot ratio/site ratio/floor area ratio(FAR) 容积率:Gross Floor Area总建筑面积: Total covered area on all floors of all buildings on a certain plot area of the plot 建筑用地面积: The size of the piece of land upon which it is builtFloor area ratio = (Gross Floor Area) / (area of the plot) 地上总建筑面积÷建筑用地面积Parcel 地块single-story building 单层建筑multi-story building 多层建筑Schematic design方案设计Site location 场地位置Architectural style建筑风格Analysis of position区位分析 analysis of existing circumstance现状分析analysis of function功能分析analysis of traffic/circulation/streamline交通/流线分析 vehicle circulation车型流线carriageway车道drop off落客点analysis of sunshine日照分析analysis of landscape景观分析landscape sight/view/vision景观视线analysis of space sequence空间序列分析philosophy of design设计理念bubble diagram气泡图architecture conception建筑构思architectural creation建筑创作architectural sketch建筑草图layout建筑布局perspective透视图hand drawing手绘效果图 a birdˊs-eye view鸟瞰图 façade 建筑物正面Preliminary design初步设计Legend图例cover封面content内容design explanation设计说明general layout/master plan/site plan总平面图first floor plan一层平面ground floor plan基础平面图typical floor plan标准层平面图basement plan地下室平面图（B1）first basement floor负一层（G1)garage车库 roof plan屋顶平面图elevation立面section剖面enlarged preliminary design扩大初步设计Licensed architect注册建筑师electrical engineer电机工程师licensed structural engineer注册结构工程师plant engineer设备工程师mechanical engineer机械工程师landscape architect景观设计师licensed planner注册规划师plot plan engineer总图工程师project budget工程预算air-conditioning system空调系统heating and ventilation供暖与通风water supply and drainage给水与排水structure design结构设计acoustic design声学设计lighting/illuminated design照明设计indoor environment design室内环境设计Construction drawing design施工图设计Full-size drawing/Details drawing详图、大样图building code建筑规范working drawing and the specification施工图与施工说明书Technical and economic index技术经济指标Construction site建筑地基boundary line of roads道路红线boundary line of land/property line用地红线/建筑红线building line建筑控制线building density/building coverage ratio建筑密度/建筑密度率greening rate/ratio of green space绿地率Theory理论Eclecticism折衷主义 functionalism功能主义post-modernism后现代主义minimalism极简主义deconstruction/deconstructivism解构主义Italian Renaissance意大利文艺复兴green building绿色建筑Doric order多立克柱式 Ionic order爱奥尼柱式Corinthian order科斯林柱式Gothic Revival哥特复兴greek temple希腊神庙Triumphai arch凯旋门住宅专业词汇总结Sale center售楼中心/售楼部Villahouse/detached house独栋别墅semi-detached house双排别墅row house连排别墅townhouse联体别墅high-grade residential高档住宅duplex apartment跃层住宅tall building of apartment单元式高层住宅apartment of towerbuilding塔式高层住宅gallery tall of apartment通廊式高层住宅houseing cluster/group住宅组团residential community居住区residential density居住密度low-rise medium-density cluster housing低层中密度住宅群business-living building商住楼multiple-use building综合楼multiple-use high-rise building多功能高层住宅dwelling size套型habitable space居住空间bedroom卧室living room起居室family room家庭活动室kitchen厨房bathroom卫生间 balcony阳台terrace露台，平台ramp坡道passage过道gallery（corridor gallery）走廊overhanging corridor挑廊eaves gallery檐廊cloister回廊bridge way架空走廊semi-basement半地下室empty space（open floor）架空层refuge storey避难层mechanical floor设备层cabinet壁柜wall-hung cupboard吊柜view room眺望间overhang骑楼arcade过街楼stair step楼梯踏步stair well楼梯井stair landing楼梯平台stair railing楼梯栏杆envelop enclosure围护结构enclosing curtain wall围护性幕墙decorative faced curtain wall装饰幕墙French windows落地橱窗dormant window天窗dormer window老虎窗bay window凸窗/飘窗sash-window上下推拉窗eaves and gable屋檐与山墙window-blinds百叶窗parapet女儿墙/矮墙plinth勒脚/柱基canopy雨篷masonry structure砖石/砖混结构frame structure框架结构steel-frame structure钢框架结构frame-shear wall structure框架-剪力墙结构megastructure巨型结构bearing wall承重墙bearing strength承载力concrete beam混凝土梁concrete shell混凝土薄壳reinforced concrete slab钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete column钢筋混凝土柱子deformation joint变形缝duration of fire resistance耐火极限safety exit安全出口hang wall挡烟垂壁suspended ceiling吊顶pipe shaft管道井smoke uptake/flue烟道air relief shaft通风道motor repair shop修车库parking area停车场under ground garage地下汽车库high rise garage高层汽车库mechanical and stereoscopic garage机械式立体车库compound garage复式汽车库Minimumturn radius of car汽车最小转弯半径规划Town and county planning（urban and rural planning）城乡规划city and regional planning城市与区域规划urban planning law of PRC中华人民共和国城市规划法城市发展战略层面： comprehensive planning/master plan城市总体规划landuse planning土地利用总体规划建筑控制引导层面：Detailed plan详细规划regulatory plan控制性详细规划site plan修建性详细规划Urban land城市用地R residential land居住用地黄色C pubic facilities公共设施用地红（commercial：商业） M industrial land工业用地熟褐（manufacture：制造) W warehouse land仓储用地紫T intercity transportation land对外交通用地中灰S roads and squares道路广场用地留白U municipal utilities市政公用设施用地蓝灰G green space绿地中草绿D specially-designed land特殊用地深草地色E water and miscellaneous水域和其他城市分区规划：city/district planning城市规模：city size城市发展模式：urban development pattern城市用地评价：urban landuse evaluation城市用地平衡：urban landuse balance城市总体布局：urban（city） layout城市结构：urban structure城市形态：urban morphologyIndustrial/commercial/residential/warehouse/institutes and college/central business/mixed-use district工业/商业/居住/仓储/文教中心/商务/综合区scenic zone风景区公共设施分布：utility distribution快速路：express way步行街：pedestrian street城市给水系统：water supply system城市排水系统：sewerage system城市供电系统：power supply system城市供暖系统：district heating system城市燃气系统：gas supply system城市通信系统：communication system城市绿地系统：urban green space system绿带：green belt防护绿地：green buffer城市生态系统：city ecosystem城市生态平衡：balance of city ecosystem城市环境质量：city environmental quality城市环境评价：city environment assessment可持续发展：sustainable development。
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The production process is mixing Clay and hay, then expose them to the hot sun. Finally ,the blocks become hard and waterproof.
The library ceiling makes use of a widely-recognized handicraft in the form of locally produced clay pots.
The Gando project was always connected to training the people, because everyone from Gando
know how to built a house.
And people now can use their skills to earn
CLAY ARCHITECTURE
FONJ
He was born in a little village called Gando. In Gando, there was no electricity, no access to clean drinking water, and no school.
The Gando`s weather are very Hot, and often have heavy rain.
So the not processed clay wall Often damaged, he want to change quality of the village life and make more people to receive education. Diébédo Francis Kéré
This library creates a calm and open space in which students can isolate themselves to learn and to relax.
Construction process consists of three parts: Floor , walls and ceiling.
First part
1. the floor covered with clay
2. young men come and stand like that, beating, hours for hours
3. Their mother are beating in this position, for hours, giving water and beating
These circular openings create a playful pattern and introduce natural light and passive ventilation in the interior spaces.
The stack effect created by the hot metal surface draws cooler air in from the windows and out through the perforations in the ceiling, providing a passive cooling space without the use of electricity.
He use modern materials like to built a house in several days.
In me opinion ,he rarely use local materials which make many local cultures losing.
END
4. They polish floor with a stone for hours
The floor become very smooth and strong, like a baby bottom
The walls are totally made out of compressed clay blocks from Gando.
1. the clay pots hand-built by the women
2. the clay pots transported to the site
3. the clay pots are sawed in half
4. cast the half part into the ceiling
Hale Waihona Puke money themselves. Usually, for a young man from Gando to earn money, you have to leave the country to the city, sometimes leave the country and some never come back, making the community weaker. But now they can stay in the country and work on different building sites and earn money to feed their family. There's a new quality in this work.