Development and Application of Wheel-set Lateral Displacement

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COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B样题

COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B样题COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B1（技术类）样题Test Time：120 minutes部门_______________ 姓名____________ ⼯号____________Part I Listening （30%）Section 1 Conversation and Lecture（10%）Directions: In this section, you will hear a long conversation and a lecture. At the end of the conversation or the lecture, you will hear five questions. The conversation, the lecture and the questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices.Conversation1. A) They get you directly to holiday destination.B) Their tickets can be bought on the internet.C) They offer excellent services to customers.D) They’re much cheaper than famous airlines.2. A) They have sprung up recently and become successful.B) They change prices on the basis of customers’ demand.C) They always offer travelers the extremely cheap flight.D) They do much advertising but few people ever watch it.3. A) By travelling before public holidays.B) By buying tickets a day in advance.C) By booking at the very last minute.D) By flying at peak time like Fridays.4. A) They try every possible means to reduce expenses.B) They charge different prices depending on demand.C) They don’t serve any food on any of their flights.D) They have increased the speed of their aero planes.5. A) They only offer cheap tickets online.B) They fail to offer satisfactory service.C) They spend little time on the ground.D) They fly to and from smaller airports.Lecture6. A) The 845m2 wing area is large enough to park 70 cars.B) The plane has the potential to carry 550 passengers.C) The tail is about as long as the Great Sphinx in Egypt.D) The two deck fuselage is as high as a 7-storey building.7. A) It is as economical to run as a common jet.B) It burns more fuel than other jumbo jets.C) It can fly an amazing 15,000 km non-stop.D) It can carry more fuel than other planes.8. A) Toulouse in France.B) England and Wales.C) All over the Europe.D) Spain and Germany.9. A) It is remarkably expensive.B) It is impressively efficient.C) It is a nation-wide project.D) It is extremely complicated.10.A) The expenses.B) The designing.C) The electronics.D) The cooperation.Section 2 Compound Dictation （10%）Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage TWICE. You have its script in the following, but with eleven blanks in it. You are required to fill in the first eight blanks with the exact words you have just heard. For last three blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Remember, there will be a pause for the last three blanks.Laurence Barron, President of Airbus China, defended the A380 superjumbo jet as its safety performance has been called into question.“The Qantas A380 suffered an (1) ______________ engine failure, a fairly rare event, which also damaged the aircraft itself. The aircraft performed as expected and (2) ______________ safely, so no, there is nothing wrong with the A380. It’s a (3)______________ aircraft.”Barron also says the engine issue will not (4) ______________ next summer’s scheduled delivery of the A380 to China Southern Airlines, the only (5) ______________ carrier to purchase the plane.Meanwhile, Barron explains that the lack of orders for its A350 aircraft, which is under development, from Chinese carriers is due to the country’s (6) ______________ planning structure.“The Chinese government, as you are well aware, works on a 5-year-plan basis, and they are about to (7) ______________ the 12th 5-year-plan which runs from 2011 to 2015. The A350 deliveries that we can offer are now in the what will become the 13th 5-year-plan period.”Eric Chen, Airbus China‘s Vice President, adds that the Chinese carriers’ timid (8) _____________ to the A350 is due to its competing product, Boeing’s 787.“Several years ago, Chinese airlines ordered more than 60 Boeing 787’s and for various reasons, airlines lack this kind of courage and determination to be a launching customer for a new program again. In other words, we are buying the bill for our rivals’ dilemma and consequences.”(9) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“I don’t really understand the world ‘challenge’. Our industry is challenging. There are lots of challenges but this is not a challenge, this is a competitor. (10) __________________________________________________________________________ Beverly Wyse, Vice President of Boeing’s 737 program, says Boeing is open to work with C919’s manufacturer.“I think (11) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________”Four Chinese airlines and two aircraft leasing companies have signed agreements to purchase 100 C919’s as launching costumers.Section 3 Listening and translating （10%）Directions: In this section you are going to hear five short passages. You will hear them ONLY ONCE. In each of these passages some of the sentences are already printed. You are required to translate the missing parts into Chinese. After each of the passages there will be a pause lasting one and a half minutes. The pause is intended for you to do the translation.1)The ARJ21-700 jetliner, China’s first self-designed aircraft, will undertake itsmaiden flight before the end of the year. COMAC chairman, Zhang Qingwei says this first homegrown regional jet has aroused great interest from aviation companies at home and abroad.”I just came back from the United States and Canada. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.”2)Nine top tier US manufacturing companies won competitive contracts to buildand supply the aviation system for China‘s new aircraft program, the C919.Airport infrastructure needs are filling opportunities in the US companies as well.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3)The Deputy Chief of the China’s Civic Aviation Administration, Xia Xinghua,says more cooperation is crucial for the Chinese side. “Firstly, we need to strengthen our cooperation on sustainable security development, expanding the relationship in a pragmatic way.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________”4)The Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood said that the review would becomprehensive covering design, manufacturing and assembly of the Dreamliner.Michael Huerta of the Federal Aviation Administration said emphasis would be put on electrical systems and how these and the plane’s sophisticated mechanical systems interact._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.5)Though the tricycle arrangement may be most popular today, that was not alwaysthe case. The tail wheel undercarriage dominated aircraft design for the first four decades of flight and is still widely used on many small piston-engine planes.What makes this form of landing gear most attractive is its simplicity. Another potential advantage results from the fact that_____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part II Reading Comprehension（30%）Section 1 Skimming and Scanning (10%)Directions: In this section there are 10 incomplete statements. Based on the following passage, please complete the statements with the information given in the passage.Commercial aviation is an essential component of the global economy. The cost of aviation fuel is directly determined by the prevailing world price of oil, and it accounts for a major proportion of airplane operating costs. Several airline companies now add a fuel surcharge to the ticket cost of a commercial flight to compensate for the recent rapid rise in fuel costs. World oil prices are expected to remain high for several years. The prospect of sustained high aviation fuel prices could propel airline companies to seek alternative aviation fuels. Seeking alternative fuel could become paramount（最⾼的）for the airlineindustry should the peak-oil phenomenon actually occur.Breakthroughs and ResearchIt may become possible for super-cooled liquid hydrogen（氢）to eventually be used as an alternative fuel for some types of commercial airline service. Other alternative fuels may include high-density energy-storage technologies that result from breakthroughs in research in the areas of nanotechnology(纳⽶技术) and in high-temperature superconductivity(超导性). High-temperature superconductivity holds great promise for use in high-density energy-storage technology. Advances in nanotechnology could enable superconductive materials to eventually be manufactured at a cost that could justify their application in airliner propulsion. Electrical Storage and PropulsionEnergy stored in a superconductive storage technology could power electric motors that drive the identical propulsion fans that are found at the front-end of modern, “high-bypass” turbo-fan aircraft engines. Such fans provide up to 90% of the propulsive thrust of the turbo-fan engine. Each electrically powered propulsion fan may be driven by multiple (induction) lightweight electric motors during take-off. Some electric motors would “cut-out”under reduced power demand at cruising altitude so that the remaining motors will operate at higher efficiency (electric motors have poor part-load efficiency). Coanda fans may propel subsonic commercial aircraft that use high-density electrical storage technology. Such units were originally developed by physicist Henri Coanda and can operate at comparable efficiency and at comparable flight speeds as turbine-driven propulsion fans. Electrically powered aircraft that use either turbine propulsion fans or Coanda fans could be flown in thinner air at higher altitude (up to 65,000-feet) to reduce energy consumption (less drag on aircraft) on extended flights.The cooler air found at such altitudes could assist in keeping the superconductive energy storage systems functioning properly.Superconductive energy storage systems used in future commercial aircraft would likely be cooled by liquid nitrogen(氮). Both systems would need to be frequently recharged, which would likely be both energy-intensive as well as time consuming.It may be possible to design the energy storage systems along with their cooling systems to be removed and replaced during shorts layovers—such technology could help reduce the turn-around time of the aircraft. The introduction of superconductive energy storage systems in commercial aircraft in the long-term future would require that future airport terminals be equipped with power generation technology at or near the premises.Power GenerationThe number of electrically powered and hydrogen powered road and railway vehicles would likely increase during a post peak-oil period. Commuter aircraft that operate short-haul service could be powered by ethanol(⼄醇) or by hydrogen while future supersonic aircraft could use liquid hydrogen as fuel. The commercial aviation industry of the future (post peak oil) could likely require vast amounts of electric power to recharge superconductive energy storage systems, recharge liquid nitrogen cooling systems as well as to generate, compress and supercool large amounts of hydrogen.Modern commercial aircraft are energy intensive during take-off. Airports that serve metropolitan areas presently process continual processions of large long-distance aircraft during peak periods. Such aircraft could require between 300-Mw-hr and 1000-Mw-hr of power to undertake trans-oceanic flights at subsonic speed. The power requirements of a future electrically based commercial aviation industry could likely overwhelm the power generation industry of most developed nations. Major international airports may eventually need to generate electric power on-site to meet the energy needs of future fleets of electrically powered and hydrogen-fueled commercial aircraft. Airport power stations may be nuclear; use hydrogen fusion or be based on some other unconventional power generation technology that is still subject to research.Energy StorageThe ability to store large amounts of energy at or near major airports could gain importance during a post peak-oil period. Electric power could be purchased from the grid during their off-peak periods and put into short-term storage. Airport power stations that encounter off-peak periods could replenish(装满) airport energy storage systems that may include superconductive storage, flow batteries, hydraulic storage in hydroelectric dams in nearby mountains (coastal airports) or off-site pneumatic storage (subterranean salt domes that were emptied). Air that is exhausted from pneumatic storage systems may be sufficiently cold to assist in “replenishing” liquid nitrogen super-cooling systems.Power Regulation (Airports)Power stations that provide energy for air transportation use may have to be excluded from the regulatory framework. Most of the electrically powered airliners that will be recharged would be “foreign”owned, that is, the owners would be domiciled in adifferent jurisdiction(司法权) to where the aircraft would be recharged. The idea of regulators in one jurisdiction looking after the interests of parties who live, do business and pay taxes in another jurisdiction is quite ludicrous. Power stations that supply a future airline industry with electric power would need to be regulatory-free despite the “foreign”airline owners being “captive”customers. It would be possible for power to be supplied to a single airport by several small providers who compete against each other. Power providers and airline companies could negotiate deals, perhaps even on a daily basis. ConclusionFuture scientific breakthroughs are likely to occur in both nanotechnology and in superconductivity. High-density energy storage technologies could be the likely result and appear in the distant future. Electrically powered commercial aircraft that fly at subsonic speeds could appear in the future irrespective of whether or not peak-oil actually occurs. Alternative liquid fuels that are cost-competitive to fossil oil are also likely to appear and find applications in aviation. Large ground-effect aircraft （地效飞⾏器）that fly above water and that carry either passengers or freight between coastal cities are also likely appear in the future.1.The prospect of sustained high aviation fuel prices could propel airline companiesto seek _______________________.2.Breakthroughs in nanotechnology could enable _______________________ to beavailable in their application in airliner propulsion.3.Coanda fans were first developed by _______________________ .4._______________________ could be used to cool superconductive energystorage system used in future commercial aircraft.5._______________________, which operates short-haul service, could be poweredby ethanol(⼄醇) or by hydrogen.6.Future airport power stations may be_______________________; use hydrogenfusion or be based on some other unconventional power generation technology. 7.During a post peak-oil period, the ability to_______________________ at or nearmajor airports could gain importance.8.Power stations that provide energy for air transportation use are likely to be_______________________ from the regulatory framework.9.Electrically powered commercial aircraft that fly at _______________________speeds could appear in the future.10.Aircrafts flying above water and carrying either passengers or freight betweencoastal cities are called _______________________.Section 2 Reading Comprehension (10%)Directions: The following passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the best answer from the four choices.Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we humans can look forward to increasing Happiness?Not necessarily, warns Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California, in his new book, Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Easterlin concedes that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happy than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people’s self-assessments of their own Happiness.The explanation for this paradox(悖论) may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin’s word: “As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to vitiate (破坏) the expected growth in Happiness due to higher income.”Money can buy Happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one’s amounts get bigger and other people aren’t getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater’s finding that Americans’perception of the income “necessary to get along” rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capita income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well-off is equated with being happy.Easterlin’s findings, challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow’s “hierarchy(等级) of wants” as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people’s basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin’s evidence points to the persistence of materialism.“Despite a general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world.” Easterlin observes, “Material concerns in the wealthiest nations today are as pressing as ever and the pursuit of material need as intense.” The evidence suggests there is no evolution toward higher order goals. Rather, each step upward on the ladder of economic development merely stimulates new economic desires that lead the chase ever onward.Needs are limited, but not greeds. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our Happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Easterlin’s view. “The triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.”1.What does Easterlin warn in his new book?A)Humans can look forward to increasing happiness with soaring livingstandards.B)Humans might not be able to enjoy increasing happiness with soaring livingstandards.C)Richer people tend to report themselves as being happy more than poorerpeople do.D)Richer people tend to report themselves as being happy less than poorerpeople do.2.Which of the following statements may account for the paradox(悖论) mentionedin paragraph 3?A)People become less satisfied though the income rises over time.B)A general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world.C)Though the American economy improved steadily, there isn’t a steadyincrease in people’s self-assessments of their own happiness.D)As incomes rise, there will be an increase in the aspiration level, which willhamper the expected growth in Happiness due to higher income.3.Whose finding is against the theory of “Hierarchy of wants”?A)Easterlin’s B) Maslow’s C) Rainwater’s D) Lee’s4.According to Easterlin, the outlook of the future of happiness is ________.A)bright B) sad C) unclear D) thrilling5.From the quotation in the end of the passage (paragraph 7), we can infer that___________?A)The triumph of economic growth results in more humanity.B)The triumph of economic growth results in more material wants.C)Humanity contributes more to the triumph of economic growth.D)Material wants contributes more to the triumph of economic growth.Section 3 Short Answer Questions (10%)Directions: Read the following passage and then answer the questions. The answer should not be more than 25 words.The maximum allowable weight for an aircraft is determined by design considerations. However, the maximum operational weight may be less than the maximum allowable weight due to such considerations as high-density altitude or high-drag field conditions caused by wet grass or water on the runway. The maximum operational weight may also be limited by the departure or arrival airport’s runway length.One important preflight consideration is the distribution of the load in the aircraft. Loading the aircraft so the gross weight is less than the maximum allowable is not enough. This weight must be distributed to keep the center of gravity (CG) within the limits specified in the POH or AFM.If the CG is too far forward, a heavy passenger can be moved to one of the rear seats or baggage can be shifted to a rear compartment. If the CG is too far aft, passenger weight or baggage can be shifted forward. The fuel load should be balanced laterally: the pilot should pay special attention to the POH or AFM regarding the operation of the fuel system, in order to keep the aircraft balanced in flight. Weight and balance of a helicopter is far more critical than for an airplane. With some helicopters, they may be properly loaded for takeoff, but near the end of a long flight when the fuel tanks are almost empty, the CG may have shifted enough for the helicopter to be out of balance laterally or longitudinally. Before making any long flight, the CG with the fuel available for landing must be checked to ensure it will be within the allowable range.Changes of fixed equipment may have a major effect upon the weight of the aircraft. The replacement of older, heavy electronic equipment with newer, lightertypes results in a weight reduction, which will probably cause the CG to shift and must be computed and annotated in the weight and balance record.Repairs and alteration are the major sources of weight changes. The A&P mechanic must compute the CG and record the new empty weight and EWCG in the aircraft weight and balance record.The A&P mechanic or repairman conducting an annual or condition inspection must ensure the weight and balance data in the aircraft records is current and accurate. It is the responsibility of the pilot in command to use the most current weight and balance data when operating the aircraft.Questions:1.What conditions might cause the operational weight of a plane to be less than themaximum allowable weight?2.What should be done if the CG is too far aft in an aircraft?3.Why is the weight and balance for a helicopter far more critical than for anairplane?4.According to the passage, what might lead to weight changes and cause the CG toshift in an aircraft?5.Who are responsible for recording and using the most current and accurate data ofthe weight and balance?Part III Translation (15%)Section 1 English-Chinese Translation (10%)Direction: In this section there are two passages in English. Please read these passages and translate the underlined parts into Chinese.Passage 1The airplane propeller consists of two or more blades and a central hub to which the blades are attached. 1) Each blade of an airplane propeller is essentially a rotating wing. As a result of their construction, the propeller blades are like airfoils and produce forces that create the thrust to pull, or push, the airplane through the air.The power needed to rotate the propeller blades is furnished by the engine. The engine rotates the airfoils of the blades through the air at high speeds, and the propeller transforms the rotary power of the engine into forward thrust.2) An airplane moving through the air creates a drag force opposing its forward motion. Consequently, if an airplane is to fly, there must be a force applied to it that is equal to the drag, but acting forward. This force is called “thrust.”Passage 2Aircraft flight control systems are classified as primary and secondary. 3) The primary control systems consist of those that are required to safely control an airplane during flight. Secondary control systems improve the performance characteristics of the airplane, or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Those included in the primary control systems are the ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and rudder. Examples of secondary control systems are wing flaps and trim systems.Airplane control systems are carefully designed to provide a natural feel, and at the same time, allow adequate responsiveness to control inputs. 4) At low airspeeds, the controls usually feel soft and sluggish, and the airplane responds slowly to controlapplications. At high speeds, the controls feel firm and the response is more rapid.Movement of any of the three primary flight control surfaces changes the airflow and pressure distribution over and around the airfoil. These changes affect the lift and drag produced by the airfoil/control surface combination, and allow a pilot to control the airplane about its three axes of rotation.Design features limit the amount of deflection of flight control surfaces. For example, control-stop mechanisms may be incorporated into the flight controls, or movement of the control column and/or rudder pedals may be limited. The purpose of these design limits is to prevent the pilot from inadvertently overcontrolling and overstressing the aircraft during normal maneuvers.5) A properly designed airplane should be stable and easily controlled during maneuvering. Control surface inputs cause movement about the three axes of rotation. The types of stability an airplane exhibits also relate to the three axes of rotation. Section 2 Chinese-English Translation (5%)Direction: In this section there are five sentences in Chinese. Please translate them into English.1.太阳能动⼒飞机的平均飞⾏时速为70公⾥，暂时不会对商⽤飞机构成威胁。

陀螺加速度计工作原理

陀螺加速度计工作原理The working principle of a gyroscope accelerometer is a fascinating combination of physics and engineering. 陀螺加速度计的工作原理是物理和工程的迷人结合。

A gyroscope accelerometer is a device that measures the angular velocity and acceleration of an object. 陀螺加速度计是一种测量物体角速度和加速度的设备。

It uses the principles of gyroscopic precession and the Coriolis effect to make highly accurate measurements of motion. 它利用陀螺进动和科里奥利效应的原理来进行高精度的运动测量。

By understanding the fundamental concepts behind its operation, we can better appreciate the applications and significance of this technology. 通过了解其操作背后的基本概念，我们可以更好地理解这项技术的应用和重要性。

First and foremost, the gyroscope accelerometer relies on the inherent properties of gyroscopes to measure angular velocity. 首先，陀螺加速度计依赖于陀螺仪固有的属性来测量角速度。

A gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc that maintains its orientation in space, regardless of the motion of the object it is mounted on. 陀螺仪是一个旋转的轮子或盘，在空间中保持其方向，不管它所安装的物体如何运动。

2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题与参考答案（第1套）

2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题与参考答案（第1套）2019 年6 月大学英语四级考试真题及参考答案（第 1 套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions : For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a news reportto your campus newspaper on a volunteer activity organized by your StudentUnion to assist elderly people in the neighborhood.You should write at least120 words but no more than180 words.【参考范文】On June 14, Friday, a volunteer activity where many students took an activepart in visiting the local Nursing House was organized by the Student Unionand it turns out to be a big success.The activity was aimed at encouraging students to visit the elderly at theand psychological. Many students volunteered to participate in this good deedand were engaged in helping the elderly here out by making their meals,washing their clothes and chatting with them. When asked about thosevolunteers ’feelings about such an experience, all of them responded with asmile, saying “what a wonde rful practice and I really appreciate this experience,for it makes me learn to care more for others in need. ”All in all, the activity turns out to be a success not only for the visited elderly butfor those students involved.【参考范文译文】6 月14 日，星期五，学生会组织了一个参观当地敬老院的志愿活动，许多学生都积极参与其中，该活动取得了巨大的成功。

模具中英文对照

中英名詞對照一.劃一般商業用模座：Commercial die set二.劃V字形靠柵：V-gaging三.劃1.工作單：Operation sheet2.三角形沖片：Triangular blank3.小沖床沖模：Sub-press die4.工作流程單：Route sheet5.下驅動沖床：Underdrive press6.三角形打料板：Knockout plate spider7.工具校驗部門：Tool inspection depart四.劃1.分圓：Detail drawing2.止動銷：Dutchman3.雙行排列：Layout double-raw4.分裝模體：Split die block5.方頭駐螺：Square-head set screw6.中心莰入件：Center insert7.水硬工具鋼：Water hardening toolSteel1.尺寸與注記：Dimensions and notes2.六方埋頭螺絲：Socket cap screw3.孔徑尺寸注記：Dimension of hole4.手動定位裝置：Finger stop5.雙排沖切設計（排列）：Double-rawlayout五道次沖切排列：Rive-station layout五.劃1.切圓：Cutting ring2.切邊：Trimming3.打料桿：Knockout rod4.避位：Stiffening5.半銅模座：Semi-steel die set6.另件布置：Part layout7.引伸沖模：Dies drawing8.皮料加工：Finish of sheet9.打料柱塞：Knockout plunger10.打料裝置：Knockouts11.可卸道筒：Demountable guidebushing1.切斷沖模：Gutoff die2.切邊裕度：Allowance or trimming3.切邊沖模：Trimming die4.平頭埋頭螺：Flat head screwsocket1.四道柱沖床：Four-post press2.四道柱模座（沖模模座）：Four-post diesct1.引伸零件展開：Development of drawnparts1.半陰式定位銷：Semi-blind dowel2.平行四邊形沖片：Parallelogram shapedblank六.劃1.沖扁（沖鍛）：Stamping2.沖頭把：Punch shank3.先道桿：Pilot4.沖片毛邊：Burrside of blank5.沖片加工：Blanking6.沖片沖頭：Blanking7.沖切長口：Slitting8.沖孔沖床：Punch press9.沖孔沖頭：Piercing punch10.沖孔沖模：Die piercing11.沖片沖模：Blanking die12.沖片設計（安排）：Blank layout13.沖片面積：Area of blank14.沖床附件：Press accessories15.沖床動力：Power for press16.沖床構造：Press construction17.自動沖床：Automated press18.先道桿簧：Spring pilot19.曲軸總成：Crankshaft assembly20.沖模套筒：Die bushing21.沖模間隙：Die Clearance22.沖模截塊：Die section23.沖模模座：Die set24.沖彎公式：Bend formula25.沖彎沖模：Bend die26.沖片準確性：Accuracy in blank27.凹形架（C形架）沖床：Gap-framePress1.自動取件機：Automatic unloader2.沖頭固定板：Punch plate3.先道桿尺寸：Pilot proportion4.先道桿靠柵：Pilot gaging5.沖模固定座：Holder die6.沖模進料法：Feed die7.凹凸沖切加工：Notching8.沖切負荷中心：Center of cuttingload1.沖床傾床機構：Press recliningmechanism2.自動定位裝置：Automatic stop assembly3.沖模三角形法：Die trigonometry4.沖頭輔助把（柄）：Auxiliary punchshank1.沖模模座規格：Specification of die set2.沖孔及沖片布置：Pierce and blank layout3.自動定位裝置支銷：Fulcrum pin forautomatic stop4.先道桿擠壓配合：Pres sfit pilot5.沖頭與襯套耐久性：Sleeves and punches durable七.劃1.材料表：Bill of material2.均力墊板：Backing plate3.完備的廢邊料排列：Layout completedscrap strip八.劃1.拉模：2.定位墊：Locating pad3.刮光加工：Shaving4.刮光沖模：Die shaving5.固定另件：Fastener6.底部打退：Bottom knock out7.油沖工具鋼：Oil hardening toolsteel1.定位銷強度：Strength of dowel2.明視定位銷：Through dowel3.杯筒形另件之剔退：Ejecting cup andshell九.劃1.後枕塊：Back block2.退料板：Stripper plate3.後靠柵：Back gage4.前靠柵：Front spacer5.活動電桿：Removable guide post6.退料板螺釘：Stripper bolt7.風硬工具鋼：Air hardening toolsteel1.耐震工具鋼：Shock resisting toolsteel1.退料用力大小：Stripping force2.後列導柱模座：Back-post die set3.後列齒輪總成：Back gear assembly4.重型沖模模座：Heavy-duty die set5.退料承受力中心：Center of strippingorce美國動工程學會材料編號：S AE num-bering system steel十.劃1.插入銷：insert2.通心軸：Quill3.配合平面：Mating flat4.氣動沖床：Pneumatic press5.狹道定位：Narrow run positioning6.起皺作用：Wrinkle7.氧焊割切：Flame cutting8.通心軸式導桿：Quill pilot十一.劃1.排列：Layout2.帶料：Strip3.推桿：Bar pusher4.液簧：Fluid spring5.高速鋼：High speed steel6.高速沖床：High speed press7.偏位導桿：Offset guide post end8.帶料外形：Edge contour of strip9.常溫壓形：Cold forming10.移動沖床：Transfer press11.連續沖模：Die progressive12.液壓沖床：Hydraulic press13.帶凸緣沖頭：Flange punch14.帶料之流動：Running the strip15.進料不到位：Miss feed16.帶料之流動：Running the strip17.進料不到位：Miss feed18.帶肩先導桿：Shoulder pilot19.帶鍵先導桿：Key pilot20.細小維形沖頭：Bit punch21.移動裝置附件：Transfer attachment22.常溫壓形沖模：Cold forming die十二.劃1.卷邊：Curling2.梯形沖片：Trapezoidal blank3.裝配沖模：Assembly die4.電動沖床：Electric press5.間隙墊片：Washer spacer6.卷邊沖模：Curling die7.筒形件底部：Shell bottom8.裕度之應用：Application of allow-ance9.間接先導桿：Indirect pilot10.筒形零件展開：Dcvelopmcnt of shell11.鈕頭埋頭螺絲：Button head screw note12.結合截塊沖片沖頭：Composite blankpunch section十三.劃1.陰式：2.圓形剪切：Circle shearing3.陰式定位銷：Blind dowel十四.劃1.摺縫沖床：Horning press2.摺縫沖模：Die horn3.埋頭式緊定螺：Hock screw socket4.精密沖模模座：Precision die set十五.劃1.模體（下模）：Die block2.靠柵，樣板：Gage3.導桿：Guide post4.導筒：Guide bushing5.導銷：Guide pin6.靠柵銷：Gage pin pin gage7.復合沖模：Compound die8.輪式沖床：End-wheel press9.衡板總成：Ram assembly10.模座斷面：Section Die set11.模體標準化：Standardized die block12.模體斷面圖：Section die block13.熱軋鋼皮料：Hot rolled sheet14.數學評算法：Methematical methed15.數學展開法：Development , methoma-tical16.復式手動定位裝置：Muitiple finger stop 十六.劃1.鋸齒形：Serration2.廢邊料：Scrap strip3.橡皮頂頭：Rubber shedder4.廢邊裕度：Scrap strip allowance5.彈簧打板：Damper spring6.擠壓沖模：Die extruding7.鋸切之外形：Contour sawing8.廢邊料測試：Testing the scrap strip9.銅皮料火處理：Temper of sheet10.輸送機進料沖床：Convey or feed press11.廢邊料大小之核對：Checking a scrapstrip十七.劃1.壓形：Swaging2.壓力銷：Pressure pin3.滾子推桿：Roller pusher4.壓形沖模：Die Forming5.滾動進料：Roll feed6.優越結合法：Superior composite7.螺牙長度公式：Formula for thread length8.螺絲安全強度：Safe strength of screw9.避免冷硬脆裂：Hardening crack avoiding10.優越的結合式沖頭：Composite punch“superior”十八.劃1.藍圈：Blueprint2.轉軸沖床：Dial press3.轉軸裝置：Dial assembly4.斷線之應用：Break line application5.簡易定位零件：Fool proofing6.斷面線的間隔：Section line spacing十九.劃1.離合器踏板：Trip assembly二十一.劃1.鐵抓取件機：Iron hand unloader二十二.劃1.襯套：Boss pushing二十五.劃1.彎曲形之展形：Bend development英漢名詞對照A1.沖片（毛坯）準確性：Accuracy in blanks2.風硬（氣冷）工具鋼：Air hardening tool steel3.切邊裕度：Allowance for trimming4.裕度的應用：Application of allowances5.沖片面積：Area of blank6.裝配沖模：Assembly dies7.自動沖床：Automated press8.自動定位裝置：Automatic stop assembly9.自動取件機：Automatic unloaders10.沖頭輔助把（柄）：Auxiliary punch shankB1.後靠柵：Back gage2.後列齒輪總成：Back gear assembly3.後枕塊：Back blocks4.均力墊板：Backing plate5.後更導柱模座：Back-post die sets6.推桿：Bar pusher7.彎曲形之展開：Bend development8.沖彎公式：Bend formula9.沖彎沖模：Bending die10.材料表：Bill of material 11.細小錐形沖頭：Bit punch12.沖片加工：Blanking13.沖片沖模：Blanking die14.沖片沖頭：Blanking punches15.藍圓：Blueprints16.沖片設計(安排)：Blank layout17.陰式定位銷：Blind dowel18.襯套：Boss bushings19.底部打退：Bottom knockouts20.斷線之應用：Break line application21.拉模：Broaching dies22.沖片毛邊：Burrside of blank23.鈕頭埋頭螺絲：Button head screws socketC1.中心嵌入件：Center inserts2.沖切負荷中心：Center of cutting load3.退料板受力中心：Center of stripping force4.廢邊料大小之核對：Checking a scrap strip5.圓形剪切：Circle shearing6.常溫壓形：Cold forming7.常溫壓形沖模：Cold forming dies8.一般商業用模座：Commercial die sets9.結合截塊沖片沖頭：Composite blankpunch sections10.優越的結合式沖頭：Composite punches“superior”11.復合沖模：Compound dies12.鋸切這外形：Contour sawing13.運輸送機進料沖床：Conveyor feed press14.彎曲軸總成：Crank shaft assembly15.卷邊：Curling16.卷邊沖模：Curling dies17.切邊沖模：Cut off dies18.切圈：Cutting ringsD1.彈簧打板：Dampen spring2.可卸導筒：Demountable guide bushings。

高考英语阅读理解科学技术

高考英语阅读理解—科学技术AWe are now living in a time that science is developing at a great speed. With the development of science many countries have improved not only their economy but also their people’s living conditions. In our daily life we can get a lot of be nefit from science.If we look at the things around us we’ll find how closely our daily life is connected with science. For example, at home we can turn on the central heating or air conditioner when we feel cold or hot, and we can watch TV or listen to the tape recorder for entertainment, and we can use a gas stove to cook our meals, and we have computers to help us with our work when we are working in the office, and we also have cars, buses, even airplanes as traffic tools when we go out. All these things are the results of the development of science. It goes without saying that without science our society cannot make rapid progress and our life cannot be comfortable and convenient.Since science is so important in our daily life, we should try to make as much contribution as possible to the development of science. As college students, we must first of all study hard, to gain useful scientific knowledge, and then put what we have learned into practice. We should take advantage of science to serve our society.1. Which can’t show the relation between science and daily life? _________A. We can use computers to help our workB. We can travel by plane.C. We can play basketball in a sport center.D. We can enjoy ourselves by watching TV.2. What should the college students do to take advantage of science except _____A. studying hardB. serving the society with knowledgeC. putting what we have learned into practiceD. taking physical exerciseTechnology is the application of knowledge to production. Thanks to modern technology, we have been able to increase greatly the efficiency of our work force. New machines and new methods have helped cut down time and expense while increasing overall output. This has meant more production and a higher standard of living. For most of us in America, modern technology is thought of as the reason why we can have cars and television sets. However, technology has also increased the amount of food available to us, by means of modern farming machinery and animal breeding techniques, and has extended our life span via medical technology.Will mankind continue to live longer and have a higher quality of life? In large measure the answer depends on technology and our ability to use it widely. If we keep making progress as we have over the past fifty years, the answer is definitely yes. The advancement of technology depends upon research and development, and the latest statistics show that the United States is continuing to pump billions of dollars annually into such efforts. So while we are running out of some scarce resources we may well find technological substitutes for many of them through our research programs.Therefore, in the final analysis the three major factors of production (land, labor and capital) are all influenced by technology. When we need new skills, on techniques in medicine, people will start developing new technology to meet those needs. As equipment proves to be slow or inefficient, new machines will be invented. Technology responds to our needs in helping us maintain our standard of living.1. What is the best title for the passage?A. The definition of technologyB. Modern technologyC. The application of technologyD. The development of technology2. Which is the main idea of the passage?A. Modern technology is the key to the improvement of standard of living.B. The three major factors of production (land, labor and capital) are all influencedby technology.C. Technology is the response to our needs.D. The United States is making great efforts to advance its technology.3. According to the passage, people can live a long life with the help of _______.A. higher quality of lifeB. medical technologyC. modern farming machineryD. technological substitute“I love you” virusOn May 21, 1999, some American scientists were working at the computers to look for information they needed. Suddenly they saw a lot of very bright red spots crossing the computers’ screens. At the same time the computers were working much slower. To find out what was happening they stopped their work to check some parts of the computers. To their horror, they found out that most of their stored information was got rid of by computer virus! Obviously all these computers had been infected by computer virus.It is said that the computer virus was made by two or three Philippine young men fond of playing tricks. They all had excellent education. They created the virus just to show their intelligence. The kind of computer virus is named “I Love You” Virus. This virus can hide in computers for long. When the time comes it will attack the computers by lowering the important functions, damaging their normal programs or even getting rid of a great deal of information which operators of the computers often use or store; even worse, it still can reproduce itself in great quantities within a short time.We come to know that “I Love You” Virus often attacks computers on Mondays and that it is spreading to many computers in the world. Among the countries that suffered computer viruses last year are Britain, Australia, Switzerland and the US. Those who made the computer viruses have been found out slowly and carefully. But till now, how to get rid of the terrible viruses remains a problem.1. In 1999, the virus made American scientists’ information ________A. all lostB. partly lostC. none lostD. mostly lost2. The most terrible character “I Love You” Virus is _______A. it can hide in computers for longB. it can damage computer’s normal programsC. it can get rid of all the information that the operator storesD .it can reproduce itself in great quantities in a short time3. All the following countries have been attacked by “I Love You” Virus EXC EPT __A. BritainB. AustraliaC. SwitzerlandD. Japan4. According to the passage, which is NOT true about “I love you” virus?A. Have found who made itB. Have found the solution to itC. Have been attacked by itD. Have no effective method toRobots look for lifeThe first scientists to visit Mars are not going to be flesh and blood humans, but metal robots.This summer, NASA (美国国家宇航局) plans to start the Mars Exploration Rovers mission (MER, "火星漫游者探险任务"), sending a pair of robotic twins into space. If all goes well, the six-wheeled rovers will be rolling around the Red Planet sometime in January 2004.NASA first sent a rover to Mars in 1997. It proved that the technology could get to, and land on, the planet. This time, the MER robot will act as a scientist and seek out any signs of water — past or present.Both MER robots will be delivered into space by a rocket. Wrapped in a landing shell, an airbag (气囊) will protect them when the shell hits the planet's surface. Once it lands, the shell will open, and the rovers will come out."What we tried to do was take everything you'd find in a field scientist's bag on earth and make a robotic field scientist for Mars," said Steven Squyres, a NASA scientist.Each carries nine cameras, which will send pictures of Mars back down to Earth. One camera sits on the tip of each robot's arm. This arm is the same size as that of a human adult. Every time the robot moves, the cameras feed images to its computer. The computer then decides whether an obstacle can be dealt with or should be avoided. And if it gets in a real jam, the rover phones home for instructions."The rule is: 'Don't go over anything larger than your wheel'," said Squyres. The wheels on each of the 180kg rovers stand at about 25cm tall.And they move slowly — around 5cm per second. The MER robots are able to dig, in any rock, holes about 45mm wide and 5mm deep. This will allow researchers to study material that has been untouched by the extreme Martian (火星的) weather.During Mars' nights, MER robots can "sleep" for up to 18 hours. But sometimes they'll have to work late and conduct experiments in the dark. They will roll on Mars for 90 days.Water on Mars?In June 2000, NASA announced its discovery of water on Mars. Scientists believe that vast stores of water still exist below the surface. If the discovery is confirmed (证实), it would be a big step for NASA. Without water there can, and never could have been, any life.1. The first scientists designed to visit Mars this summer are going to be ______.A. two scientists of NASAB. a pair of twinsC. two pilots.D. Two metal robots2. The main task of the MER is _____________.A. to take some pictures of Mars.B. to test the robots.C. to seek out any signs of water.D. to dig holes in Mars.课后训练A.Gene technology to benefit peopleAmong all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Sometimes it is a hot topic discussed by people.The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found an effective way to cure them. But if the gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cured completely, bringing happiness and more living days to the patients, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits the economy as well. In addition, human life span(寿命) can be prolonged.Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children. Some families, with the English imperial family being a good example, have hereditary diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disease, which is a great trouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it, and a healthy child will be born.Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep, therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way. Of course, the governments must take care to control gene technology.1. What does “these two killers” in the second paragraph refer to ?A. Gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases.B. The two murderers who killed the cloned babyC. The two diseases of cancer and heart diseaseD. Hereditary diseases and cancer2. What’s the main idea of the third paragraph?A. How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases.B. Gene technology can be used to clone human babies.C. Gene technology can help people to give birth of a baby.D. Gene technology can help the English imperial family out3. In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases?A. Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can have more living days.B. Using gene technology, scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it.C. Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned.D. Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology.4. What is the main purpose of writing this passage?A. Expressing the writer’s idea that gene technology will benefit peopleB. Telling people the advantages of gene technologyC. Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit peopleD. Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanityBCars drive into cleaner futureFord, the second-largest car maker in the world, celebrates its 100th birthday this month. And it is already looking forward to its next 100 years. Ford expects to have nearly half its cars powered by fuel cells (燃料电池) by the year 2050.In the meantime, another car maker in the US, General Motors (GM, 通用汽车公司), is building the technology for cars to be powered by fuel cells.So, what makes fuel cells so special? Why are car makers so enthusiastic about them?Fuel cells are based on an electrochemical (电气化学的) process. They change chemical energy from hydrogen and oxygen (氢和氧) into electrical energy.Fuel cells pollute much less than traditional power sources. They produce little more than water as a by-product. Car makers expect them to cut CO2 emissions (散发) in half and so make cars more environmentally friendly.Fuel cells are not dependent on oil supplies. Instead, they run on hydrogen, the most common element in the universe. And they can be refuelled. Car makers expect fuel cells to lesson the industry's need to rely on decreasing oil supplies.Using fuel cells, without the traditional motor, engineers have many more possibilities for developing cars.A fuel cell frame can last 20 years, so car bodies could change with drivers' needs — or even with the seasons — and be replaced at will. Owners could switch from a sports car to a family car while keeping the same fuel cell frame. This is a much cheaper solution to buying a whole new vehicle."A fuel cell car is more than just a new concept car; it's the start of a revolution in how cars are designed, built and used," said GM Chief Executive Rick Wagoner.While this may sound great, fuel cells are still too expensive to produce. For cars, they can be ten times the price of normal engines. The current test models can cost US$1 million or more. Besides Ford and GM, a number of other car makers are now testing fuel cell vehicles. And all are aiming for mass production by 2010. By that time, the cost of buying a fuel cell car should be as affordable as that of a traditional car.1. Besides Ford, the writer uses GM as another example to show _______.A. another car war is onB. big car makers are depending on fuel cells for their futureC. fuel cells will replace traditional power sourcesD. fuel cell car will be produced earlier than expected2. What makes the traditional car frame not able to change with drivers' needs?A. Traditional fuels.B. High cost of changing the frames.C. The traditional car frame can't last many years.D. Traditional motor.3. What does Rick Wagoner mean by "a fuel cell car is more than just a new concept car"?A. A fuel cell car is not something that only exists in future.B. A fuel cell car will be very important in the future.C. It will become a reality.D. A fuel cell car is still very expensive.【答案解析】科学和我们日常生活紧密相连。

底盘的英语单词

底盘的英语单词chassis(of a car)n.底盘，底座，底架baseplaten.底板；基础板，基板例句1.木构架和金属底盘都没有采取防腐措施。

Neither the timber frame nor metal chassis were protected against rot.2.车子底盘的3块隔热板已经脱落了。

Three insulating panels had come adrift from the base of the vehicle.3.他会把钢丝绳拴在汽车底盘上，用卷扬机把汽车吊到运河岸上。

He would attach a cable around the chassis of the car and winch it up on to the canal bank4.空中客车有一个未来模型概念，它有一个乘客舱，可以从在路上行驶中的底盘上分离出来，并由直升机式的机器接走。

Airbus has a futuristic modular concept involving a passenger capsule that can be detached from the road-going chassis and picked up by a helicopter-type machine.5.用CAD技术进行汽车底盘总布置设计方法的研究Study on General Layout of the vehicle Chassis with CAD6.PID算法在汽车底盘测功机中的应用与实现The Application and Implementation of PID Algorithm In Automotive Chassis Dynamometer7.基于VB的客车底盘总布置参数化设计系统Parameterized Layout Design System for Bus Chassis Based on Visual Basic8.零件INNER TUBE用于汽车的底盘减震系统，采用线材冷成型工艺生产。

电力设备：E-VAC EP系列中高压真空电路断路器说明书

E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerAutomotiveAerospaceTruckHydraulicsAutomotive Aerospace Truck Hydraulics Poweringbusiness worldwideEaton delivers the power inside hundreds of products that are answering the demands of today’s fast changing world. We help our customers worldwide manage the power they need for buildings, aircraft, trucks, cars, machinery and entire businesses. And we do it in a way that consumes fewer resources.Next generationtransportationEaton is driving the development of newtechnologies – from hybriddrivetrains and emission control systems to advanced engine components – that reduce fuel consumption and emissions in trucks and cars. Higher expectationsWe continue to expand our aerospace solutions andservices to meet the needs of new aviation platforms,including the high-flying light jet and very light jet markets. Building on our strengths Our hydraulics businesscombines localised service and support with an innovative portfolio of fluid powersolutions to answer the needs of global infrastructure projects, including locks, canals and dams.Powering Greener Buildings and BusinessesEaton’s Electrical Group is a leading provider of powerquality, distribution and control solutions that increase energy efficiency and improve power quality, safety and reliability. Our solutions offer a growing portfolio of “green” products and services, such as energy audits and real-time energy consumption monitoring.Eaton’s Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), variable-speed drives and lighting controls help conserve energy and increase efficiency.ElectricalElectrical E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker 1Eaton Corporation is a worldwide leader in thedesign, manufacture, and sale of safe, reliableand high-performance medium voltage power distribution equipment in accordance with IEC,GB and ANSI standards.Complete Global Medium Voltage Switchgear Solutions Eaton, a premier leader in designing and manufacturing power distribution and protection equipment in the electrical industry, offers a comprehensive range of medium voltage (MV) solutionsto meet the needs of virtually every application. From productsthat feature cutting-edge design that allow for easy access, maintenance and space savings, to arc-resistant products that enhance safety, Eaton’s medium voltage solutions provide avariety of products for every need. Additionally, Eaton’s global service network provides maximum customer support in allregions of the world.As one of the few completely vertically integrated and diversified industrial manufacturers in the world, Eaton designs not only MV assemblies, but also the key components that comprise the MV solutions – from steel housing and circuit breaker compartmentsto vacuum interrupters, circuit breakers, bus systems and fuses. Eaton’s MV heritage, strengthened by acquisitions such as Westinghouse DCBU, Cutler Hammer, MEM and Holec, has resulted in breakthrough MV technologies and numerous international patents over the years.Part of Eaton’s complete electrical PowerChain Solutions– which help businesses minimize risks while realizing greater reliability, cost efficiencies, capital utilization and safety –Eaton’s medium voltage equipment meets all applicablestandards and certifications such as IEC, NEMA / ANSI, GB,UL, IEEE, KEMA and CSA.When it comes to medium voltage solutions, you can trust theone name with a long history of proven performance: Eaton.E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage VacuE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerE-VAC EP Series medium voltage Ideal contact material and E-VAC EP Vacuum Circuit Breakervacuum circuit breakers from geometry ensure low Eaton Electrical combine our chopping current andexcellent vacuum technology reliable contact resistance . with decades of experience in designing and manufacturing A few components and power distribution system. They compact and reasonable offer high reliability, ease of structure ensure morehandling and maintenance, high reliable and safer operation. cost efficiency for Chinese users. Enable ideal cutoff and close Meet GB and DL standards. of resistance, inductance load and capacitive load. E-VAC equipped with new generation vacuum Secondary plug, chassis,interrupter, suited formoving contact and grounding technologies and operation methods are speciallycondition of power system. designed to Chinese users, completely compatible with E-VAC utilizes solid-enveloped domestically dominantpole of Eaton Electrical, offers medium voltage switchgear superior and reliable solid KYN28.enveloping insulation performance, passescondensation test, suitable for safely operating in harsh environment. It offers better creepage distance and clearance compared to the requirements in GB standards.Product modelsE -VAC -12 / T □ -□GB StandardEaton breaker seriesVoltage ratings kVRated current ARated short circuit breakingcurrent kASpring operation mechanismE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker3Application condition Technical features Temperature condition Ambient air temperature not E-VAC utilizes mature spring Product assembly utilizes The average of relative exceeding 40℃, and the operating mechanism, offers tooling method to ensure humidity measured within 24 average value measured within reliable and stable dimension consistency. All hours not exceeding 95%.24 hours not exceeding 35℃. performance, long service life, products have been subject toThe minimum ambient air ease of operating, excellent the push panel test for The average vapor pressure temperature is -15℃.corrosion protection and low standard panel, ensuring measured within 24 hours notmaintenance within the lifetime product interchangeability and exceeding 2.2kPa.The effect by solar radiation universality.can be ignored. E-VAC EP series 12kV vacuum The average of relativecircuit breaker adopts mature All products have been subject humidity measured within one The ambient air is not obviously APG process to enclose to hundreds of mechanical month not exceeding 90%.polluted by dust, smoke, vacuum interrupter and main operation running-in testscorrosive or flammable gases, conductive circuit in a before leaving the factory, The average vapor pressure vapor or salt mist. insulation tube, thoroughly ensuring the product measured within one montheliminating the environmental performance in the most stable not exceeding 1.8kPa.Seismic intensity not impact on insulated parts phase.exceeding 8 degree. which weakens the voltagewithstanding capacity, ensuring Utilize advanced importedAmplitude of electromagnetic the vacuum interrupter suitable testing equipment, exactlyinterference induced in for harsh environment. record no-load mechanicalsecondary system not characteristics of each product,exceeding 1.6kV. E2 level electrical life extended and provide users with theseand M2 level mechanical life characteristic curves, ensureextended as per GB1984-2003, product reliability.capacitive current breaking andlowre-breakdown probability C2level, having completed thetype test.Outline dimension anddistribution panel interlockingmethod completely compatiblewith domestically dominantmedium voltage switchgearKYN28, high universality,significantly reduce design cost4E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerApplication areasChemical industry Substation Oil industry Cement industry Piping industry Automotive industry Offshore mining Power plantShipbuildingTextile and food industries Paper making industry Metallurgical industryOpencast coal mineT echnology creation historyAs the manufacturer of the world’s first vacuum interrupter, the pioneer of vacuum technology, Eaton Electrical has been committed to the research, development andmanufacturing of vacuum interrupters for over 70 years, and gathered plenty of experience. Westinghouse has become the synonym of quality and reliability.We own the world’s largest and globally leading vacuum interrupter plant and the only vacuum interrupter plant that is equipped with large capacity high voltage laboratories.Our manufacturing capacity and design and development always maintain a leadership position.E-VAC vacuum circuit breaker requires almost no relevant maintenanceSimple structure design of E-VAC vacuum circuit breaker further minimizes fault occurrence, simplifies daily maintenance. With the indicator on the circuit breaker panel, no detection instrument isrequired, facilitating the judgment of working state of circuit breaker. The circuit breaker utilizes the world’s first class Eaton Electrical’s vacuum interrupter with vacuum degree up to 10-6Pa, low air leakage, and ensure 50-year life with no maintenance required.Optional accessoriesCharging handle Trolley handle LifterIdeal for control and protection in medium voltage power supply and distribution systemThe circuit breaker is equipped with superior spring chargingmechanism, utilizes modular design, offering optimized mechanism main part distribution, simpler structure and more reliable performance. The whole mechanism is composed by three modules: charging,closing, opening. Assembly and maintenance of these three parts are very simple. The spring charging mechanism composed by ratchet wheel mechanism, oscillator and closing spring is compact and smart. The operating mechanism is usually equipped with manual charging device and electric charging device, enabling automatic reclosing function.The circuit for manual charging operating mechanism is provided with manual opening and closing operation buttons, circuit breaker position indicator and spring mechanism charging status indicator, switch operations counter, shunt release auxiliary switch, position and fault signals, etc..The circuit breaker of electric charging operating mechanism: added with spring charging motor, shunt release, trip free relay, and auxiliary switch for spring charging motor release.The following accessories can also be provided as needed: undervoltage release, overcurrent relay, etc..E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker5E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerMain specification and technical parametersItem Unit ValueRated voltage kV 12Rated short-time power frequency withstand voltage (1 min) 42 (phase to ground, phase to phase) 48 (gap)Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (peak) 75 (phase to ground, phase to phase) 85 (gap)Rated frequency Hz 50Rated current A 630 630 1250 1250 1600 1250 16001250 1600 2000 2000 2500 2000 250040002500 2500 3150 3150 (1)4000 3150 (1) Rated short-circuit breaking current kA 25 31.5 40 50Rated short-time withstand current (4s) 25 31.5 40 50125Rated peak withstand current kA 63 80 100 (2)125Rated short circuit making current 63 80 100 (2) Secondary circuit power frequency withstand voltage (1 min) V 2000Opening time ms 20~50Closing time 35~70Mechanical endurance time 30000 (1600A/31.5kA and below), 20000 (2000A and above, 40kA), 10000(50kA) Rated current breaking endurance 30000 (1600A/31.5kA and below), 20000 (2000A and above, 40kA), 10000(50kA) Rated short circuit current breaking endurance time 50 (1600A/31.5kA and below), 30 (2000A and above, 40~50kA)Allowable accumulated wearingthickness of moving/fixed contact mm 3Rated closing operating voltage V AC 110/220 DC 110/220Rated opening operating voltageRated voltage of spring charging motor V AC 110/220 DC 110/220Rated power of spring charging motor W 55~90Charging duration s ≤15Rated operating sequence O-0.3s-CO-180s-CO (40kA and below), O-180s-CO-180s-CO (50kA)Note:(1) Forced air cooling is required at 4000A; (2) For higher parameters, please contact the Eaton Corp.T echnical parameters for trip/close coilsName ParameterRated operating voltage (V) AC, DC110 AC, DC220Rated operating current of close coil (A) 2.0 1.0Rated operating current of trip coil (A) 1.8 (40kA and above is 2.6) 0.9 (40kA and above is 1.6)Normal operating voltage range Closing: 80%~110% of rated operating voltageOpening: 65%~120% of rated operating voltage, opening will not occur when thenormal operating voltage is less than 30% of rated operating voltageE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker 6E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerOutline and dimension of E-VAC EP circuit breaker (drawout type)Distribution Rated Rated short panelcurrent circuit breaking width (mm) (A) current (kA)P H A B C D E G J K L M N R S T W Q 800 630 25~31.5 210 275 638 652 640 650 433 Φ35 280 598 76 78 637 508 277 40 23 / 800 1250 25~40 210 275 638 652 640 650 433 Φ49 280 598 76 78 637 508 277 40 23 550* 800 1600 31.5 210 275 638 652 640 650 433 Φ55 280 598 76 78 637 508 277 40 23 / 800 2000 40 210 310 638 652 640 650 361 Φ79 295 586 77 88 698 536 277 0 23 550 800 1250~2000 50 210 310 638 652 640 650 361Φ79295 586 77 88 698 536 277 0 19 550 1000 2500 31.5 275 310 838 852 838 850 361 Φ109 295 586 77 88 698 536 377 0 31 / 1000 3150 31.5 275 310 838 852 838 850 361 Φ109 295 586 77 88 725 536 377 0 31 / 10002500~400040~50275310 838 852838 850361 Φ109295586 77 88 725 53637731750**Note：Forced air cooling is required at 4000A. * 40kA only. ** 50kA only.E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker7E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerOutline and dimension of E-VAC EP circuit breaker (fixed type)E-VAC fixed type vacuum circuit breaker (210 phase space)Rated Rated shortcurrent circuit breaking(A) current (kA) H J E K B N Y1\Y2630~125025~31.527523771.54370555I 12504027523771.54370551II160031.5~4027523771.54370551II 200040310252804493614III1250~200050310252804493614IIIE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker 8E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerOutline and dimension of E-VAC EP circuit breaker (fixed type)E-VAC fixed type vacuum circuit breaker (275 phase space)Rated Rated short current circuit breaking (A) current (kA)M Z1\Z2 2500 31.5 628 IV 3150 31.5 678 V 2500~400040~50678VE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker9E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerSecondary control connection diagram of E-VAC EP series vacuum circuit breaker (drawout type) The diagram shows the circuit breaker in test position, opening, discharged statesE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker 10E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerSecondary control connection diagram of E-VAC EP series vacuum circuit breaker (fixed type) The diagram shows the circuit breaker in opening, discharged states11E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerE-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit BreakerE-VAC EP series vacuum circuit breaker selection table1. Circuit breaker models□E-VAC (drawout type)□ E-VAC (fixe d type)2. Parameters of E-VAC EP series vacuum circuit breaker Panel width (mm) Breaker phase Rated short circuit Rated working current (A)spacing(mm) breaking current (kA) □630 □1250 80021025 □630□1250□ 160031.5 □1250 □ 1600 □ 2000 40 □1250 □ 1600□ 2000 501000 275 25 □2500 31.5 □2000□ 2500□ 315040 □1250 □ 1600 □ 2000 □ 2500 □ 3150 □ 4000* □□□ □□□1250 1600 2000 2500 31504000*50* Forced air cooling is required at 4000A.* * The specifications such as the need to purchase, please contact Eaton. 3. Technical parameters of spring operating mechanism Opening power supply (V) □DC110 □ AC110 □ DC220 □ AC220 Closing power supply (V)□DC110 □ AC110 □ DC220 □AC220 Spring charging motor power supply (V)□DC110 □ AC110 □ DC220 □AC2204. Optional configuration (standard option includes trip free device. Please note if the trip free device has to been canceled)□ Overcurrent release □ 2 Overcurrent □ 3 Overcurrent□A□ Closing latch □ V □ Position latch □ V□ Trip free relay □ V □ Undervoltage release □V□ Operating handle□ Quantity neededNote: Technical parameters of products will be changed without notice. Please confirm withEaton corporation before ordering.E-VAC EP Series Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker 12•Electrical solutions that use less energy, improve power reliability andmake the places we live and work safer and more comfortable•Hydraulic and electrical solutions that enable machines to delivermore productivity without wasting powerWe deliver:Discover today’s Eaton.•Aerospace solutions that make aircraft lighter, safer and less costly tooperate, and help airports operate more effciently•Vehicle drivetrain and powertrain solutions that deliver morepower to cars, trucks and buses, while reducing fuel consumption and emissionsPowering business worldwideAs a global diversif ed power management company, We provide integrated solutions that help make we help customers worldwide manage the power energy, in all its forms, more practical and accessible. needed for buildings, aircraft, trucks, cars, machinery and businesses.With 2014 sales of $22.6 billion, Eaton has approxi-mately 99,000 employees around the world and sells Eaton’s innovative technologies help customers manage products in more than 175 countries.electrical, hydraulic and mechanical power more reliably, eff ciently, safely and sustainably.Eaton is a power management company with approximately 97,000 employees. The company provides energy-efficient solutions that help our customers effectively manage electrical, hydraulic and mechanical power more efficiently, safely and sustainably. Eaton sells products to customers in more than 175 countries. For more information, visit . Electrical Sector Asia PacificNo. 3 280 Nong Linhong RoadChangning DistrictShanghai, China 200335© 2016 Eaton Corporation Eaton is a registered trademarkAll Rights Reserved of Eaton Corporation.Printed in ChinaE-VAC EP-EN All trademarks are property of theirMay 2016 respective owners.。

洗衣机Washingmachines-毕业论文外文文献翻译

洗衣机Washing machinesThe washing machine from invention to now bas experienced more than a century, through the following stages of development:The world’s first washing machine is the United States in 1874 by Bill Blackstonesuccessfully developed. Around 1910, a first horizontal shaft drum type electric washing machine, marking the housework automatic start. Nineteen twenties, the first vertical shaft stirring type washing machine to the United States of Americatrial-produceis successful, thewashingmachine, started the “vertical”and “horizontal”cent. The mid 50's, Japan’s Sanyo Company launched Dan Tongbo wheel type washing machine. Starts with the identification of a drum type, mixing type and the wave wheel three working modes. In 60, the Japanese launched with flings the dry barrel semi-automatic washing machine, and a large number of applications of plastic, so that the washing machine’s development into a new stage. In 70, the Japa nese launched a wave wheel sets of barrels of fully automatic washing machine, began washing machine concept. In the late 70, the Japanese launched a with “automatic”microcomputer controlled full automatic washing machine. Completed by the mechanical and electric program control computer control transition, started the computer control era. Then, the washing machine in the developed countries have entered the period of saturation, while in Asia Pacific developing countries began to enter the period of popularization. The late 80's,“fuzzy control washing machine”　began to appear, to achieve the home electric appliance control method on the high automation. “White goods”　concept. In 90’s, with the development of inverter technology, Japan launched the first of up motor direct driven washing machine washing machine driving mode, realized the revolution.The washing machine will be of high reliability，perfect function, water saving and power saving, time saving and noise reduction of specifications varieties diversification for the direction of development.The reason why a washing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the clothes at the same time is because it has a double layer drum. When washing and rinsing, the pulsator spins and makes the water swirl... To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall of the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.are quite popular. This These days, the “centrifugal force washing machines”　type of machine does not use a pulsator. Instead, the inner wall spins really quickly.When the drum spins, the dirty clothes get stuck to the wall. The water and detergentalso try to escape through the holes of the wall but before they do so, they are forcedto escape through the clothes. When this happens, the power of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes. Another good thing about this type ofmachine is that clothes don’t get tangled up so you don’t have to worry aboutyourclothes getting ripped or damaged.types of washing machines!Next, let’s look at some differentMany of you probably think that the water inside washing machines goes roundand round. Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.Whirlpool type:This type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like awhirlpool inside the Drum. The spinning water forces the dirt out form the clothesinside the machine. Some of the newer models of this type also make the whirlpoolmove up and down to make it clean clothes even better!Agitator stirring type:This type of washing machine has something that looks like a propeller at thebottom of the tub. This Propeller spins around and stirs the water. The water thenforces the dirt out from the clothes in the machine. The good thing about this type ofmachine is that clothes do not get tangled up and clothes get evenly washed.Drum type:This type of machine has a drum with many holes in it. There are also protrusions bumps on the wall of the drum. As the drum turns, the clothes are pickedup by the protrusions. When the clothes fall down from the top of the drum throughthe water, the movement removes dirt from the clothes.Centrifugal force type:As we have said before, the spinning drum pushes the water and detergent outthrough the wall of the inner drum. The power that comes from spinning the drum iscalled centrifugal force, which is where the name comes from. The water is forcedthrough the clothes and then the holes in the inner wall. After one cycle, the water isrecycled back into the tank and the process starts again. This cycle is what cleans theclothes!In Japan, people first started using machines in 1930. But then the price of awashing machine was so high that most average persons could not buy one for theirhomes.Looking back now, there was something strange and funny on some of the firstversions of the washing machine .The machine had two rollers that were used tosandwich each shirt and other clothes to squeeze the water out of them. The rollerswere turned by hand, and in fact, you needed a lot of strength to turn those things!Still, people then thought it was a really neat invention! This type of water squeezerwas used for almost 30 years until something new came along. The spin drier thatet most of the water is out of the clothes.used “centrifugal force” to gIn 1953, the nozzle type washing machine was first sold in Japan. This washingmachine is like the older brother of the swirling washing machine that you see today.The price of these washing machines was lower and because o f this, more peoplebought them. The first fully automatic washing machine was introduced in 1968, andafter that, washing clothes became a lot easier to do!There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washingmachine do you have in your house?Fully automatic:The fully automatic machine has two drum layers that wash, rinse and removewater from clothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirtyclothes and then washing machine will do the rest. There is also a new type of fullyautomatic washing machine that can dry clothes after they have been washed.Twin tub:This washing machine has one part that dose the washing and another part thatdoes the squeezing. Even though it’s a hassle to take the clothes out and move them to other tub, the good thing is that you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one machine.Front loading:The main feature of front loaders is that they use a lot less water than other types.This is the type of Washing machine that dry cleaners use but a lot of people inwestern countries have this type of washing machine in their homes too.Let’s try to make the best washing machine in the world!We should already thank the scientists that invented the fully automatic washingmachine because it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.Scientists are still trying really hard to find ways to make washing machines a lothandier to use for everyone. Some of the things that they are trying to do are to findbetter ways of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer.There are washing machines with drying function today so you don’t even have tohang clothes after words because it dries them automatically! Amazing!Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machines at present. This is because t hat it is better to use less water for preserving the environment.What are washing machines of the future going to be like? Maybe there will be a washing machine that dries and folds your clothes after washing them, or maybe there will be one that will wash your clothes while you are still wearing them! How handy would that be! Remember, if the first washing machine was like a dream to people in the old days, all the dreams you have about washing machines of the future may come true!Now, washing machine is becoming more and more popular. We see the main classification.Washing machine can be divided into automatic type and semi-automatic type two kinds, automatic type washing machine as long as we begin our work proactively set better washing procedure, washing machine began to work until the end without manual intervention. And semi-automatic washing machine washing and dewatering process is divided, is also called the double barrel washing machine, a tong, one takes off a bucket, and put tong inside washing out to artificial add to take off in the barrel dehydration is handled and complete laundry process. Full-automatic washing machine in structure to take off in tong internal bucket suit, two barrels of axis, while working with the clutch to finish washing state and dehydration of the transition of the states, on the key said is automatic washing machine.Full-automatic washing machine press catharsis means to points, can be divided into bunt washer and roll barrel type two kinds of washing machine, From the electric control ways to points, can be divided into mechanical program-controlled type and computer board controls type washing machine two kinds.The cylinder and the pulsator washing machine are now the main two kinds.Pulsator washing machine working principle is to add clothing, then open the inlet valve, choose good bibcock of water level and correct working procedures, switch on the power, closed warehouse door, and safety switch closed at water level, the public internal switch contacts are and dehydration contacts are interlinked, inlet valve electrify water, when the barrel water reaches the specified height, in air pressure under the action of water level switch inside public contacts disconnect dehydration contacts and connect washing contacts, feed valve power to stop water, motor power is switched on, motor started running, and periodically sometimes areturning, sometimes reverse, mutual alternant, driven by clutch BoLun using the same cycle are turning, inversion, with a certain speed rotating BoLun can drive inside bucket of water and clothing, clothing rotating water formed in the mutual friction and reach the purpose of laundry. When washing process is completed, drainage electromagnetic valve electrify work, drain valve is opened, inside bucket of water exudes, and linkage shaft also the clutch from washing state switch to dehydration state, when drainage is completed, atmospheric pressure d rop and inside bucket of water level switch public contacts reset through dehydration contacts, drainage electromagnetic valve keep electrify state, motor driven off running electrify bucket high-speed and jilt dry clothing, laundry program after washing machine disconnect hydropower and stop. As for intermediate process of how many times, laundry to wash the length of time, by process control.Roller-type washing machine of the principle and Pulsator washing machine are basic similar. But 110mm drum machine it no clutch variable speed, but its motor is double-speed motor, so when washing machine work in washing state, program-controlled device connected motor washing low-speed windings, motor speed slow, working on dehydration, when they connect dehydration modal high-speed windings, motor high-speed operation, this process is programmed through the device and motor to work together to finish.To sum up, the role of these two kinds of washing machine is same, but different implementation, each has his strong point, Pulsator washing machine is simulated handmade kneaded action to work, 110mm drum type washing machine is by gravity inertial function to finish our work, they realize washing and dewatering way also have different features, Pulsator washing machine to wear clothes is relatively large, but detergents d egree is higher, 110mm drum machine for clothing wear small, but detergents degrees, but lower than Pulsator washing machine to save water.So far, washing machine is still towards a higher requirements development.The world today is technology, knowledge explosion time, as long as the people have the need, it may produce some kind of product to meet the needs of the people. The development of washing machine is such, people found it some inconvenience in practice, will continue to improve and perfect it, new washing machine is born in this kind of situation.译文：洗衣机洗衣机从发明到现在已经经历了一个多世纪，经历了以下的发展阶段：世界上第一台洗衣机是于1874年由美国的比尔·布莱克斯通集团研制成功的。

墨西哥巴黎S-类车型的交叉风稳定功能说明书

Automated simulation of scenarios to guide thedevelopment of a crosswind stabilization functionKlaus-Dieter Hilf*. Ingo Matheis**Jakob Mauss**. Jochen Rauh**Daimler AG, D-71059 Sindelfingen, Germany (e-mail: {klaus-dieter.hilf, jochen.rauh}@).**QTronic GmbH, AltMoabit 91d, D-10559 Berlin, Germany (e-mail:{ingo.matheis, jakob.mauss}@)Abstract:Mercedes-Benz has recently added a crosswind stabilization function to the Active Body Control (ABC) suspension for the 2009 S-Class. For this purpose the ABC uses the yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle and velocity sensors of the Electronic Stability Program ESP to vary the wheel load distribution via the ABC spring struts, depending on the direction and intensity of the crosswind. This function has to distinguish between vehicle reactions caused by crosswind, by driver interaction, and by road unevenness. The effects of the crosswinds can be compensated in this way, or reduced to a minimum in the case of strong gusts. For developing this function Mercedes Benz used the test case generator TestWeaver to generate thousands of different driving and crosswind scenarios. The scenarios have been executed using a co-simulation of: (i) a dynamic vehicle model (based on the in-house tool CASCaDE), (ii) a road and crosswind model implemented in C and (iii) a MathWorks/Simulink model of the crosswind stabilization function. This simulation-based approach helped considerably to validate and iteratively improve the safeguarding algorithms of the stabilization function through all design phases.Keywords: Rapid Control Prototyping; Systems for Vehicle Dynamics Control; Lanekeeping.1. INTRODUCTIONNowadays an increasing number of automotive functions is realized using software, resulting in a steadily growing complexity of automotive controllers.For validation and test of complex controllers, traditional methods based on hand-written test scripts do not scale well. Testing the controller in real life by trying to expose the system under test to all relevant situations is very time consuming or even not feasible without excessive effort. New methods and tools supporting a much higher degree of automation are required here, to meet shorter time-to-market and high quality demands. In this paper, we present one such method based on fully automated generation, execution and validation of useful test cases. We also report how the corresponding tool, TestWeaver, has been used to validate and iteratively improve the safeguarding algorithms of the crosswind stabilization function of the 2009 S-Class. The paper is structured as follows: in the next section, we describe our simulation-based validation and test environment. Section 3 presents the executable model of the system under test, consisting of the stabilization and safeguard functions, road, wind and vehicle models. Section 4 describes the automated test and validation process. We conclude with a brief assessment of the presented approach.2. VALIDATION AND TEST ENVIRONMENTThe entire validation and test environment runs on a standard PC, without any real vehicle hardware in the loop. Section 3 describes how a realistic system simulation model was built. Such a pure 'virtual' setup can be easily duplicated, e.g. to parallelize and hence speed-up development within a team. Another advantage is that, without real vehicle hardware (such as ECUs) in the loop, there is no real-time requirement for running the models: Simulation can be suspended at a specified event to inspect all variables of the simulated vehicle. Simulation can also be arbitrarily fast, resulting in increased test throughput. In our case, the simulation runs about 10 times faster than real time. Thus, in just 3 days of simulation, about one month of street driving, with a huge number of differing situations, can be simulated and analyzed on one PC.For automated validation (see Fig. 1), the simulation of the system under test is driven by a sequence of inputs generated by the test case generator TestWeaver. The inputs control the road and wind properties, acceleration and brake pedals, steering, and may also be used to activate dynamically (simulated) component faults, e.g. of sensors and actuators. Selected outputs of the simulation (such as car speed, gear rates, key variables of the controller) are observed by TestWeaver and stored together with the inputs in a data base, labeled 'state DB' in Fig. 1.presented at the 6th IFAC Symposium Advances in Automotive Control, July 12-14, 2010, Munich, GermanyFig. 1. Setup for simulation-based validation and test.The test case generation, execution and validation does not require any user interaction and is interleaved: a new test case depends on the outcome of all previously generated tests. TestWeaver generates tests not randomly (this does not help much), but in a reactive, informed way, trying to worsen actively scenarios that are already sub-optimal until system behavior is really bad, i.e. a bug or flaw has been found. Here, a 'bad' scenario is by definition a scenario where an output variable reaches a value classified as 'bad' in the test specification, see below. TestWeaver also attempts to maximize the coverage of the system state space, i.e. to reach every reachable state in at least one of the generated scenarios. As indicated in Fig 1, state space is here the space spanned by all inputs and outputs that connect the system under test to TestWeaver. Maximizing state coverage is non-trivial, because TestWeaver can only control the inputs directly, not the outputs. For example, TestWeaver cannot set the speed of the car (an output of the model), but it can learn that pushing the acceleration pedal (an input of the model) for a while leads to high vehicle speed. To guide scenario generation, TestWeaver stores each state reached during simulation into a state data base, together with the sequence of inputs that leads into this state. Thereby TestWeaver successively learns how to control the system under test. TestWeaver uses this knowledge to drive the system into states not reached before (to maximize state coverage) and to worsen scenarios locally by automated variation of those already generated scenarios that got worst scores. Technically, an input or output is a model fragment implemented in C, Simulink, Modelica or Python as part of a model or sub-model and that connects to TestWeaver using TCP/IP to either retrieve input values during simulation or report output values.For testing a system with TestWeaver no test scripts need to be specified. Instead, a test or development engineer provides a very compact test specification with the following information: • names of input variables, allowed set of discrete values, and classification of these input values on a good-bad scale (to support fault injection)• names of output variables and classification of output values on a good-bad scale (to support automated validation of generated scenarios during execution)• templates for reporting reached coverage in the state space and other test results• general specification data, such as maximal duration of generated scenarios, upper-bounds for injected faults per scenario, command used to start the simulation, etc. TestWeaver reports the test results using HTML. Report templates use SQL (a standard for data bases) to define the content of the tables. All scenarios generated by TestWeaver can be replayed by the test engineer on demand for detailed investigation and debugging. More details can be found in (Brückmann et al. 2009), (Gäfvert et al. 2008), (Junghanns et al. 2008), (Rink et al. 2009).3. SYSTEM MODELThis section describes the executable system model used for automated validation by TestWeaver. Simulation has been implemented here as a co-simulation of several sub-models using the co-simulation tool Silver (Rink et al. 2009). In Silver, a sub-model contains either a numerical solver, or uses a numerical solver provided by Silver. In both cases, a Silver sub-model is a DLL (dynamic link library) that implements a certain API, such as the standard FMI (ITEA 2 2010) or the proprietary Silver module API. For the application presented here, the modules and their mutual connections as well as the embedding in the Silver Co-Simulation are shown in Figure 2.Fig. 2. Integration of CASCaDE-simulation into TestWeaver.The CASCaDE vehicle model has been exported as DLL that implements the Silver API and uses a CASCaDE solver for numerical integration (shown as vehicle dll). A second sub-model was created to model crosswind and the road, called the environment dll in Figure 2. The wind stabilization function has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink and was included into the vehicle dll also comprising the CASCaDE vehicle model. A third sub-model called modifier dll contains all instruments (inputs u and outputs y in Fig. 1) used by TestWeaver to control simulated crosswind, road and vehicle and to observe and assess model behavior.3.1 Crosswind Stabilization FunctionThe stabilization function (Keppler et al. 2010) is based on a disturbance observer which measures the difference between predicted and actual vehicle behavior. From the calculated deviation a disturbing moment around the vertical axis of the inertia system is derived.Fig. 3. Driving with and without stabilization function.If the safeguard functions determine that this moment is caused by crosswind, a path correction is induced by performing a diagonal wheel load actuation (warp mode) called Active Body Control crossover with the hydraulic struts of the ABC suspension. Through the elastokinematic design of the axle, changes in the toe angles are generated, resulting in an asymmetric side force. This leads to a steering reaction of the car compensating the lateral offset induced by the crosswind. The intervention of the system is scaled to compensate the disturbing moment up to a designed degree. For simulation purposes the controller developed in Simulink was exported using the RealTime Workshop. In the CASCaDE (Rauh et al. 2008) simulation environment, used here for vehicle dynamic simulation, the subsystem-interface was used to couple efficiently the inputs and the outputs of the control system with the vehicle model. 3.2 Road and Wind ModelThe system model also includes configurable road and wind models. During simulation, TestWeaver controls key control signals of this model in order to test the system under a great range of differing road and wind conditions.The bank angle of the road is modeled as superposition of two Bezier splines - capturing large and small scale variations of the bank angle. One such spline is shown, together with its control points, in Fig 4. Control points are dynamically generated by TestWeaver in front of the vehicle on demand during simulation. Similarly, the local road inclination is modeled by two Bezier splines for large and small scale variations. Again, control points are dynamically generated on demand by TestWeaver. The road generated by TestWeaver is constrained in a way that the acceleration ofthe driver does not exceed a certain threshold during driving.Fig. 4. Bank angle of road modeled using Bezier splines. Speed and direction of the wind is modeled and controlled in a similar manner. In addition, the wind model provides a couple of parameters for varying statistical properties of the wind, such as shape of and delay between wind gusts.The road and wind models have been implemented in C and compiled as a DLL that directly runs in Silver. The dynamic control of the road and wind model during simulation (as opposed to using predefined static road and wind profiles) gives TestWeaver better chances to increase the state coverage of the total system, including road, wind, vehicle and controller states: this way TestWeaver can better synchronize differing road and wind events with differing states occurring in the controller and vehicle model.3.3 Vehicle modelThe CASCaDE (Rauh et al. 2008) simulation model describes the vehicle dynamics of a car. All important aspects like steering, propulsion, braking system and suspension are modeled in appropriate depth and detail for vehicle dynamics analysis. A model of the hydraulic suspension system ABC with a simple representation of the hydraulic lines, valves, cylinders and the suspension struts is included. The detailing is adapted to the problems examined here. The original control software of this active suspension system is also embedded as exported c-code and linked with the model. The module receives sensor-information created by the simulation and outputs the control currents for the valves, thereby performing the desired wheel-load changes.The vehicle dynamics behavior and especially the steering effect based on wheel load variation – the elastokinematic effect used here for crosswind stabilization – were validated from measurements. The aerodynamic characteristics were parameterized from extensive wind tunnel measurements and validated from bypass measurements at a crosswind test facility.The ESP-algorithm is not included in the simulation model. Since crosswind impact is generally not strong enough to cause an ESP-intervention in the S-Class, a car featuring a strong directional stability, the influence of the ESP-system can be neglected in the study reported here. Only the ESP sensors used by the stabilization function are represented in the model. For other investigations the ESP could also be included.This simulation model (including the stabilization function from 3.1) was converted into a dynamic link library (DLL) with an open interface implementing the communication with Silver. Driver inputs, current tire patches and wind is fed to the vehicle simulation. Vehicle and controller states are reported back to TestWeaver for scenario assessment and state coverage measurements (see Figure 2).4. TEST OF THE STABILIZATION FUNCTIONIt is not possible to test all possible driving situations in real life. Disregarding the great effort in time and expenses which make extended test drives undesirable, even on test tracks, only a limited number of road profiles is available, so all possible road excitations can never be covered. Furthermore, the possibilities to create different wind profiles for real life testing are very limited. In virtual test drives, however, every combination of road and wind excitation can be generated. Therefore, TestWeaver was chosen as a promising approach to cover the necessary test range with acceptable effort.The main focus of the investigations was safeguarding against control impacts due to an erroneous crosswind detection. Since the observer bases the detection only on ESP-sensor data, and no direct wind-sensor is implemented, an asymmetric unevenness of the road, leading to lateral acceleration and yaw rate, could be interpreted as crosswind. To avoid the crosswind stabilization to respond to this excitation, other controller subsystems are designed to differentiate between vehicle reactions due to crosswind and reactions due to driver- and street-interaction or sensor faults. The first focus was on trying to provoke the crosswind stabilization function to perform steering impacts due to driver and street interaction, thus detecting holes in the safeguarding mechanisms. Since basic features of safeguarding rules implemented were specified, and already sufficiently tested, the range of feasible driving- and environment situations in which the function had to be tested in this approach could be restricted to situations not already reliably and adequately covered. Thus scenarios not respecting these well-known limits set by the safeguarding mechanisms, for instance, on steering wheel angle or velocity, were not investigated and excluded in advance from the situations possibly chosen by TestWeaver. By taking into account this beforehand knowledge the design range TestWeaver had to cover to guarantee the reliability of the system was reduced to the regions not verified so far, allowing TestWeaver to work more efficiently.Finding categories of suited street excitations was an iterative approach. Too high excitations were easily detected by the safeguard mechanisms implemented so far. Too small excitation did not lead to a relevant wind force estimation and, thus, to no reaction of the system. After choosing a promising range from evaluating the TestWeaver results, TestWeaver found several categories of impacts which the controller was not safeguarded against.The mechanism included at the examined design stage only used the difference in spring travel between left and right wheel with the standard sensors being available in the ABC suspension system. The failure scenarios found with TestWeaver showed that a certain type of street unevenness did not lead to a high enough difference in spring travel. Reducing the critical limit of difference spring travel allowed was not an appropriate solution - this would reduce the percentage of time the system is active. The relevant scenarios were nonetheless marked by a high individual spring travel. From this observation a new safeguarding module was added, combining individual and difference spring travel.After this element was included in the controller, a re-run of the critical scenarios showed that the unevenness was now detected. New runs with TestWeaver proved that the protection against false crosswind recognition was complete. The proportion of time the system was active was not reduced. Thus, this new criterion was implemented and approved in the test runs.In a second approach TestWeaver was additionally used to create sensor faults of different classes: sudden offsets or linear drifts on the different sensor signals used by the observer and the safeguarding mechanism. Here TestWeaver was used during the design phase of the detection module inside the controller. Current versions were immediately exported, linked with the vehicle system simulation and tested with TestWeaver. The effectiveness of new measures or chosen limits was investigated before a first version was tested in the vehicle.5. CONCLUSIONWe reported how a closed-loop vehicle simulation in combination with the test case generator TestWeaver has been used to support and guide the development of a crosswind stabilization function. The validation reported has been conducted by a single engineer (a novice TestWeaver user at that time) within about three weeks. In that time, about 100.000 different driving scenarios, each 45 sec. long, have been generated, executed and validated. The setup has been changed and extended during the investigation to explore also the effect of sensor faults. The coverage achieved this way would have been hard, if not impossible, to achieve with comparable effort using a less automated approach, e. g. based on hand-written test scripts, driving areal car on the road, or using the Daimler crosswind test facility.To summarize, the presented approach seems extremely well suited for the validation of complex automotive controllers during all stages of development. The main benefit is in the high test coverage that can be achieved with low work effort for engineers, based on a compact high-level specification of the validation task.REFERENCESBrückmann, H. et al. (2009). Model-based development of a dual-clutch transmission using rapid prototyping and SiL. In International VDI Congress Transmissions in Vehicles 2009, Friedrichshafen, Germany.Gäfvert, M. et al. (2008). Simulation-based automated verification of safety-critical chassis-control systems. In Proceedings of AVEC ’08, Kobe, Japan.ITEA 2 (2010). Functional mock-up interface for model exchange 1.0, Specification, released 26.01.2010. Junghanns, A., Mauss, J. and Tatar, M. (2008). TestWeaver -a tool for simulation-based test of mechatronic designs.In 6th International Modelica Conference, pp. 341 – 348, Bielefeld, Germany.Keppler, D., Rau, M., Ammon, D. et. al. (2010). Realisierung einer Seitenwind-Assistenzfunktion für Pkw. In AAET – Automatisierungssysteme, Assistenzsysteme und eingebettete Systeme für Transportmittel, Braunschweig, Germany (in German).Rauh, J. and Mössner-Beigel, M. (2008). Tyre simulation challenges. Vehicle System Dynamics,volume 46, supplement 1, pp. 49-62.Rink, A., Chrisofakis, E., Tatar, M. (2009). Automatisierter Test für Softwaremodule. ATZelektronik,volume 6, pp.36-40. (in German).English: http://www.qtronic.de/doc/ATZe_2009_en.pdf。

模具中英名词对照

模具中英名词对照一。

划一般商业用模座：Commercialdieset二。

划V字形靠栅：V-gaging三。

划1。

工作单：Operationsheet2。

三角形冲片：Triangularblank3。

小冲床冲模：Sub-pressdie4。

工作流程单：Routesheet5。

下驱动冲床：Underdrivepress6。

三角形打料板：Knockoutplatespider7。

工具校验部门：Toolinspectiondepart四。

划1。

分圆：Detaildrawing2。

止动销：Dutchman3。

双行排列：Layoutdouble-raw4。

分装模体：Splitdieblock5。

方头驻螺：Square-headsetscrew6。

中心莰入件：Centerinsert7。

水硬工具钢：WaterhardeningtoolSteel1。

尺寸与注记：Dimensionsandnotes 2。

六方埋头螺丝：Socketcapscrew 3。

孔径尺寸注记：Dimensionofhole 4。

手动定位装置：Fingerstop5。

双排冲切设计(排列)：Double-raw layout五道次冲切排列：Rive-stationlayout 五。

划1。

切圆：Cuttingring2。

切边：Trimming3。

打料杆：Knockoutrod4。

避位：Stiffening5。

半铜模座：Semi-steeldieset6。

另件布置：Partlayout7。

引伸冲模：Diesdrawing8。

皮料加工：Finishofsheet9。

打料柱塞：Knockoutplunger10。

打料装置：Knockouts11。

可卸道筒：Demountableguide bushing1。

切断冲模：Gutoffdie2。

切边裕度：Allowanceortrimming3。

切边冲模：Trimmingdie4。

平头埋头螺：Flatheadscrewsocket1。

FM-x14中英文操作手册10-6-26

The truck type, serial number and year of construction are indicated on the rating plate (1). 叉车类型，编号和制造年份在铭牌( 1 )上被标明。
Intended use计划使用
FM vehicles are suitable for the lifting and transporting of loads. They are designed for transport and storage applications such as stacking, entry into storage and retrieval. Due to the shift function of the mast, it is not necessary to provide a drive-under facility for the wheel spars. As a result, it is possible to approach a ledge and engage a load positioned on it, e.g. a ramp, in the same way as with a front lift truck.
P6,P8
The factory name plate工厂铭牌
The name plate is fitted in the area of the driving seat and contains the following details：铭牌安装在驾驶员座椅的正前方的机身上（图中1位置），包含以下内容： 1.CE symbol CE 符号
Caution 警告
The trucks described here must not be used: 叉车在以下情况下不可被使用 - in areas at risk from fire or explosions 有发生火灾或者爆炸的风险的区域中 - in areas with atmospheres conducive to corrosion 有腐蚀的气体的区域中 - in atmospheres containing large amounts of dust 有大量尘土的区域中 - in public traffic 在公众的交通中 - in refrigerated warehouses (see special equipment) 在中冷冻仓库(见特殊的设备) - in the open in the rain在户外冒雨作业。

我国模具的发展史外文

The history of our country mouldFirst of all, overviewDie material is mould processing work basis. With Chinas national economic development and improvement of people s living standard, people to product aesthetics, values and also enhances unceasingly,什ius to each kind of work, mould product, whether internal quality and appearance etc are becoming more demanding pure manager.to, trapped this certainly will kick mould material in number, series and quality are put forward on the more high demand. China's mould material increasing, but from a limited amount, until now, whether from the steel grade or from the specifications, standardization and serialization, etc, are all accompanied by the development of the mould manufacturing・Second, 50 in the 1960s and 1970s (blank stage)In these three decades, because our country implementing the plan the pattern of economic and industrial structure in accordance with the former Soviet union mode of production and mould manufacturing enterprise is attached to a fittings processing workshop・ Moreover, because of the industrial development is slow and economic closed, and the people's standard of living is in a very low level of consumption of factors, restrain the mould manufacturing industrialization, socialization and commercialization. Which generates the mold manufacturing to its of materials with low requirements or even no demands, supply and demand relation is in what use something unreasonable chaos・Three, the eighties (stage of development)With the opening and reform and national economic growth, to a great extent by the development of die and mould industry. Mould manufacture already out of the enterprise imprison state, ten years, our country s generic foreign new steel grade.these steel at the same time, still in colleges and universities, research institutes and various steel cooperation, developed by a group of suitable for Chinas national conditions of mould new material. Not only improve the machining capability, but also greatlyimprove the service life of the die.Generic D2 steel instead of Crl2MoV manufacturing stamping dies, use P20 steel instead of 45 steel manufacturing plastic model, make the mold cavity cores, smooth finish and life expectancy has greatly improved・ Use H13 steel instead of overseas has eliminated 3CW8V manufacturing forging die and die-casting die. In cold die, developed 65Nb, O12A, CG - 2, LM1-2, LD, GD, GM, DS steel etc varieties. Among them 65Nb, LD, GD and DS steel for good impact resistance and more suitable for cold mound and material cutting the punch・ GM steel for good wearability particularly suitable for thread rolling, compared with Crl2MoV wire wheel, life can improve ten times more.Besides the above-mentioned alloy steel outside, still developed GT35 DT etc brand of steel-boned cemented carbide as YG series of tungsten and cobalt alloy to satisfy the high class hard life requirement, with high speed punch mould manufacturing. In plastic mold steels, developed free cutting class 5NiCa, 06Ni, SM2 SMI, and PMS, such as steel, PCY CPR, some are good processing, use of performance fine steel grade.these steel, and using on users receive the recognition. In ReZuo steel aspects Y4, Y10, HM - L ER8 GR, development and application of new thoroughly changed the ReZuo mould decades outputs 3Cr2W8V skillfulness situation・Four and 1990s (competitive stage)Along with the economic development in China and the upgrading of products, our country has become a mold and die material production superpower. According to statistics, Chinas 1997 annual consumption of mould materiaL including 13 million tons of 4-year tertiary backgroud 4.5 tons. This shows mould of this special products in nearly a decade from planned economy under the condition of spare parts gradually developed into under the condition of market economy goods, and is increasingly being mould manufacturer in its quality and brand on get attention. But as an industrial development, product update alternately increasingly fast paced countries, the mould development also further by products manufacturer attention・Therefore, a batch of the past have been successfully developed the series of can adapt different working conditions and product manufacturing requirements of mould material development, trial and production becomes each big steel factory competition, launch and competition of the market hot. But, mould material because of its manyspecifications with same specification single demand less, market real-time purchasing wait for a characteristic, make the domestic large-scale production equipment cannot suit. Therefore in looking for the right agents to calculate the scale effect. However, many agents though hand holds thick endowment, but to mold working condition, the material properties and the related problems such as heat treatment didn't know, remain in the 4-year tertiary backgroud of vengeance of competition.In addition, foreign senior agencies and the famous steel mills in recent years Chinas heavily boffins organization to mould material market・ Such as: Sweden s NUDDEHOLM, ASSAB, and German thyssen, saesee te, Japan's big equally companies in Shanghai and set up all over the country, but the banner of optimal special because of their overpriced, has gradually appear failing to expand the scale sales, even at present in China is reputable foreign companies in China for fine quality and low price of mould material・。

梅赛德斯奔驰历史英文介绍

梅赛德斯奔驰历史英⽂介绍Everything began with the invention of the wheel, an achievement that is shrouded in the darkness of history. The first known illustration of a vehicle with wheels is dated to the year 3000 BC. The invention of the wheel ushered in the development of mobility. Ever more refined mechanical systems and ever more ingenious features for carts and carriages made transportation and travel easier. The inventions of Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach finally ushered in the automotive age.Who invented the automobile? Assumptions concerning the answer to this question differ widely throughout the word. Most Americans believe that Henry FORD invented the car. In England, many people will tell you that the car was invented by Charles Rolls and Henry Royce. The widely held French view is that was Count Dion and Georges Bouton who invented the car. In Austria, even highly respected historians believed for a long time that the Viennese Siegfried Marcus built the first car in 1865 when he fitted a stationary engine to a cart and took it for a 200 meter test run.He went on to build a second vehicle with a four-stroke engine in 1888.this was the source of much confusion for decades because it was incorrectly identified as having been built in 1877 and was therefore presented as the world’s first automobile. 100 years before Marcus, France’s Nicolas Joseph Cugnot designed and built a vehicle was later declared to be the first automobile in the world. It was a monstrous steam-powered affair which is said to have caused a road accident during a test run in 1769.in 1801 it was taken to the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris without having made any further impact on the history of the the automobile.Switzerland’s Isaac de Rivaz worked on gas engines from 1770 and was the first person to equip a stationary gas engine with electric ignition.in 1813 de Rivaz fitted an engine of this type to a vehicle and conducted test runs in the area around Venvey on Lake Geneva.In 1883, the French industrialist Edouard Delamare-Debout-teville installed a gas engine in a three-wheeled vehicle. The experiment ended when the gas container exploded, the frame of a second vehicle with a liquid fuel engine broken during its first trials. Delamare-Debou-tteville gave up.In the USA, George Selden claimed that he was the inventor of the automobile. This son of a patent attorney had filed a paten application for a motor vehicle in 1879. He was granted the patent in 1895 without ever having built an automobile. Selden bombarded American car manufactures with demands for license fees. It was not until 1911, following protracted litigation, which Henry Ford succeeded in overturning the mysterious Selden patent.From a historical perspective, all of these would-be ―world’s first automobiles’have one thing in common: the influence which they exerted on the development of automotive transport was extremely short-lived because none of them had the necessary qualities to go down in history as a real breakthrough.In 1886, Karl Benz and the team of Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm May Bach initiated general motorization with their inventions. These gave rise to several hundred different types of vehicle and design concepts which continue to be applied anywhere in the world to this day.The invention in the 1880s of the high-speed engine and the automobile enabled Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz—independently of one another –to lay the foundations for the motorization of road transport. With the help of financial backers and partners, they both invested their development projects in their own private businesses—in Mannheim, Benz founded the firm Benz & Cie, in October 1883, and Daimler Motorren Gesellschaft (DMG) was formed in November 1890.In order to gain publicity and a certain distinction for their products, both companies sought a suitable trademark.to begin with, the inventors used their own names –―Benz‖ and―Daimler‖, which vouched for origin and quality of the engines and vehicles. The trademark of Benz &Cie, remained unchanged, except that in 1909, the cog wheel symbol which had been used since 1903 was replaced with a laurel wreath surrounding the name Benz. But the turn of the century brought a completely new trade name for products from Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt: ―Mercedes‖. So what is the origin of this name?Mercedes- a Spanish girls’ name meaning ―grace‖-was the name of the daughter born in 1889 to the Austrian businessman, Emil Jellinek, who had homes in Baden near Vienna and Nice.A progressive thinker with an interest in sport, Jellinek turned his enthusiasm to the dawning age of the automobile, an invention he knew would be of key importance for future. As early as 1897,he made the journey to Cannstatt to visit the Daimler factory and ordered his first Daimler car—a 6 hp belt-driven vehicle with two-cylinder engine.But the car, delivered in October 1897 and with a top speed of 24 km/h, was soon too slow for Jellinek. He demanded 40km/hand ordered two more vehicles. Supplied in September 1898, the two Daimeler ―Phoenix‖ cars, with their front-mounted 8 hp engines, were the world’s first road vehicles with four-cylinder engines.Emil Jellinek had good contacts with the worlds of international finance and the aristocracy and became increasingly active as a businessman. In 1898, he began to promote and sell Daimler automobiles-in particular, within the higher echelons of society. In 1899, DMG supplied Jellinek with 10 vehicles; in 1900,he received as mangy as 29.Jellinek demanded ever faster and more powerful vehicles from DMG. From 1899,he also entered these in race meetings—first and foremost of which was the Nice week—where he would race under his pseudonym ―Mercedes‖, the name of his daughter aged ten at the time. Initially, he used the name not as an automotive brand name but merely as a team and driver designation.At the beginning of April 1900, Jellinek made an agreement with DMG concerning sales of Daimler cars and engines. The decision was taken to develop a new engine: bearing the name Daimler –Mercedes‖, thereby introducing Jellinek’s pseudonym as a product designation. Two weeks later, Jellinex ordered 36 of the vehicles at a total price of 550,000maks—a sizeable order even at today’s equivalent value of DM5.5 million. A few weeks later, he placed an order for another 36 vehicles,all with 8 ho engines.The first vehicle to be fitted with the new engine, a 35 hp racing car, was delivered to Jellinek by DMG on December22,1900. This first ―Mercedes‖, developed by Wilhelm Maybach, the chief engineer at DMG, caused quite a sir in the first year of the new century. With its low center of gravity, pressed-steel fram,light, high-performance engine and honeycomb radiator, it featured numerous innovations and is regarded today as the first modern automobile.The nice week in March 1901, during which the Mersedes vehicles were found to be unbeatable in virtually every discipline, attracted enormous publicity for Jellinek and the Mersedes. In March and August 1901,the 12/16 hp and 8/11 hp sister models appeared. Jellinek’s orders soon stretched the Daimler plant in Cannstatt to full production capacity.―Mersedes‖ was lodged as a trade name on June 23, 1902 and legally registered on September 26. From June 1903, Emil Jellinek obtained permission to call himself Jellinek-Mersedes, commenting: ―This is probably the first time that a father has taken his daughter’s name.‖Benz, one famous vehicle brands of Germany. Nowadays, Benz has been sold all over the world with a great reputation. It is admirable for its perfect level of technology, excellent quality standards, innovation, and a series of classic coupe styles.In 1883, Benz began to establish the Mercedes and Rhine gas engine factory. At the same time, Daimler successfully invented the first high compression radio explosive motor. Both of them lighted the history of Mercedes-Benz vehicle factory in the early days.Benz invent a car using single-cylinder engine with a large flywheel, which was installed in the rear of the car, its max speed was up to 16km/hour. However, because other supporting technology is not mature enough, the car had a knack of breaking down just when people need it, he can’t even drive it in public. In august 1880, Benz’s wife-Beretta made a brave decision, she drove Benz’s car with her children to visit the child’s grandmother who live in more than 100 kilometers away. When she arrived, she immediately sent a telegram to Benz to tell him that the car stood the test of jolt and ask him to send the car to the Munich Trade Fair. She was also considered the world’s first female car driver because of this. The invention of Benz caused a great sensation in the Munich Trade Fair; people were surprised by the walking of gharry, after the fair, a large number of customers began to order Benz’s car, then he set the largest automobile factory in Germany and start producing legendary Mercedes cars.Benz’s car got the national patent certificate in 1886, which marked he realized his dream that integration the engine and the car perfectly, and our human’ history of transportation has lifted to new chapter. The first car in the world has less than300kg’s overall weight, which concludes 100kg’s engine’s weight. Only a few weeks later, Gottlieb Daimler also got the patent right of his four-wheel vehicle. The same as the idea of ―land, sea, air‖ fully motorized, he applied the single-cylinder engine of the four-wheel vehicle to the airship and boat soon.Benz successfully developed the ―Victoria‖in 1893, which was the mostluxurious car and had the most advanced technology at that time. Later, he research the ―Velo‖sold 2000 mark, which was the first production car in the world. Afterwards, he changed the seat of ―Victoria‖ to be a face to face one, which made the car became the world’s first bus.In 1926, the two companies merged. They formally established Daimler-Benz, Mercedes-Benz was established after that merger. And this name was painted on a DMG vehicle used in races by a man in honor of his beautiful daughter. The name of the man is Emil Jellinek, who was the customer of Daimler Motor’s company. He use a new car which used a wide rangeof the innovative technology, including the strong engine, the cellular radiator, the long wheelbase and the low gravitational center. This was the most outstanding product at that time and it’s proved to be successful. ―Mercedes‖obtained the legal protection as a trademark. What’s more, Mercedes means happiness in Spanish which is called god’s language. After that, it became the formal name for the company.Mercedes-Benz had twice merged. After the First World War, only the companies which has strong financial and excellent brand can survive during the inflation and sale slumping period. So Benz and Daimler Car company formed the Syndicate Company at 1924, and then synthesized into the Daimler-Benz AG.. Finally, German Daimler-Benz and the Chrysler of the USA merged to be the Daimler-Chrysler Group which is operating all over the world. And Mercedes Car Group’s independent brand, the Mercedes-Benz, the Smart, and the May Bach, are the important pillar of the new group.As for the logo of Mercedes-Benz, the Trigeminal star sign was first used in 1909 by Mercedes-Benz’s official account. In 1873, Daimler used the trigeminal star to mark his living place on the letter which was mailed to his wife. And he wrote:‖someday, this star will enlighten the work of my whole life.‖As part of the 1926 merger, a new logo was created that word include a symbol for each and integrate the name of the two former companies. A three-pointed star had been designed by Daimler to show the ability of his motor for land, air, sea use. The traditional laurel wreath symbol used by Karl Benz was added along with his name to complete the new logo. The logo with a plain ring as seen today, was not used until 1937.The first time Benz came to China was about 20 century. Empress Dowager CiXi was enthusiastic to new technology. In about 1900, Germany sent her a Mercedes car (Benz Velo). This is still well preserved now in the Summer Palace. In 1986, the Mercedes-Benz’s Cars Sales Services Limited was established in Hong Kong. As the development of Mercedes-Benz, they migrate their headquarters to Beijing in 2006. Now the sign of Mercedes-Benz has become a symbol of the world’s most famous brand. There are more than 120 authorized sales and service center in China.。

学术英语习题及部分答案

Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I1.Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。

起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。

由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。

过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。

起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。

In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research.The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites.As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance.Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration.The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it.This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life o n Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.⏹Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 miles⏹The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.⏹Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earth’s outer atmosphere.⏹Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.⏹The seasons of the earth’s climate results from (1) the 23.30tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earth’s surface), an d (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.⏹Radiation passing through the earth’s atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, butsome arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants.4.Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……The previous work on … has indicated that…（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。

介绍发明技术的英语作文

介绍发明技术的英语作文Innovation has been the driving force behind the remarkable progress and advancement of human civilization. From the invention of the wheel to the development of modern technologies, the ability to create and improve upon existing ideas has been a fundamental characteristic of our species. One such revolutionary invention that has had a profound impact on our world is the field of technology.Technology, in its broadest sense, refers to the application of scientific knowledge and principles to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life. Over the centuries, humans have continuously pushed the boundaries of what is possible, harnessing the power of technology to transform every aspect of our existence.One of the most significant technological advancements in recent history is the development of the internet and digital communication. The internet, a global network of interconnected computers and devices, has revolutionized the way we access and share information, communicate with one another, and conduct business. With the click of a button, we can instantly connect with people around the world,access a vast wealth of knowledge, and streamline countless tasks and processes.The impact of the internet on our daily lives cannot be overstated. It has transformed the way we work, learn, and entertain ourselves. Remote work and online education have become increasingly common, allowing individuals to overcome geographical barriers and access opportunities that were once out of reach. E-commerce has revolutionized the shopping experience, enabling consumers to purchase goods and services from the comfort of their own homes. Social media platforms have facilitated the creation of global communities, fostering connections and the exchange of ideas across borders.Another groundbreaking technological advancement is the field of artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to the development of computer systems and algorithms capable of performing tasks that traditionally required human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. The potential applications of AI are vast and far-reaching, ranging from autonomous vehicles and medical diagnostics to personalized recommendations and language translation.One of the most promising applications of AI is in the field of healthcare. AI-powered systems can analyze vast amounts of medicaldata, identify patterns, and assist healthcare professionals in making more accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach healthcare, leading to earlier detection of diseases, more personalized treatments, and improved patient outcomes.Another area where AI is making significant strides is in the realm of robotics. Robotic systems, powered by AI algorithms, are being developed to perform a wide range of tasks, from manufacturing and assembly to exploration and disaster response. These intelligent machines can work tirelessly, with precision and efficiency, often surpassing human capabilities in certain domains.The emergence of renewable energy technologies is another remarkable advancement that has the potential to transform the way we power our world. The development of solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, among others, has provided viable alternatives to traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources, reducing our reliance on non-renewable and environmentally damaging resources.The benefits of renewable energy technologies are multifaceted. They contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating the impact of human activities on the environment. Additionally, renewable energy sources are often decentralized, allowing for more localized and resilient power grids, reducing thevulnerability to large-scale disruptions.The field of biotechnology is another area where technological advancements have had a profound impact. Biotechnology encompasses the use of living organisms, such as bacteria and cells, to develop new products or improve existing ones. From the development of life-saving pharmaceuticals to the advancement of agricultural practices, biotechnology has transformed numerous industries and improved the quality of life for millions of people around the world.One of the most remarkable achievements in biotechnology is the field of genetic engineering. Through the manipulation of genetic material, scientists have been able to create new organisms, modify existing ones, and gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental building blocks of life. This knowledge has led to breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation, with the potential to address some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity.The rapid advancements in technology have not only transformed our daily lives but have also had a profound impact on the way we work and the job market. The automation of various tasks and the increasing integration of technology into the workforce have led to the emergence of new job roles and the obsolescence of others. Thisshift has necessitated a greater emphasis on continuous learning and the development of adaptable skills to thrive in an ever-evolving technological landscape.In conclusion, the technological advancements that have emerged in recent decades have had a profound and far-reaching impact on our world. From the internet and artificial intelligence to renewable energy and biotechnology, these innovations have transformed the way we live, work, and interact with one another. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, it is essential that we harness the power of technology responsibly and ethically, ensuring that its benefits are accessible to all and that it is used to address the pressing challenges facing humanity. The future is ours to shape, and the potential of technology to improve the human condition is truly limitless.。

发明和科技的重要性英语作文

发明和科技的重要性英语作文The Importance of Invention and TechnologyInvention and technology have been the driving forces behind the progress and development of human civilization. From the earliest tools and weapons used by our ancestors to the sophisticated digital devices and advanced medical treatments of today, the ability to create and innovate has been a defining characteristic of our species. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, it is essential to recognize the profound impact that invention and technology have had on our world.One of the most significant ways in which invention and technology have transformed our lives is through their impact on our daily lives. The development of basic tools and technologies, such as the wheel, the plow, and the printing press, has dramatically improved our ability to perform tasks, communicate, and access information. These innovations have not only made our lives more efficient and convenient but have also enabled us to achieve greater levels of productivity and self-sufficiency.Moreover, the advancement of technology has revolutionized theway we live, work, and interact with one another. The advent of the internet and digital communication technologies has connected people across the globe, facilitating the exchange of ideas, the sharing of knowledge, and the collaboration on a scale that was unimaginable just a few decades ago. This has led to the creation of new industries, the emergence of innovative business models, and the democratization of access to information and resources.In the realm of healthcare, invention and technology have been instrumental in saving and improving lives. The development of life-saving medical treatments, such as vaccines, antibiotics, and surgical techniques, has dramatically reduced the burden of disease and extended the average lifespan of individuals. Furthermore, advancements in medical imaging, diagnostic tools, and personalized medicine have enabled healthcare professionals to provide more accurate diagnoses and more effective treatments, leading to better health outcomes for patients.The impact of invention and technology extends beyond the realms of daily life and healthcare. In the field of transportation, the invention of the wheel, the steam engine, and the internal combustion engine have revolutionized the way we move people and goods, connecting communities and facilitating the exchange of goods and services on a global scale. Similarly, the development of modern communication technologies, such as the telephone, theradio, and the television, have transformed the way we share information, entertain ourselves, and engage with the world around us.Furthermore, the advancement of scientific research and the application of technological solutions have been instrumental in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing our planet. From the development of renewable energy sources to the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, invention and technology have played a crucial role in mitigating the impact of human activities on the environment and promoting the long-term sustainability of our planet.It is important to note that the benefits of invention and technology are not limited to the present day. The discoveries and innovations of the past have laid the foundation for the continued progress and development of our society. By building upon the knowledge and accomplishments of previous generations, we are able to push the boundaries of what is possible and create new solutions to the challenges we face.However, it is also essential to recognize that the advancement of invention and technology is not without its challenges and potential risks. The rapid pace of technological change can lead to significant disruptions in the job market, the displacement of workers, and theexacerbation of social inequalities. Additionally, the misuse or unintended consequences of certain technologies can pose threatsto our privacy, our security, and our environment.To address these challenges, it is crucial that we approach the development and application of invention and technology with a sense of responsibility and ethical consideration. This requires a multifaceted approach that involves collaboration between policymakers, industry leaders, and the scientific community to ensure that the benefits of technological progress are distributed equitably and that the potential risks are mitigated effectively.In conclusion, the importance of invention and technology cannot be overstated. They have been the driving forces behind the progress and development of human civilization, transforming the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, it is essential that we recognize the profound impact of these innovations and work to harness their potential for the betterment of our society and the preservation of our planet.。

机械的发展对生活有什么影响英语作文

机械的发展对生活有什么影响英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Development of Machines and How They've Changed Our LivesMachines are really cool! They can do all sorts of amazing things that would be impossible for humans to do on their own. Can you imagine a world without machines? It would be pretty difficult! Let me tell you about some of the awesome machines that have been invented over time and how they've made our lives so much easier and better.One of the most important early machines was the wheel. The wheel was first used over 5,000 years ago and it revolutionized transportation. Before wheels, people had to carry everything themselves or put it on a sled to drag across the ground. With the invention of the wheel, suddenly you could roll heavy objects across the ground much more easily. Wheels allowed the creation of carts, chariots, and other early vehicles that could carry people and goods over long distances more quickly. Can you imagine walking everywhere you needed to goand carrying all your stuff? No thanks! The wheel made travel and transportation so much more convenient.Another super important early machine was the pulley system. Pulleys with ropes and weights allowed people to lift extremely heavy objects. This made construction much easier as heavy building materials could be lifted into place. Pulleys were also essential for operating things like draw bridges that needed to be raised and lowered. Simple machines like the wheel, pulley, lever, and others were the building blocks for more complex inventions later on.Speaking of complex inventions, how about the steam engine? This incredible machine used the power of steam to drive movements. Steam engines were first developed in the 1700s and led to all kinds of advancements in transportation, manufacturing, and more. Steam engines allowed trains, ships, and early forms of machinery to be powered in revolutionary new ways. Factories could now operate machines with steam power instead of manually. You could travel across land by train or across the ocean much faster than ever before. The steam engine ushered in a new industrial age of production.While we're on the topic of transportation, let's talk about the locomotive and automobile. Locomotives are trains poweredby steam or diesel engines that run on railroad tracks. They allow passengers and cargo to be transported over long distances fairly quickly and in heavy loads. Locomotives connected cities and enabled goods to be shipped all across countries. Automobiles similarly used engines to provide personal transportation in the form of cars and trucks. Can you imagine having to walk or ride a horse everywhere? With cars, we can zip across towns and cities in no time. Locomotives and automobiles shrank the size of the world by allowing efficient travel.Machines haven't just impacted transportation though. They've also completely transformed manufacturing and production. Imagine having to make everything by hand - that would take forever! Thanks to machines like the assembly line, we can now mass produce products much more quickly and efficiently. Machines handle many steps like cutting, shaping, assembling, and finishing. This has allowed us to have so many more affordable goods and choices when we go shopping rather than having to settle for just handmade items. Machines have given us incredible production capabilities for making clothes, electronics, foods, toys, furniture, and pretty much everything else.That brings me to computers - possibly one of the most incredible and impactful machines ever invented. Computers are basically really advanced calculating machines. They can process data, solve problems, and automate processes at lightning speed using complex coding and electronic circuitry. Computers run most technology and machinery today across all industries. They control the functions in our cars, allow airplanes to fly seamlessly, direct complex manufacturing operations, facilitate global communication and information sharing, and so much more. Computers have opened up a world of possibilities in terms of automation, technological advancements, and capabilities that continue growing every day. I can't even imagine life without these powerful thinking machines anymore!Even the simplest machines we use every day have enhanced our quality of life. Things like refrigerators to preserve our food, washing machines to clean our clothes easily, vacuum cleaners to keep our floors tidy, and dishwashers to wash our dishes for us. Machines have enabled us to be more efficient, clean, and healthy in our everyday lives without as much manual labor. That's not to mention how machines in the healthcare field like x-ray machines, microscopes, surgical tools, and others have transformed medical care and extended our lifespan.When you look around at all the conveniences, abilities, and opportunities we have today, you can thank machines! From simple machines like wheels and pulleys to extraordinary modern marvels like computers and planes, machines have propelled humanity forward. They've enabled mass manufacturing, accelerated travel and transportation, opened doors through automation, and provided scientific and technological breakthroughs that have revolutionized our world. While we shouldn't be too reliant on machinery and must remember our own abilities and values as humans, there's no denying the incredible benefits machines have brought to our lives and societies over centuries of development and innovation. The future of machinery is sure to be even more mind-blowing!篇2The Development of Machines and Their Impact on Our LivesMachines have become a big part of our lives these days. Everywhere we look, there are machines helping us do things easier and faster. From the cars we ride in to the computers we use for school and games, machines are all around us. But have you ever stopped to think about how these machines have changed our lives?When I asked my parents about life before so many machines, they told me stories that seemed like they were from a different world! My mom said that when she was a kid, they didn't have computers or smartphones. Can you imagine that? No tablets or video games to play with! Instead, she had to entertain herself with books, board games, and playing outside.My dad told me that when he was young, they didn't have modern cars like we have today. Cars back then weren't as safe, didn't have air conditioning, and couldn't go as fast. He said that going on long road trips was really tiring because the cars weren't as comfortable. Nowadays, we can hop in our car, turn on the A/C, and watch movies or play games on the built-in screens until we reach our destination!Even simple things like doing laundry or washing dishes were much harder back then. My grandma didn't have a washing machine or dishwasher. She had to wash everything by hand in the sink or a big tub. It must have taken her hours every week just to keep their clothes and dishes clean. I'm so glad we have those machines now to make those chores easier.But machines haven't just made our lives more convenient and comfortable. They've also allowed us to do things that weren't possible before. Think about all the amazing machinesthat have helped us explore space, like rockets and spaceships. Without those, we might have never made it to the moon or sent robots to explore other planets. How cool is that?Modern machines have also revolutionized medicine. There are now machines that can take detailed pictures of the inside of our bodies to help doctors diagnose problems. Other machines can even help doctors perform very precise surgeries. My friend's little brother was really sick last year, but thanks to modern hospital machines, the doctors were able to figure out what was wrong and help him get better.Overall though, I think the development of machines has been an amazing thing. It has allowed us to live much more comfortable lives than people did a long time ago. We can travel farther, communicate instantly with people all over the world, and even explore other planets - all thanks to incredible machines. And who knows what new incredible inventions the future will bring?As machines keep getting smarter and more advanced, I can't wait to see how they will continue changing and improving our lives. Maybe one day we'll have flying cars, robot assistants to help us with chores, or even teleporters to get around! Whatever new machines are developed, I hope they make theworld an even better place for kids like me to grow up in. The future of technology is so exciting to think about!篇3The Impact of Machines on Our LivesMachines are everywhere we look these days! At home, at school, on the roads, in stores - you name it, there are probably machines there helping us out. Machines have changed our lives in so many ways, it's hard to imagine what things were like before they came along.One big way machines have impacted us is by making our lives a whole lot easier. Take something as simple as washing clothes for example. A long time ago, people had to wash their clothes by hand using a washboard and a lot of muscle power. It took hours and hours of hard scrubbing to get clothes clean. Nowadays, all we have to do is toss our dirty clothes into a machine called a washing machine, add some soap, and let it do all the work for us! The washer uses mechanical parts like a motor and agitator to clean the clothes much faster and easier than we could by hand. Not only that, but they get the clothes way cleaner too. What a huge timesaver!Machines have also made it way easier to get from place to place. Instead of having to walk everywhere or ride horses or other animals, we now have all kinds of vehicles with engines that can transport us quickly over long distances. Cars, trucks, trains, airplanes - they've totally changed how we live our lives and interact with the world around us. We can travel across entire countries in just a matter of hours thanks to these powerful machines.Technology like machines has also made our lives more fun and entertaining. Think about things like televisions, computers, video games, and smartphones. Without machines, we wouldn't have any of those cool gadgets to play games, watch shows and movies, or connect with people all over the world on social media. My favorite machine is probably my game console - I can play all the latest games with incredible graphics that look almost like real life. I can't imagine how bored kids must have gotten back before TVs, game systems, and other machines for entertainment.Machines have also had a huge impact on how we grow food and make products. Farmers use all kinds of agricultural machinery like tractors and combine harvesters to do things like plow fields, plant crops, and harvest them when they're grown. Itallows farmers to grow way more food than they could by hand, helping to feed more people. Factory machines have made it possible to manufacture all the products we use and depend on like cars, furniture, appliances, and pretty much everything else you can think of. Instead of making just a few items per day through hand labor, factory machines can crank out thousands and thousands of products every day.Another area where machinery has really transformed our world is in the medical field. Doctors and nurses use so many different types of machines and technological devices now to diagnose problems, treat diseases, and even perform incredible surgeries that can fix things that would have been impossible in the past. Things like X-ray, MRI, and CT scan machines allow doctors to look inside our bodies in detail without having to perform risky surgical openings. Other machines like ventilators help patients breathe properly, dialysis machines help filter waste from blood for people with kidney failure, and there are even little machines that can help keep people's hearts pumping if theirs isn't working right.Now as amazing as all these machines are, it's important to remember that they were all created through the ingenuity and hard work of human inventors and engineers. Machines are toolsthat help make our lives better, but they can't design or build themselves. It takes human creativity, knowledge, and effort to develop new machines and technologies. As wonderful as our modern machines are, I'm sure people will continue coming up with new inventions to make our lives even more amazing in the future!While machines have definitely provided us with a higher standard of living and many incredible conveniences, it's also important to keep in mind that we can't become too dependent on them. It's still good to learn hands-on skills and not rely entirely on automated machinery to do absolutely everything for us. We should use machines as helpful tools, but not let them replace our own abilities completely. It's all about finding a balance between the capabilities of useful machines and applying our own human skills, knowledge and goodold-fashioned elbow grease.So in conclusion, there's just no doubt that machinery and technology have transformed our world in incredible ways, from making daily chores easier to providing us with awesome entertainment to helping produce more food than ever before to radically improving medical care and so much more. Machines help us live better, more efficient and convenient lives. But weshouldn't take them for granted - we have to remember to appreciate the human minds behind these amazing inventions and not become so reliant on them that we lose our own abilities and work ethic. Used wisely and in balance, machinery can make our lives better than we could have ever imagined. As we make more incredible breakthroughs in technology and engineering, who knows what new mind-blowing machines might be just around the corner!篇4Certainly! Here's an essay on "How the Development of Machinery Has Impacted Our Lives," written in English with a tone suitable for elementary school students, around 2,000 words:The Amazing World of MachinesHave you ever stopped to think about how incredible machines are? They're like little helpers that make our lives so much easier! From the moment we wake up in the morning until we go to bed at night, machines play a huge role in our daily routines.Let's start with something as simple as brushing our teeth. Do you know that the toothbrush you use is a machine? It's asmall one, but it's still a machine designed to help clean your teeth. And what about the toothpaste? It comes from huge factories filled with giant machines that mix and package it for us.Speaking of factories, have you ever visited one? It's like stepping into a different world! Everywhere you look, there are massive machines whirring and clanking, assembling things like cars, toys, and even food! Without these amazing machines, we wouldn't have most of the things we use every day.But machines don't just help make our stuff – they also help us get around. Think about cars, buses, trains, and airplanes. They're all different types of machines that help us travel from one place to another. Can you imagine how hard it would be to get anywhere without them?And what about at school? Your classroom is probably filled with machines too! There's the computer you use for research and projects, the projector your teacher uses to show videos and presentations, and even the pencil sharpener is a little machine!Machines are also crucial in helping us stay healthy. Hospitals have all sorts of incredible machines that can take pictures of the inside of our bodies, monitor our heartbeats, andeven help doctors perform surgeries. And let's not forget about the machines that help make our medicine!But machines don't just help us – they also entertain us! Think about all the gaming consoles, cameras, and movie projectors out there. Without machines, we wouldn't have video games, movies, or even music!As you can see, machines are everywhere, and they've had a huge impact on how we live our lives. They help us get things done faster and more efficiently, and they've opened up so many possibilities that our ancestors could never have imagined.But machines aren't just about convenience – they've also changed the way we think and learn. With machines like computers and the internet, we now have access to more information than ever before. We can explore new ideas, discover different cultures, and even learn new skills – all thanks to machines!So the next time you use a machine, whether it's a computer, a car, or even just a pair of scissors, take a moment to appreciate how amazing it is. These incredible inventions have come a long way, and they've helped shape the world we live in today.Who knows what kind of incredible machines we'll have in the future? Maybe we'll have flying cars or robots that can do our chores for us! Whatever it is, one thing is for sure – machines will continue to play a huge role in our lives, making them easier, more exciting, and full of endless possibilities.篇5Title: The Amazing World of MachinesHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm a 10-year-old girl who loves learning about all kinds of machines. From the simplest tools to the most advanced robots, machines have always fascinated me. Machines have played a huge role in shaping our world, and I want to share with you how they've impacted our lives.Let's start with something we all use every day –transportation. Can you imagine life without cars, trains, or planes? I sure can't! Thanks to machines, we can travel long distances in a short amount of time. My family and I recently went on a road trip, and our car made the journey so much easier and more comfortable. We didn't have to walk for days or ride on horseback like people did in the old days.Speaking of the old days, let's talk about how machines have changed the way we work. Before machines, people had to do everything by hand, which was really hard and took a lot of time. Imagine having to weave every piece of cloth or build every house without any tools or machines! That would be exhausting! Nowadays, we have machines that can spin thread, weave fabric, and even build entire buildings in a fraction of the time it used to take.Machines have also made our lives easier at home. Think about all the appliances we use every day, like refrigerators, ovens, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. These machines save us so much time and effort! Instead of having to cook over a fire or wash our clothes by hand in a river, we can just press a few buttons and let the machines do the hard work for us.But machines aren't just about making our lives easier –they've also opened up whole new worlds of possibilities! Thanks to computers and the internet, we can access information from all over the world with just a few clicks. We can learn about different cultures, explore virtual worlds, and even take classes online! Isn't that amazing?And let's not forget about all the incredible medical machines that have been developed. From X-ray machines thatallow doctors to see inside our bodies, to advanced surgical robots that can perform delicate operations, these machines have saved countless lives. My grandpa recently had a heart surgery, and the doctors used a robot to help them during the operation. Isn't that incredible?Machines have also changed the way we learn and play. There are so many educational games and apps that make learning fun and interactive. And let's not forget about video games and virtual reality – these machines can transport us to incredible worlds and let us experience adventures we could never have in real life!But as awesome as machines are, it's important to remember that they're tools created by humans. We still need people to design, build, and operate these machines. And while machines can do a lot of things, they can't replace the creativity, empathy, and problem-solving skills that humans have.So, what does the future hold for machines? Well, as technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more amazing machines that will change the way we live, work, and play. Maybe one day we'll have flying cars or robots that can do our chores for us! Who knows?One thing is for sure – machines have already had a huge impact on our lives, and they'll continue to shape our world in ways we can't even imagine. But no matter how advanced machines become, we'll always need humans to guide them and make sure they're used for good.So, let's embrace the amazing world of machines while also remembering the importance of using them responsibly and ethically. After all, machines are here to make our lives better, not to take over our lives entirely!Thanks for reading, and I hope you learned something new about the incredible world of machines!Word count: 2,004篇6The Amazing Impact of Machines on Our LivesDo you ever wonder how things were made a long time ago before all the cool machines we have today? Things sure were different back then! Machines have changed our lives in so many ways, making things easier, faster, and even making brand new things possible.Let's start with how machines have impacted our homes. A few hundred years ago, there were no machines to help with chores and housework. Everything had to be done by hand, which was really hard work! Imagine having to wash all your clothes by beating them against a rock in a river. Or having to cook everything over an open fire. No microwave dinners or pizza delivery back then!But then some very smart people invented amazing machines to help out around the house. The washing machine made doing laundry so much easier by swishing the clothes around with soap and water instead of scrubbing by hand. The oven allowed people to bake delicious breads, cakes and pies without a fire. Vacuum cleaners sucked up all the dirt instead of having to sweep forever. Refrigerators kept food fresh and safe to eat for longer. Electric lights let us work and play after the sun went down.All of these machines have made our home lives so much more convenient and comfortable. Plus, they gave people more free time instead of spending all day on chores. Pretty cool, right?Machines have also totally transformed how we work by making our jobs way easier and more productive. In the past,everything was made by hand tools and human labor which took forever. But then factories filled with machines came along and could produce goods rapidly.Machines like the assembly line made building things like cars go super fast by having each worker focus on just one small part. Instead of one worker making a whole car over months, the assembly line could crank them out in just a day or two! Other machines also helped farms become more efficient by planting, harvesting and processing crops in big quantities.So whether you work in an office, a store, or a factory, you can bet there are tons of machines helping to get the job done better and faster than old school handmade methods. No more having to grow or make everything yourself!Speaking of not having to make stuff yourself, machines have also enabled the creation of so many incredible new products that just weren't possible before. Computers are one mind-blowing example of a complex machine that can process massive amounts of data at lightning speed. We can use them for work, school, entertainment, you name it!Other modern machines have opened up entire new frontiers too. Airplanes allow people to fly through the skies instead of just traveling over land and water. Rockets have lethumans explore outer space and even land on the moon, something ancient people could only dream about. Telescopes, particle accelerators, and other scientific tools let us investigate the universe and make new discoveries.So whether it's saved us effort on daily tasks, let us work smarter, or revealed new frontiers, you can see how amazing machines have been for humanity. They've truly revolutionized our lives compared to the old days without them. Just imagine what ingenious new machines might do in the future!I'm sure grateful for machines making my life easier. Like being able to write this essay on a computer instead of by hand with a quill and ink. How archaic! Thanks machines for making our modern world so awesome.。

英文文献翻译-汽车转向系统

The motor turning systemAlong with automobile electronic technology swift and violent development, the people also day by day enhance to the motor turning handling quality request. The motor turning system changed, the hydraulic pressure boost from the traditional machinery changes (Hydraulic Power Steering, is called HPS), the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost changes (Elect ric Hydraulic Power Steering, is called EHPS), develops the electrically operated boost steering system (Elect ric Power Steering, is called EPS), finally also will transit to the line controls the steering system (Steer By Wire, will be called SBW).The machinery steering system is refers by pilot's physical strength achievement changes the energy, in which all power transmission all is mechanical, the automobile changes the movement is operates the steering wheel by the pilot, transmits through the diverter and a series of members changes the wheel to realize. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and major part changes the gearing 3 to be composed.Usually may divide into according to the mechanical diverter form: The gear rack type, follows round the world -like, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type, the worm bearing adjuster refers sells the type. Is the gear rack type and follows using the broadest two kinds round the world -like (uses in needing time big steering force).In follows round the world -like in the diverter, the input changes the circle and the output steering arm pivot angle is proportional; In the gear rack type diverter, the input changes the turn and the output rack displacement is proportional. Follows round the world -like the diverter because is the rolling friction form, thus the transmission efficiency is very high, the ease of operation also the service life are long, moreover bearing capacity, therefore widely applies on the truck. The gear rack type diverter with follows round the world -like compares, the most major characteristic is the rigidity is big, the structure compact weight is light, also the cost is low. Because this way passes on easily by the wheel the reacting force to thesteering wheel, therefore has to the pavement behavior response keen merit, but simultaneously also easy to have phenomena and so on goon and oscillation, also its load bearing efficiency relative weak, therefore mainly applies on the compact car and the pickup truck, at present the majority of low end passenger vehicle uses is the gear rack type machinery steering system.Along with the vehicles carrying capacity increase as well as the people to the vehicles handling quality request enhancement, the simple mechanical type steering system were already unable to meet the needs, the power steering system arise at the historic moment, it could rotate the steering wheel while the pilot to provide the boost, the power steering system divides into the hydraulic pressure steering system and the electrically operated steering system 2kinds.Hydraulic pressure steering system is at present uses the most widespread steering system.The hydraulic pressure steering system increased the hydraulic system in the mechanical system foundation, including hydraulic pump, V shape band pulley, drill tubing, feed installment, boost installment and control valve. It with the aid of in the motor car engine power actuation hydraulic pump, the air compressor and the generator and so on, by the fluid strength, the physical strength or the electric power increases the pilot to operate the strength which the front wheel changes, enables the pilot to be possible nimbly to operate motor turning facilely, reduced the labor intensity, enhanced the travel security.The hydraulic pressure boost steering system from invented already had about half century history to the present, might say was one kind of more perfect system, because its work reliable, the technology mature still widely is applied until now. It takes the power supply by the hydraulic pump, after oil pipe-line control valves to power hydraulic cylinder feed, through the connecting rod impetus rotation gear movement, may changes the boost through the change cylinder bore and the flowing tubing head pressure size the size, from this achieved changes the boost the function. The traditional hydraulic pressure type power steering system may divide into generally according to the liquid flow form: Ordinary flow type and atmosphericpressure type 2 kind of types, also may divide into according to the control valve form transfers the valve type and the slide-valve type.Along with hydraulic pressure power steering system on automobile daily popularization, the people to operates when the portability and the road feeling request also day by day enhance, however the hydraulic pressure power steering system has many shortcomings actually: ①Because its itself structure had decided it is unable to guarantee vehicles rotates the steering wheel when any operating mode, all has the ideal operation stability, namely is unable simultaneously to guarantee time the low speed changes the portability and the high speed time operation stability;②The automobile changes the characteristic to drive the pilot technical the influence to be serious; ③The steering ratio is fixed, causes the motor turning response characteristic along with changes and so on vehicle speed, transverse acceleration to change, the pilot must aim at the motor turning characteristic peak-to-peak value and the phase change ahead of time carries on certain operation compensation, thus controls the automobile according to its wish travel. Like this increased pilot's operation burden, also causes in the motor turning travel not to have the security hidden danger; But hereafter appeared the electrically controlled hydraulic booster system, it increases the velocity generator in the traditional hydraulic pressure power steering system foundation, enables the automobile along with the vehicle speed change automatic control force size, has to a certain extent relaxed the traditional hydraulic pressure steering system existence question.At present our country produces on the commercial vehicle and the passenger vehicle uses mostly is the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost steering system, it is quite mature and the application widespread steering system. Although the electrically controlled hydraulic servo alleviated the traditional hydraulic pressure from certain degree to change between the portability and the road feeling contradiction, however it did not have fundamentally to solve the HPS system existence insufficiency, along with automobile microelectronic technology development, automobile fuel oil energy conservation request as well as global initiative environmental protection, it in aspect and so on arrangement, installment,leak-proof quality, control sensitivity, energy consumption, attrition and noise insufficiencies already more and more obvious, the steering system turned towards the electrically operated boost steering system development.The electrically operated boost steering system is the present motor turning system development direction, its principle of work is: EPS system ECU after comes from the steering wheel torque sensor and the vehicle speed sensor signal carries on analysis processing, controls the electrical machinery to have the suitable boost torque, assists the pilot to complete changes the operation. In the last few years, along with the electronic technology development, reduces EPS the cost to become large scale possibly, Japan sends the car company, Mitsubishi Car company, this field car company, US's Delphi automobile system company, TRW Corporation and Germany's ZF Corporation greatly all one after another developsEPS.Mercedes2Benz 和Siemens Automotive Two big companies invested65,000,000 pounds to use in developing EPS, the goal are together load a car to 2002, yearly produce 300 ten thousand sets, became the global EPS manufacturer. So far, the EPS system in the slight passenger vehicle, on the theater box type vehicle obtains the widespread application, and every year by 300 ten thousand speed development.Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow for a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles, for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a sort of linear gear which meshes with the pinion, from side to side. This motion applies steering torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm.Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel"; it also does not normally have any backlash, or slack. A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated or the mechanism begins to wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability,and mechanical advantage. The much smaller degree of feedback with this design can also sometimes be an advantage; drivers of vehicles with rack and pinion steering can have their thumbs broken when a front wheel hits a bump, causing the steering wheel to kick to one side suddenly (leading to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on the front of the steering wheel, rather than wrapping around the inside of the rim). This effect is even stronger with a heavy vehicle like a truck; recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of feedback, just as it prevents desirable feedback under normal circumstances.The steering linkage connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually traveling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, the effort to turn the steering wheel manually has increased - often to the point where major physical exertion is required. To alleviate this, auto makers have developed power steering systems. There are two types of power steering systems—hydraulic and electric/electronic. There is also a hydraulic-electric hybrid system possible.A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assist when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid.An outgrowth of power steering is speed adjustable steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed. The auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehiclewith this feature was the Citroën SM with its Diravi layout, although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the steering wheel try to "spring" back to the straight-ahead position. Modern speed-adjustable power steering systems reduce the pressure fed to the ram as the speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming commonplace across all new vehicles.Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.In most four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the Alternatively, several systems, including Delphi's Quadrasteer and the system in Honda's Prelude line, allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius — sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers.汽车转向系统随着汽车电子技术的迅猛发展,人们对汽车转向操纵性能的要求也日益提高。

轮_轨界面管理模型的开发及其在重载铁路运输中的运用

文章编号:1002 7610(2011)02 0023 06轮/轨界面管理模型的开发及其在重载铁路运输中的运用H uimin Wu,等(美)摘要:介绍了北美铁路运输技术中心(T T CI)正在开发的轮/轨界面管理(WR IM)模型。

WR IM考虑了运行条件、车辆动力学性能以及轮/轨接触特性对轮/轨界面的影响。

W RIM可以进行静态轮/轨接触分析和动态轮/轨相互作用趋势分析。

本文还给出了运用WRIM减少轮/轨界面处能量消耗的研究过程,并预测了轨道的打磨周期。

关键词:轮/轨接触界面;磨耗;美国中图分类号:U270.331+.1 文献标识码:BDevelopment of the Wheel/Rail Interface ManagementModel and its Application in Heavy Haul OperationsH uimin Wu,et al.(U.S.A.)Abstract:T ranspor tatio n T echnolog y Center,Inc.(T T CI)is developing the Wheel/Rail Interface M anag ement(W RIM)mo del.W RIM considers the effects o f operating conditio ns,vehicles dynamic per formance,and w heel/rail contact feat ur es o n t he w heel/r ail inter face.WRIM can be used to perfor m st at ic wheel/rail contact analysis and dynamic wheel/rail inter act ion trend analysis.T his paper presents ex amples o f apply ing W RIM to investig ate the pr ocess fo r r educing the ener gy consumed at the w heel/r ail interface and to pr edict r ail gr inding interv als.Key words:w heel/rail interface;w ear;U.S.A.1 概述滚动接触疲劳(RCF)及其引起的轮/轨维护管理均需要考虑运行条件、轨道条件以及轮/轨接触面的状况。

发展者的英语作文

发展者的英语作文Title: The Journey of Development。

Development is a multifaceted journey that encompasses progress, growth, and evolution across various domains. Whether it's personal, societal, or technological, development signifies advancement and improvement towards a better future. In this essay, we'll explore the different aspects of development and its significance in shaping our world.Firstly, let's delve into personal development. It is the process of enhancing one's skills, knowledge, and capabilities to reach their full potential. This journey often involves self-reflection, goal-setting, and continuous learning. Individuals engage in personal development to improve their lives, pursue their passions, and achieve success. From acquiring new skills to cultivating a growth mindset, personal development empowers individuals to become the best version of themselves.Moreover, societal development plays a crucial role in shaping communities and nations. It encompasses economic growth, social progress, and cultural enrichment. Societal development initiatives aim to reduce poverty, inequality, and injustice while promoting prosperity, inclusivity, and sustainability. Whether through education reform, healthcare policies, or infrastructure projects, societies strive to create a better quality of life for all citizens. By investing in human capital and fostering innovation, societies can overcome challenges and thrive in an ever-changing world.Furthermore, technological development has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. From the invention of the wheel to the advent of artificial intelligence, technology has been a driving force behind human progress. Technological development accelerates innovation, enhances productivity, and expands possibilities. Whether it's breakthroughs in medicine, transportation, or energy, technology continually pushes the boundaries of what's possible. However, it's essentialto ensure that technological development is ethical, sustainable, and beneficial for society as a whole.In addition to personal, societal, and technological development, environmental development is equally crucial for the well-being of our planet. With the growing threat of climate change and environmental degradation, sustainable development has become imperative. It involves balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social equity. By adopting green technologies, implementing renewable energy solutions, and preserving natural habitats, we can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and safeguard the planet for future generations.In conclusion, development encompasses a wide range of aspects, including personal growth, societal progress, technological innovation, and environmental sustainability. It's a continuous journey of improvement and evolution towards a brighter future. By investing in development initiatives and embracing change, we can create a worldthat is prosperous, equitable, and sustainable for all. Letus embark on this journey together and strive to make a positive difference in the world.。

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Fig. 2. Horizontal structural irregularity of track in turnout zone
Fig. 1. Vertical structural irregularity of track in turnout zone
Wheel-set displacement is the main manifestation of wheel/rail dynamic interaction when a train is running on railway track. The test of wheel-set displacement can not only estimate the applicability of track system, but also evaluate the vehicle running quality. Especially for the turnout, the rationality of wheel/rail relation design (such as plane connection type, reduction value of switch or nose rail's height, horizontal hiding mode of nose rail's tip, etc.) can be evaluated comprehensively by the wheel-set displacement value. Therefore, the development of wheel-
Introduction With the increasing of train’s running speed, carrying weight and transport density, wheel/rail dynamic interaction becomes more prominent and complex. Turnout is one of important infrastructures in high-speed railway. The dynamic optimization of turnout design remains a key problem that needs to be solved because a turnout has complex structure and variable wheel/rail contact geometry. In turnout zone, there is inevitable track irregularity (depends on structural design, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2) and lateral impact, uneven distribution of overall track stiffness (along the line), deviation of large movable rail components caused by their deformation, unsustainable stability of ballast bed caused by expansion and severe vibration of jointless turnout---all these reasons result in strong wheel/rail dynamic interaction, thus the turnout is a key structure to restrict running speed of train [1~5].
Keywords: High Speed Railway; Turnout; Laser Displacement Sensor; Wheel-set Lateral Displacement; Digital Data Collection System Słowa kluczowe: koleje wielkich prędkości, rozjazdy, pomiROTECHNICZNY (Electrical Review), ISSN 0033-2097, R. 88 NR 1b/2012
69
t
(1) where, S is the gauge of corresponding measuring point; Wr is the width of rail head; T is the inner distance of wheel back; Tw is the thickness of the wheel; Dw is the distance between the side surface of measured wheel-set and the sensor; Dr is the distance between rail outer side and sensor.
Abstract. Turnout is one of important infrastructures in high-speed railway. In order to study the law of wheel-set lateral displacement when a train passes a turnout at high speed, a wheel-set lateral displacement test system is developed by using laser displacement sensors and a corresponding digital data collection system. The test system is verified to be reliable through a field test focusing on turnout No.18 of Hefei-Nanjing high speed railway in China. Meanwhile, the field test reveals the wheel-set lateral displacement law of EMUs(Electric Multiple Units) as they pass the turnout No.18 at different speeds and from different directions: when the EMUs pass the turnout at high speed, in sections of switch rail top width ranging 15 ～35mm and nose rail top width ranging 45~65mm, the wheel-sets produce lateral displacement rapidly; comparing two conditions, i.e. the EMUs pass the turnout from forward and from reverse direction, the wheel-set lateral displacement under former condition is bigger and it will cause a bigger lateral vibration acceleration. Streszczenie. Zaproponowano system kontroli rozjazdów w sieci kolejowej wysokiej prędkości. Badane jest boczne odkształcenie rozjazdu w chwili gdy przejeżdża pociąg przy wykorzystaniu czujników laserowych. (Projekt i zastosowania systemu testowania bocznego odkształcenia rozjazdów w systemie kolei wielkich prędkości)
Ping WANG, Rong CHEN, Shun-xi QUAN
Southwest Jiaotong University
Development and Application of Wheel-set Lateral Displacement Test System in High Speed Railway Turnout Zone
set displacement non-contact test system is important for opening up a new approach to optimize the wheel/rail relation design in high speed turnout. A field test will provide the basis for the selection of wheel/rail dynamic simulation parameters of the turnout.
Development of Wheel-set Lateral Displacement Test System There are two types of laser displacement measuring system, contact and non-contact. And the non-contact one is adopted in this test because of the high-speed and motion characteristics of the train. The short effective test time requires high resolution, high-precision, and highfrequency measurements of the test system, thus OPTONCDT 1700 series displacement sensor manufactured by German Micro-Epsilon Company is adopted. And a corresponding digital data collection system is also used to establish the wheel-set lateral displacement test system. Basic Principles The principle of the wheel-set lateral displacement test is shown in Figure 3. The sensors are set outside the railway line; distance between a wheel-set and the sensor is measured, and according to the geometric relation between wheel-set, rail and sensor, the formula of wheel-set lateral displacement ∆t is expressed as follows: