跨文化管理复习

International management is the process of developing strategies, designing and operating systems, and working with people around the world to ensure sustained competitive advantages.Regional Trading BlocsThe dominance of the United States is already over. What is emerging is a world economy of blocs represented by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the EU, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).Much of today’s world trade takes place within three regional free-trade blocs (Western Europe, Asia and the Americans)Much of today’s world trade are grouped around three dominant currencies: euro, yen, and the dollar.Social Responsibility includes the expectation that corporations concern themselves with the social and economic effects of their decisions.The two extreme opinions related to social responsibility – Domestic firmsOne extreme – the only responsibility of a business is to make a profit.Another extreme – companies should anticipate and try to solve problems in society.General guidelines for code of morality and ethics in individual countriesMoral Universalism: address the need for a moral standard that is accepted by all cultures.Ethnocentric approach: Apply the morality used in its home country.Ethical relativism: adopt the local moral code of whatever country in which it is operating.Culture of a society comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generation.Project GLOBE Cultural DimensionsAssertiveness: Tough/ confrontational/ competitive vs modest/ tender; Low: Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland; High: Greece, Austria, Germany.Performance Orientation: Performance improvement and excellent; Low: Russia, Argentina, Greece; High: New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore.Future Orientation: Future-oriented: planning and investing in the future; Low: Russia, Argentina, Poland; High: Netherlands, Switzerland, Singapore.Human Orientation: Fair, altruistic, generous, caring, kind; Low: Germany, Spain, France; High: Malaysia, Ireland, Philippines.4、HOFSTEDE’S VALUE DIMENSIONS(霍夫斯泰德价值维度):The first of these value dimensions, power distance, is the level of acceptance by a society of the unequal distribution of power in institutions.权力距离指一个社会对机构中权利不平等分配的接受水平。

The second value dimension, uncertainly avoidance, refers to the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by ambiguous situations.不确定性规避指的是一个社会中人们对攻击情境在多大的程度上感受到了威胁。

The third, individualism, refers to the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate families only and to neglect the needs of society.个人主义，指的是人们只考虑自己和其所在的小群体而忽视社会需求的程度。

The fourth value dimension, masculinity, refers to the degree of traditionally ―masculine‖ values---assertiveness, materialism, and a lack of concern for others---that prevail in a society.阳刚之气，指的是传统的―男子气概‖价值---过于自信、物质主义、缺乏对别人的考虑。

In conclusion, these four value dimensions do not operate in isolation; rather, they are interdependent and interactive and thus complex in their effects on work attitudes and behaviors.这四个价值维度并不是独立的，相反它们互相依赖互相影响，因此在对工作态度和行为的影响上更加复杂。

5*、THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS（沟通过程）：Anything that serves to undermine the communication of the intended meaning is typically referred to as noise.妨碍沟通本意要传达的所有东西都成为噪音。

The primary cause of noise stems from the fact that the sender and the receiver exist in a unique, private word thought of as his own life space which is based on culture, experience, relations, and values and so on. The private world determines the interpretation of meaning in communication. People often filter of selectively understand messages consistent with their own expectations and perceptions of reality and their values and norms of behavior. The more dissimilar the cultures of those involved, the more the likelihood of misinterpretation.噪音主要来自于信息发布者和接受者的个人生活空间，这个生活空间独特而私密。

主要取决、于文化、经验、关系、价值等等。

个人生活空间决定了沟通过程中含义的释放。

人们常常会过滤或者有选择性地理解与其个人期望、现实与价值感知、行为准则相符合的那些信息。

这其中实际的文化越是不同，信息被误解的可能性就越大。

Therefore, communication is a complex process of linking up or sharing the perceptual fields of sender and receiver; the perceptive sender builds a bridge to the life space of the receiver. After the receiver interprets the message and draws a conclusion about what the sender meant, he or she will, in most cases, encode and send back a response, making communication a circular process.因此，沟通是将信息发送者和接受者的知觉进行联系与共享的一个极其复杂的过程。