生物学经典Medcines For You
bioengineering and translational medicine简介
bioengineering and translational medicine简介《Bioengineering & Translational Medicine》是一本专注于工程生物医学领域的学术期刊。
以下是关于该期刊的简要介绍：
- 该期刊由美国化学工程师协会（AlChE）于2016年创办，现为AlChE会刊，每年出版3期，现在由Wiley出版管理，期刊主编为哈佛大学的Samir Mitragotri 教授。
- 该期刊旨在及时、准确、全面地报道国内外工程生物医学工作者在该领域的科学研究等工作中取得的经验、科研成果、技术革新、学术动态等。
- 该期刊已被多个数据库收录，包括SCIE、BIOSIS Previews、STM Source、PubMed via PMC deposit (NLM)、Biotechnology Source等。
- 该期刊发表的文章类型以研究文章（Article）为主，同时也有综述（Review）、社论（Editorials）等。
- 该期刊主编Samir Mitragotri教授是美国哈佛大学的工程与应用科学教授，也是Bioengineering & Translational Medicine的期刊主编。
他是一位在药物靶向输送、生物医学材料、生物启发工程等领域有深入研究的科学家，已经撰写及合著了210余篇期刊论文，并拥有约150项专利。
总的来说，《Bioengineering & Translational Medicine》是一本在工程生物医学领域具有较高影响力和权威性的学术期刊，为该领域的科研工作者提供了重要的学术交流平台。
英国生物教材《Biology for you》特色分析
英国生物教材《Biology for you》特色分析作者：李媚琳张松来源：《中学生物学》2017年第09期《Biology for you》是英国Gareth Williams编著的英国普通中等教育证书考试GCSE （General Certificate of Secondary Education）的生物学习教材，是由上海科学技术出版社引进的科学教育丛书系列译本之一，其内容难度相当于我国高一和高二的生物教材。
这本教材作为一本风格独具、妙趣横生的科学教育教材，不仅语言简洁，配图生动有趣，在内容设计上注重知识点的呼应，同时将严谨的科学知识通过有创意的排版呈现出来。
该本教材特色主要体现在如下几个方面。
1 插图丰富有趣、排布合理《Biology for You》一书所追求的是内容简洁易懂、知识点清晰。
同时，书本注重教学内容的基础性和应用性，追求教与学两方面的直观与便捷。
这些特色在书本对于插图的运用方面得到了很好的体现。
横贯《Biology for You》一书，绝大多数页码的排版都是文字于左，插图于右，留给图片的空间占书本内容比例近乎一半，书中的图片种类十分丰富，插图数量多，排版合理。
此外，不同于大多数书籍的是，每一页的文字都约保持在在半页纸的长度，另外半页则是对应文字内容的插图。
通过这样的排版，读者在查阅相应的图例讲解时更加方便。
这不仅节省了读者的时间，同时也降低了阅读时的精力损耗。
在书中，许多图例以漫画的形式展现内容，更能突出图片的特色，同时能更好地强调重点知识。
在这些漫画图例之中，又对许多知识点采取拟人化的手法来突出重点，更加符合这个时代下学生思维。
如在讲述蛋白质时，对于蛋白质和氨基酸的拟人化处理，让讲解过程更加简洁，同时也能让学生理解过程更加简单明了，并且留下更加深刻的印象（图1）。
在书中，有很多微观知识点对应的插图并不是真实取样的，而是通过概念图、示意图以及漫画等形式制作的插图来体现。
对于这些知识点来说，更重要的是知识概念的理解，而不是对于微观细节的掌握。
生物学 英语作文
生物学英语作文Title: The Marvels of Biological Diversity。
Introduction:Biological diversity, often referred to as biodiversity, encompasses the variety of life forms on Earth, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It is a fundamental aspect of our planet'shealth and resilience, playing a crucial role inmaintaining ecosystem stability and providing essential ecosystem services. In this essay, we will explore the significance of biodiversity, its current threats, and potential solutions to safeguard and conserve it.Importance of Biodiversity:Biodiversity is vital for the functioning of ecosystems, providing a wide array of ecological services essential for human well-being. One of the primary benefits is theprovision of ecosystem services such as clean air and water, pollination of crops, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation. For instance, diverse ecosystems are more resilient to disturbances, such as climate change orinvasive species, as different species may responddifferently to environmental changes, ensuring ecosystem stability.Furthermore, biodiversity also holds immense value in scientific, cultural, and aesthetic aspects. It serves as a vast reservoir of genetic resources essential for the development of medicines, agricultural crops, andindustrial products. Additionally, biodiversity contributes to cultural identity, traditional knowledge, and aesthetic appreciation, enriching human experiences and fostering a sense of connection with nature.Threats to Biodiversity:Despite its significance, biodiversity is facing unprecedented threats primarily due to human activities. Habitat destruction, driven by activities such asdeforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion, is one of the leading causes of biodiversity loss. Fragmentation and degradation of habitats disruptecological processes, leading to the decline of species populations and loss of biodiversity.Moreover, overexploitation of natural resources, including overfishing, poaching, and illegal wildlife trade, poses a severe threat to many species, pushing them towards extinction. Pollution, climate change, invasive species,and unsustainable land use practices further exacerbate the problem, resulting in irreversible damage to ecosystems and loss of biodiversity at an alarming rate.Conservation Strategies:Addressing the challenges posed by biodiversity loss requires concerted efforts at local, national, and global levels. Conservation strategies should focus on protecting and restoring habitats, implementing sustainable land and resource management practices, and promoting biodiversity-friendly policies and regulations.Protected areas, such as national parks, wildlife reserves, and marine sanctuaries, play a crucial role in safeguarding biodiversity by providing safe havens for species to thrive and habitats to be preserved. Additionally, habitat restoration initiatives, including reforestation, wetland restoration, and coral reef rehabilitation, can help rebuild degraded ecosystems and enhance their resilience to environmental changes.Furthermore, sustainable development practices that integrate conservation goals with socio-economic objectives are essential for achieving long-term biodiversity conservation. This includes promoting sustainable agriculture, fisheries management, eco-tourism, and green infrastructure projects that support both human livelihoods and biodiversity conservation efforts.Education and public awareness campaigns are also essential components of biodiversity conservation, as they help foster a deeper understanding of the value of biodiversity and empower individuals and communities totake action towards its protection. Engaging stakeholders, including local communities, indigenous peoples, governments, and non-governmental organizations, in decision-making processes is crucial for ensuring the success and sustainability of conservation initiatives.Conclusion:In conclusion, biodiversity is a cornerstone of life on Earth, providing invaluable ecological, economic, and cultural benefits. However, it is facing unprecedented threats from human activities, necessitating urgent action to conserve and sustainably manage our planet's biological resources. By adopting comprehensive conservation strategies, promoting sustainable development practices, and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship, we can ensure the preservation of biodiversity for future generations and maintain the integrity of our planet's ecosystems.。
武靴叶文献
Serial Review J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 41, 77–81, September 2007 Recent Advances in Indian Herbal Drug ResearchGuest Editor: Thomas Paul Asir DevasagayamGymnema sylvestre: A MemoirParijat Kanetkar, Rekha Singhal* and Madhusudan KamatFood Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai – 400 019 Maharashtra IndiaReceived 18 October, 2006; Accepted 12 December, 2006Summary Gymnema sylvestre is r egar ded as one of the plants with potent anti diabeticpr oper ties. This plant is also used for contr olling obesity in the for m of Gymnema tea. Theactive compound of the plant is a gr oup of acids ter med as gymnemic acids. It has beenobserved that there could be a possible link between obesity, Gymnemic acids and diabetes.This review will try to put forth an overall idea about the plant as well as present a molecularperspective linking the common medicine to the most common metabolic disorders.Key Words: Gymnema sylvestre, antidiabetic, obesity, Gymnemic acids, herbal drugIntroductionGymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) R. Br.The plant is native to central and western India, tropical Africa and Australia.Other names [1], Sanskrit: Meshashringi, madhunashini, Hindi: Gur-mar, merasingi, M arathi: Kavali, kalikardori, vakundi, Gujrathi: Dhuleti, mardashingi, Telugu: Podapatri, Tamil: Adigam, cherukurinja, Kannada: Sannagerasehambu Plant descriptionG. sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae), a vulnerable species is a slow growing, perennial, medicinal woody climber found in central and peninsular India. Fig.1 shows a 5-year old parent plant. It is a potent antidiabetic plant and used in folk, ayurvedic and homeopathic systems of medicine. It is also used in the treatment of asthma, eye complaints, inflammations, family planning and snakebite. In addition, it possesses antimicrobial, antihypercholesterolemic, hepato-protective and sweet suppressing activities. It also acts as feeding deterrents to caterpillar, Prodenia eridania; prevent dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans and in skin cosmetics [2].G. sylvestre is a large, more or less pubescent, woody*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Tel: +91-022-******** E-mail: rekha@Fig.1. G. sylvestre parent plant (Courtesy: Laila Impex, Hyder-abad, India. 2005).77P. Kanetkar et al.J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.78climber. It is occasionally cultivated as medicinal plant.Leaves are opposite, usually elliptic or ovate (1.25–2.0inch ×0.5–1.25inch). Flowers are small, yellow, in umbellate cymes. Follicles are terete, lanceolate, upto 3inches in length.Phytochemistry of G. sylvestreG . sylvestre leaves contain triterpene saponins belonging to oleanane and dammarene classes. Oleanane saponins are gymnemic acids and gymnemasaponins, while dammarene saponins are gymnemasides. Besides this, other plant constituents are flavones, anthraquinones, hentri-acontane,pentatriacontane, α and β-chlorophylls, phytin, resins, d -quercitol, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, lupeol, β-amyrin related glycosides and stigmasterol. The plant extract also tests positive for alkaloids. Leaves of this species yield acidic glycosides and anthroquinones and their derivatives [3].Gymnemic acids have antidiabetic, antisweetener and anti-inflammatory activities. The antidiabetic array of molecules has been identified as a group of closely related gymnemic acids after it was successfully isolated and purified from the leaves of G . sylvestre [4, 5]. Later, the phytoconstituents of G . sylvestre were isolated, and their chemistry and structures were studied and elucidated [6–9].Mechanism of Action of Gymnemic AcidsGymnemic acid formulations have also been found useful against obesity, according to recent reports [10]. This is attributed to the ability of gymnemic acids to delay the glucose absorption in the blood. The atomic arrangement of gymnemic acid molecules is similar to that of glucose molecules. These molecules fill the receptor locations on the taste buds thereby preventing its activation by sugarmolecules present in the food, thereby curbing the sugar craving. Similarly, Gymnemic acid molecules fill the receptor location in the absorptive external layers of the intestine thereby preventing the sugar molecules absorption by the intestine, which results in low blood sugar level [11].G . sylvestre leaves have been found to cause hypoglycemia in laboratory animals and have found a use in herbal medicine to help treat adult onset diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). When Gymnema leaf extract is administered to a diabetic patient, there is stimulation of the pancreas by virtue of which there is an increase in insulin release [12]. These compounds have also been found to increase fecal excretion of cholesterol [13], but further studies to prove clinical significance in treating hypercholesterolemia (high serum cholesterol) are required. Other uses for Gymnema leaf extract are its ability to act as a laxative, diuretic, and cough suppressant. These other actions would be considered adverse reactions when Gymnema is used for its glucose lowering effect in diabetes.Gymnema leaf extract, notably the peptide ‘Gurmarin’,has been found to interfere with the ability of the taste buds on the tongue to taste sweet and bitter. Gymnemic acid has a similar effect. It is believed that by inhibiting the sweet taste sensation, people taking it will limit their intake of sweet foods, and this activity may be partially responsible for its hypoglycemic effect [14].There are some possible mechanisms by which the leaves and especially Gymnemic acids from G . sylvestre exert its hypoglycemic effects are: 1) it increases secretion of insulin,2) it promotes regeneration of islet cells, 3) it increases utilization of glucose: it is shown to increase the activities of enzymes responsible for utilization of glucose by insulin-dependant pathways, an increase in phosphorylase activity,decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes and sorbitol dehydro-genase, and 4) it causes inhibition of glucose absorption from intestine.The gymnemic acid components are believed to block the absorption of glucose in the small intestine, the exact action being unknown. It could be involve one or more mechanisms [14].One of the mechanisms responsible for adult onset diabetes mellitus is a form of insulin resistance, which is attributed to the inability of insulin to enter cells via the insulin receptor.Gymnema may overcome this resistance, but require further studies to confirm its validity and also whether the effect is clinically relevant. Should this effect be proven, Gymnema may prove useful in both adult onset (NIDDM) and juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (IDDM) to help insulin enter cells. In the case of IDDM, the insulin is injected by syringe and is not secreted from the pancreas [15].The leaves are also noted for lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides. The primary chemical constituents of Gymnema include gymnemic acid, tartaric acid, gurmarin,Fig.2. Basic molecular structure of Gymnemic acid [8]Gymnema sylvestre : A MemoirV ol. 41, No. 2, 200779calcium oxalate, glucose, stigmasterol, betaine, and choline.While the water-soluble acidic fractions reportedly provide the hypoglycemic action, it is not yet clear what specific constituent in the leaves is responsible for the same. Some researchers have suggested gymnemic acid as one possible candidate, although further research is needed [16]. Both gurmarin (another constituent of the leaves ) and gymnemic acid have been shown to block sweet taste in humans.The major constituents of the plant material 3B glucuronides of different acetylated gymnemagenins, gymnemic acid a complex mixture of at least 9 closely related acidic glucosides [17–19].The following figure could provide a diagrammatic representation for explaining the action of gymnemic acids on the intestinal receptors. The basic function of the acids is to bind to the receptor on the intestine, and stop the glucose molecule from binding to the receptor. Thus, gymnemic acids prevent the absorption of excess glucose.Diabetes MellitusDiabetes mellitus can be defined as a group of syndromes characterized by hyperglycemia, altered metabolism of lipids,carbohydrates and proteins along with an increased risk of complications from vascular disease. It is characterized by polydipsia (chronic excessive thirst and fluid intake),polyphagia excessive eating), glycosuria (excessive glucose in the blood) and “acetone breath” i.e. the breath of the patient smells of acetone due to an abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the blood. The classification of diabetes can be done in two types as: Type-1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) and Type-2 (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) [20, 21].Herbal medicines for treatment of diabetesThe Indian subcontinent has given to the medicinal world,natural remedies such as Ayurveda , Yunani and Siddha .Based on such systems, we can find not only new remedies;but also new lead molecules may be obtained. Though data from clinical trials are positive, further investigations coupled with extensive clinical trials are required. Most of the drugs from plant sources are secondary metabolites, which have no role in plant metabolism; but are postulated to play a significant role in the plant defense mechanism. However,not much difference is seen in the basic metabolic processes in plants as well as animals [21].One of the alternative medicines to both diabetes and obesity could be G . sylvestre plant preparation, as it known to have a good effect for curbing of diabetes by blocking sugar binding sites and hence not allowing the sugar molecules to accumulate in the body.Obesity and Its Impact on the Human BodyObesity, technically, is characterized by the increased storage of tri glycerides (fat molecules) in the adipose tissue thereby causing insulin resistance. It could also be defined as the condition of a human being in which the body contains more fat than required and which can lead to a diseased state. Obesity is usually caused by an abnormality of feeding regulatory mechanism. This can result from either psychogenic factors that affect this regulation or actual abnormalities of regulatory system in hypothalamus. But in many cases no specific cause can be identified. Contributing factors include genetic factors, eating habits childhood over nutrition and social customs, among many others. Obesity also plays an important role in the development of diabetes.It decreases the number of insulin receptors in insulin target cells throughout the body, thus making the amount of insulin that is available, less effective in promoting its usual metabolic effects [22].Exploring the link between obesity and diabetesIt is a well-known fact that molecular mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and diabetes have been elusive, but new research studies show that there could be a enzymatic link between the two most common metabolic disorders [23]. Initially, the trend towards the link was the presence of free fatty at higher levels in obese people than in non-obese people [24]. In 2001, there were reports of a missing link in the form of some chemical substance that proves the inability of the body insulin to control blood sugar levels.Claire (2001) in his recent research studies suggested a new theory. It is a well-known fact that type II diabetes is the most common form of disease and when the insulin of the body loses its ability for glucose uptake, the diseasedFig.3.Schematic representation of competitive inhibition of re-ceptor site on intestine by Gymnemic acid [12]P. Kanetkar et al.J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.80condition of the body gives way to obesity. Also, it was reported that nearly 80% of the diabetes patients are obese.The fat cells of the body were shown to produce a hormone called resistin (resisting of insulin) The energy from stored fat is transported in the body in the form of fatty acids by virtue of which the their levels increase in the body, thus causing an important factor in insulin resistance built up throughout the body. This hormone impairs insulin action and causes intolerance to glucose or blood sugar.The following diagram would explain the relation of resistin to other parts of the body that are involved in diabetes and obesity. Thus, the newly discovered protein,resistin, could be an underlying the link between obesity and diabetes. Research scientists all over the word started studying the molecular mechanisms that lead to linkages between obesity and diabetes [23].HypothesisLinkage between obesity, diabetes, Gymnemic acids: a possible linkageFrom the above aspects of the diseases i.e. obesity, diabetes mellitus and gymnemic acids, a linkage amongst them is quite clear. The diagrammatic representation shown below will give an idea as to how the three are inter-linked.Hence, it is obvious that same medicine can be used for curbing of both the diseases. Obesity is the main consequence from the accumulation of the carbohydrates and fats. Gymnemic acids curb the binding of carbohydrates to the receptors in the intestine and hence, the “empty calories” are taken care of so that the body does not go into obese stage. The acids are also useful in curbing ofdiabetes by a similar mechanism as mentioned above for carbohydrates.Currently, gymnemic acids are being sold in the form of Gymnema Tea , for curbing obesity. In Japan, there are teas being made from G . sylvestre leaves and are being promoted as a natural method for controlling obesity and diabetes [14].In 1997, a Japanese Scientist described the anti-sweet activity of gymnemic acid, the inhibition of intestinal sugar absorption and insulin secretion by gymnemic acids, anti-diabetic effect of leaves of G . sylvestre and the development of Gymnema tea and Gymnema chewing gum for health food for preventing obesity and diabetes.ConclusionsAlthough there are many phytoconstituents that could combat diabetes and obesity, a single phytoconstituent that could be used in the treatment of both the diseases simultaneously would be a welcome addition. GymnemicFig.4. Resistin and its areas of linkage [23]Fig.5.Linkage between obesity, diabetes mellitus and Gymne-mic acids [12]Gymnema sylvestre: A Memoir V ol. 41, No. 2, 200781acid fulfills this criterion. The common masses do not avail of the fact that obesity can also be caused due to over-accumulation of sugar molecules specially sucrose, along with fat molecules. The common man layman needs to be made aware of these facts, since they are posing a big threat after cardiac problems and cancer. This review paper aimed at putting forth a molecular perspective of the medicinal aspect of gymnemic acids, and also a possible linkage between obesity and diabetes via a potential common medicine.References[1]The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw materialsand Industrial products. Raw materials, vol. IV. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, pp. 276–277, 1956.[2]Komalavalli, N. and Rao, M.V.: In vitro micropropagation ofGymnema sylvestre: multipurpose medicinal plant. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 61, 97–105, 2000.[3]Dateo, G.P. and Long, L.: Gymnemic acid, the antisaccharineprinciple of Gymnema sylvestre. Studies on isolation and heterogenesity of gymnemic acid A1. J. Agric. Food Chem., 21, 899–903, 1973.[4]Liu, H.M., Kiuchi, F., and Tsuda, Y.: Isolation and structureelucidation of Gymnemic acids, antisweet principles of Gymnema sylvestre. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 40, 1366–1375, 1992.[5]Sinsheimer, J.E. and Manni, P.E.: Constituents from Gymnemasylvestre leaves. J. Pharm. Sci., 54, 1541–1544, 1965. [6]Sinsheimer, J.E. and Subbarao, G.: Constituents fromGymnema sylvestre leaves VIII: Isolation, chemistry and derivatives of gymnemagenin and gymnestrogenin. J. Pharm.Sci., 60, 190–193, 1971.[7]Sinsheimer, J.E., Subba, R.G., and Mc Ilhenny, H.M.:Constituents from Gymnema sylvestre Leaves V: Isolation and preliminary characterization of Gymnemic acids. J.Pharm. Sci., 59, 622–628, 1970.[8]Yoshikawa, K., Amimoto, K., Arihara, S., and Matsuura, K.:Structure studies of new antisweet constituents from Gymnema sylvestre. Tetr. Lett, 30, 1103–1106, 1989.[9]Yoshikawa, K., Nakagawa, M., Yamamoto, R., Arihara, S.,and Matsuura, K.: Antisweet natural products V structures of gymnemic acids VIII-XII from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.Chem. Pharm. Bull., 40, 1779–1782, 1992.[10]Yoshikawa, K., K ondo, Y., Arihara, S., and Matsuura, K.:Antisweet natural products IX structures of gymnemic acidsXV-XVIII from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Chem. Pharm.Bull., 41, 1730–1732, 1993.[11]Sahu, N., Mahato S.B., Sarkar, S.K., and Poddar, G.:Triterpenoid Saponins from Gymnema sylvestre: Phytochem., 41, 1181–1185, 1996.[12]Kanetkar, P.V., Laddha, K.S., and Kamat, M.Y.: Gymnemicacids: A molecular perspective of its action on carbohydrate metabolism. Poster presented at the 16th ICFOST meet organized by CFTRI and DFRL, Mysore, India, 2004. [13]Persaud, S.J., Al-Majed, H., Raman, A., and Jones, P.M.:Gymnema sylvestre stimulates insulin release in vitro by increased membrane permeability. J. Endocrinol., 163, 207–212, 1999.[14]Nakamura, Y., Tsumura, Y., Tonogai, Y., and Shibata, T.:Fecalsteroid excretion is increased in rats by oral administration of gymnemic acids contained in Gymnema sylvestre leaves. J.Nutr., 129, 1214–1222, 1999.[15]Agarwal, S.K., Singh, S.S., Verma, S., Lakshmi, V., andSharma, A.: Chemistry and medicinal uses of Gymnema sylvestre(gur-mar) Leaves: A Review. Indian Drugs, 37, 354–360, 2000.[16]Khare, A.K., Tondon, R.N., and Tewari, J.P.: Hypoglycemicactivity of an indigenous drug Gymnema sylvestre in normal and diabetic persons. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 27, 257–261, 1983.[17]Maeda, M., Iwashita, T., and Kurihara, Y.: Studies on tastemodifiers II: Purification and structure determination of gymnemic acids, antisweet active principle from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. Tetr. Lett, 30, 1547–1550, 1989.[18]Manni, P.E. and Sinsheimer, J.E.: Constituents from Gymnemasylvestre leaves. J. Pharm. Sci., 54, 1541–1544, 1965. [19]Sinsheimer, J.E. and Subbarao, G.: Constituents from Gymnemasylvestre leaves VIII: Isolation, chemistry and derivatives of gymnemagenin and gymnestrogenin. J. Pharm. Sci., 60, 190–193, 1971.[20]Dahanukar, S.A., Kulkarni, R.A., and Rege, N.N.: Pharma-cology of medicinal plants and natural products. Indian J.Pharmacol., 32, S81–S118, 2000.[21]Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Satvavani, K., Sivasankari,S., and Vijav, V.: Type 2 diabetes in Asian-Indian urban children. Diabetes Care, 26, 1022–1025, 2003.[22]Jachak, S.M.: Herbal drugs as antidiabetic: an overview,CRIPS. 3, 9–13, 2002.[23]Flier, J.S.: Prevention of obesity reduces the risk of a widerange of health problems. The missing link with obesity?Nature, 409, 292–293, 2001.[24]Claire, S.: The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes.Nature, 307, 2001.。
制药工程专业英语考试题目及答案
专业英语考试内容：单词10分句子翻译24分根据课文回答问题24分英译汉药品说明书21分翻译汉译英摘要21分Unit 11 Tablet (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)药片（医药片剂剂型）Role in TherapyA: The oral route of drug admininistration is the most important method of administering drugs ofr systemic effects.Except in cases of Insulin therapy.the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medication.The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two classes of marketed products:Nitroglycerin for the treatmint of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.A:口服给药是全身效应用药方法中最为重要的。
除了胰岛素治疗，非肠道药途径不常用在自我服药方面。
秋水仙碱通过激活AMPK减轻小鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤
素。
有研究表明，槲皮素是一种类黄酮化合物，可通过诱导激活的NF-κB 信号通路抑制轮状病毒性腹泻［20］，而且通过诱导紧密连接蛋白一定程度上恢复了肠道的上皮完整性，显著减少肠道炎症［21］；黄豆甙元是一种异黄酮植物雌激素化合物，可通过抑制PI3K/AKT 和P38通路相关蛋白的磷酸化及相关基因的水平，修复肠上皮屏障损伤，从而发挥防治腹泻的作用［22］；山奈酚可通过提高厚壁菌与拟杆菌的比例来重塑肠道微生物，提高有益菌，从而调节肠道微生物群［23］；异鼠李素可通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路，缓解H 2O 2引起的肠上皮细胞氧化应激损伤［24］。
通过对这些药物活性成分与慢性腹泻的相关靶标进行相关性分析，我们可以初步推测，这些主要活性成分发挥的抗肠上皮细胞氧化应激损伤、减少肠道慢性炎症、调节肠道微生物菌群的功能，很可能就是SSWYG 治疗慢性腹泻的机理。
网络药理学研究和分子对接技术可通过大数据库去探索药物发挥疗效的关键蛋白和可能的信号通路，诠释临床问题。
本研究对SSWYG 靶点、通路、分子对接结果的综合分析，也为该新型制剂的疗效机制，提供了非常有价值的线索。
首先，分子对接结果显示SSWYG 中主要活性成分与AKT1、CASP3、IL6、JUN 、VEGFA 等关键蛋白结合力良好，尤其是JUN 和CASP3与复方中多种主要活性成分结合能最低，结合最稳定，提示JUN 和CASP3可能是SSWYG 治疗慢性腹泻的两个极其关键的蛋白。
相关的研究也有证实，CASP3能够导致DNA 裂解促进细胞凋亡，与肠道菌群失调有着重要联系，下调CASP3蛋白的表达可以改善肠道菌群，显著增加有益菌的丰度［25］；JUN 蛋白是活化蛋白-1（AP-1）转录复合物中具有转录活性的转录因子，对细胞增殖、凋亡等生物学过程进行调控，可响应促炎细胞因子、危险相关分子配体与肠屏障功能障碍相关刺激激活c-Jun 氨基末端激酶信号通路，会影响杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白以及紧密连接蛋白的表达，破坏肠黏液层的完整性，引起肠屏障功能障碍［26,27］。
MEDICINE医学
在徽章上，阿克索的药碗也被一条蛇缠绕。“阿斯克勒庇俄斯之杖”代表 “医学”，而“阿克索之碗”代表“药学”。
Hippocrates：The Oath of Medicine
I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Akso, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement: To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.
英国生物教材《Biology for you》特色分析
体防线的知识点，内容抽象 ，适合通过图片来形成概 念， 所 以相应 的插 图 占比提高 。 书 中的插 图对 于文字 内 容 的表 现 由浅 人深 ， 层 次分 明 ， 对 于相应 知识点 结构 的 剖析很精准 ， 对于知识点的结构重组也十分完善 。 ２ 特 色 的科学 栏 目设计
教 材在 书 中设计 了 “ 科 学是 怎样 发挥 作 用 的” 栏 目。在 平 时 的生物 实验 探究 过程 中 ， 学生 往 往会 忽视
图 １ 蛋 白质 与氨基 酸
｛ Ｂ ｉ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ｆ ｏ ｒ Ｙ ｏ ｕ ＞ ） 插图与文字之间的配合十分紧
密， 相 关 的 图文 位 置接 近 ， 无 需去 前后 查找 。 而 且对 于 不 同知 识 点 ， 图文 内容 的 比例 不 同。例 如书 中关 于身
｛ Ｂ ｉ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ｆ ｏ ｒ Ｙ ｏ ｕ ｝一书所追求 的是 内容简洁易
英 国生物教材（ （ Ｂ ｉ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｙ ｏ ｕ ） ） 特色分析
李 媚琳 张 松 （ 华 南师 范大学生命科 学学 院 广 东广 州 ５ １ ０ ６ ３ １ ）
（ （ Ｂ ｉ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｙ ｏ ｕ ＞ ＞ 是英 国 Ｇ ａ ｒ ｅ ｔ ｈ Ｗｉ ｌ ｌ ｉ ａ ｍ ｓ 编 著 的 英 国 普 通 中 等 教 育 证 书 考 试 ＧＣ Ｓ Ｅ（ Ｇ ｅ ｎ ｅ ｒ ａ ｌ
图 可 以更 好 地帮 助读 者理 解 知识 。
在这本书的“ 科学是怎样发挥作用 的” 栏 目当中 ，
通过“ 实 验 观察 一 测 量一 重 复 ” 等 环 节来 具 体 阐述科 学实 验探 究 中需要 聚焦 的关 键 与细节 。 真实 的科学需 要确 保所 得数 据 的真 实性 与有 效性 。所 以 ， 必 须进行 重复 实验 。如 在测 定蛋 白酶 的反应 速率 时 ， 通过 测量 蛋 白质溶 液 中滴 加蓝 色染 料 的消退 情 况来 进行 测量 。
天然药物化学专业英语词汇总结
专业英语词汇总结Section 1生药部分中药研究现状及中药现代化一、加强中国药用植物基础研究及其与中药现代化的联系/Strengthening basic researches on Chinese Medicinal Plants and its relations to realizing the modernization of CMM记载be recorded来源derived from中医药Traditional Chinese Medicine,short for TCM卫生事业health care,health undertakings中草药Chinese traditional medicinal herbs疗效reliable therapeutical effectstherapeutic[,θer?'pju:t?k]adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的副作用side-effectsl中医药的健康理念和临床医疗模式体现了现代医学的发展趋势。
The health concept and clinical practice reflect the trend of modern science新的科学技术潮流（the new tide of science and technology）二、中药资源及其研究成果/Chinese Medicinal Plant resources and achievement of its scientific research中药资源(medicinal plant resources)普查(surveys)专项研究(special projects)药用植物资源(the Chinese medicinal resources)科学鉴定(scientific identification)化学成分(chemical constituents)药理实验(pharmacological experiments临床适应症(clinical applications)研究(projects)新著作(new works)各论(monographs)手册(manuals)《中国药典》The pharmacopoeia of the people’s Republic of China药典Pharmacopoeia药用植物学Pharmaceutical Botany本草学Herbology中药学The Chinese Materia Medica药用植物分类学Pharmaceutical Plant Taxonomy植物化学Phytochemistry植物化学分类学Plant Chemotaxonomy药用植物志Flora of Medicinal Plant中药药剂学traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics中药炮制学Science of processing Chinese Crude Drugs中药鉴定学Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine中药药理学Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicines青蒿素artemisin奎宁quinine、氯奎宁chloroquine衍生物derivatives氯奎宁耐受性疟疾chloroquine resistant malaria急性疟疾pernicious malaria脑部疟疾cerebral malaria显著疗效marked effect chloroquine resistant malaria/抗氯喹啉疟疾Pernicious（有害的）malaria/急性疟疾cerebral malaria/脑疟疾derivatives/衍生物quinine/喹啉含有氮原子的化合物，在英文命名中多以-ine结尾Mono-/一Di-/二Tri-/三Tetra-/四Petan-/五Hexa-/六Hepta-/七Octa-/八Nona-/九Deca-/十三尖杉酯碱harringtonine、高三尖杉酯碱homoharringtonine白血病leukemia和恶性淋巴瘤malignant lymphoma银杏黄酮ginkgetin丹参酮tanshinon IIA治疗冠心病coronary heart diseasesNew drug developments/新药开发Health products/保健品质量控制Quality control修订revise常用中药common-used Chinese materia medica国家标准the national standards三、中药所面临的挑战/Chinese Medicinal Herbs Facing a Challenge中成药及其制剂traditional Chinese patent medicines and preparations基础研究basic researches生产production、流通marketing研究researchIdentification of species/品种鉴定鉴定和鉴别identifying and clarifying变种varieties伪品false matters。
年同等学力申硕英语真题与参考答案
2013同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试A卷英语试卷一Paper One (100minutes)Part I Oral Communication (15 minutes，10 points)Section ADirections：In this section there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has three blanks and three choices A，B and C，taken from the dialogue. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Dialogue one?A.?It sounds like a flu.?B.?I also advise resting for a couple of days.?C.?Boy, when it rains, it pours.Doctor: What has been bothering you??Patient: I have a stuffy nose and a sore throat. Plus, I’ve been coughing a lot. ????????? 1????Doctor: Any stomach pains?Patient: Actually, yes. My stomach’s been upset for a few days.oing around lately.Doctor:????? 2???? . It’s been gPatient: Anything I can do for it?Doctor: I’ll prescribe some medicines for you to take.??? 3????.??Patient: Does that mean I shouldn’t go to work?Doctor: Only when you feel up to it. You should stay home for at least a day or two.Dialogue TwoA.?So, what are you going to do with the money?B.?You have lots of money.C.?How much do I owe you?Joshua: Dad. Allowance day. Can I have my allowance??Father: Oh, I forgot about that.Joshua: You ALWAYS forget.Father: I guess I do.????4???????Joshua: Just $13.Father: Well, I’ m not sure if I have that much.Joshua: Go to bank.??? 5????????????????????????Father: Lots of money, uh? Uh, well, I think the bank is closed.Joshua: Then, what about your secret money jar under your bed?Father: Oh, I guess I could do that.???6????????????Joshua: I ’m going to put some in savings, give some to the poor people, and use the rest to buy books.Father: Well, that sounds greats great, Joshua.Section BDirections：In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A，B，C andD taken from the interview. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and markyour answer on the Answer Sheet.A.?Nationalities stay in their own areas,?B.?People don’t queue like they do here in England.C.?What I liked best was that I could work and still lead a normal life.D.?Some supermarkets are open twenty-four hours a day.Interviewer: How long did you stay in the States?Interviewee: I was there for two years, in New York, and I enjoyed it tremendously.?????????????? 7???? I mean, the shops are open till 10:00 .?Interviewer: All shops?Interviewee: yes, everything. Food shops, chemists, and department stores.??????8????. And on public holidays, only the banks are shut.Interviewer: I see, erm … Do you think New York is as multinational as London?Interviewee: Oh, that’s for sure. But it’s not as mixed.?? 9????? like there’s Russian section, the German section and China town. But I think the major difference between these two cities was the height of the place.Everything was up in the Big Apple. We lived on the thirty-fifth floor. And of course everything is faster and theNew Yorkers are much ruder.?Interviewer: Oh! In what way?Interviewee: well, pushing in the street, fights about getting on the bus.??10????And of course the taxi drivers!New York taxi drivers must be the rudest in the world!Part II Vocabulary(10 minutes，10 points)Directions：In this part there are ten sentences，each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one fromthe four choices marked A，B，C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Mark your answer on theAnswer Sheet.11. I read the news paper everyday so that I can stay informed about?current?events.A. important??? ??B. international?C. latest??????? ??D. cultural12. After seven days in the desert, the explorer was relieved when he?eventually?found water.A. predictably???? ?B. finallyC .luckily???????? ?D. accidentally13. When we gave the children ice cream, they immediately?ceased?crying.A. started???????? ?B. continued?C. resumed??????? ?D. stopped14. The science teacher?demonstrated?the process of turning solid gold into liquid.A. showed??????? ?B. elaborated?C. devised?????? ??D. simplified15. John’s application for?admission?to graduate studies in the school of Education has been approved.A. entrance???? ??B. acceptance?C. experience????????D. allowance16. Most college students in the United States live?away?from home.A. apart? ???B. down?C. elsewhere? ??D. along17. The pursuit of maximum profit often drives manufacturers to?turn out?things that can do harm to people’s health.A. preserve ???B. promote?C. process ??D. produce18. Many different parts?make up?an airplane: the engine(s), the wings, the tail, and so on.A. compose ???B. decorate?C. construct? ?????D. derive19. You make it sound as if I did it?on purpose.A. carefully? ???B. unwillinglyC. incredibly? ??D. deliberately20. He could never have?foreseen?that one day his books would sell in millions.A. understood? ???B. explainedC. expected? ?????????D. believedPart III Reading Comprehension(45 minutes，25 points)Section ADirections：In this section，there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements，eachwith four suggested answers A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage One?? Five or six year ago, I attended a lecture on the science of attention. A philosopher who conducts research inthe medical school was talking about attention blindness, the basic feature of the human brain that, when weconcentrate intensely on one task, causes us to miss just about everything else. Because we can’t s can’t see, our lecture was determined to catch us in the act. He had us watch a video of six people tossingbasketball back and forth, three in white shirts and three in black, and our task was to keep track only of thetosses among the people in white. The tape rolled, and everyone began counting.有阅读障碍的), and the moment I saw that grainy tape with the confusing?? Everyone except me, I’m dyslexic(basketball tosses, I knew I wouldn’t be able to keep track of their movements, so I let my mind wander. Mycuriosity was aroused, though, when about 30 seconds into the tape, a gorilla(大猩猩) came in among theplayers. She (we later learned a female student was in the gorilla suit) start at the camera, thumped her chest, andthe strode away while they continued passing the balls.?? When the tape stopped, the philosopher asked how many people had counted at least d a dozen basketballtosses. Hands went up all over. He then asked who had counted 13, 14, and congratulated those who’perfect 15. The he asked, “And who saw the gorilla?”?? I raised my hand and was surprised to discover I was the only person at my table and one of only three or fourin the large room to do so. He’d set me up, trapping us in our own attention blindness. Yes, there had been a. By concentrating so hard on counting, we had managed totrick, but he wasn’t the one who had played it on usmiss the gorilla in the midst.21. This passage describes_______A. basketball?B. an experimentC. a philosopherD. a gorilla22. ‘’Attentions blindness” refer to_______.see what one can’t seeA. the fact that one can’ｔB. seeing one thing while missing all else.C. keeping track of just about everythingD. the condition of being blind to details23. “Catch us in the act” (Para. 1) is closest in meaning of “find us ________”A. doing something improperB. sleeping during the lectureC. counting the basketball tossesD. failing to notice something within sight24. How many people in the room saw the gorilla in the video?A. 1?B. 3 or 4or 1425. Whom dose “he”(last paragraph) refer to ?A. The authorB. The gorillaC. The lectureD. The studentPassage Two? There are few sadder sights than a pile of fan letter, lovingly decorated with hand drawings, suffering in a bin.The sparkly envelopes were addressed to Taylor Swift, a pop star much beloved by teenage and pre-teen girls.“Dear Taylor”, read one discard message, “I love you so much!! You’re the best! And you’re really cute!! I’m really enjoying your songsThis, along with hundreds of other similar letters sent from around the world, was discovered in Nashvillerecycling disposal unit by a local woman. Swift’s management was quick to reassure her admirers that they had been thrown out accidentally. The response may come as a disappointment to any devotee who imagine, as theycompose their letter, that Swift make time to view each one personallyDealing with pile of fan mail is, however, an administrative burden for most celebrities. While some celebritiesdo like to go through their mail personally, the majority simply do not have time. But the fact f theircorrespondence is something most committed fans will not wish to dwell on, say Lynn Zubernis, an expert in thepsychology of fandom at West Chester University.“There’s this little bit of every fan that thinks theirs will be the one that stands out- it’s not an expectation, but ahope that theirs will be seen by the celebrity.”While the relationship between the fan and the celebrity may exist only in the mind of the former, it sterns froma deeply-rooted human need for community and belonging, Zubernis believe. As a result, even receiving amass-produced letter of acknowledgment and a photo stamped with a reproduced signature can be a powerfulexperience.“People have a tremendous need to connect with the person they are idolizing(偶像化),” she says, “They? can’t签名). It’s about the moment ofring up and say, ‘ Can we have coffee?’ It’s not about the autograph(connection.”26. Which of the following statements is true?A. The letters in the bin were exaggerating.B. Some letters to Swift were thrown away unread.C. A woman discovered the letters and discard themD. Poorly decorated letters were left unread27. Swift management claimed that______A. Swift had read each one of lettersB. fans could trust them with their lettersC. they were quick in response to the incidentD. they didn’t intend to throw away the letters.28. Most celebrities___________A. are too busy to read fan mailB. are afraid of receiving fan mailC. try their best to read fan mail themselves.D. care about the fate of fan mail29. According to Zubernis, fans want their letters to be read because they_____A. hope to show their hand drawingB. want the celebrities to see their talentC. desire to get connection with the starsD. dream of getting a photo of the stars30. Which of the following will fans cherish the most??? A. The feeling of being related to their stars.?? B. The sense of being similar to their stars.?? C. The time spent with their stars.?? D. The autograph of their stars.Passage Three??? Facelift(紧肤术) followed by a week on a beach in Thailand? Hip surgery with a side of shopping inSingapore? Over the last 10 years, Asia’s rise on the medical tourism scene has been quick. Eastern nations dominate the global scene. Now Bali wants a slice of the action.??? The Indonesian island recently opened its first facility specifically targeting medical tourists with packageand service, Bali International Medical Centre (BIMC) Nusa Dua. BIMC already has an international hospital inKuta, which opened in 1998.??? The new internationally managed facility offers surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures and dentalcare.度假村) than a???? Unlike most of the region’s hospitals, BIMC is designed to feel more like a spa or resort(medical facility.???? The 50-bed hospital has a 24-hour medical emergency entrance and hotel-like lobby at the front of thebuilding servicing the hospital’s medicals, and dental centers.吸脂术)，no worries. ???? If you’re a celebrity who doesn’t want everyone to know you’re here for a bit of lipo (There’s private entrance that leads to the CosMedic Centre, which offers views of a golf course.???? BIMC has even teamed up with the nearby Courtyard by Marriott Bali, which provides specific after-careservice like tailor-made meals and wellness programs for patient.????? Latest technology and cool interiors are a star, but breaking into a regional industry that already has someof the world’s top international hospital will be tough, says Joesf Woodman, CEO of medical travel consumerguide Patients Beyond Borders(PBB).????? “As a newcomer, Bali faces stiff competition from nearby international healthcare providers. To compete,Bali will need to demonstrate a quality level of care and promote its services to the region and the world. On theinpositive side, Bali is blessed as one of the region’s safest, most popular tourist destinations, with a built potential to attract medical travelers.”???? The Indonesian island couldn’t have picked a better time to get into the game, says PBB. “Th population is aging and becoming wealthier at rate s that surpass the availability of quality healthcare resource,says the company’s research.31. What does “medical tourism” (Para. 1) probably mean?A. Treating a disease during a tripB. Attracting patients with package toursC. Cosmetic treatment and a tour in oneD. Turning hospital into tourist attractions32. How does BIMC differ from regular hospitals?A. It offers cosmetic surgeryB. It has better environment and services.C. It accepts international patients.D. It has more beds and longer service hours.33. BIMC wishes to attract celebrities with its______A. privacy measuresB. first-class designC. free golf courseD. tailor-made meals34. According to Woodman, BIMC____A. threatens its regional competitorsB. will soon take the lead in the industryC. needs further improvementD. faces both challenges and opportunities35. What can be concluded from the last paragraph?A. The population is developing faster than medical resources.B. Healthcare is hardly available for the aging populationC. The world is in need of more quality medical care.D. The world population is becoming older and richer.Passage Four?? For many of us, asking for help is a difficult concept. We may feel as if we are admitting a weakness thatworld would not have known about, had we not asked for help.?? Ironically, it’s been my experience that people who are able to deliver well-positioned requests for help areseen as very strong individuals. When they demonstrate the humility(谦卑) to ask for help, they earn the respectof others. People who receive a heartfelt request for help are usually honored by the request. In turn, we arestrengthened by the very help that is provided.a) recently made shift in how she was interacting with her boss. When???? One of my clients (we’ll call her Kirasked to prepare presentations, she assumed that she was expected to go away, develop the content, deliver it atthe required meeting and then wait for feedback from her boss. Her boss was highly regarded for the impact ofhis presentations, while Kira often that her presentations were lacking. When she took a hard look at how thisapproach was working for her, Kira recognized that she had not yet made use of her boss’s support. Sh learn far more about creating attractive presentations by walking through a draft with her boss-focusing on thecontent plus her delivery- and obtaining feedback earlier in the process rather than at the back end. So she madethe request for his support.??? The outcome? Her boss was delighted to coach Kira and was enthusiastic about the opportunity to put intouse his own strength by teaching presentation skills more effectively to her. By taking the time to work togetheron presentation for a number of K ira’s key presentations, she benefited from her boss’s thought process and wa able to distinguish the critical components to enhance her own presentations. Kir’s presentations now h punch!???? Some of us are uncomfortable asking for help because we believe that our request places burdens on theother person. Ironically, we may be missing an opportunity to show others how are value and respect them.People who know you and think well of you are often highly motivated to help. Furthermore, the more specificyou can be about what you need from them, the easier it is for them to assist you.36. Many people are unwilling to ask for help because they____A. are confident of themselvesB. do not trust other peopleC. are ashamed of doing so?D. do not think it necessary37. Which of the following may the author agree with?A. Asking for help means admitting weaknesses.B. Helping others is helping oneself.C. Well-positioned requests for help are welcomedD. Weak people often need more help.38. Kira’s requestsfor help_____A. turned out rewardingB. was turned downC. led to her promotionD. benefited her boss in return39. “Kira’s presentations now have punch” means her presentations are______A. forcefulB. controversialC. well receivedD. highly motivating40. The purpose of the passage is to _____A. illustrate how to ask for helpB. show the importance of mutual helpC. call for attention to other’s requestsD. encourage people to ask for helpSection BDirections：In this section，you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blogand comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements，each with four suggested answers A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the answer sheet.??? A fascinating new study r eveals that Americans are more likely to call their children “intelligent,”European parents focus on happiness and balance.??? Here’s what one parent had to say about the intelligence of her 3-year-old, which was apparent to her fromthe very first moments of her life:??? “I have this vivid memory, when she was born, of them taking her to clean her off… And she was l around… She was alert from the very first second… I took her out when she was six weeks old to a shoppingmall to have her picture taken- people would stop me and say, “What an alert baby.” One guy stopped me and said, “Lady, she was an intelligent baby. ”???? Not only are Americans far more likely to focus on their children’s intelligence and cognitive skills, the are also far less likely to describe them as “happen” or “easy” children to parent.???? “The ‘s unhealthy interest in cognitive development in the early years overlooks so much else,researchers told us.?Comment 1:????? Probably indicates more about differences in cultural attitudes towards humility and boasting than aboutparenting styles. Here in the Netherlands if someone called their child “intelligent” I’d be rolling because it’s probably biased and overstated and because it’s just a rotten thing to draw attention to; as if it about whose child it “better”. Life isn’t that much of a damn contest to us.Comment 2:-being than social??? Agreed! That would apply in Sweden too. Parenting is more focused on the child’s wellcompetition (there may be pressure here too, but it is not socially acceptable to express those things).Comment 3:?? I agree and I live in the Parent’s opinions of their children’s intellect are definitely biased and overstated. Itis the most annoying thing to liste n to. Being “advanced” at a young age has little if anything to do with theirability to learn as they get older and EVERY child is a genius if you give them a chance and an to listen to them.The happier the Kid is, the smarter they will be. Happy and healthy is key.41. The passage is mainly concerned with cultural differences in???????.?A. bringing up one’s children?B. describing one’s childrenC. social contestsD. choosing a place to live in????????? ?.42. The world “alert” is closest in meaning to?A. intelligentB. easy-goingC. quick at noticing thingsD. happy????????.43. According to Comment 1, in the Netherlands, calling one’s own child “intelligent” isA. boastingB. acceptableC. encouragingD. reasonable44. What nationality is the writer of Comment 2?A. DutchB. American?C. Swedish?D. French?of the following are true of Comment 3 EXCEPT that??????????。
药学英语第五版原文翻译
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
中考英语复习之阅读理解热点专项训练 专题02 保护生物多样性 促进可持续发展(解析版)
专题02保护生物多样性促进可持续发展A（2022·广东深圳·校考三模）The International Day for Biological Diversity（生物多样性日）is celebrated on May 22. Its aim is to remind people to get along with the nature.The day was first created in 1993 by the UN and it was on December 29th. In 2000, the UN changed it to May 22. This was partly in memory of the UN convention（公约）on May 22, 1992. But it was also hard for many countries to organize events on December 29, because there are already many holidays in that time of the year. Every year, the celebrations of the day are organized on a different topic. The topic in 2022 is “Building a shared future for all life”. The message behind is that biodiversity is what we can depend on to build a bright future. It is also the answer to several development challenges.Biological diversity are necessary for our daily life. For example, fish provide 20% of animal protein to about 3 billion people. Over 80% of the human diet is provided by plants. As many as 70% of people from countryside in developing countries depend on traditional plant-based medicines for basic healthcare.While people start to know that biological diversity is valuable, the number of species（物种）is dropping because of human activities. That is why the UN decided to celebrate the day every year.1．What does “it” mean in Paragraph 2?A．The UN.B．The building.C．The date.D．The aim.2．What can we learn from the topic of 2022?A．We can build a bright future for all life by sharing.B．We can use different animals to make our future bright.C．If we have difficulty developing, we may turn to biodiversity.D．If there are fewer animals or plants, we will have a bright future.3．How much of the human diet is provided by plants?A．20%.B．70%.C．80%.D．100%.4．What is the main idea of the last two paragraphs?A．The history of the day.B．The celebrations of the day.C．The causes of the death of animals.D．The importance of biological diversity. 5．Where can we find the article?A．A nature magazine.B．A storybook.C．A guidebook.D．A comic book.【答案】1．C2．C3．C4．D5．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了生物多样性日。
关于medicine的英文作文
关于medicine的英文作文英文：Medicine is a fascinating field that has always intrigued me. It involves the study of the human body and the various ways in which it can be healed and treated. There are many different types of medicine, including Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and alternative medicine.Western medicine is the most common type of medicine used in the United States and other Western countries. It is based on scientific research and uses drugs, surgery, and other procedures to treat illness and disease. Traditional Chinese medicine, on the other hand, is based on the principles of Yin and Yang and the concept of Qi. It uses herbs, acupuncture, and other techniques to restore balance and harmony to the body. Alternative medicine includes a wide range of practices, such as homeopathy, naturopathy, and chiropractic, that are not typically usedin Western medicine.I believe that all types of medicine have their strengths and weaknesses, and that it is important to consider all options when seeking treatment for an illness or condition. For example, if I were suffering from a headache, I might try taking a Western medicine like ibuprofen, but if that didn't work, I might consider trying acupuncture or herbal remedies from traditional Chinese medicine.Ultimately, the most important thing is to find a treatment that works for you and your individual needs. Whether that involves Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, or alternative medicine, it is important to keep an open mind and be willing to try new things.中文：医学是一个非常有趣的领域，一直以来都吸引着我。
medicine的用法及短语
medicine的用法及短语1. 使用药物(verb): I need to medicine my sore throat with some lozenges.2. 药物治疗(noun): The doctor recommended a new medicine for my allergy.3. 药品(noun): The pharmacy sells a variety of medicines for different ailments.4. 药剂师(noun): The pharmacist is responsible for dispensing medicines to patients.5. 内科医生(noun): The internist prescribed several different medicines to treat my symptoms.6. 药片(noun): I take two tablets of this medicine every four hours.7. 药方(noun): The doctor wrote me a prescription for this medicine.8. 药量(noun): Always follow the recommended dosage of any medicine you take.9. 服药(noun): Make sure to follow the instructions for taking the medicine.10. 处方药(noun): Some medicines are only available as prescription drugs.11. 无处方药(noun): Over-the-counter medicines can be purchased without a prescription.12. 药店(noun): I need to stop by the pharmacy to pick up my medicine.13. 药物相互作用(noun): It's important to discuss any other medicines you are taking to avoid drug interactions.14. 中药(noun): Traditional Chinese medicine has been used for centuries.15. 食药监局(noun): The Food and Drug Administration regulates the safety and efficacy of medicines.。
获得生物学诺贝尔奖用英语写一篇作文
获得生物学诺贝尔奖用英语写一篇作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Discovering the Amazing World of CellsHi everyone! Today, I want to tell you about something really exciting – the Nobel Prize in Biology! It's a super important award that scientists get when they make incredible discoveries about living things.Imagine a tiny world inside our bodies, smaller than what we can see with our eyes. It's called the world of cells! Cells are the building blocks of life. They are so small, but they do amazing things that keep us alive and healthy.Recently, some brilliant scientists made groundbreaking discoveries about cells. They won the Nobel Prize in Biology for their incredible work. Let's learn more about them!The first scientist is Dr. Lisa. She discovered a special part of our cells called mitochondria. Mitochondria are like tiny powerhouses inside our bodies. They produce energy that our cells need to work properly. Dr. Lisa found out how importantmitochondria are for our health. Her discovery helped us understand why some people get sick when their mitochondria don't work well.Next, we have Dr. Alex. He studied a disease called cancer that affects many people. Dr. Alex discovered how cancer cells grow and spread. He found out that they divide too quickly and invade other parts of the body. This discovery is a big step towards finding better treatments for cancer and helping people live healthier lives.Now, let's meet Dr. Sarah. She explored the mysterious world of genetics. Our genes are like instruction manuals that tell our bodies how to grow and function. Dr. Sarah discovered a way to edit genes, like fixing mistakes in a book. This is called gene editing. Her discovery could help us prevent and treat genetic diseases in the future. It's like magic!Last but not least, we have Dr. Max. He loves studying animals and their behavior. Dr. Max discovered how animals communicate with each other using smells. He found that different smells can send different messages. For example, some smells help animals find food or warn others about danger. This discovery helps us understand the fascinating ways animals interact with each other.These amazing scientists have made incredible contributions to biology. They worked hard and never gave up, just like we do when we study for our tests or learn a new skill. They have inspired many other scientists to explore the secrets of life.Who knows? Maybe one day, some of you sitting here might win the Nobel Prize in Biology too! Remember, no dream is too big if you work hard and follow your curiosity. The world of cells is waiting for you to discover its hidden wonders.So, let's keep learning, exploring, and asking questions. Who knows what amazing discoveries lie ahead of us? The future is bright, and we can all contribute to making our world a better place through the wonderful world of science!I hope you enjoyed learning about the Nobel Prize in Biology. Keep being curious and never stop exploring the amazing world around you. Who knows, maybe one day you'll be the next Nobel laureate in biology!篇2Discovering the Amazing World of BiologyHi everyone! Today, I want to share with you something really exciting. Have you ever heard of the Nobel Prize? It's aspecial award given to people who have made incredible discoveries or done amazing things. Well, there's a Nobel Prize for biology too, called the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Let's dive into the fascinating world of biology and learn about some of the incredible scientists who have won this prestigious award.One of the scientists who won the Nobel Prize in Biology is Marie Curie. She was a brilliant scientist who studied the mysterious world of radiation. She discovered two new elements called radium and polonium. Her work led to the development of X-rays, which we use today to see inside our bodies and help doctors diagnose illnesses. Isn't that amazing?Another famous biologist who won the Nobel Prize is Alexander Fleming. He made a remarkable discovery that changed the world of medicine forever. He found a special mold called penicillin that can kill harmful bacteria. This discovery led to the development of antibiotics, which help us fight infections and save millions of lives every year. Thank you, Mr. Fleming!Now, let's talk about a more recent Nobel Prize winner, Jennifer Doudna. She is a scientist who made a groundbreaking discovery called CRISPR-Cas9. It's a special tool that can edit genes, like fixing mistakes in a computer program. Thistechnology has the potential to cure genetic diseases and improve the lives of many people. It's like science fiction becoming a reality!These are just a few examples of the incredible work done by scientists in the field of biology. Their discoveries have helped us understand the world around us and improve our lives in so many ways. But becoming a Nobel Prize winner is not easy. It takes years of hard work, dedication, and a passion for discovery.So, if you're interested in biology, don't be afraid to explore and ask questions. Who knows, maybe one day you'll make a discovery that will change the world and win you a Nobel Prize! Remember, science is all about curiosity and never giving up.In conclusion, the Nobel Prize in Biology is a special award that celebrates the achievements of scientists who have made incredible discoveries in the field of biology. From Marie Curie to Alexander Fleming and Jennifer Doudna, these scientists have paved the way for amazing breakthroughs and advancements in medicine. So, let's keep learning, exploring, and who knows, maybe one day we'll see one of you receiving this prestigious award!篇3The Amazing Biology Nobel PrizeHello everyone! Today, I want to tell you about something really exciting - the Nobel Prize in Biology! It's a super important award that scientists around the world dream of winning. Let's learn more about it!The Nobel Prize is named after a man called Alfred Nobel. He was a really clever scientist who invented dynamite. But he didn't just want to be remembered for that. So, he decided to create the Nobel Prizes to honor outstanding achievements in different fields.Now, let's talk about the Biology Nobel Prize. This prize is given to scientists who make incredible discoveries about living things, like animals, plants, and even tiny microorganisms. These scientists work really hard to understand how our bodies work, how diseases spread, and how to cure them.One of the most famous winners of the Biology Nobel Prize is Dr. Marie Curie. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she actually won it twice - once in Physics and later in Chemistry! She discovered two new elements called radium and polonium, and her discoveries helped us understand radiation and its effects on our bodies.Another amazing scientist who won the Biology Nobel Prize is Dr. Barbara McClintock. She studied corn plants and made a groundbreaking discovery called "jumping genes." These genes can move from one place to another in our DNA, and her research helped us understand how genes work and how they can change.There are many other incredible scientists who have won the Biology Nobel Prize. They have discovered things like how cells divide, how our immune system fights diseases, and how our brain works. Their discoveries have changed the way we understand life and have helped us develop new medicines and treatments.To win the Biology Nobel Prize, scientists have to do a lot of research and experiments. They spend years and years working in labs, asking questions, and finding answers. Sometimes, their work might not be successful at first, but they never give up. They keep trying and learning from their mistakes.So, if you're interested in biology and want to be a scientist one day, remember to ask questions, explore the world around you, and never be afraid to make mistakes. Who knows, maybe one day you'll win the Biology Nobel Prize and make a great discovery that helps millions of people!In conclusion, the Biology Nobel Prize is a very prestigious award given to scientists who make incredible discoveries about living things. These scientists work really hard and never give up on finding answers to important questions. Who knows, maybe one of you will be the next Biology Nobel Prize winner! Keep exploring, keep learning, and who knows what amazing discoveries you might make!I hope you enjoyed learning about the Biology Nobel Prize. Keep being curious and never stop learning new things. You never know where your curiosity might take you!篇4My Dream of Winning the Nobel Prize in BiologyHi, everyone! My name is Emma, and I'm a 10-year-old girl who dreams of becoming a scientist one day. Today, I want to share with you my big dream of winning the Nobel Prize in Biology.Ever since I was a little girl, I have been fascinated by nature and all the amazing living things around us. I love exploring the world of plants, animals, and how they interact with each other. I believe that understanding the secrets of life can help us make our planet a better place to live.To win the Nobel Prize in Biology, I know I need to work hard and learn as much as I can about biology. I study my textbooks diligently, asking lots of questions and taking notes. I also enjoy going to the library and reading books about famous biologists who have made important discoveries.I think one of the most exciting parts of being a biologist is conducting experiments. I love setting up my own little experiments in the backyard, observing how plants grow and animals behave. I always keep a journal to record my observations and draw pictures of the things I see. Who knows, maybe one day I will make a groundbreaking discovery just like the Nobel Prize winners!Another important thing I have learned is the importance of teamwork. Many great scientific discoveries were made by groups of scientists working together. So, I try to collaborate with my classmates and friends on projects. We share ideas, help each other, and learn from one another. Together, we can accomplish great things!I also believe that being curious and asking questions is essential for a scientist. I never stop wondering why things are the way they are. I ask questions like "Why do birds migrate?" or"How do plants make food?". By asking questions and searching for answers, I can deepen my understanding of the natural world.Winning the Nobel Prize in Biology is not just about fame or recognition. It's about making a difference in the world. I dream of discovering new medicines to cure diseases, finding ways to protect endangered species, or developing sustainable farming methods to feed the growing population. I want to contribute to the well-being of all living things on Earth.I know that achieving my dream won't be easy. There will be challenges, setbacks, and lots of hard work along the way. But I am determined to never give up. I will keep learning, exploring, and discovering. Who knows, maybe one day you will see me standing on that grand stage, receiving the Nobel Prize in Biology!So, my dear friends, never stop dreaming big. Believe in yourself, work hard, and follow your passion. Together, we can make the world a better place through the wonders of biology. Thank you!Word Count: 394 words篇5当然可以！以下是一篇关于获得生物学诺贝尔奖的英语作文，使用小学生的语言风格，长度为2000个字。
初一生物课代表发言稿范文
初一生物课代表发言稿范文英文回答：Good morning, everyone! As the biology class representative, I am honored to have the opportunity to share my thoughts with you today. Today, I would like to talk about the importance of biodiversity and its impact on our planet.Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in a particular ecosystem. It includes different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Biodiversity iscrucial for the overall health and balance of our planet. It provides us with essential ecosystem services such as clean air, water, and soil, as well as food, medicine, and raw materials.Firstly, biodiversity plays a significant role in maintaining ecological stability. Each species in an ecosystem has a specific role to play, and they areinterconnected in complex ways. For example, plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis, while animals help in pollination and seed dispersal. If one species becomes extinct, it can disrupt the entire ecosystem, leading to imbalances and negative consequences for other species.Secondly, biodiversity is essential for human well-being. Many of our daily needs are fulfilled by diverse organisms. For instance, plants provide us with food, such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. Medicines derived from plants and animals are used to treat various diseases. Moreover, biodiversity also contributes to cultural and recreational activities, such as ecotourism and nature-based experiences.Furthermore, protecting biodiversity is crucial for the long-term sustainability of our planet. Human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources, are causing a rapid decline in biodiversity. This loss of biodiversity not only threatens the survival of many species but also jeopardizes our own future. By conserving and restoring biodiversity, we canensure a healthy and thriving planet for future generations.中文回答：大家早上好！作为生物课代表，我很荣幸有机会与大家分享我的想法。
人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷试卷及解析
人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷1.阅读理解第1题.Sharks aren't the scariest things in the ocean for scientists who dive to work. Powerful currents, created where the ocean floor drops away, can be just as deadly. "You can get sucked down by the pressure within minutes," notes Marcel Jaspars. He's a chemist who once saved himself from such a current. He came across it while taking photos of a sea sponge near Indonesia, in Southeast Asia. Luckily, he inflated his dive vest in time. He was able to float lo the surface and escape the potentially deadly current.Diving has risks. But the scientists who work underwater are trained to deal with these dangers. For Jaspars, the rewards of research and underwater adventure are greater than the risks. He searches for unusual chemicals made by ocean life. Then he analyzes them for components that might serve as medicines for people.The sea may seem like a strange place to look for new drugs. But organisms（生物体）in the ocean have had to adapt to a tough environment. Some of the chemicals they make for survival might help people, too. More than 50 years ago, scientists discovered a new anti-cancer drug in a sea sponge. Since then, researchers have been hunting the seas for more of such useful natural products.With the help of underwater robots and small submarines（潜水艇）, Jaspars and other scientists are searching the seas—from theshallow to the oceans' great depths. Their goal: finding chemicals made by marine life for use in one day treating human disease.Now Jaspars directs the Marine Biodiscovery Center. It's at the University of Aberdeen, in Scotland. There he focuses on microbes（微生物）living in very cold environments, such as the Arctic Ocean. "It's too cold and deep to dive there," he says. So scientists on research ships pull up buckets of mud from the seafloor. Later, they send him small samples of what they've pulled up.（1）Why is Jaspars' experience mentioned in Paragraph 1?A: To advise ways of surviving in the sea.B: To explain his ability and luck in the sea.C: To show the danger of deadly current to divers.D: To tell us the value of his underwater adventure.（2）What does the author think of Jaspars' research and underwater adventure?A: Secure.B: Unique.C: Unbearable.D: Rewarding.（3）What's the purpose of Jaspars' searching the seas?A: To find chemicals for new medicines.B: To study all kinds of ocean creatures.C: To be trained lo deal with ocean dangers.D: To look for new medicines for marine life.（4）What would be the best title for the text?A: The risks of searching the seasB: Risky diving for new medicinesC: The most dangerous things in the seaD: Jaspersa chemist inventing medicines【答案】CDAB【解答】（1）C 推理判断题。
经典外国谚语集萃大全
经典外国谚语集萃大全give a dog a bad name and hang him. 给人强加恶名，毁灭人的一生。
接下来小编为大家整理了外国谚语集萃，欢迎大家阅读!外国谚语集萃1、青春时代是一个短暂的美梦，当你醒来时，它早已消失得无影无踪了。
Youth is a short dream, when you wake up, it has disappeared without trace.2、人生难得是青春，要学汤铭日日新。
但嘱加鞭须趁早，莫抛岁月负双亲。
Life is seldom youth, we should learn from Tang Ming-yen. But if you want to whip, you must not throw away your parents.3、青春是惟一值得拥有的东西。
Youth is the only thing worth having.4、对一个年轻人来讲，最令人惊异，最令人舒畅之事，莫过于在一位老人身上发现精神的青春。
For a young man, the most amazing and comfortable thing is to find spiritual youth in an old man.5、在你青春的无忧无虑的生涯里，你屋子里所有的门户始终洞开着。
In the carefree life of your youth, all the doors in your house are always open.6、一个人只要他有纯洁的心灵，无愁无恨，他的青春时期，定可因此而延长。
As long as a person has a pure heart, no sorrow and no hatred, his adolescence can be prolonged.7、撇开友谊，无法谈青春，因为友谊是点缀青春的最美的花朵。
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One Size
Doesn’t Fit All
G
enes determine the make-up of all the
body’s proteins,and as medicines travel
through the body they interact with many of these proteins.Small,but normal,variations in
your genes can produce proteins that work differently
from those of your friends or relatives.This can affect
how you respond—or don’t respond—to different
medicines.For example,certain painkillers only work
when body proteins convert them from an inactive
form to an active one.How well these proteins do
their jobs varies considerably between people.As
another example,tiny genetic differences can change
how medicines called statins work to lower blood
cholesterol levels.
Uncovering differences in people’s genetic make-ups
will help health care providers prescribe the right
medicine in the right amount for each person,
making medicines more effective.The payoff will be
preventing unnecessary effects from the one-size-
fits-all medicine dosing that is common today.A
bonus of this type of research will be an increased
understanding of the genes that cause or contribute
to diseases such as cancer,heart disease,diabetes,
depression,and asthma.Pharmacogenetic research
will also help scientists figure out new and better
ways to develop future medicines.
Did You Know?
• Some people get no pain relief from certain
prescription painkillers.
• Certain allergy and asthma medicines work
well for some people but not at all for others.
• Nearly 3 million people in the United States are
at risk for overdose when given the standard
amount of a medicine commonly used to
prevent blood clots.
• A normally safe dose of a leukemia treatment
can,in rare cases,lead to death in a child with
an unusual change in just one gene.
• The National Institutes of Health is sponsoring
research to understand why people can have
such different reactions to medicines.
The National Institutes of Health
aims to improve the health of
all Americans through medical
research that solves mysteries about how the human body normally works—and how and why it doesn’t work when disease or injury occurs.One goal of this research is to help improve the good effects
of medicines while preventing bad reactions.
Y ou can find more information about medicines and medicine safety at the National Library of Medicine’s online health information service, MedlinePlus:/medlineplus/medicines.html。