A New Tire Cord Adhesion Test
简述钢帘线的定义和生产工艺流程
简述钢帘线的定义和生产工艺流程Steel cord is a type of reinforcing material used in rubber products such as tires and conveyor belts. 钢丝帘是一种用于橡胶制品，如轮胎和输送带的一种增强材料。
It is made of high-carbon steel wires twisted together to form a strong and durable cord. 它由高碳钢丝扭曲在一起形成坚固耐用的绳线。
The production process of steel cord involves several key steps that require precision and expertise. 钢帘线的生产过程涉及几个关键步骤，需要精密和专业技术。
From wire drawing to stranding and coating, each stage plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and performance of the final product. 从拉丝到绞股和涂层，每个阶段在确保最终产品的质量和性能方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
One of the initial stages in the production of steel cord is wire drawing, where high-carbon steel wires are drawn through dies to achieve the desired diameter. 钢帘线生产的最初阶段之一是拉丝，在此阶段中，高碳钢丝通过模具拉拔以达到所需的直径。
This process helps in increasing the strength and tensile properties of the wires, which are essential for the performance of the steel cord. 这个过程有助于增加钢丝的强度和抗拉性能，这对于钢帘线的性能至关重要。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerADNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.D.The math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.Say no to your teen when necessary.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of th e National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要⼈),voluptuous nudes, ormiddle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,” says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get itWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed. Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering(争吵).81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see .A. the integration of theory with practiceB. the enthusiasm for breadth of knowledgeC. the rapid division of traditional disciplinesD. the confrontation between specialists and generalists82. The commentator would say that the totality of the sculpture of knowledge .A. is mainly composed of two elementsB. presents two different points of viewC. cannot be perceived from one perspective。
(整理)轮胎术语
按轮胎轴向排列的胎面花纹。
主要适用于无路面条件下行驶的胎面花纹。
主要适用于铺装路面上行驶的胎面花纹。
胎面行驶面中部为公路花纹，两侧为越野花纹的胎面花 纹。
有行驶方向要求的胎面花纹。
适用于泥泞和冰雪路面上行驶的胎面花纹。
名 佳通
胎面花纹块
胎面花纹条 胎面花纹沟 胎面花纹细缝 花纹加强筋 胎面花纹展开图
精品文档 聚丁二烯橡胶 异戊橡胶 乙丙橡胶
再生胶
碳黑 填充剂 促进剂 补强剂 硫化剂 防老剂
佳通 着色剂 软化剂 塑介剂 防焦剂 溶剂 增粘剂 帘布
帘线组织
帘线
支数
旦 密度 胎圈钢丝 气门嘴 钢丝帘线 人造丝
佳通 聚脂帘线 精品文档
Butadiene Rubber
合成橡胶的一种，分子与天然橡胶相同，性质近与天然 BR 胶。
垫带
内胎
Speed Symbol
Framework Material Rim Tread Carcass Shoulder Decoration line Side Wall Rim Line Bead Bead Toe Bead Heel
Flap
Inner Tube
简称 SW
说明
胎面花纹相互之间有一定的距离，且各自独立或部分联 线的凸起部分。 胎面花纹连续的条状凸起部分。 胎面花纹块或条之间的凹下部分。 胎面花纹凸起部分上的细缝，其宽度通常不大于 1.5mm。 胎面花纹沟底部突起的增强筋。
胎面花纹展开后的平面图。
轮胎上的商标、厂名、轮胎规格、轮胎编号和骨架材料 等的模痕和印记。 按规定充气后，在相应的负荷下，轮胎最高行驶速度的 特定符号。 用于构成外胎骨架的纤维织物和金属材料。 在车轮上安装和支撑车轮的部件。 外胎和地面接触的部分。 轮胎构造除胎面、胎侧胶外的其余部分。 位于胎面与胎侧之间。 胎边上装饰用的凸线。 轮胎的侧壁，系指轮胎胎面与胎趾之间的部分。 轮胎装在胎圈上是否装好可用此线判断，位于胎趾附近。 用钢丝圈包于胎圈包布内，经成型后装着于轮圈上。 子口内侧的前端。 子口外侧端。 用于载重汽车、大客车等的轮胎，使内胎免于被钢圈割 伤并隔绝刹车鼓热的橡胶垫片。 用混合胶料制成，并附有气门嘴供轮胎使用。
轮胎专业英语
A 部份1Akron abrasion loss 阿克隆磨耗减量2 abrasion resistance 耐磨耗性能3 abnormal tread wear 胎面异常磨耗4 abrasion resistance index 磨耗指数5 abrasion resistant compound 耐磨耗胶料6 accelerator 硫化促进剂7 accelerated stock 加促进剂胶料8 acceptance test 验收试验9 accessory material 辅助物料10 accumulator 贮布架，蓄压器11 accuracy 准确度，精度12 activated calcium 活性碳酸钙carbonate13 activated zinc oxide 活性氧化锌14 activator 活性剂15 actual road wear test 道路试验16 additional test 追加试验17 additive 添加剂18 adhesive 粘合(着)剂19 adhesion strength 粘合(着)强度20 adhesion applying mach- 涂胶机ine=cementing machine21 adhesive cement 胶浆(糊)22 adjustable tire drum 可调整成型筒23 after cure= post cure 后硫化24 after market tire 替换轮胎=replacement25 after sale (technical) 售后(技术)服务26 AFV=Autoform A型定型硫化机Vulcanizer27 age 老化28 age color 老化变色29 aged properties 老化后性能30 age resistance 耐老化性31 agitating tank 搅拌槽32 agricultural implem- 农机具轮胎ent tire 33 agricultural tire 农业机械轮胎34 air bag 气(水)胎35 air blister 气泡36 air blower 鼓风机37 air bubble 气泡38 air build-up 残留空气=entrapped air39 air compressor 空气压缩机40 air cylinder 气缸41 air impermeability 不透气性;气密性42 air inflation pressure 充气压力43 air leakage 漏气44 alarm 警报器45 allowance 公差;容许差46 all purpose rubber 通用橡胶47 all purpose tire 全天候轮胎48 all season radial tire 全天候子午线轮胎49 all steel radial tire 全钢子午线轮胎50 all terrain vehicle=ATV 全地形越野车辆51 ambient condition 环境条件52 American Society for =ASTM 美国材料Testing and Materials 和试验协会53 antioxidant 抗氧化剂54 antiozonant 抗臭氧剂55 anti-stick agent 防粘剂;隔离剂56 apex 三角胶条57 apparent density 视密度;表观密度58 appearance defect 外观缺陷59 appearance inspection 外观检查60 AQL= 合格水平acceptable quality level61 aramid 芳族聚酰胺纤维62 aromatic oil 芳香族油63 ash content 灰分含量64 aspect ratio 扁平比=轮胎断面高宽比65 atmospheric exposure 大气曝露试验test66 autoclave 硫化罐B 部份67 bag black 袋装碳黑68 bag collector 袋滤器69 bagging 脱辊;不粘辊70 B0M=Bag-o-Matic B型硫化机71 bag opener 解包机;开袋机72 bag stripper 拔气胎机73 bale cutter 切胶机74 banana roll 扩展辊轮;扩展辊轮75 Banbury internal mixer 万马力密炼机76 band 帘布层(筒)，胶带，带束层77 band applicator 套帘布层(筒)装置78 band building machine帘布层(筒)贴合机79 band building method 帘布层(筒)成型法80 bank 辊轮存胶;堆积胶81 bared 缺胶，凹陷，失肉82 bared cord 帘线缺胶(露白)83 barrel 押出机的机筒84 base 胎面胶垫层，底层85 batch 一批，分批式，一手(车)料86 batch-off-machine 吊挂式胶片冷却机87 bead 胎圈部位88 bead apex strip 钢丝圈三角胶条89 bead chafer 钢丝圈包布90 beaded edge tire= BE tire 软边轮胎91 bead filler 三角胶条;填充胶条92 bead flipper 钢丝圈外包布93 bead wire ring grommet line钢丝圈制造线94 bead wire insulation compound 钢丝圈胶95 bead toe 胎趾96 bead unsetting test 脱圈试验97 bead wire ring 钢丝圈98 bead wrapping fabric钢丝圈内包布99 bead wrapping machine钢丝圈内包布缠绕机100 bearing 轴承101 belt 胶带，输送带，带束层102 belt edge strip带束层封边条103 bias cutter 帘布斜裁裁断机104 bias tire 斜交轮胎105 bin 贮罐;料仓;储料桶106 black masterbatch 碳黑母炼胶107 bladder 胶囊108 bladder curing press胶囊硫化机109 bladder turn-up machine=BTU轮胎成型机110 blem 处理(整修)品轮胎111 blemish 缺陷，瑕疵，次级品112 blending 混合，搅拌，共混113 blister=trapped air 气泡114 blister pricker 剌孔(泡)机(器)115 blooming 喷(起)霜116 blowing agent 发泡剂117 blowout 爆破118 bobbin 纱筒，卷线轴，筒管119 body ply 骨架层;帘布层;胎体120 boiler 锅炉121 bolt 螺栓122 bonding 粘合123 booker rack 百页车124 booking 百页车存放125 booster 增压器126 boot 橡胶套，胶靴127 bored roll 空心辊轮128 boss 圆凸部(压模)129 brake 剎车;制动130 brand(mark) 商标131 brass coated(plated) steel wire镀黄铜钢丝132 breakdown 破胶，塑炼，软化133 breaker 缓冲层134 bromobutyl rubber溴化丁基橡胶butyl135 bubble 气泡136 bucket conveyor 斗式输送机137 buffing 打磨138 building drum 成型筒(鼓)139 bulge 鼓出;隆起，特大气泡，凸出140 burst=blow-out 爆破141 butadiene rubber =BR丁二烯橡胶142 butting splicer 对接接顗机143 butyl rubber=IIR丁基橡胶144 by-pass 旁通管;副线;支路C 部份145 calcium carbonate 碳酸钙146 calendar gauge 压延测厚仪147 calendaring 压延工艺，压延加工148 calibration 校正149 caliper type gauge 游标卡尺150 camber angle 汽车前轮倾斜角151 cambered roll 中高辊轮152 capacity 容量，能力，负荷量153 cap and base 胎冠与基部154 cap ply 冠带层，缓冲布层155 carbon black 碳黑156 carbon black master batch碳黑母炼胶157 carcass 胎体，骨架，帘布层158 cement 胶浆(胡涂)，胶粘159 cement spraying machine喷浆机160 centering 定中心161 center line 中心线162 center poster BOM用中心机构(立柱) 163 center to center 中心距164 chafer 胎圈包布165 chamber 密炼室166 character 性质，特性167 charging door 密炼机入料口168 check valve 止回阀，逆止阀169 chilling roll 冷却辊筒170 chipping-chunking 花纹块掉崩171 chrome plated 镀铬172 circulating water 循环水173 clamping force 上下模闭合(如BOM) 174 clamping pressure 合模(锁模)压力175 clay 陶土176 clearance between rolls 辊距，辊缝177 Cl-IIR=chlorobutyl rubber氯化丁基橡胶178 clutch 离合器179 coating 涂胶，覆胶，贴胶180 code 代号，代码，编码181 coil 线圈，旋管182 cold feed extruder 冷喂料押出机183 cold flow 冷流现象184 collector 收集器185 color tire 彩色轮胎186 color variation 色差187 column type curing press立柱式硫化机188 compatibility of plasticizer增塑剂兼容性189 compensating roller=dancer roller松紧调节辊;活动辊190 compensator=accumulator补偿器191 component assembly部件组装成型192 component parts 组件;零组件193 composite tread 复合胶面194 compound 配方(合);胶料;化合物195 compound breakdown胶料软化;破胶196 compound design配方设计197 compounding 混合;配合;混炼;配料作业198 compression deflection characteristics压缩变形特性199 compression set 压缩永久变形200 AIR compressor 压缩机201 CAD=computer aided design计算机辅助设计202 consumption of energy 耗电量203 contamination 污染;沾污204 control panel 控制屏(板)205 cord 帘布206 core 气门阀之气心207 corrosion 腐蚀;侵蚀208 CIF=cost,insurance,and freight成本，保险，运费209 coupling 偶合;联结;联轴节210 cracking 龟裂;裂纹;裂缝;开裂211 creel room 锭子(筒子架)房212 curing 硫化213 curing press 硫化机214 cushion 缓冲215 cut growth resistance耐割口成长216 cyclone 旋风分离器217 cylinder 气缸;液压缸;机筒218 CZ=CBTS 促进剂CZ橡胶工厂常用字汇王该再编D 部份219 damaged tire 废胎;损坏轮胎220 damping rubber 减振橡胶221 dancer roll 浮动辊;张力调节辊222 day hopper 日贮斗;一天用量料斗223 daylight 上下热板间距224 daylight press 平板硫化机225 day storage bin 一天用量料仓226 DBP absorption test 碳黑吸油试验227 deadline 最后期限;截止期228 deep tread tire 深花纹轮胎229 deflect 缺陷230 deflection 变形;下沉量231 defoaming 消泡232 deformation 变形233 degradation of rubber 橡胶老化变质234 degree of cure 硫化程度235 delivery 发货236 demounting of tire拆卸轮胎237 density 密度238 deodorant 除臭剂239 depreciation 折旧240 depth of thread 螺纹深度241 design and construction设计与施工242 designation of tire 轮胎标称243 detail drawing 详图244 detector 探测器245 deviation 偏差246 diagonal construction tire斜交轮胎247 dial gage 厚度计248 diameter 直径249 diaphragm valve隔膜阀250 die 口型;口金;模型251 die swell ratio 押出膨胀率252 digital display unit 数字显示装置253 dimension 尺寸;尺度;大小254 dimensional stability尺寸稳定性255 dipping 浸渍; 浸胶256 dipped cord (fabric) 浸渍帘线(布)257 direct cure 直接蒸气硫化258 directional tread pattern有方向胎面花纹259 direction of rotation 轮胎滚动方向260 discharge door 卸料门261 discoloration 变色;褪色;脱色262 dispersion 分散263 displacement 位移264 display 显示;显示器265 disposal of sewage 污水处理266 distortion ply=wrinkled ply布层打折267 distribution curve 分布曲线268 distribution of particle size粒子分布269 distributor 分配器;分散剂270 dog-leg=bend 弯曲;不直271 dog-skin=surface roughness 表面粗糙272 dolly 混炼胶;厂间运搬车273 dome 硫化罩; 蒸气室274 DOT=Department of Transportation 美国交通运输部275 double check 复核276 double coated cord fabric双面覆胶帘布277 down stream line equipment 下辅机278 dressing 修饰剂;光亮剂279 dried air cure=hot air cure 热空气硫化280 dryer 干燥机281 drilled chamber(roll)钻孔式密炼室(辊) 282 drive motor 驱动马达283 drop door discharge device摆动式卸料装置(密炼机)284 drum 成型鼓285 drum test machine鼓式轮胎里程试验机286 dry heat autoclave间接蒸气硫化罐287 dual purpose calender line双用钢丝/帘子布覆胶流程线288 dumping temperature 密炼机排胶温度289 duplex extruder 双复合押出机290 durability test 耐久性试验291 duration of service (设备)使用年限292 dynamic/ static balancing tester动态/静态平衡试验机橡胶工厂常用字汇王该再编E 部份293 earth-moving tire 工程机械轮胎294 eccentric wear 偏磨耗;偏心磨损295 edge breaks 边裂;破边296 edge thickness of flap 垫带边缘厚度297 elasticity 弹性298 elastic resilience 回弹性299 elastomer 弹性体300 elbow 弯头301 electrical conductive rubber 导电橡胶302 electrical insulation compound绝缘材料303 electrical knife 电热刀304 electric power house(station)变电所(站) 305 electric lift truck 电动叉车306 electric utility sub-station变电站307 electric vehicle 电动车308 electric wire 电线309 elevation 标高310 elevator 升降机;电梯;提升机311 elevator bucket 提升机吊斗312 elevator platform 升降台313 elliptical tire 椭圆形轮胎314 elliptic contract area 椭圆形接地面积315 elongation 伸长率316 elongation at break扯断伸长率317 embedded parts 预埋件318 emboss roll 压花辊轮319 emergency 紧急320 emergency break-off紧急剎车装置321 emergency facility 应急设备322 emergency tire 备用轮胎323 empty sack baling machine空袋打包机324 empty weight 空车重量;车辆自重325 emulsion 乳化;乳液326 emulsion paint 乳液涂料327 emulsion rubber 乳液聚合橡胶328 emulsion type styrene butadiene rubber乳聚丁苯(SBR)橡胶329 end 端点;帘纱根数330 ends per inch 经纱(支)数/英寸331 endurance test 耐久性试验;疲劳试验332 end-use product (最终)产品333 energy capacity 破坏能;能量容量334 energy efficient 节能的;省油的;省电的335 engineering cost 工程设计费336 engineering design change工程设计变更337 engineering design review工程设计审查338 engineering feasibility study 技术上的可行性研究339 engineering specification 工程规模340 engraved tire mold 刻花(型)的胎模341 engraving machine刻花机(模具)342 entrained air=entrapped内部气泡;暗泡343 entrance 进口;入口344 environmental temperature环境温度345 environmental testing 天候老化试验346 EPDM=ethylene-propylene dienemonomer 三元乙丙橡胶347 equal distance wear 等距磨秏348 equilibrium tire=balanced tire平衡轮胎349 error allowance 容许误差350 escape hole 气孔;透气孔351 estimated delivery date估计交货日期352 etching 化学浸蚀刻花353 ETRTO=European Tire and RimTechnical Organization欧洲轮胎和轮圈技术组织354 evaluation test 验证试验355 even-speed mill 等速炼胶机356 even tread wear 胎面均匀磨秏357 examination inspection 肉眼检查358 excess rubber 溢胶;毛边359 expander roll 扩布辊360 expansion joint伸缩缝;伸缩接头;膨胀节361 expansion ratio 膨胀率362 experimental design实验计划363 exposed cord in bead胎圈露线364 extruder 押(挤)出机365 extrusion profile 押出物断面形状橡胶工厂常用字汇王该再编F 部份366 fabric 编织物;布;帘布367 fabric bias cutter帘布裁断机368 fabric festoon storage compensator蓄布器369 facility 设施;设备;装置370 factor of safety安全系数371 factory scrap 生产废料372 fading 褪色;脱色373 failure 破坏;不合格374 failure analysis 故障分析;失败分析375 farm front wheel tire农用拖拉机前轮轮胎376 farm implement tire 农机具轮胎377 fast cure rubber 快速硫化橡胶378 fatigue cracking 疲劳龟裂379 fatigue-to-failure test疲劳破坏试验380Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard =FMVSS美国联邦汽车安全标准381 feedback 回馈;反馈382 feed inlet 进料口383 feed zone 螺杆供料区384 FEF=fast extruding furnace black快押出炉黑385 festoon 蓄布器386 fiber=fibre 纤维387 fiber glass 玻璃纤维388 filament 丝;单纤维389 filament yarn 长丝纱(线)390 filler 填充剂;三角胶芯;填补胶条391 filling factor 填充系数392 filter 过滤器393 final batch 终炼胶394 final end-product制品;成品395 final inspection station成品检查站396 final mixing 终炼397 fineness 粒子细度;粒度;纯度398 finger FT成型机帘布卷上之机械指399 finish 表面修饰;表面修饰剂400 fire engine hose消防胶管401 fireproof coating 防火涂层402 first bandage 第一帘布筒403 first ply 第一层帘布404 first stage building machine一段成型机405 fitting line 安装线;定位线;轮圈线406 fit tire 装配轮胎407 fix 固定;装配408 flame resistant agent 耐燃剂;阻燃剂409 flange 法兰;凸缘410 flap 垫带;挡泥板411 flashing 溢胶;胶边412 flat–free tire 防爆轮胎413 flat spot 停车变形;(胎面)平点414 flat width of inner tube 内胎平迭宽度415 flaw 缺陷;瑕疵;毛病416 flex break 屈挠断裂417 flexibility test 屈挠性试验418 flipper 钢丝圈外包布;外护圈包布419 floating 浮动;密炼机上顶栓浮动420 flow chart 流程图421 foam filled tire 海绵芯轮胎422 foldable spare tire 可折迭备用轮胎423 footprint (contact area) 接地面积424 foreign material 杂质;异料425 fork lift 堆高机;叉车426 former 成型机头;钢丝圈缠卷机头427 formula 配方428 foundation bolt 底脚螺栓429 four-wheel drive 四轮传动430 frame 框架;机架431 free radius 自由半径;无负荷半径432 friction heat build-up摩擦生热433 front roll 前辊434 frosting 喷白霜;泛白;去光泽435 fuel efficiency 燃料热值;燃烧效率436 full scale production 全能生产437 full steel radial tire全钢子午线轮胎438 fully-automatic production line全自动生产线439 furnace black 炉法碳黑G部分440 gage=gauge 厚度;钢丝直径441 gap=nip 辊距;辊隙442 garden tractor tire园艺拖拉机轮胎443 gasket 密封垫;垫片;垫圈444 gasoline consumption 汽油消耗量445 gas permeability 透气性446 gate 卸料门;注口;料口447 gate valve 闸阀448 GC=gas chromatography气相色谱法449 gear box 齿轮箱;传动箱450 gear ratio 齿轮传动比;速比451 gear reducer 齿轮减速机452 gel 凝胶453 general purpose rubber通用橡胶454 generator 发生器;发电机455 glue 胶糊;胶浆456 Go-Kart tire 低速赛车轮胎457 go-no-go gauge 过与不过验规458 Goodrich Flexometer固特里奇屈挠试验机459 GPF=general purpose furnace back通用炉碳黑460 grass mover tire 割草机轮胎461 grease 润滑脂462 green strength 生胶强度463 green tire 生胎;胎坯;环保(绿色)轮胎464 green tire loader生胎装胎器465 green tire painting生胎喷隔离剂466 green tire shaping 生胎定型467 green tire truck 生胎搬运小车468 green tube 生内胎;内胎坯469 grinding machine 研磨机;粉碎机470 grip ability 轮胎抓着力471 grommet 垫环;绝对圈;橡胶密封圈472 groove 轮胎花纹沟;沟槽;螺纹473 groove cracking花纹沟龟裂474 groove depth 花纹沟深度475 gross output value 总产值476 gross volume of chamber密炼室总容量477 ground calcium carbonate重质碳酸钙478 ground contact area 轮胎接地面积479 grown dimension 轮胎膨胀尺寸480 grown inner tube 胀大内胎481 grown tire 胀大轮胎482 grown tire overall diameter胀大轮胎外径483 grown tire overall width胀大轮胎总幅度484 guaranteed tire mileage轮胎保证里程485 guide plate 开炼机档胶板486 guide roll 导轮487 gum 纯胶;橡胶;软胶H 部份(1)488 HAF=high abrasion furnace black高耐磨炉碳黑489 hair cracking 细龟裂;细裂纹490 half-and –half wear轮胎偏磨耗491 hand barrow 手推车492 hand cart tire 手推车轮胎493 handling and stability test 操纵性和稳定性试验494 handling equipment搬运设备495 handmade article 手工制品496 hand –operation 手工操作497 hand roller 手压辊498 hanging-up 挂料;工作架499 hardness 硬度500 headquarters factory 总厂501 heat ageing test 热老化试验502 heat build-up 生热性;发热性;生热503 heat exchanger 热交换器504 heat expansion 热膨胀505 heat growth 轮胎发热胀大506 heat hysteresis loss 热滞后损失507 heat insulation 保温;隔热508 heat resistant conveyor belt耐热输送带509 heat shrinkage 热收缩510 heat treatment 热处理511 heavy duty tire=truck tire载重汽车轮胎512 heavy equipment tire工程机械轮胎H 部份(2)513 heel 胎跟;鞋后跟514 HE (Hooked edge) tire钩边轮胎515 hexagonal bead insulating and winding line六角形钢丝圈押出缠绕联动线516 high filler loading capacity高填充量517 high frequency 高频率518 high loadings 高填充量519 high modulus compound高模量胶料520 high molecular weight高分子量521 high-performance tire高性能轮胎522 high precision calender 高精度压延机523 high pressure tire 高压轮胎524 high-quality tire 高质量轮胎525 high speed performance test高速性能试验526 high speed tire 高速轮胎527 high structure carbon black 高结构碳黑528 high-styrene rubber 苯乙烯丁苯橡胶529 high table bias cutter 高台式裁纱机530 high temperature vulcanization高温硫化531 highway tread pattern公路花纹532 hoist 起吊装置533 holes 气泡;气孔534 homogeneous mixing均匀混合535 hopper 料斗;加料斗536 horizontal bias cutter 卧式裁纱机537 horsepower 马力538 hot feed extruder 热喂料押出机539 hot room 烘胶房540 humidity stability 湿度稳定性541 hydraulic tire curing press液压式轮胎硫化机542 hydrostatic burst test水压爆破试验543 hysteresis property 滞后性质I 部份(1)544 idler roll 惰辊;空转辊545 idle time 闲空时间;停歇时间546 IIR=isobutene-isoprene rubber丁基橡胶547 impact tester 冲击试验机548 impermeability to gas不透性;气密性549 implement tire 农机具轮胎550 improper inflation不标准内压551 impurity 不纯物;杂物552 incorporation time混合时间;吃粉时间553 increment 增量;余差554 indicator 指示器;指示剂555 indirect drive 间接传动;大齿轮传动556 indoor drum test 空内里程试验557 industrial tire 工业用轮胎556 inflammability 易燃性559 inflated tire dimension充气后轮胎尺寸560 inflation pressure (of tire)轮胎内压561 ingredient 配合剂562 initial feasibility studies初步可行性分析563 injection molding machine射出成型机564 inlet 入口;进入565 inner-liner 内面胶;内衬层;气密层566 inner peripheral dimension内周长567 inner tube 内胎568 in-process material加工用原料;半成品569 inside green-tire painting生胎内喷涂570 insoluble sulfur 不溶性硫黄571 inspection 检验;检查572 insulated material 绝缘材料573 interchangeable parts可互换性配件574 internal mixer 密闭式混炼机575 International Rubber HardnessDegree=IRHD国际橡胶硬度(标度) 576 inventory 库存量577 iodine value 碘值578 ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂579 IR=Isoprene Rubber异戊二烯橡胶580 irregular tread wear胎面偏磨581 ISAF=Intermediate Super AbrasionFurnace Black中超耐磨炉黑582 ISO=International Organization forStandardization国际标准化组织583 isothermal 等温的J 部份584 jack 千斤顶585 jacket 夹套;外皮;外套586 jacket autoclave夹套式硫化罐587 JATMA=Japanese Auto TireManufacturers’ Association日本汽车轮胎制造者协会588 jig 夹具589 JIS=Japanese Industrial Standard日本工业标准590 JLB=jointless band 无接头带朿层591 joint angle 接头角度592 joint length 接头长度593 joint strength接头强度594 joint tube 有接头内胎595 JV=joint venture 合资企业K 部份596 Kaolin(clay) 高岭土597 kerbing damage 路边伤598 kerbing ribs 胎侧保护线599 key component 主要组成600 key properties 主要性能601 kick-off 开始602 kinetic energy动能603 kinetic friction动态摩擦604 kinetic wheel balancer车轮动平衡测试仪605 kiss roll 贴胶辊;涂布辊606 kneader 捏炼机607 knife bar 涂胶刀;刮浆刀608 knockout pin 推出销;推顶销609 know –how 专门技术;诀窍610 kps=kilopoises千泊(粘度单位)611 KWH=kilowatt-hour千瓦-小时=电度数L 部份612 lab.=laboratory 试验室613 label 商标胶条片;标签614 laboratory mixing mill试验室用炼胶机615 laboratory shop试验工场616 laminated structure 迭层结构617 lamp black 灯黑618 laser calibrator激光(激光)校正仪619 laser velocimeter激光(激光)测速仪620 lateral cracking胎肩周向(横向)龟裂621 lateral direction横向;侧向622 lateral force 侧向力623 lateral run-out=LRO侧向尺寸偏差624 lateral stability侧向稳定性625 latex 乳胶626 latex adhesive乳胶粘合剂627 lawn mover tire划草机轮胎628 layout 设备布置629 lay separation分层;脱层630 L/D=length-to-diameter ratio螺杆长径比631 leakage test 泄漏试验;气密性试验632 leak-proof tube自封式内胎633 left-hand mill 左传动开炼机634 let-off stand导出装置635 lettering轮胎(胎侧)刻字636 level control 料位控制;液面控制637 LFD=lateral force deviation横向力偏移638 LFV= lateral force variation横向力变化639 lifter 升降机;电梯640 light-colored sheet浅色胶片641 light truck tire轻型卡车轮胎642 limitation 限度;界限643 limit switch限位开关;行程开关644 linear speed (velocity) 线速度645 liner 垫布;气密层646 load 负荷;荷重647 load cell负荷传感器648 load index 负荷指数649 loading & unloading装模与卸模650 loading capacity 载荷能力;充填容量651 loading chamber 装(加)料室652 loading chuck 装生胎托盘653 load rating 负荷级别;额定负荷654 loose bead胎圈脱松散(松散)(破裂) 655 loose cord 帘布散乱(松弛)656 loose tread 胎面脱空橡胶工厂常用字汇王该再编657 loose wire 钢丝脱落658 loss angle 力学损耗角659 loss factor 损耗因素660 loss in weight 减量661 loose modulus 损耗模量662 loose of wear 磨耗损失663 lot=batch 批664 lot identification mark 产品批号665 lot inspection 按批检查666 low aspect ratio tire低偏平比轮胎667 low pressure tire 低压轮胎668 low profile tire 低断面轮胎669 low section (height) tire低断面轮胎670 low speed tire 低速轮胎671 low temperature resistance耐寒性672 low unsaturated rubber低不饱和橡胶673 LT tire=light truck tire轻型载重车轮胎674 lubricant 润滑剂;隔离剂;脱模剂675 lubricating grease 润滑脂676 lubricating oil 润滑油677 lug 花纹块(越野车)678 lug type tread pattern模纹胎面花纹M 部份679 M=MBT=mercaptobenzothiazole促进剂M680 machinery 机械;设备;装置681 machinery lay-out机械布置682 machine shop 机械修理场683 magnesium oxide=MgO氧化镁684 magnetic clutch 电磁离合器685 main control room主控制室686 maintenance downtime停(机检)修时间687 major service 大修688 mandrel 铁心;芯轴689 manual of engineering instruction 技术说明书690 manual operation 手工操作691 manual truck 手推车692 marginal effect 边际效应693 mark 标记;标线694 mask 面罩695 masterbatch 母炼胶696 master gear 大齿轮697 master sample 标准样品698 masticated rubber 塑炼胶699 masticating mill 塑炼机700 mastication 塑炼;捏炼701 material servicer 供料器702 maximum allowable pressure最大容许压力703 maximum clearance 最大间隙704 maximum load 最大负荷705 maximum overall diameter in service最大使用外直径706 maximum overall width in service最大使用总宽度707 maximum permissible inflation pressure最大允许充气压力708 maximum permissible service temperature 最大允许操作温度709 maximum speed 最高速度710 MBTS=DM=benzothiazyl diaslfide促进剂DM711 measurement 测量;测定;计量;尺寸;大小712 mechanical rubber goods橡胶工业制品713 mechanism of abrasion 磨粍机理(构) 714 medium-duty truck tire中型载重轮胎715 melting point=m.p. 熔点716 membrane for diaphragm pump隔膜泵膜片717 mesh 筛孔;筛号;每吋孔数718 metal detector 金属侦测器719 metal/rubber bonding 金属/橡胶粘合720 mica powder 云母粉721 micro-crystalline wax 微晶蜡(蜡)722 microscope camera 显微照相机723 migration of wax 石蜡迁移(喷出)橡胶工厂常用字汇王该再编M 部份724 mill banding 包辊(现象)725 mill mixing 辊轮(开炼机)混炼726 mill warm-up 辊轮(开炼机)热炼727 minimum burst pressure 最小爆破压力728 minimum dual spacing 最小双胎间距729 minimum width of flatting flap垫带最小展开宽度730 minor overhaul 小检修731 misaligned mould 未校准模型;错位模具732 misalignment of tire装胎偏斜不正733 misalignment of valve hole轮胎气门咀孔位置不正734 mixing chamber 混炼室(密炼机)735 mixing cycle time 混炼周期736 mixing order 混炼顺序737 mixing plant (room)炼胶厂738 mixture of antioxidants 混合防老剂739 mobile home 活动旅游家庭车740 modulus 模量;模量741 modulus at 300% elongation 300%定伸应力742 moisture content 含湿量;含水率743 mold alignment 合模准确744 mold clamping mechanism合模机构745 mold edge misalignment模边错位746 mold engraving machine模具雕刻机747 mold parting line 合模线748 moment 力矩;转矩749 monitor 监测(控)器750 monkey spanner 活动扳手751 mono-chafer 单丝编织的防擦布752 mono-ply tire 单层胎体轮胎753 mono-steel cord tire单层钢丝帘布轮胎754 Mooney scorch time木尼焦烧时间755 Mooney Viscometer 木尼粘度仪756 Mooney Viscosity 木尼粘度757 moped tire机器脚踏两用车胎758 motorcycle tire 摩托车胎759 mountain bike tire登山车轮胎760 mounting of tire 安装轮胎761 MPG=miles per gallon每加仑汽油行驶的哩数762 M & S tire=mud & snow tire雪泥轮胎763 multi-daylight press多层平板硫化机764 multiple extruder 多头复合押出机765 multiply tire 多层(帘布)轮胎766 multipoint recorder 多点记录仪767 multi-purpose furnace black多用炉黑768 multi-stage compressor多段压缩机769 multi-stage mastication 多段塑炼770 multi-stage mixing 多段混炼771 MVSS=Motor Vehicle Safety Standard美国汽车安全标准772 MW=molecular weight 分子量773 MWD= molecular weight distribution 分子量分布N 部份774 naphthenic oil 环烷基油775 natural rubber latex天然橡胶乳液776 NBR=nitrile-butadiene rubber丁腈橡胶777 neoprene 氯丁橡胶778 nip adjustment辊距调节装置779 nitrogen adsorption surface area氮吸附法表面积(碳黑)780 nitrosoable material可形成亚硝基的物质781 noise level 噪音强度782 nominal dimension 标称尺寸783 non-black reinforcing filler非黑色补强剂784 non-blooming ingredient 不喷霜配合剂785 non-destructive inspection非破坏性检验786 non-directional tire 无方向花纹轮胎787 non-discolouring 不变色的788 non-inflammability 不燃性789 non-skid 耐滑的;防滑的790 non-soluble sulfur 不溶性硫磺791 non-staining 非污染性的792 non-toxic formula 无毒的配方橡胶工厂常用字汇王该再编N 部份793 non-woven fabrics 不织布794 normal air pressure 正常内压795 normal distribution 常态分配796 nozzle 喷嘴797 NR=natural rubber 天然橡胶798 nylon 6 cord 尼龙6帘布799 nylon 66 尼龙66帘布800 nylon bandage 尼龙冠带层O 部份801 observation check 目眼观察检查802 observed value 观测值803 OD=outer diameter 外径804 odorant 芳香剂805 off-center tread 非对称胎面806 off-center ply 贴合不对称(帘布) 807 off-grades 格外品808 off-line operation 离线作业809 off-loading 卸料810 offset 偏位811 off-the-road tire=OTR tire越野/工程轮胎812 oil resistance test 耐油试验813 oil seal 油封814 one stage building machine一次法成型机815 on-line operation 联机(在线)作业816 on-off controller 通断双位控制器817 on stream 开工818 on-the-road tire好路面轮胎;公路轮胎819 open cords 帘线间隔变宽松(轮胎缺陷) 820 open mill 开放式炼胶机;开炼机821 open mold 模缝溢胶822 open splice=open tread joint胎面接头裂开823 open steam oven直接蒸汽硫化罐824 open steel cord 开放式结构钢丝帘线825 open tie in 帘布层反包端部脱开826 operating desk 操作台827 operating sequence diagram操作顺序828 operator 作业员829 optimum cure point正硫化点830 optimum cure time最适硫化时间831 organic chemicals 有机药品832 orifice 小孔;模口833 original equipment tire原装配轮胎834 original sample 原试样835 O-ring O型环836 O-ring gasket O型垫圈837 O-ring packing O型环密封838 O-ring seals O型环密封圈839 oscillating 振动840 osmosis 渗透作用841 osmotic pressure 渗透压力842 outdoor aging 室外老化843 outdoor (exposure) test室外(曝露)试验844 outdoor weathering test室外自然老化试验845 outer body plies 帘布外层846 outlet pressure/temperature出口压力/温度847 output rate 产量;生产率848 outside appearance 外观849 oven 烘箱;硫化罐850 oven aging 热老化851 oven-heated crude rubber预热生胶852 oven post cure 烘箱二次硫化853 over-acceleration 促进剂过量854 over-all cycle 总混炼周期855 overall performance总体性能856 overall tire width 轮胎最大断面宽度857 over cured 硫化过度858 over flow trimmer 修边机859 overhaul 检修860 overhead cost 间接费用;总开支861 over-inflated tire 内压过高的轮胎862 overlap 重迭;搭接863 overloaded tire 超载轮胎864 oxidation inhibitor 氧化抑止剂865 oxygen aging 氧老化866 ozone aging 臭氧老化867 ozone cracking test臭氧老化(龟裂)试验868 ozone test chamber 臭氧老化试验箱P 部份869 package 包装870 pad 垫871 painting 涂隔离剂;涂脱模剂872 pallet 托盘;托板;板条箱;栈板873 paraffinic oil 石蜡油874 paraffinic wax石蜡875 parameter 参数876 Para-rubber 巴拉橡胶877 part by volume(weight) 体积(重量)份878 partial automation 半自动化879 particle diameter 粒子直径880 particle fineness 粒子细度881 particle size distribution 粒子大小分布882 parting line 合模线;分型线883 parting line flash 分型线流失胶884 pass 合格;通过辊筒885 passenger tire 轿车轮胎886 paste adhesive 糊状胶粘剂887 patch 修补轮胎的胶片888 pattern 花纹;样式;模型889 pattern roll 刻花辊筒890 PCD=pitch circle diameter螺孔距圆周直径891 PCI=post cure inflation硫化后充气892 PCR=passenger car radial tire轿车子午线(辐射层)轮胎893 peel adhesion test 剥离试验894 peel off 剥离;掉块;脱皮895 pellet 颗粒(珠状;丸状)896 pelletizing of carbon black 碳黑造粒897 pencil bank 薄(小量)堆积胶898 pendulum impact test摆锤式冲击试验899 peptizer 塑解剂900 performance characteristics使用性能901 performance tire 高性能轮胎902 permanent compression set永久压缩变形903 permeability 渗透性;透气性904 PH=power of hydrogen酸碱值905 physical properties物理性能906 picking up 附胶量;附着量907 pigment 颜料;着色剂908 pilot plant 试验工厂909 pilot production 试产;试制910 pin barrel extruder 销钉式押出机911 pinhole 针孔912 pinion (gear)传动齿轮913 pin key 销键914 piping detail 配管详图915 piston 活塞;柱塞916 pitch 沥青;间距;节距;齿距;螺距917 pitch of tread design胎面花纹间距918 plain roll 光辊轮919 plain stitcher 平面滚压轮920 plant 工厂;装置;植物921 plant layout工厂布置;工艺布置922 plant water 生产用水923 plaster casting (molding)石膏模注型法924 plasticated rubber 塑炼胶925 plastication 塑炼; 塑化;软化926 plasticity test 可塑度(性)试验927 plastic tubing 塑料管928 plate 板材;压板;板929 platen press 平板硫化机930 platform 平台931 platform (weighing) scale 台秤932 plies 帘布层933 plug 塞子;芯孔;补洞胶塞934 plunger 柱塞935 plunger energy test轮胎柱塞(能量)试验;轮胎破坏能试验936 ply adhesion test 帘布层粘着试验937 ply angle 帘布贴合角度938 ply rating=PR 轮胎层级939 ply separation 脱层;脱空940 ply servicer 帘布层供料装置941 ply turn ups帘布反包端942 pneumatic tire 充气轮胎943 pneumatic transport 管道气体输送944 pocket building machine帘布筒贴合机945 point of tire-road contact轮胎接地面积956 polyester tire cord 聚酯轮胎帘布957 polymer 聚合物958 porosity 多孔性;气孔959 PCI= post cure inflation硫化后充气960 power consumption 功率消耗961 power factor 功率因子962 PPM=parts per million百万分之几; 963 precipitated calcium carbonate轻质碳酸钙964 precision calender 精密压延机965 pre-cure 预硫化966 pre-forming 预成型967 pre-heating 预热968 premium grades 优等品969 pre-scorch 早期焦烧970 press 平板硫化机;压台971 pressure reguater 压力调节器972 pressure gage 气压表973 pressure regulator 调压器974 pressure tank 压力槽975 pressure transducer 压力传感器976 pressure vessel 压力容器;高压罐977 pre-tire assembly 外胎成型前准备978 preventive maintenance预防性检修979 pre-warming of mold 硫化模预热980 PRI=plasticity retention index 塑性保持指数;抗氧指数981 pricker bar剌气泡棒(压延机消泡用) 982 pricker roll 带剌辊983 primary accelerator 主促进剂984 probability of acceptance合格(接收)概率985 probability of rejection不合格(拒收)概率986 processability 加工性能;操作性能987 process aid 加工助剂988 process chart 工艺流程图989 process control 操作控制990 process failure翻胎加工缺陷; 翻新损坏991 processing safety 操作安全992 processing scrap 返回胶;回收胶993 process oil 加工油994 process water 生产用水995 product failure 出废品;质量事故996 production bottle neck生产瓶颈环节997 production run 大量生产;成批生产998 production verification生产验证999 productive maintenance生产保全1000 product yield 产品产率1001 profile calender 压型压延机1002 profiling 压型；出型1003 programmable logic controller=PLC可编逻辑程控器1004 projected area 投影面积1005 promoting bonding 增进粘合1006 propeller blade 螺旋桨叶1007 proportional divider 比率分配器1008 proportioning by volume(weight)按体积（重量）比率定量供给。
涂层附着力试验 Adhesion Test
附着力试验 Adhesion Test1．小刀法 Knife test1-1测试方法1)用小刀切割涂料表面，切割深度到达钢板，2刀划出一个锐角。
2)使用小刀在角尖的开始推刀，感受目标涂层间的附着力。
1-2评估方法凭借感觉作出附着力评估，此法很受个人因素的影响。
2. 划格法（Cross hatch and tape test）2-1测试方法1) 使用小刀以及划格器（Cut guide）, 在涂料表面切割，切割深度到达钢板。
划出2X2mm或者4X4mm 的5 X 5 的25 个格子。
2）使用胶带（Tape）黏附于方格表面，用拇指按压胶带，使其充分黏附。
呈45度角拉除胶带。
划格器Cut guide 2 X 2mm 25 个格子胶带45度角拉除2-2 评估方法观察25格中被黏附脱落的情况作出评估。
例如 10/25（在25格中被胶带拉下15格，留下10格）3. 拉拔法（Pull-off test）3-1. 测试方法（ISO 4624: 2002. Pull-off test for adhesion）1)用砂皮打磨测试表面，使其平整，并清洁表面。
2)试验用dolly 表面用砂皮磨平，并清洁。
3)在dolly的表面涂布胶水，放置于要测试的表面，并用胶带固定4)等待足够的时间让胶水固化(但组分胶水1小时 , 环氧胶水1天)5)用工具切割dolly的四周.6)用拉拔试验仪器拔下dolly 并记录结果拍照。
* 被测试涂层需要充分干燥(More than 7 days at 20℃)胶水固化的dolly放垫片归零3-3 评估方法先定义好不同情况的所代表的字母A: Adhesion fairlure between steel and 1st coat钢板和第一度漆的层间断裂B: Cohesion failure of 1st coat第一度漆的层内断裂C: Adhesion fairlure between 1st & 2nd coat第一和第二度漆的层间断裂D: Cohesion failure of 2nd coat第二度漆的层内断裂E: Failure of glue胶水断裂然后作出评估Dolly No. No. 1 No.5 No.-- Glue type Epoxy gule Epoxy gule Epoxy guleAdhesive Results 4.9 N/mm2100% E4.7 N/mm210%B, 85%D, 5%E5.0 N/mm290%B, 10%DPhoto3-4 拉力标准1N/mm2 = 10 kgf/cm2 = 1 MPa环氧涂料体系Ratio of adhesion failure 层间断裂的比例拉力(N/mm2) 100~70% 69~11% 低于10%Over 4.5 10 10 103.5~4.4 9 10 103.0~3.4 8 9 102.5~2.9 7 8 102.0~2.4 6 7 101.5~1.9 4 5 81.0~1.4 2 3 6Below 1.0 1 2 410 point = Excellent很好8~9 point = good 好1~ 7 point = 不合格的8~10 points 是被认可的。
轮胎英文简介tire
Introduction
also spelled Tyre, a continuous band that encircles the rim of a wheel and forms a tread that rolls on either a road, a prepared track, or the ground.
automobiles. In that decade Michelin introduced the radial-ply tire, which is now standard for all automobiles in developed countries. Pneumatic tires are usually retained on the wheel through the use of beads (hoops of wire) that are molded into the tire edges. The tire edges are placed in a shaped channel on the wheel rim's circumference and are held firmly against the channel's edges by the pressure exerted once the tire is inflated with air. Pressures range from about 30 pounds per square inch (200 kilopascals) for large, soft tires to approximately 100 pounds per square inch (700 kilopascals) for high-pressure, high-load applications. The pressure is carried by layers of cords embedded in a rubber cover that in turn serves to contain the air, protect the cords, and give high friction with the ground. This felicitous combination is the reason why pneumatic tires are so widely used for transportation. More than 200 million of them are manufactured for motor vehicles alone each year, 90 percent for automobiles and 10 percent for trucks. Pneumatic tires are designed to meet five main goals: low rolling resistance, low vertical stiffness (to cushion the ride), high sliding friction in both wet and dry conditions, high longitudinal and lateral stiffness (to minimize sliding motions in the “contact patch” where the tread meets the road), and resistance to wear and damage such as cutting, puncturing, and abrasion. In order to achieve these goals, tire designers must choose appropriate combinations of materials and structures, such as those described below.
轮胎术语及其定义
轮胎装在胎圈上是否装好可用此线判断，位于胎趾附近。
胎圈
Bead
用钢丝圈包于胎圈包布内，经成型后装着于轮圈上。
胎趾
Bead Toe
子口内侧的前端。
胎踵
Bead Heel
子口外侧端。
垫带
Flap
用于载重汽车、大客车等的轮胎，使内胎免于被钢圈割伤并隔绝刹车鼓热的橡胶垫片。
内胎
Inner Tube
防焦剂
Retarder
防止配合橡胶在硫化工程之前的加工作业中引起早期硫化而添加的配合剂。
溶剂
Solvent
橡胶糊的制造或橡胶片粘合时的清净剂。
增粘剂
Tackifier
增加配合橡胶的表面粘着性，以Байду номын сангаас善成型作业而添加的配合剂。
帘布
Cord Fabric
经纱较粗，纬纱使用20~30支的细纱织成的帘布，纬纱的作用只是使经纱不乱而毫无强力可言。
有内胎轮胎
Tube Tire
T/T
外胎内腔中需要配有内胎的充气轮胎。
无内胎轮胎
Tubeless Tire
T/L
不用内胎，空气直接打进外胎。
外胎
Cover
能承受各种作用力的轮胎外壳体。
轮胎类型
Type of Tire
按用途、结构、断面形状等所区分种类。
宽基轮胎
Wide Base Tire
轮辋宽度与轮胎断面宽度比为0.8以上的工程机械轮胎。
烟片胶
Ribbed Smoked Sheet
R.S.S
将天然橡胶液利用蚁酸使其凝固，然后用辊筒压成片状，再经过烟熏处理而得的橡胶。
名 称
简称
说 明
玩具缺陷中英对照表
四. 卡通箱方面述語: vocabulary about carton 中 箱嘜 圖案 箱嘜模糊不清 錯誤的箱嘜 / 電腦紋 封箱膠紙開啟 漏封箱 卡通箱損壞 / 撕爛 卡通箱污糟 卡通箱內少裝成品 混裝比例錯誤 漏打生產日期 漏打箱號 生產日期 / 箱號不清 文 (Chinese) 卡通箱 / 紙板箱 英 文 (English) carton / master carton / shipping carton corton marking graphic / drawing carton marking illegible wrong carton marking / ups code unsealed master carton missing sealed carion damage / tear soiled on carton less than individual packing in carton incorrect packing ratio missing date code missing corton number date code / carton number illegible
五. 包裝方面述語: vocabulary about backing 中 包裝 獨立包裝 散裝 膠袋包裝 蛋格包裝 混合包裝 彩盒爛 / 損壞 展銷合爛 / 損壞 摺合爛 / 損壞 禮合爛 / 損壞 郵包合爛 / 損壞 天地合爛 / 損壞 零售合爛 / 損壞 批發合爛 / 損壞 窗合爛 / 損壞 內合爛 / 損壞 彩卡爛 / 損壞 吸塑卡 / 吸塑咭 內卡 / 內咭爛 / 損壞 吸塑罩 彩盒壓爛 / 壓皺 漏零件 / 配件 附件 彩盒漏封口 玻璃紙爛 玻璃紙頂白 玻璃紙有凹痕 文 (Chinese) packing solid pack bulk pack polybag pack egg crate pack assortment pack colour box / print box damage display box damage folding box damage gift box damage mail box damage top and botiom box damage retail box damage wholesale box damage window box damage inner box damage colour card damage blister card / clamshell card insert card damage blister colour box crushed / crumple missing packing part component colour box unseal / missing sealing window box film damage window box film stress dent mark on window box film 英 文 (English)
底盘术语专业英语
ID CHS ENU pnFrom LEVEL 1轮胎坐标系和变量tire axis s底盘术语专业12轮胎接地中心center of t底盘术语专业13轮胎坐标系tire axis s底盘术语专业14轮胎侧偏角slip angle 底盘术语专业15滑移率slip rate底盘术语专业16自由半径free radius底盘术语专业17静负荷半径static load底盘术语专业18动负荷半径dynamic loa底盘术语专业19滚动周长rolling cir底盘术语专业110滚动半径rolling rad底盘术语专业111自由滚动车轮free rollin底盘术语专业112轮胎上的力tire forces底盘术语专业113轮胎垂直力vertical fo底盘术语专业114轮胎横向力lateral for底盘术语专业115轮胎纵向力longitudina底盘术语专业116径向刚度radial stif底盘术语专业117横向刚度lateral sti底盘术语专业118驱动力driving for底盘术语专业119滚动阻力rolling res底盘术语专业120外倾推力camber thru底盘术语专业121转弯力cornering f底盘术语专业122轮胎侧向力side force 底盘术语专业123侧偏阻力cornering d底盘术语专业124拖曳阻力resistance 底盘术语专业125牵引力tractive fo底盘术语专业126牵引阻力drag force底盘术语专业127轮胎力矩tire moment底盘术语专业128轮胎翻转力矩overturning底盘术语专业129滚动阻力矩rolling res底盘术语专业130回正力矩aligning to底盘术语专业131车轮力矩wheel torqu底盘术语专业132驱动力矩driving tor底盘术语专业133制动力矩braking tor底盘术语专业134轮胎拖矩pneumatic t底盘术语专业135力和力矩系数coefficient底盘术语专业136横向力系数lateral for底盘术语专业137驱动力系数driving for底盘术语专业138制动力系数braking for底盘术语专业139滚动阻力系数rolling res底盘术语专业140回正力矩系数aligning to底盘术语专业141侧偏刚度cornering s底盘术语专业142外倾刚度camber stif底盘术语专业143制动（驱动）刚度braking (dr底盘术语专业144回正刚度（回正力矩刚aligning st底盘术语专业145侧偏刚度系数cornering s底盘术语专业146外倾刚度系数camber stif底盘术语专业147制动（驱动）刚度系数braking (dr底盘术语专业148回正刚度系数（回正力aligning st底盘术语专业149轮胎附着系数tire adhesi底盘术语专业150工作点trim底盘术语专业151横向附着系数laternal ad底盘术语专业152驱动附着系数driving adh底盘术语专业153制动附着系数braking adh底盘术语专业154制动滑移附着系数sliping bra底盘术语专业1 55悬架几何学suspension 底盘术语专业1 56车轮中心wheel cente底盘术语专业1 57车轮定位wheel align底盘术语专业1 58前束角toe_in (ang底盘术语专业1 59主销后倾角kingpin cas底盘术语专业1 60主销后倾矩castor底盘术语专业1 61车轮外倾角camber angl底盘术语专业1 62主销内倾kingpin inc底盘术语专业1 63主销偏置距kingpin off底盘术语专业1 64横向滑移量lateral sli底盘术语专业1 65轴距wheel base底盘术语专业1 66轮距track底盘术语专业1 67悬架力学suspension 底盘术语专业1 68轮胎tyre底盘术语专业1 69新胎new tyre底盘术语专业1 70胀大轮胎grown tyre底盘术语专业1 71充气轮胎pneumatic底盘术语专业1 72有内胎轮胎tubed tyre底盘术语专业1 73无内胎轮胎tubeless ty底盘术语专业1 74外胎cover底盘术语专业1 75内胎inner tube底盘术语专业1 76垫带flap底盘术语专业1 77轮胎类型tyre type底盘术语专业1 78轮胎系列tyre series底盘术语专业1 79轮胎规格tyre size底盘术语专业1 80轮胎标志tyre markin底盘术语专业1 81速度符号speed symbo底盘术语专业1 82帘线cord底盘术语专业1 83胎面磨损标志tread wear 底盘术语专业1 84骨架材料framework m底盘术语专业1 85层数number of p底盘术语专业1 86层级ply rating 底盘术语专业1 87水胎curing bag底盘术语专业1 88硫化胶囊curing blad底盘术语专业1 89气囊air bag底盘术语专业1 90保留生产轮胎reserved ol底盘术语专业1 91载波重汽车轮胎truk tyre底盘术语专业1 92轿车轮胎passenger c底盘术语专业1 93工程机械轮胎earth-mover底盘术语专业1 94工业车辆轮胎industrial 底盘术语专业1 95农业轮胎agricultura底盘术语专业1 96林业轮胎logging tyr底盘术语专业1 97畜力车轮胎animal vehi底盘术语专业1 98航空轮胎aircraft ty底盘术语专业1 99摩托车轮胎motorcycle 底盘术语专业1 100力车轮胎cycle tyre底盘术语专业1 101自行车轮胎bicycle tyr底盘术语专业1 102普通断面轮胎conventiona底盘术语专业1 103低断面轮胎low section底盘术语专业1 104超低断面轮胎super low s底盘术语专业1 105宽基轮胎wide base t底盘术语专业1 106宽断面轮胎wide sectio底盘术语专业1 107斜交轮胎diagonal ty底盘术语专业1108子午线轮胎radial ply 底盘术语专业1 109活胎面轮胎removable t底盘术语专业1 110软边力车轮胎beaded_edge底盘术语专业1 111硬边力车轮胎wired_edge 底盘术语专业1 112直边自行车轮胎straight si底盘术语专业1 113钩边自行车轮胎hooked bead底盘术语专业1 114钩直型自行车轮胎croctchet t底盘术语专业1 115管式自行车轮胎tubular tyr底盘术语专业1 116越野轮胎cross_count底盘术语专业1 117沙漠轮胎sand tyre底盘术语专业1 118浇注轮胎cast tyre底盘术语专业1 119调压轮胎adjustable 底盘术语专业1 120海绵轮胎foam filled底盘术语专业1 121常压轮胎atmospheric底盘术语专业1 122内支撑轮胎internal su底盘术语专业1 123拱形轮胎arch tyre底盘术语专业1 124椭圆形轮胎elliptical 底盘术语专业1 125实心轮胎solide tyre底盘术语专业1 126粘结式实心轮胎cured_on so底盘术语专业1 127非粘结式实心轮胎pressed_on 底盘术语专业1 128圆柱实心轮胎cylindrical底盘术语专业1 129斜底实心轮胎conical bas底盘术语专业1 130抗静电实心轮胎anti_static底盘术语专业1 131导电实心轮胎conductive 底盘术语专业1 132耐油实心轮胎oil_resista底盘术语专业1 133高负荷实心轮胎high load c底盘术语专业1 134胎面花纹tread patte底盘术语专业1 135纵向花纹circumferen底盘术语专业1 136横向花纹transverse 底盘术语专业1 137公路花纹highway tre底盘术语专业1 138越野花纹cross_count底盘术语专业1 139混全花纹dual purpos底盘术语专业1 140定向花纹directional底盘术语专业1 141雪泥花纹mud and now底盘术语专业1 142花纹细缝pattern sip底盘术语专业1 143花纹块pattern blo底盘术语专业1 144花纹条pattern rib底盘术语专业1 145花纹沟groove底盘术语专业1 146花纹加强筋rib底盘术语专业1 147花纹角度pattern ang底盘术语专业1 148花纹深度pattern dep底盘术语专业1 149花纹展开图pattern pla底盘术语专业1 150光胎面smooth trea底盘术语专业1 151胎冠cap底盘术语专业1 152胎面tread底盘术语专业1 153胎面行驶面tread cap底盘术语专业1 154胎面基部tread base底盘术语专业1 155胎面基部胶tread slab 底盘术语专业1 156胎面过渡胶transition 底盘术语专业1 157缓冲层breaker底盘术语专业1 158带束层belt底盘术语专业1 159缓冲胶片breaker str底盘术语专业1 160包边胶tie_in stri底盘术语专业1 161冠带束cap ply底盘术语专业1162胎体carcass底盘术语专业1 163帘布层cord ply底盘术语专业1 164隔离胶insulation 底盘术语专业1 165封口胶sealing rub底盘术语专业1 166胎里tyre cavity底盘术语专业1 167内衬层inside line底盘术语专业1 168气密层innerliner底盘术语专业1 169胎肩shoulder底盘术语专业1 170胎肩区shoulder ar底盘术语专业1 171胎肩垫胶shoulder we底盘术语专业1 172胎侧sidewall底盘术语专业1 173屈挠区flexing are底盘术语专业1 174胎侧胶sidewall ru底盘术语专业1 175装饰胎侧decorative 底盘术语专业1 176装饰线decorative 底盘术语专业1 177装配线fitting lin底盘术语专业1 178防擦线kerbing rib底盘术语专业1 179胎圈bead底盘术语专业1 180钢丝圈bead ring底盘术语专业1 181钢丝包胶wire coveri底盘术语专业1 182胎圈芯bead core底盘术语专业1 183三角胶apex底盘术语专业1 184胎圈补强带bead reinfo底盘术语专业1 185胎圈包布chafer底盘术语专业1 186胎圈外护胶bead filler底盘术语专业1 187胎踵bead heel底盘术语专业1 188胎趾bead toe底盘术语专业1 189胎圈底部bead base底盘术语专业1 190内胎胎身tube body底盘术语专业1 191导水胶棱chine底盘术语专业1 192排气眼标志venting mar底盘术语专业1 193轮辋rim底盘术语专业1 194理论轮辋theoretical底盘术语专业1 195标准轮辋standard ri底盘术语专业1 196允许轮辋permitted r底盘术语专业1 197轮胎名义直径tyre nomina底盘术语专业1 198轮胎名义宽度tyre nomina底盘术语专业1 199总宽度overall wid底盘术语专业1 200断面宽度sectin widt底盘术语专业1 201断面高度section hei底盘术语专业1 202外直径overall dia底盘术语专业1 203驱动桥drive axle底盘术语专业1 204非独立悬架式驱动桥rigid drive底盘术语专业1 205独立悬架式驱动桥independent底盘术语专业1 206主减速器final drive底盘术语专业1 207单级主减速器single redu底盘术语专业1 208双级主减速器double redu底盘术语专业1 209前（后）置式双级主减front or re底盘术语专业1 210上置式双级主减速器top mounted底盘术语专业1 211行星齿轮式双级主减速planetary d底盘术语专业1 212贯通式主减速器thru-drive底盘术语专业1 213单级贯通式主减速器single redu底盘术语专业1 214双级贯通式主减速器double redu底盘术语专业1 215双速主减速器two speed f底盘术语专业1216行星齿轮式双速主减速two speed p底盘术语专业1 217双级双级主减速器two speed d底盘术语专业1 218轮边减速器wheel reduc底盘术语专业1 219行星圆柱齿轮式轮边减planetary w底盘术语专业1 220行星锥齿轮式轮边减速differentia底盘术语专业1 221外啮合圆柱齿轮式轮边spur geared底盘术语专业1 222差速器differentia底盘术语专业1 223轮间差速器inter-wheel底盘术语专业1 224桥间差速器inter-axle底盘术语专业1 225齿轮式差速器gear differ底盘术语专业1 226锥齿轮式差速器bevel gear 底盘术语专业1 227圆柱齿轮式差速器spur gear d底盘术语专业1 228防滑差速器limited-sli底盘术语专业1 229自锁式差速器self-lockin底盘术语专业1 230摩擦片式自锁差速器multi-disc 底盘术语专业1 231强制锁止式差速器locking dif底盘术语专业1 232桥壳axle housin底盘术语专业1 233整体式桥壳separable c底盘术语专业1 234可分式桥壳trumpet-typ底盘术语专业1 235组合式桥壳unitized ca底盘术语专业1 236半轴axle shaft底盘术语专业1 237全浮式半轴full-floati底盘术语专业1 238半浮式半轴semi-floati底盘术语专业1 239四分之三浮式半轴three-quart底盘术语专业1 240驱动桥最大输入扭矩drive axle 底盘术语专业1 241驱动桥的最大附着扭矩slip torgue底盘术语专业1 242驱动桥额定桥荷能力rating axle底盘术语专业1 243驱动桥额定（允许）输drive axle 底盘术语专业1 244驱动桥额定（允许）输drive axle 底盘术语专业1 245差速器锁止系数differentia底盘术语专业1 246驱动桥减速比drive axle 底盘术语专业1 247驱动桥效率（％）drive axle 底盘术语专业1 248驱动桥质量drive axle 底盘术语专业1 249转向横拉杆steering ti底盘术语专业1 250转向直拉杆steering dr底盘术语专业1 251转向节臂steering kn底盘术语专业1 252梯形臂tie rod arm底盘术语专业1 253梯形机构tie rod lin底盘术语专业1 254驱动桥drive axle底盘术语专业1 255非独立悬架式驱动桥rigid drive底盘术语专业1 256独立悬架式驱动桥independent底盘术语专业1 257主减速器final drive底盘术语专业1 258单级主减速器single redu底盘术语专业1 259双级主减速器double redu底盘术语专业1 260前（后）置式双级主减front or re底盘术语专业1 261上置式双级主减速器top mounted底盘术语专业1 262行星齿轮式双级主减速planetary d底盘术语专业1 263贯通式主减速器thru-drive底盘术语专业1 264单级贯通式主减速器single redu底盘术语专业1 265双级贯通式主减速器double redu底盘术语专业1 266双速主减速器two speed f底盘术语专业1 267行星齿轮式双速主减速two speed p底盘术语专业1 268双级双级主减速器two speed d底盘术语专业1 269轮边减速器wheel reduc底盘术语专业1270行星圆柱齿轮式轮边减planetary w底盘术语专业1 271行星锥齿轮式轮边减速differentia底盘术语专业1 272外啮合圆柱齿轮式轮边spur geared底盘术语专业1 273差速器differentia底盘术语专业1 274轮间差速器inter-wheel底盘术语专业1 275桥间差速器inter-axle底盘术语专业1 276齿轮式差速器gear differ底盘术语专业1 277锥齿轮式差速器bevel gear 底盘术语专业1 278圆柱齿轮式差速器spur gear d底盘术语专业1 279防滑差速器limited-sli底盘术语专业1 280自锁式差速器self-lockin底盘术语专业1 281摩擦片式自锁差速器multi-disc 底盘术语专业1 282凸轮滑块式自锁差速器self-lockin底盘术语专业1 283自动离合式自锁差速器self-lockin底盘术语专业1 284强制锁止式差速器locking dif底盘术语专业1 285桥壳axle housin底盘术语专业1 286整体式桥壳separable c底盘术语专业1 287可分式桥壳trumpet-typ底盘术语专业1 288组合式桥壳unitized ca底盘术语专业1 289半轴axle shaft底盘术语专业1 290全浮式半轴full-floati底盘术语专业1 291半浮式半轴semi-floati底盘术语专业1 292四分之三浮式半轴three-quart底盘术语专业1 293驱动桥最大输入扭矩drive axle 底盘术语专业1 294驱动桥的最大附着扭矩slip torgue底盘术语专业1 295驱动桥额定桥荷能力rating axle底盘术语专业1 296驱动桥额定（允许）输drive axle 底盘术语专业1 297驱动桥额定（允许）输drive axle 底盘术语专业1 298差速器锁止系数differentia底盘术语专业1 299驱动桥减速比drive axle 底盘术语专业1 300驱动桥效率（％）drive axle 底盘术语专业1 301驱动桥质量drive axle 底盘术语专业1 302转向横拉杆steering ti底盘术语专业1 303转向直拉杆steering dr底盘术语专业1 304转向节臂steering kn底盘术语专业1 305梯形臂tie rod arm底盘术语专业1 306梯形机构tie rod lin底盘术语专业1 307转向系steering sy底盘术语专业1 308机械转向系manual stee底盘术语专业1 309动力转向系power steer底盘术语专业1 310转向操纵机构steering co底盘术语专业1 311转向万向节steering un底盘术语专业1 312转向传动轴steering in底盘术语专业1 313转向管柱steering co底盘术语专业1 314转向轴steering sh底盘术语专业1 315机械转向器manual stee底盘术语专业1 316涡杆滚轮式转向器worm and ro底盘术语专业1 317转向器盖cover of st底盘术语专业1 318壳体housing底盘术语专业1 319转向蜗杆steering wo底盘术语专业1 320滚轮roller底盘术语专业1 321滚轮轴roller shaf底盘术语专业1 322侧盖side cover底盘术语专业1 323循环球式转向器recirculati底盘术语专业1324转向螺母steering nu底盘术语专业1 325钢球ball底盘术语专业1 326转向螺杆steering sc底盘术语专业1 327指销stud ,peg底盘术语专业1 328蜗杆指销式转向器worm and pe底盘术语专业1 329齿轮齿条式转向器rack and pi底盘术语专业1 330转向齿轮steering pi底盘术语专业1 331转向齿条steering ra底盘术语专业1 332动力转向器power steer底盘术语专业1 333整体式动力转向器integral po底盘术语专业1 334半整体式动力转向器semi-integr底盘术语专业1 335常压式液压动力转向器constant pr底盘术语专业1 336常流式液压动力转向器constant fl底盘术语专业1 337转向控制阀control val底盘术语专业1 338滑阀式转向控制阀spool valve底盘术语专业1 339阀体valve housi底盘术语专业1 340滑阀valve spool底盘术语专业1 341转阀式转向控制阀rotary valv底盘术语专业1 342转阀rotary valv底盘术语专业1 343扭杆torsion bar底盘术语专业1 344转向动力缸power cylin底盘术语专业1 345转向油泵power steer底盘术语专业1 346转向油罐oil reservo底盘术语专业1 347转向传动机构steering li底盘术语专业1 348转向摇臂pitman arm底盘术语专业1 349转向直拉杆steering dr底盘术语专业1 350端部螺塞end plug底盘术语专业1 351球头销ball stud底盘术语专业1 352球头座ball cup底盘术语专业1 353压缩弹簧compression底盘术语专业1 354直拉杆drag link底盘术语专业1 355转向节臂steering kn底盘术语专业1 356梯形机构tie rod lin底盘术语专业1 357整体式梯形机构single tie 底盘术语专业1 358梯形臂tie rod arm底盘术语专业1 359转向横拉杆steering ti底盘术语专业1 360接头socker底盘术语专业1 361横拉杆tie tod底盘术语专业1 362分段式梯形机构split tie t底盘术语专业1 363摇臂swing arm底盘术语专业1 364转向系角传动比steering sy底盘术语专业1 365转向器角传动比steering ge底盘术语专业1 366转向传动机构角传动比steering li底盘术语专业1 367转向器传动效率steering ge底盘术语专业1 368正效率forward eff底盘术语专业1 369逆效率reverse eff底盘术语专业1 370转向系刚度steering sy底盘术语专业1 371转向盘总圈数total numbe底盘术语专业1 372转向器扭转刚度torsional s底盘术语专业1 373转向器总圈数total turns底盘术语专业1 374转向盘自由行程free play o底盘术语专业1 375转向器传动间隙steering ge底盘术语专业1 376摇臂轴最大转角max.rotatin底盘术语专业1 377转向摇臂最大摆角max.swing a底盘术语专业1378转向器转动力矩rotating to底盘术语专业1 379转向器反驱动力矩reverse rot底盘术语专业1 380转向力矩steering mo底盘术语专业1 381转向阻力矩steering re底盘术语专业1 382转向器最大输出扭矩steering ge底盘术语专业1 383最大工作压力max.working底盘术语专业1 384额定工作压力rated worki底盘术语专业1 385转向油泵理论排量theoretical底盘术语专业1 386限制流量limited flo底盘术语专业1 387转向控制阀预开隙pre-opened 底盘术语专业1 388转向控制阀全开隙totally-ope底盘术语专业1 389转向控制阀内泄漏量internal le底盘术语专业1 390转向控制阀压力降pressure lo底盘术语专业1 391转向器角传动比特性steering ge底盘术语专业1 392转向器传动间隙特性steering ge底盘术语专业1 393转向器传动效率特性steering ge底盘术语专业1 394转向力特性steering fo底盘术语专业1 395动力转向系灵敏度特性power steer底盘术语专业1 396转向控制阀压力降特性steering co底盘术语专业1 397转向控制阀灵敏度特性steering co底盘术语专业1 398汽车和挂车制动名词术the terms a底盘术语专业1 399制动装备braking equ底盘术语专业1 400制动系braking sys底盘术语专业1 401行车制动系（常用制动service bra底盘术语专业1 402应急制动系emergency b底盘术语专业1 403驻车制动系parking bra底盘术语专业1 404辅助制动系auxiliary b底盘术语专业1 405自动制动系automatic b底盘术语专业1 406人力制动系muscular en底盘术语专业1 407动力制动系non-muscula底盘术语专业1 408伺服制动系servo braki底盘术语专业1 409助力制动系energy assi底盘术语专业1 410惯性制动系inertia bra底盘术语专业1 411重力制动系gravity bra底盘术语专业1 412气压制动系（气制动系air braking底盘术语专业1 413液压制动系hydraulic b底盘术语专业1 414电磁制动系electromagn底盘术语专业1 415机械制动系mechanical 底盘术语专业1 416组合制动系combination底盘术语专业1 417单回路制动系single-circ底盘术语专业1 418双回路制动系dual-circui底盘术语专业1 419多回路制动系multi-circu底盘术语专业1 420单管（线）路制动系single-line底盘术语专业1 421双管（线）路制动系dual-line b底盘术语专业1 422多管（线）路制动系multi-line 底盘术语专业1 423连续制动系continuous 底盘术语专业1 424半连续制动系semi-contin底盘术语专业1 425非连续制动系non-continu底盘术语专业1 426渐进制动gradual bra底盘术语专业1 427组成部分constituent底盘术语专业1 428供能装置energy supp底盘术语专业1 429制动能源braking ene底盘术语专业1 430控制装置control dev底盘术语专业1 431传能装置transmissio底盘术语专业1432制动器brake底盘术语专业1 433摩擦式制动器friction br底盘术语专业1 434鼓式制动器drum brake底盘术语专业1 435内张型鼓式制动器internal ex底盘术语专业1 436双领蹄式制动器（2L式two leading底盘术语专业1 437双从蹄式制动器（2T式two trailin底盘术语专业1 438双向双领蹄式制动器（duo two lea底盘术语专业1 439双向双从蹄式制动器（duo two tra底盘术语专业1 440领从蹄式制动器（LT式leading tra底盘术语专业1 441单向伺服式制动器（US uni-servo b底盘术语专业1 442双向伺服式制动器（DS duo-servo b底盘术语专业1 443外收缩型鼓式制动器external co底盘术语专业1 444带式制动器band brake底盘术语专业1 445盘式制动器disc brake底盘术语专业1 446钳盘式制动器caliper dis底盘术语专业1 447定钳盘式制动器disc brake 底盘术语专业1 448浮钳盘式制动器disc brake 底盘术语专业1 449浮盘式制动器floating di底盘术语专业1 450全盘式制动器complete di底盘术语专业1 451凸轮张开式制动器cam brake底盘术语专业1 452楔式制动器wedge brake底盘术语专业1 453轮缸（柱塞）式制动器wheel cylin底盘术语专业1 454刚性接合式制动器（锁positive en底盘术语专业1 455缓速装置（缓速器）retarder底盘术语专业1 456发动机缓速装置retarder by底盘术语专业1 457电机缓速装置retarder by底盘术语专业1 458液力缓速器hydro-dynam底盘术语专业1 459空气动力缓速装置aerodynamic底盘术语专业1 460电磁缓速器electromagn底盘术语专业1 461制动管（线）路braking lin底盘术语专业1 462供能管（线）路feed line底盘术语专业1 463促动管（线）路actuating l底盘术语专业1 464操纵管（线）路pilot line底盘术语专业1 465供给管（线）路supply line底盘术语专业1 466控制管（线）路control lin底盘术语专业1 467共用管（线）路common line底盘术语专业1 468应急管（线）路emergency l底盘术语专业1 469附加装置additional 底盘术语专业1 470辅助装置auxiliary d底盘术语专业1 471报警装置alarm devic底盘术语专业1 472报警压力alarm press底盘术语专业1 473保护压力装置protection 底盘术语专业1 474保护压力protection 底盘术语专业1 475制动蹄作用压力application底盘术语专业1 476制动蹄放松压力release pre底盘术语专业1 477制动力调节装置device to a底盘术语专业1 478车轮防抱死装置anti-lock d底盘术语专业1 479传感器sensor底盘术语专业1 480控制器controller底盘术语专业1 481调节器modulator底盘术语专业1 482单轮控制individual 底盘术语专业1 483多轮控制multi wheel底盘术语专业1 484轴控制axle contro底盘术语专业1 485边控制side contro底盘术语专业1486对角控制diagonal co底盘术语专业1 487组合多轴控制combined mu底盘术语专业1 488可变选择variable se底盘术语专业1 489低选择select-low底盘术语专业1 490高选择select-high底盘术语专业1 491预定选择predetermin底盘术语专业1 492车轮选择selection b底盘术语专业1 493平均选择average sel底盘术语专业1 494最低控制速度minimum con底盘术语专业1 495传感器信号sensor sign底盘术语专业1 496分辨率（脉冲式车轮速resolution 底盘术语专业1 497控制周期control cyc底盘术语专业1 498控制频率control fre底盘术语专业1 499制动力学braking mec底盘术语专业1 500控制力control for底盘术语专业1 501作用力application底盘术语专业1 502制动力矩braking tor底盘术语专业1 503总制动力total braki底盘术语专业1 504干扰后效制动力矩disturbing 底盘术语专业1 505制动力分配率braking for底盘术语专业1 506制动因数braking eff底盘术语专业1 507制动器效能因数brake effic底盘术语专业1 508制动蹄效能因数brake shoe 底盘术语专业1 509制动系的滞后braking sys底盘术语专业1 510制动器的滞后brake hyste底盘术语专业1 511控制装置开始作用时刻instant at 底盘术语专业1 512减速度开始产生的时刻instant at 底盘术语专业1 513减速度接近于稳定的开instant at 底盘术语专业1 514减速度开始急剧下降时instant at 底盘术语专业1 515减速度终止时刻instant at 底盘术语专业1 516驾驶员反应时间reaction ti底盘术语专业1 517促动时间actuating t底盘术语专业1 518机构滞后时间mechanism h底盘术语专业1 519增长时间build-up ti底盘术语专业1 520有效制动时间active brak底盘术语专业1 521放松时间release tim底盘术语专业1 522主制动时间main brakin底盘术语专业1 523总制动时间total braki底盘术语专业1 524停车时间stopping ti底盘术语专业1 525停车距离stopping di底盘术语专业1 526总制动距离total braki底盘术语专业1 527有效制动距离active brak底盘术语专业1 528踏板行程pedal trave底盘术语专业1 529踏板自由行程free pedal 底盘术语专业1 530踏板最大行程maximum ped底盘术语专业1 531制动功braking wor底盘术语专业1 532瞬时制动功率instantaneo底盘术语专业1 533制动初速度initial spe底盘术语专业1 534制动终速度final speed底盘术语专业1 535制动减速度braking dec底盘术语专业1 536瞬时制动减速度 a instantan底盘术语专业1 537平均制动减速度am mean bra底盘术语专业1 538最大制动减速度amax maximu底盘术语专业1 539制动过程中的现象phenomenon 底盘术语专业1540热衰退heat fade底盘术语专业1 541水衰退water fade底盘术语专业1 542恢复recovery底盘术语专业1 543过恢复over recove底盘术语专业1 544增强（突升）build up底盘术语专业1 545制动气阻braking vap底盘术语专业1 546龟裂cracks底盘术语专业1 547热龟裂heat cracks底盘术语专业1 548制动拖滞braking dra底盘术语专业1 549冷制动痹病cold brakin底盘术语专业1 550制动颤振brake chatt底盘术语专业1 551制动噪声brake noise底盘术语专业1 552车轮抱死wheel lock底盘术语专业1 553制动跑偏braking dev底盘术语专业1 554制动甩尾braking swe底盘术语专业1 555制动折叠braking jac底盘术语专业1 556制动跳动braking hop底盘术语专业1 557制动失效braking fai底盘术语专业1 558制动滑移braking ski底盘术语专业1 559制动点头braking nos底盘术语专业1 560汽车和挂车制动名词术The terms a底盘术语专业1 561真空泵vacuum pump底盘术语专业1 562喷射器ejector底盘术语专业1 563真空罐（真空筒）vacuum tank底盘术语专业1 564空压机（压气机）air compres底盘术语专业1 565气缸盖cylinder he底盘术语专业1 566气缸体cylinder bl底盘术语专业1 567活塞piston底盘术语专业1 568活塞环piston ring底盘术语专业1 569连杆connecting 底盘术语专业1 570活塞销piston pin底盘术语专业1 571曲轴crank shaft底盘术语专业1 572进气阀intake valv底盘术语专业1 573排气阀exhaust val底盘术语专业1 574储气罐（储气筒）air storage底盘术语专业1 575调压阀pressure re底盘术语专业1 576单向阀（止回阀）single chec底盘术语专业1 577滤清器filter底盘术语专业1 578进气滤清器air intake 底盘术语专业1 579排气滤清器air exhaust底盘术语专业1 580管路滤清器line filter底盘术语专业1 581滤网（芯）strainer底盘术语专业1 582油水分离器oil and wat底盘术语专业1 583防冻器anti-freeze底盘术语专业1 584空气干燥器air dryer底盘术语专业1 585排放阀drain valve底盘术语专业1 586压力保护阀pressure pr底盘术语专业1 587常用行车制动踏板装置service bra底盘术语专业1 588制动踏板braking ped底盘术语专业1 589踏板护套pedal pad底盘术语专业1 590踏板支架pedal brack底盘术语专业1 591衬套bushing底盘术语专业1 592套管collar底盘术语专业1 593销轴axis pin底盘术语专业1594回位弹簧return spri底盘术语专业1 595驻车制动操纵装置parking bra底盘术语专业1 596操纵杆control lev底盘术语专业1 597操纵杆支架control lev底盘术语专业1 598操纵杆导套control lev底盘术语专业1 599齿杆（棘轮）rod rack (r底盘术语专业1 600棘爪ratchet paw底盘术语专业1 601操纵缆绳control cab底盘术语专业1 602平衡臂equalizer底盘术语专业1 603拉杆（拉绳）pull rod (p底盘术语专业1 604拉杆导套（拉杆绳导套pull rod gu底盘术语专业1 605气制动阀air brake v底盘术语专业1 606单腔气制动阀single-cham底盘术语专业1 607推杆plunger底盘术语专业1 608气阀air valve底盘术语专业1 609平衡弹簧equalizing 底盘术语专业1 610膜片diaphragm底盘术语专业1 611双腔气制动阀dual-chambe底盘术语专业1 612串列式双腔气制动阀series dual底盘术语专业1 613并列式双腔气制动阀parallel du底盘术语专业1 614三腔气制动阀triple-cham底盘术语专业1 615三通路控制阀three way c底盘术语专业1 616双向止回阀（双通换向dual way ch底盘术语专业1 617继动阀relay valve底盘术语专业1 618快放阀quick relea底盘术语专业1 619继动快放阀relay and q底盘术语专业1 620挂车制动阀trailer bra底盘术语专业1 621挂车制动应急继动阀trailer bra底盘术语专业1 622挂车制动保护阀trailer bra底盘术语专业1 623挂车制动放松阀trailer bra底盘术语专业1 624手控制动阀hand brakin底盘术语专业1 625制动主缸brake maste底盘术语专业1 626有补尝孔式制动主缸compensatin底盘术语专业1 627主缸缸体master cyli底盘术语专业1 628皮碗防护垫cup protect底盘术语专业1 629主皮碗primary cup底盘术语专业1 630皮圈（副皮碗）ring cup (s底盘术语专业1 631弹簧座spring seat底盘术语专业1 632活塞挡圈piston stop底盘术语专业1 633卡环snap ring底盘术语专业1 634主缸推杆master cyli底盘术语专业1 635连接叉clevis底盘术语专业1 636防尘罩（套）boot底盘术语专业1 637残留阀residual va底盘术语专业1 638储液室fluid reser底盘术语专业1 639储液室盖fluid reser底盘术语专业1 640无补偿孔式制动主缸pertless br底盘术语专业1 641进油阀inlet valve底盘术语专业1 642串列双腔式制动主缸series dual底盘术语专业1 643第一活塞first pisto底盘术语专业1 644第二活塞secondary p底盘术语专业1 645轮缸wheel cylin底盘术语专业1 646伺服机构（助力器）servo mecha底盘术语专业1 647真空助力器vacuum boos底盘术语专业1。
轮胎术语
名称
英文
Coloring Agent
Softener Peptizer Retarder Solvent Tackifier
Cord Fabric
帘线组织
Cord Construction
帘线
Cord
支数嘴 钢丝帘线
Ends Bead Wire Valve Steel Cord
胎面花纹展开后的平面图。
轮胎上的商标、厂名、轮胎规格、轮胎编号和骨架材料 等的模痕和印记。 按规定充气后，在相应的负荷下，轮胎最高行驶速度的 特定符号。 用于构成外胎骨架的纤维织物和金属材料。 在车轮上安装和支撑车轮的部件。 外胎和地面接触的部分。 轮胎构造除胎面、胎侧胶外的其余部分。 位于胎面与胎侧之间。 胎边上装饰用的凸线。 轮胎的侧壁，系指轮胎胎面与胎趾之间的部分。 轮胎装在胎圈上是否装好可用此线判断，位于胎趾附近。 用钢丝圈包于胎圈包布内，经成型后装着于轮圈上。 子口内侧的前端。 子口外侧端。 用于载重汽车、大客车等的轮胎，使内胎免于被钢圈割 伤并隔绝刹车鼓热的橡胶垫片。 用混合胶料制成，并附有气门嘴供轮胎使用。 轮胎按规定充气后，两外侧之间的最大距离，包括标志、 装饰线和防擦线所增加的宽度。 轮胎按规定充气后，外直径和轮辋名义直径之差的一半。 轮胎断面高度与断面宽度的比率。
黑圈胎
称 英文
Tire
New Tire Grown Tire Worn Tire Bald Tire
Pneumatic
Tube Tire Tubeless Tire Cover Type of Tire Wide Base Tire
Narrow Base Tire
Conventional Profile Tire Low Profile Tire Super Low Profile Tire Bias Belted tire Removable Tread Tire
Adhesion Test Procedure(ASTM百格测试标准)
Adhesion Test Procedure – ASTM 3359Use Elcometer Test Kit 1071.Preparing the CutterEach blade has 4 cutting edges, labelled 1-4. The blade can be reversed and rotated to use a new edge once the blade is worn. The ISO standard recommends that the cutting blade is changed when the top of the blades is flatted by 0.1mm.2.First CutPlace the cutting tool on the sample. Press down gently and pull the tool towars you in one steady movement to make a series of parallel lines approx. 20mm long.3.Second CutPlace the cutting tool on the sample at 90 to the first cut and repeat step 2.1 to create a cross hatch pattern.4.Clean The SampleBrush the area to remove any debris and inspect to ensure the cuts have penetrated the coating.5.Prepare The TapeUsing the correct adhesive tape ((ASTM 3359 Elcometer part T1078894). Remove and discard 2 complete turns of tape. Remove an additional 75mm of tape at a steady rate. Retain this section.6.Apply The TapeCentre the tape over the cross hatched area and smooth into place using a pencil eraser.7.Remove The TapeRemove the tape by pulling in a single smooth action. The tape should be pulled at an angle of 1808.Analyse The ResultsUsing the table below analyse the results.9.Repeat TestRepeat the test at 2 further locations.。
新型前处理工艺
【现代涂层技术】新型前处理工艺高俊健，邝霭雪（安美特化学有限公司，香港）摘 要：为了克服传统磷化、钝化工艺存在的环境污染重、效率低、能耗大等缺陷，开发了新的环保型UniPrep®磷化工艺和Interlox钝化工艺。
对新工艺与传统工艺所得涂膜的结合力、抗冲击强度、卷曲测试和盐雾试验进行了对比。
结果表明，新工艺所得涂层均能达到甚至优于传统的磷化、钝化工艺的效果。
新型金属表面处理工艺──UniPrep®和Interlox完全可以取代传统的磷化、钝化工艺。
关键词：金属；粉末喷涂；前处理；磷化；钝化；生物修复中图分类号：TG178 文献标志码：A文章编号：1004 – 227X (2008) 09 – 0043 – 04Advanced pretreatment process // Danny C. K. KO, Asia KWONGAbstract: To eliminate many of the problems associated with conventional phosphating and passivation processes, especially the formation of scale and sludge, high operating temperature and high volumes of waste and other maintenance issues, an alternative solution was introduced —UniPrep® and Interlox processes. A comparison was made between the conventional phosphating and passivation processes and the developed pretreatment technologies in terms of adhesion test, impact resistance test, conical mandrel adhesion test (bending test) and salt spray performance, demonstrating that the new UniPrep® and Interlox processes give better performance and can be an alternative to the conventional phosphating or passivation processes. Keywords: metal; powder spraying; pretreatment; phosphating; passivation; bioremediationFirst-author’s address: Unit 904 -12, 9/F, Miramar Tower, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsu, Kowloon, Hongkong, China1 前言传统的喷涂工艺通常采用三段式或五段式的喷淋流程。
底盘术语专业英语
tire axis system and variables 轮胎坐标系和变量center of tire contact 轮胎接地中心tire axis system 轮胎坐标系slip angle of tire 轮胎侧偏角slip rate 滑移率free radius 自由半径static loaded radius 静负荷半径dynamic loaded radius 动负荷半径rolling circumference 滚动周长rolling radius 滚动半径free rolling wheel 自由滚动车轮tire forces 轮胎上的力vertical force of tire 轮胎垂直力lateral force of tire 轮胎横向力longitudinal force of tire 轮胎纵向力radial stiffness 径向刚度lateral stiffness 横向刚度driving force 驱动力rolling resistance滚动阻力camber thrust 外倾推力cornering force 转弯力side force of tire 轮胎侧向力cornering drag 侧偏阻力resistance force of drag 拖曳阻力tractive force 牵引力drag force 牵引阻力tire moments 轮胎力矩overturning moment of tire 轮胎翻转力矩rolling resistance moment 滚动阻力矩aligning torque 回正力矩wheel torque 车轮力矩driving torque 驱动力矩braking torque 制动力矩pneumatic trail 轮胎拖矩coefficients of force and moment 力和力矩系数lateral force coefficient 横向力系数driving force coefficient 驱动力系数braking force coefficient 制动力系数rolling resistance coefficient 滚动阻力系数aligning torque coefficient 回正力矩系数cornering stiffness 侧偏刚度camber stiffness 外倾刚度braking (driving) stiffness 制动（驱动）刚度aligning stiffness (aligning torque stiffness) 回正刚度（回正力矩刚度）cornering stiffness coefficient 侧偏刚度系数camber stiffness coefficient 外倾刚度系数braking (driving) stiffness coefficient 制动（驱动）刚度系数aligning stiffness coefficient (aligning torque stiffness coefficient)回正刚度系数（回正力矩刚度系数）tire adhesion coefficient轮胎附着系数trim 工作点laternal adhesion coefficient 横向附着系数driving adhesion coefficient 驱动附着系数braking adhesion coefficient 制动附着系数sliping braking adhesion coefficient 制动滑移附着系数suspension geometry 悬架几何学wheel center 车轮中心wheel alignment车轮定位toe –in （length）前束toe_in (angle)前束角kingpin castor angle 主销后倾角castor 主销后倾矩camber angle 车轮外倾角kingpin inclination 主销内倾kingpin offset 主销偏置距lateral slip 横向滑移量wheel base 轴距track 轮距suspension system mechanics 悬架力学tyre 轮胎new tyre 新胎grown tyre 胀大轮胎pneumatic 充气轮胎tubed tyre 有内胎轮胎tubeless tyre 无内胎轮胎cover 外胎inner tube 内胎flap 垫带tyre type 轮胎类型tyre series 轮胎系列tyre size 轮胎规格tyre marking 轮胎标志speed symbol 速度符号cord 帘线tread wear indicator 胎面磨损标志framework material 骨架材料number of piles 层数ply rating (pr) 层级curing bag 水胎curing bladder 硫化胶囊air bag 气囊reserved old series of tyre 保留生产轮胎truk tyre 载波重汽车轮胎passenger car tyre 轿车轮胎earth-movere tyre 工程机械轮胎industrial tyre 工业车辆轮胎agricultural tyre 农业轮胎logging tyre 林业轮胎animal vehicle tyre 畜力车轮胎aircraft tyre 航空轮胎motorcycle tyre 摩托车轮胎cycle tyre 力车轮胎bicycle tyre 自行车轮胎conventional section tyre 普通断面轮胎low section tyre 低断面轮胎super low section tyre超低断面轮胎wide base tyre 宽基轮胎wide section tyre宽断面轮胎diagonal tyre斜交轮胎radial ply tyre子午线轮胎removable tread tyre活胎面轮胎beaded_edge cycle tyre(b/e)软边力车轮胎wired_edge cycle tyre (w/e)硬边力车轮胎straight side of bicycle tyre (ss)直边自行车轮胎hooked bead of bicycle tyre (hb)钩边自行车轮胎croctchet type of hooked bead or straight side bicycle tyre (ct)钩直型自行车轮胎tubular tyre for bicycle管式自行车轮胎cross_country tyre 越野轮胎sand tyre 沙漠轮胎cast tyre浇注轮胎adjustable inflation pressure tyre调压轮胎foam filled tyre海绵轮胎atmospheric pressure tyre 常压轮胎internal supporter tyre内支撑轮胎arch tyre拱形轮胎elliptical tyre椭圆形轮胎solide tyre 实心轮胎cured_on solid tyre 粘结式实心轮胎pressed_on solid tyre非粘结式实心轮胎cylindrical base solid tyre圆柱实心轮胎conical base solid tyre 斜底实心轮胎anti_static solid tyre抗静电实心轮胎conductive solid tyre导电实心轮胎oil_resistance solid tyre耐油实心轮胎high load capacity solid tyre高负荷实心轮胎tread pattern胎面花纹circumferential pattern纵向花纹transverse pattern横向花纹highway tread pattern公路花纹cross_country tread pattern越野花纹dual purpose tread pattern 混全花纹directional tread pattern定向花纹mud and now pattern雪泥花纹pattern sipe花纹细缝pattern block花纹块pattern rib 花纹条groove花纹沟rib 花纹加强筋pattern angle花纹角度pattern depth花纹深度pattern plan 花纹展开图smooth tread 光胎面cap 胎冠tread胎面tread cap胎面行驶面tread base胎面基部tread slab base胎面基部胶transition rubber of tread 胎面过渡胶breaker缓冲层belt 带束层breaker strip缓冲胶片tie_in strips包边胶cap ply 冠带束carcass胎体cord ply帘布层insulation rubber隔离胶sealing rubber封口胶tyre cavity胎里inside liner内衬层innerliner气密层shoulder 胎肩shoulder area胎肩区shoulder wedge胎肩垫胶sidewall胎侧flexing area屈挠区sidewall rubber胎侧胶decorative sidewall装饰胎侧decorative rib 装饰线fitting line装配线kerbing rib防擦线bead 胎圈bead ring 钢丝圈wire covering钢丝包胶bead core胎圈芯apex三角胶bead reinforcing strip胎圈补强带chafer胎圈包布bead filler rubber胎圈外护胶bead heel胎踵bead toe 胎趾bead base胎圈底部tube body内胎胎身chine导水胶棱venting mark排气眼标志rim轮辋theoretical rim理论轮辋standard rim标准轮辋permitted rim允许轮辋tyre nominal diameter轮胎名义直径tyre nominal width轮胎名义宽度overall width(w)总宽度sectin width(s)断面宽度section height (h)断面高度overall diameter外直径drive axle 驱动桥rigid drive axle 非独立悬架式驱动桥independent suspension drive axle 独立悬架式驱动桥final drive 主减速器single reduction final drive 单级主减速器double reduction final drive 双级主减速器front or rear mounted double reduction final drive 前（后）置式双级主减速器top mounted double reduction final drive 上置式双级主减速器planetary double reduction final drive 行星齿轮式双级主减速器thru－drive 贯通式主减速器single reduction thru－drive 单级贯通式主减速器double reduction thru－drive 双级贯通式主减速器two speed final drive 双速主减速器two speed planetary final drive 行星齿轮式双速主减速器two speed double reduction final drive 双级双级主减速器wheel reductor or hub reductor 轮边减速器planetary wheel reductor 行星圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器differential geared wheel reductor or bevel epicyclic hub reductor行星锥齿轮式轮边减速器spur geared wheel reductor 外啮合圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器differential 差速器inter－wheel 轮间差速器inter－axle 桥间差速器gear differential 齿轮式差速器bevel gear differential 锥齿轮式差速器spur gear differential 圆柱齿轮式差速器limited－slip differential 防滑差速器self－locking type differential 自锁式差速器multi－disc self－locking differential 摩擦片式自锁差速器self－locking differential with side ring and radial cam plate 凸轮滑块式自锁差速器self－locking differential with dog clutch or automotive positive locking differential 自动离合式自锁差速器locking differential 强制锁止式差速器axle housing 桥壳separable carrier－type axle housing or banjo axle housing 整体式桥壳trumpet－type axle housing 可分式桥壳unitized carrier－type axle housing 组合式桥壳axle shaft 半轴full－floating axle shaft 全浮式半轴semi－floating axle shaft 半浮式半轴three－quarter floating axle shaft 四分之三浮式半轴drive axle maximum input torgue 驱动桥最大输入扭矩slip torgue 驱动桥的最大附着扭矩rating axle capacity 驱动桥额定桥荷能力drive axle allowable input torgue 驱动桥额定（允许）输入扭矩drive axle allowable output torgue 驱动桥额定（允许）输出扭矩differential locking factor or bias ratio 差速器锁止系数drive axle ratio 驱动桥减速比drive axle efficiency 驱动桥效率（％）drive axle mass 驱动桥质量steering tie rod 转向横拉杆steering drag link 转向直拉杆steering knuckle arm 转向节臂tie rod arm 梯形臂tie rod linkage or ackermann geometry 梯形机构drive axle 驱动桥rigid drive axle 非独立悬架式驱动桥independent suspension drive axle 独立悬架式驱动桥final drive 主减速器single reduction final drive 单级主减速器double reduction final drive 双级主减速器front or rear mounted double reduction final drive 前（后）置式双级主减速器top mounted double reduction final drive 上置式双级主减速器planetary double reduction final drive 行星齿轮式双级主减速器thru－drive 贯通式主减速器single reduction thru－drive 单级贯通式主减速器double reduction thru－drive 双级贯通式主减速器two speed final drive 双速主减速器two speed planetary final drive 行星齿轮式双速主减速器two speed double reduction final drive 双级双级主减速器wheel reductor or hub reductor 轮边减速器planetary wheel reductor 行星圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器differential geared wheel reductor or bevel epicyclic hub reductor行星锥齿轮式轮边减速器spur geared wheel reductor 外啮合圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器differential 差速器inter－wheel 轮间差速器inter－axle 桥间差速器gear differential 齿轮式差速器bevel gear differential 锥齿轮式差速器spur gear differential 圆柱齿轮式差速器limited－slip differential 防滑差速器self－locking type differential 自锁式差速器multi－disc self－locking differential 摩擦片式自锁差速器self－locking differential with side ring and radial cam plate 凸轮滑块式自锁差速器self－locking differential with dog clutch or automotive positive locking differential 自动离合式自锁差速器locking differential 强制锁止式差速器axle housing 桥壳separable carrier－type axle housing or banjo axle housing 整体式桥壳trumpet－type axle housing 可分式桥壳unitized carrier－type axle housing 组合式桥壳axle shaft 半轴full－floating axle shaft 全浮式半轴semi－floating axle shaft 半浮式半轴three－quarter floating axle shaft 四分之三浮式半轴drive axle maximum input torgue 驱动桥最大输入扭矩slip torgue 驱动桥的最大附着扭矩rating axle capacity 驱动桥额定桥荷能力drive axle allowable input torgue 驱动桥额定（允许）输入扭矩drive axle allowable output torgue 驱动桥额定（允许）输出扭矩differential locking factor or bias ratio 差速器锁止系数drive axle ratio 驱动桥减速比drive axle efficiency 驱动桥效率（％）drive axle mass 驱动桥质量steering tie rod 转向横拉杆steering drag link 转向直拉杆steering knuckle arm 转向节臂tie rod arm 梯形臂tie rod linkage or ackermann geometry 梯形机构steering system 转向系manual steering system 机械转向系power steering system 动力转向系steering control mechanism 转向操纵机构steering universal joint 转向万向节steering inner articulated shaft 转向传动轴steering column 转向管柱steering shaft 转向轴steering wheel 转向盘(方向盘)manual steering gear 机械转向器worm and roller steering gear 涡杆滚轮式转向器cover of steering gear 转向器盖housing 壳体steering worm 转向蜗杆roller 滚轮roller shaft 滚轮轴side cover 侧盖pitman arm shaft ,sector shaft 摇臂轴(齿扇轴)recirculating ball steering gear 循环球式转向器recirculating ball-rack and sector steering gear 循环球-齿条齿扇式转向器steering nut 转向螺母ball 钢球steering screw 转向螺杆recirculating ball-lever and peg steering gear 循环球-曲柄销式转向器stud ,peg 指销worm and peg steering gear 蜗杆指销式转向器rack and pinion steering gear 齿轮齿条式转向器steering pinion 转向齿轮steering rack 转向齿条power steering gear 动力转向器integral power steering gear 整体式动力转向器semi-integral power steering gear 半整体式动力转向器“constant pressure”hydraulic power steering gear 常压式液压动力转向器“constant flow”hydraulic power steering gear 常流式液压动力转向器control value 转向控制阀spool valvetype 滑阀式转向控制阀valve housing 阀体valve spool 滑阀rotary valve type 转阀式转向控制阀rotary valve 转阀torsion bar 扭杆power cylinder 转向动力缸power steering pump 转向油泵oil reservoir 转向油罐steering linkage 转向传动机构pitman arm 转向摇臂steering drag link 转向直拉杆end plug 端部螺塞ball stud 球头销ball cup 球头座compression spring 压缩弹簧drag link 直拉杆steering knuckle arm,steering arm 转向节臂tie rod linkage,ackermann geometry 梯形机构single tie rod type tie tod linkage 整体式梯形机构tie rod arm 梯形臂steering tie tod 转向横拉杆socker 接头tie tod 横拉杆split tie tod type tie tod linkage 分段式梯形机构swing arm 摇臂steering system angle ratio 转向系角传动比steering gear angle ratio 转向器角传动比steering linkage angle ratio 转向传动机构角传动比steering gear efficiency 转向器传动效率forward efficiency 正效率reverse efficiency 逆效率steering system stiffness 转向系刚度total number of steering wheel turns 转向盘总圈数torsional stiffness of steering gear 转向器扭转刚度total turns of steering gear 转向器总圈数free play of steering wheel 转向盘自由行程steering gear clearance 转向器传动间隙max.rotating angle of pitman arm shaft 摇臂轴最大转角max.swing angle of steering pitman arm 转向摇臂最大摆角rotating torque of steering gear 转向器转动力矩reverse rotating torque of steering gear 转向器反驱动力矩steering moment 转向力矩steering resisting torque 转向阻力矩steering gear max.output torque 转向器最大输出扭矩max.working pressure 最大工作压力rated working pressure 额定工作压力theoretical displacement of pump 转向油泵理论排量limited flow 限制流量pre-opened play of steering control valve 转向控制阀预开隙totally-opened play of steering control valve 转向控制阀全开隙internal leakage in steering control valve 转向控制阀内泄漏量pressure lossess in steering control valve 转向控制阀压力降steering gear angle ratio characteristic 转向器角传动比特性steering gear clearance characteristic 转向器传动间隙特性steering gear efficiency characteristic 转向器传动效率特性steering force characteristic 转向力特性power steering system response characteristic 动力转向系灵敏度特性steering control valve pressure losses characteristic 转向控制阀压力降特性steering control valve response characteristic 转向控制阀灵敏度特性the terms and definitions of braking of automotive vehicles and their trailers—types, constituent elements, braking mechanics and phenomenon of barking system 汽车和挂车制动名词术语及其定义制动系种类、组成、力学及现象braking equipment制动装备braking system制动系service braking system行车制动系（常用制动系）emergency braking system应急制动系parking braking system驻车制动系auxiliary braking system辅助制动系automatic braking system自动制动系muscular energy braking system人力制动系non-muscular energy braking system动力制动系servo braking system伺服制动系energy assisted braking system助力制动系inertia braking system惯性制动系gravity braking system重力制动系air braking system气压制动系（气制动系）hydraulic braking system液压制动系electromagnetic braking system电磁制动系mechanical braking system机械制动系combination braking system组合制动系single-circuit braking system单回路制动系dual-circuit braking system双回路制动系multi-circuit braking system多回路制动系single-line braking system单管（线）路制动系dual-line braking system双管（线）路制动系multi-line braking system多管（线）路制动系continuous braking system连续制动系semi-continuous braking system半连续制动系non-continuous braking system非连续制动系gradual braking渐进制动constituent elements组成部分energy supplying device供能装置braking energy source制动能源control device控制装置transmission device传能装置brake制动器friction brake摩擦式制动器drum brake鼓式制动器internal expanding drum brake内张型鼓式制动器two leading shoe brake双领蹄式制动器（2L式制动器）two trailing shoe brake双从蹄式制动器（2T式制动器）duo two leading shoe brake双向双领蹄式制动器（D2L式制动器）duo two trailing shoe brake双向双从蹄式制动器（D2T式制动器）leading trailing shoe brake领从蹄式制动器（LT式制动器）uni-servo brake单向伺服式制动器（US式制动器）duo-servo brake双向伺服式制动器（DS式制动器）external contracting drum brake外收缩型鼓式制动器band brake带式制动器disc brake盘式制动器caliper disc brake钳盘式制动器disc brake with fixed caliper定钳盘式制动器disc brake with floating caliper浮钳盘式制动器floating disc brake浮盘式制动器complete disc brake全盘式制动器cam brake凸轮张开式制动器wedge brake楔式制动器wheel cylinder brake轮缸（柱塞）式制动器positive engagement brake刚性接合式制动器（锁止式制动器）retarder缓速装置（缓速器）retarder by combustion engine发动机缓速装置retarder by electric traction motor电机缓速装置hydro-dynamic retarder液力缓速器aerodynamic retarder空气动力缓速装置electromagnetic retarder电磁缓速器braking line制动管（线）路feed line供能管（线）路actuating line促动管（线）路pilot line操纵管（线）路supply line供给管（线）路control line控制管（线）路common line共用管（线）路emergency line应急管（线）路additional device附加装置auxiliary device辅助装置alarm device报警装置alarm pressure报警压力protection pressure device保护压力装置protection pressure保护压力application pressure of brake shoe assembly制动蹄作用压力release pressure of brake shoe assembly制动蹄放松压力device to apply correction to braking force制动力调节装置anti-lock device车轮防抱死装置sensor传感器controller控制器modulator调节器individual wheel control单轮控制multi wheel control多轮控制axle control轴控制side control边控制diagonal control对角控制combined multi-axle control组合多轴控制variable selection可变选择select-low低选择select-high高选择predetermined selection预定选择selection by wheel车轮选择average selection平均选择minimum control speed最低控制速度sensor signal传感器信号resolution rare (of an impulse wheel speed sensor分辨率（脉冲式车轮速度传感器的分辨率）control cycle控制周期control frequency控制频率braking mechanics制动力学control force控制力Fcapplication force作用力Fsbraking torque制动力矩Mftotal braking force总制动力Ffdisturbing residual braking torque干扰后效制动力矩braking force distribution rate制动力分配率braking efficiency factor制动因数Zbrake efficiency factor制动器效能因数brake shoe efficiency factor制动蹄效能因数Cbraking system hysteresis制动系的滞后brake hysteresis制动器的滞后instant at which the movement of the control device begins控制装置开始作用时刻t0instant at which the deceleration begins减速度开始产生的时刻t1instant at which the deceleration begins to be approximately stable减速度接近于稳定的开始时刻t2instant at which the deceleration begins to decrease rapidly减速度开始急剧下降时刻t3instant at which the deceleration ceases减速度终止时刻t4reaction time of driver驾驶员反应时间actuating time促动时间mechanism hysteresis time机构滞后时间build-up time增长时间active braking time有效制动时间release time放松时间main braking time主制动时间total braking time总制动时间stopping time停车时间stopping distance停车距离total braking distance总制动距离active braking distance有效制动距离pedal travel踏板行程free pedal travel踏板自由行程maximum pedal travel踏板最大行程braking work制动功Winstantaneous braking power瞬时制动功率Pinitial speed of braking制动初速度v1final speed of braking制动终速度v2braking deceleration制动减速度a instantaneous braking deceleration瞬时制动减速度am mean braking deceleration平均制动减速度amax maximum braking deceleration最大制动减速度phenomenon on braking course制动过程中的现象heat fade热衰退water fade水衰退recovery恢复over recovery过恢复build up增强（突升）braking vapour lock制动气阻cracks龟裂heat cracks热龟裂braking drag制动拖滞cold braking sickness冷制动痹病brake chatter制动颤振brake noise制动噪声wheel lock车轮抱死braking deviation from制动跑偏braking swerve制动甩尾braking jack-knifing制动折叠braking hop制动跳动braking failure制动失效braking skid制动滑移braking nose dive制动点头The terms and definitions of braking of automotive vehicles and their trailers —The parts and components of braking equipment汽车和挂车制动名词术语及其定义零部件vacuum pump真空泵ejector喷射器vacuum tank真空罐（真空筒）air compressor空压机（压气机）cylinder head气缸盖cylinder block气缸体piston活塞piston ring活塞环connecting rod连杆piston pin活塞销crank shaft曲轴intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀air storage reservoir储气罐（储气筒）pressure regulating valve调压阀single check valve (check valve) 单向阀（止回阀）filter滤清器air intake filter进气滤清器air exhaust filter排气滤清器line filter管路滤清器strainer滤网（芯）oil and water separator油水分离器anti-freezer防冻器air dryer空气干燥器drain valve排放阀pressure protection valve压力保护阀service braking pedal device常用行车制动踏板装置braking pedal制动踏板pedal pad踏板护套pedal bracket踏板支架bushing衬套collar套管axis pin销轴return spring回位弹簧parking braking control device驻车制动操纵装置control lever操纵杆control lever bracket操纵杆支架control lever guide collar操纵杆导套rod rack (rat chet) 齿杆（棘轮）ratchet pawl棘爪control cable操纵缆绳equalizer平衡臂pull rod (pull wire) 拉杆（拉绳）pull rod guide collar (pull wire guide collar) 拉杆导套（拉杆绳导套）air brake valve气制动阀single-chamber air brake valve单腔气制动阀plunger推杆air valve气阀equalizing spring平衡弹簧diaphragm膜片dual-chamber air brake valve双腔气制动阀series dual-chamber air brake valve串列式双腔气制动阀parallel dual-chamber air brake valve并列式双腔气制动阀triple-chamber air brake valve三腔气制动阀three way control valve三通路控制阀dual way check valve双向止回阀（双通换向阀）relay valve继动阀quick release valve快放阀relay and quick release valve继动快放阀trailer braking valve挂车制动阀trailer braking relay emergency valve挂车制动应急继动阀trailer braking protection valve挂车制动保护阀trailer braking relax valve挂车制动放松阀hand braking valve手控制动阀brake master cylinder制动主缸compensating brake master cylinder有补尝孔式制动主缸master cylinder body主缸缸体cup protector皮碗防护垫primary cup主皮碗ring cup (secondary cup) 皮圈（副皮碗）spring seat弹簧座piston stopper活塞挡圈snap ring卡环master cylinder push rod主缸推杆clevis连接叉boot防尘罩（套）residual valve残留阀fluid reservoir储液室fluid reservoir cap储液室盖pertless brake master cylinder无补偿孔式制动主缸inlet valve进油阀series dual-chamber brake master cylinder串列双腔式制动主缸first piston第一活塞secondary piston第二活塞wheel cylinder轮缸servo mechanism (booster) 伺服机构（助力器）vacuum booster真空助力器reaction lever反馈杠杆reaction plate反馈盘servo valve伺服阀reaction plunge反馈柱塞 rservo piston (boosting piston) 伺服活塞（助力活塞）servo diaphragm (boosting diaphragm) 伺服膜片（助力膜片）vacuum intensifier真空增压器control valve body控制阀体valve spring阀门弹簧control diaphragm return spring控制膜片回位弹簧control diaphragm控制膜片control piston控制活塞control piston cup控制活塞皮碗auxiliary cylinder body辅助缸缸体hydraulic piston液压活塞hydraulic valve液压阀end plate端盖air booster气压助力器air over hydraulic intensifier (air over hydraulic booster) 气压—液压增压器（气顶油助力器）brake line制动管（线）路wire (cable of wire) 导线（电缆）pipe unit (brake pipe unit) 管件（制动管组件）rigid pipe刚性管semi-rigid pipe半刚性管hose (brake hose) 软管（制动软管）hydraulic hose液压软管hose protector软管保护管hose clip软管卡子air brake hose气制动软管jumper hose跨接软管bridge pipe桥式管pipe fittings管接头（管连接件）compression fittings压力接头fittings body接头体sealing ring密封圈pressure ring压力环pipe seat (sealing pipe seat) 管座（密封管座）pipe nut管螺母thrust fittings推力接头fitting body with inner conical seat内锥座接头体quick fittings快速接头jumper hose connections (pneumatic braking connections跨接软管连接器（气制动管连接器）brake chamber制动气室diaphragm brake chamber膜片式制动气室piston brake chamber活塞式制动气室energy storage spring brake chamber储能弹簧制动气室energy storage spring chamber储能弹簧室energy storage spring储能弹簧energy storage spring release machanism储能弹簧放松机构follower随动件pusher推杆lock brake chamber锁止式制动气室lock chamber锁止腔lock spring锁止弹簧wedge ring楔环brake shoe actuator制动蹄促动器brake camshaft制动凸轮轴drum brake鼓式制动器brake drum制动鼓brake bottom plate 制动底板friction lining制动衬片（摩擦片）brake shoe制动蹄brake shoe assembly制动蹄总成lash adjusting device间隙调整装置adjusting arm调整臂adjusting arm assembly调整臂总成brake shoe hold down spring制动蹄限位弹簧brake shoe return spring制动蹄回位弹簧fixed brake shoe abutment制动蹄支承轴brake shoe abutment．制动蹄支承座（架）anchor pin．支承销anchor plate支承块brake shoe link制动蹄导板parking brake lever驻车制动杠杆parking brake push-rod驻车制动推杆disk brake盘式制动器brake disk制动盘brake caliper制动钳brake caliper plate yoke制动钳板臂brake caliper mounting bracket制动钳安装架brake pad assembly制动块总成brake pad制动衬块（摩擦块）brake pad back plate制动衬块（摩擦块）背板exhaust retarder排气缓速器exhaust shutter valve排气节流阀intake silencer进气消声器control cylinder控制缸electromagnetic valve．电磁阀electromagnetic retarder电磁缓速器discal rotor．盘形转子stationary electromagnets定子电磁铁组stationary torus环形定子electromagnet core电磁铁芯field winding (field coil) ．激磁线圈hydrodynamic retarder液力缓速器double runner rotor双叶片转子drain pipe排液管pressure limiting valve限压阀proportioning valve．比例阀different diameter piston异径活塞（组）valve body．阀体pressure control spring．压力控制弹簧valve spring阀弹簧valve．阀inertia proportioning valve惯性比例阀inertia ball惯性球ball valve seat球阀座oading sensing proportioning valve感载比例阀loading sensing pressure limiting valve．感载限压阀inertia anti-lock device惯性防抱死装置electro anti-lock device电子防抱死装置warning device报警装置vacuum warning switch．真空报警开关low pressure warning switch低压报警开关level warning switch液面报警开关safety cylinder安全缸check bolt．抑止螺栓check nut．抑止螺母air bleed valve空气溢流阀safety valve安全阀pressure-gradient control valve压差控制阀（优先阀）pider single check valve十字单向阀sever switch．换通开关braking light switch．制动灯开关shut-off switch分离开关air gauge气压表Spring 弹簧Helical spring 螺旋弹簧Cylindrically helical spring 圆柱螺旋弹簧Cylindrically helical compression spring 圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧Cylindrically helical torsion spring 圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧Stranded helical wire spring 多股螺旋弹簧Non-cylinder helical spring 非圆柱弹簧圈螺旋弹簧Non-linder feature helical spring 非线形特性螺旋弹簧Variable pitch Cylindrically helical spring 不等节距圆柱螺旋弹簧Barrel shaped helical spring 中凸形螺旋弹簧Hourglass shaped helical spring 中凹形螺旋弹簧Leaf spring 板弹簧Semi-elliptic spring 弓形板弹簧Constant rate semi-elliptic spring 变刚度弓形板弹簧Variable across leaf spring 变截面弓形板弹簧Full elliptic spring 椭圆形板弹簧Constant rate full elliptic leaf spring 等刚度椭圆形板弹簧Variable rate full elliptic leaf spring 变刚度椭圆形板弹簧Cantilever leaf spring 悬臂板弹簧Disc spring(Belleville spring) 碟形弹簧Single piece disc spring 单片碟形弹簧Combined disc spring 组合碟形弹簧Diaphragm spring 膜片弹簧Spiral spring 涡卷弹簧Flat spiral spring 平面涡卷弹簧Non-contact flat spiral spring 非接触形平面涡卷弹簧Contact flat spiral spring接触形平面涡卷弹簧Constant-force spring 恒力弹簧Valute spiral spring 截锥涡卷弹簧Flake spring 片弹簧Non-linearity flake spring 非线性片弹簧Linearity flake spring 线性片弹簧Serpentine spring 蛇形弹簧Rubber spring 橡胶弹簧Compression rubber spring 压缩式橡胶弹簧Shear rubber spring 减切式橡胶弹簧Retortion rubber spring 扭转式橡胶弹簧Combined rubber spring 组合式橡胶弹簧Laminated rubber spring 层状橡胶弹簧Sleeved rubber spring 衬套式橡胶弹簧Air spring 空气弹簧Bellows type air spring 囊式空气弹簧Single convolution bellows type air spring 单曲囊式空气弹簧Double convolution bellows type air spring 双曲囊式空气弹簧Three convolution bellows type air spring 三曲囊式空气弹簧Diaphragm air type spring膜式空气弹簧Constrained diaphragm air type spring约束膜式空气弹簧Free diaphragm air type spring自由膜式空气弹簧Combined type air spring 混合式空气弹簧Telescopic air spring 套筒式空气弹簧Pneumo-hydraulic spring 液力空气弹簧Gas spring 气弹簧Compression gas spring 压缩气弹簧Locking gas spring 可锁定式气弹簧Gas spring with gas source 带气源气弹簧Ring type spring 环形弹簧Torsion bar spring 扭杆弹簧Stabilizer bar 稳定杆Line spring 线弹簧Oil seal spring 油封弹簧Rubber-metal spring 橡胶-金属弹簧弹簧设计和工艺的术语specified load 工作负荷ultimate load 极限负荷test load 试验负荷load at solid position 压并负荷stress at solid position 压并应力deflection 挠度deflection at ultimate load 极限负荷下的变形量deflection at test load 试验负荷下的变形量spring characteristic 弹簧特性spring rate 弹簧刚度dynamic spring rate 弹簧动刚度spring flexibility 弹簧柔度initial tension load 初拉力working torsion angle 工作扭转角ultimate torsion angle 极限扭转角test torsion angle 试验扭转角free height(length) 自由高度（长度）free angle 自由角度working height(lengh) 工作高度（长度）height at test load 试验负荷下的高度solid height 压并高度total number of coil 总圈数number of active coils 有效圈数number of end coils 支承圈数mean diameter of coil 弹簧中径outer diameter of coil 弹簧外径inside diameter of coil 弹簧内径diameter of line 线径space 间距pitch 节距direction of coils 旋向spring index旋向比slenderness ratio 高径比active length 作用长度camber 弧高camber of a leaf 单片弧高camber under static leaf 静载弧高free camber 自由弧高span 弦长free span自由弦长Span under load 负荷弦长flat span 伸直长main leaf主片auxiliary leaf 副片def1ectioll 弹性变形setting load预压负荷eye parallelism 吊耳平行度eye perpendicularity 吊耳垂直度diameter of eye 吊耳孔径width 0f eye吊耳宽度assembly clamp breadth总成夹紧宽度stress 应力stress rate 比应力bush 衬套Center bolt 中心螺栓spring bucket 弹簧卡箍diameter of wire cord 索径pitch of wire cord 索距twist ang1e of strands 索拧角width of contact surface 支承面宽度free height or disc spring 碟簧自由高度thickness of disc spring 碟簧厚度inner diameter of disc spring 碟簧内径0Uter diameter of disc spring 碟簧外径free height of combined disc spring 组合碟簧自由高度coefficient for width or contact surface 支承面宽度系数radial pitch 径向节距axial pitch 轴向节距deflection of first bottoming 初始触合变形量load at first bottoming 初始触合负荷curvature cowection factor 曲度系数internal air pressure 内压working pressure 工作压力effective area 有效面积effective diameter 有效直径design height 设计高度basic spring volume 附加容积total volume 总容积auxiliary air reservoir 附加空气室changing behavior of effective area 有效面积变化特性equivalent deflection 当量挠度cord bias angle 帘线角load area 承载面积free area 自由面积elasticity modulus 弹性模量modulus at compression 压缩摸量modulus in shear 切变摸量rubber hardness 橡胶硬度relief stress 消除应力relaxation 松弛permanent deformation 永久变形temporary deformation 暂时变形setting 立定处理hot-setting 加温立定处理prestressing 强压（拉、扭）处理hot-prestressing 加温强压（拉、扭）spring safe factor 弹簧安全系数fatigue test 疲劳试验impact test 冲击试验model test 模拟试验fast shelve test(pluck torsion) 速压(拉、扭)试验shot blast 喷丸liquid shot blast 液体喷九A1men test spring 阿尔曼试片everoment test 环境试验x ray stress measurement x线应力测定。
电泳漆附着力检测方法
电泳漆附着力检测方法English Answer.Adhesion Testing Methods for Electrophoretic Paint.Adhesion testing is a critical process in the quality control of electrophoretic paint (E-coat) applications. It ensures that the paint adheres properly to the substrate, preventing corrosion, wear, and other issues. Several methods can be used to evaluate the adhesion of E-coat, each with its own advantages and limitations.Pull-Off Test.The pull-off test is a destructive adhesion test that measures the force required to detach a coated panel from a substrate. A dolly is glued to the coated surface, and a tensile force is applied to the dolly until the coating fails. The force at failure is recorded, and the adhesion strength is calculated.Cross-Hatch Adhesion Test.The cross-hatch adhesion test is a destructive adhesion test that evaluates the resistance of a coating to peeling or flaking. A series of parallel cuts are made through the coating to form a grid pattern, and a piece of tape is applied and removed. The number of squares that detach from the substrate is counted, and the adhesion rating is determined.Scratch Test.The scratch test is a non-destructive adhesion testthat evaluates the resistance of a coating to scratching or marring. A stylus with a defined tip is drawn across the coated surface, and the damage is assessed. The adhesion strength is rated based on the depth and width of the scratch.Knife Test.The knife test is a destructive adhesion test that evaluates the resistance of a coating to peeling or flaking.A knife is used to cut through the coating, and the resistance to cutting is observed. The adhesion strength is rated based on the ease with which the coating can be cut.Impact Test.The impact test is a destructive adhesion test that evaluates the resistance of a coating to impact damage. A weighted object is dropped onto the coated surface, and the damage is assessed. The adhesion strength is rated based on the extent of the damage.Other Methods.In addition to the above methods, several other techniques can be used to evaluate the adhesion of E-coat, including:Ultrasonic Adhesion Test: This non-destructive test uses ultrasonic waves to detect delaminations between thecoating and the substrate.Thermal Cycling Test: This test evaluates the adhesion of a coating by subjecting it to repeated cycles of heating and cooling.Corrosion Test: This test evaluates the ability of a coating to protect the substrate from corrosion.The choice of adhesion test method depends on several factors, including the substrate, coating type, and desired level of accuracy. It is important to consider the advantages and limitations of each method when selecting the appropriate test for a particular application.中文回答：电泳漆附着力检测方法。
美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格、配套厂家（一）
美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格、配套厂家（一）第2期李日煜.美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格,配套厂家(一)27美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格,配套厂家(一)李日煜编译摘要:本文介绍了美国军用飞机轮胎的各项性能要求(总体要求)及主要军用飞机的轮胎规格系列,供应商及单篇规范编号,从单篇规范编号可以查出每种轮胎具体技术规范及实验要求.关键词:军用飞机轮胎;性能规范;规格;配套厂家1范围本规范包括了适用于飞机机轮上的带花纹沟胎面的有内胎和无内胎充气轮胎的技术要求.2适用文件2.1通用本节所列文件将被本规范的第三节和第四节引用.本规范中其他章节中所引用的文件不包括在所列文件中.尽管力图使所列文件完整,但还要提醒文件使用者,必须满足本规范3,4节中规定的引用文件的要求,不管他们是否被列出.2.2政府文件2.2.1规范,标准和手册在文中指定范围内,下列规范,标准和手册形成本文件的组成部分.除非另有规定,这些文件即为合同中引用的文件.国防部单篇规范"DEPARTMENTOFDE.FENSEMSSHEETS"见表1有关的单篇规范表.这些文件可从网上获得,网址为http://assist. /quicksearch.[DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSEMSSHEETSSeeTableIf0rthelistof associatedMSsheets.(Copiesofthesedocuments ayeavailableonlineat/ quicksearchororfrom theStandardizationDocumentOrderDesk,700Rob—binsAvenue,Building4D,Philadelphia,PA19111—5094.)].2.2.2其他政府文件,图纸和出版物文中指定范围内的下列文件,图纸和出版物形成本文件的一部分.除非另有规定,这些文件即为合同中引用的文件.美国联邦航空局出版物TSO—C62技术标准规定一飞机轮胎(FEDERALA VIA TIONADMINIS—TRATIONPUBLICATSO—C62TechnicalStandard Order—AircraftTires).2.2.3非政府出版物文中指定范围内的下列文件,图纸和出版物形成本文件的一部分.除非另有规定,这些文件即为合同中引用的文件.国际汽车工程师协会SAEAS4833飞机新轮胎标准一斜交和子午线轮胎[SOCIETYOFAUTO—MOTIVEENGINEERSINTERNA TIONAL(SAE), SAEAS4833AircraftNewTireStandard—Biasand Radia1].美国质量协会(ASQ)ANSI/ASQCZ1.4性能检验的抽样程序和表格(ANSI/ASQCZ1.4Sam—piingProcedures&TablesforInspectionbyAttrib.utes).美国材料试验协会(ASTM)ASTMD746塑性和弹性体的冲击脆性温度试验方法(ASTMD746StandardTestMethodsfor BrittlenessTemperatureofPlastics&Elastomersby Impact).ASTMD413橡胶性能一柔性衬底的粘合(ASTMD413RubberProperty—AdhesiontoFlex—ibleSubstrate).轮胎和轮辋协会(TRA)飞机年鉴[THET/REANDRIMASSOCIATION,Inc(TRA)Air-现代橡胶技术2011年第37卷craftY earbook].2.3优先顺序如果本文件的内容和在此引用的文件发生冲突,以本文的内容优先.但本文件的任何内容不能代替法律和法规,除非得到特殊的豁免.3要求3.1资格鉴定按照本规范配备的轮胎,在签订合同之前必须通过一定的鉴定程序并列人鉴定产品表(见4.2 节和6.3节).凡由于制造厂,结构,材料或加工过程发生变化而会影响轮胎性能时,需按本规范的要求重新鉴定.3.2通用要求除非另有规定,轮胎必须适合用于各种军用飞机,这些飞机可以在改进的和未改进的跑道,舰船(主要指航空母舰的甲板)及各种气候条件下使用.对于那些在表1,轮胎单篇规范和图纸对照表TireDrawing&SlashSheetMatrix中没有被列出的轮胎,采购之前需提出性能和接口要求.3.2.1环境温度范围轮胎使用要求的环境温度:一58—125.F(一50—52.C).在该使用温度下,轮胎胶料需保持断裂韧性和强度特性.3.2.2轮胎规格和分类轮胎规格和分类需符合轮胎轮辋协会飞机年鉴(TRAAircraftY earbook)中的规定.3.3材料材料质量需满足本规定或表1中的要求.尽可能避免使用有毒,有害和有可能破坏臭氧层的化学品.3.4接口3.4.1轮胎外形尺寸和重量外形尺寸和重量需符合表1中的规定.所有的字母,装饰线均包含在外形尺寸中.表1中要求的轮胎肩部的高度和宽度在TRA飞机年鉴(TRAAircraftY earbook)中有明确的定义.3.4.1.1直升飞机轮胎的外形尺寸应用于直升飞机的轮胎的最大允许充气压力可以是正常充气压力的1.8倍,该压力下允许的最大尺寸增加是4%.3.4.1.2胎圈宽度胎圈宽度需符合TRA飞机年鉴(TRAAircraftY earbook)的数据.3.4.2轮辋接口每个轮胎和轮辋的接口均按表1中的具体要求.3.5性能3.5.1基本轮胎性能除非另有规定,轮胎的基本性能要符合表1中规定的要求.3.5.2轮胎速度除非在表1中另有规定,轮胎在额定载荷和额定气压下最小速度能力为120英里/tJ,时. 3.5.3胎面3.5.3.1胎面花纹沟对于断面宽大于6英寸的轮胎,其胎面应不少于三条周向,连续的条形花纹沟;对于断面宽等于或小于6英寸的轮胎,其胎面应不少于两条上述花纹沟.3.5.3.2织物补强胎面织物补强胎面中的织物材料不会引起胎面的损坏.3.5.4胎侧胎侧需保护胎体不受磨损和气候的影响3.5.4.1排气孔是一种将使存留在胎侧中的空气排出的方法.如果使用该方法,在轮缘上方的各胎侧至少需要有8个这样的功能排气孔.3.5.4.1.1有内胎轮胎如果使用排气孔,需用白色的或带色的铝粉点标识,排气孔可以穿透轮胎的内衬层.3.5.4.1.2无内胎轮胎如果使用排气孑L,需用明亮的绿色点标识,排气孔不可以穿透轮胎的内衬层.3.5.5胎圈3.5.5.1胎圈密封压力按照表l规定的密封压力,胎圈在轮缘上能实现初始密封,其中轮辋轮廓要符合表1中的规定.该密封需在没有使用任何润滑剂的情况下实第2期李日煜.美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格,配套厂家(一)29 现.3.5.5.2抗胎圈磨损为了防止胎圈在正常使用条件下的磨损,应该保护胎圈以防止轮胎在轮辋部位受磨损.3.5.6最大磨耗极限(MWL)标识轮胎需用明显的方法标识出何时轮胎胎面达到最大磨耗极限(MWL).可使用彩色磨耗标识,也可使用帘布层数标识.用帘布层数标识是指轮胎需报废前可见到的最大帘布层数的最外层帘布.海军部门使用的轮胎将不使用最大磨耗极限(MWL)标识.3.5.7可翻修性除非另有规定,轮胎的解剖断面上须有明显的翻修磨削线(RBL).3.5.8爆破压力轮胎设计需满足在表1中规定的最低爆破压力.对于在表1中没有列出的轮胎,其设计需满足最少100次滑行,起飞和着陆.对海军部门舰载飞机所需轮胎,轮胎还需经受弹射,着陆拦截和过钢丝揽而不损坏.3.5.9动态耐久性除非另有规定,磨耗除外,战斗机,歼击机和教练机所用轮胎需最少经受50次滑行,起飞和着陆;其他类型的飞机轮胎需最少经受100次滑行,起飞和着陆.另外,海军部门所用的舰载飞机轮胎要求能经受弹射,着陆拦截和钢丝阻拦揽撞击而不损坏.3.5.9.1帘线磨损按3.5.9节进行动力试验的过程中,如果轮胎帘线磨损出现在轮胎的花纹沟,仅仅允许出现在外层帘线.3.5.9.2胎面掉块按3.5.9节进行动力试验的过程中,轮胎胎面掉块面积不允许超过1平方英寸或者75%的花纹上不准超过三块,每块的面积1/2—1平方英寸;掉块的总数量不能超过10块,总面积不能超过4平方英寸.3.5.9.3织物补强胎面轮胎的花纹沟裂口按3.5.9节进行动力试验的过程中,橡胶胎面轮胎不允许有花纹沟裂口.对于织物补强胎面,花纹沟底部的帘布脱空深度不能超过由于花纹沟底部胶拉伸引起的最外层帘布的脱空深度. 不允许有条状花纹底部裂口.3.5.9.4胎圈脱层按3.5.9节进行动力试验的过程中,胎体层和钢丝圈外层结合部不能有任何脱开的现象.胎圈中的单根钢丝不能有松散,弯曲,折断和露出现象.3.5.9.5钢缆挫伤(仅对舰载飞机轮胎)用于舰载飞机的轮胎,需按表l中规定的最低钢缆挫伤载荷进行实验,经受实验的轮胎压力没有损失.3.5.1O轮胎/轮辋转位按额定充气压力安装的轮胎,在轮辋上不允许滑移转位的程度以有内胎轮胎不损坏内胎和气门嘴及无内胎轮胎不影响气密性为度.3.5.11充气压力保持度(无内胎轮胎)在保持额定充气压力下经12小时的胎体膨胀后开始测量,接下来24小时内无内胎轮胎的充气压力损失不准超过表1中规定的额定气压的5%.3.5.12平衡轮胎在充气前需进行平衡,不平衡度需在表1中规定的范围内.轮胎超过规定的不平衡度可通过在轮胎内表面贴不平衡片进行纠正.在有内胎轮胎中,平衡片不可磨伤内胎.平衡片的粘合强度值如下:无内胎轮胎,最低为8磅力/每英寸宽;有内胎轮胎,最低为1.5磅力/每英寸宽.3.6产品识别和标识除非另有规定,下列信息必须清晰,永久地标识在胎侧.标识的位置需保证在翻胎磨削时不被磨掉.a.制造日期和序列号.b.制造厂家的名称或商标,或名称和商标一起.C.彩色排气孔(如果使用的话).d.最大磨耗极限(MWL)标识:"MWL—RC"字样用于"彩色标识"的轮胎;"MWL一#"字样用于"磨耗帘布层数标识"的轮胎,海军部门所用轮胎不使用该标识.30现代橡胶技术2011年第37卷e.规格.f.内胎类型(如果是有内胎轮胎).g.层级(PR).h.割伤极限尺寸(见图1).i.国家库存号(NSN).j.制造厂家鉴定试验号(QTR).k.夹布胎面用"FABRICTREAD"字样标识.1.制造厂所在国家(美国外的国家).m.制造厂的模型号.n.表1要求的附加标识.3.6.1制造日期和序列号轮胎制造日期包括在轮胎的序列号内.序列号最多有10位数字组成.前5位数字是制造El 期(以儒略日期(Juliandate)形式表示).剩下的数字不超过5位,由制造厂家选择,可以是数字, 字母或两种的结合.3.6.2最大磨耗极限标识对于外直径大于26英寸的轮胎,最大磨耗极限(MWL)需在轮胎两侧胎侧的两个同等的位置摸压标识.对于外直径小于或等于26英寸的轮胎,最大磨耗极限(MWL)只需在轮胎一侧胎侧的一个位置摸压标识,位置与割伤极限标识对称180 度,如图1所示.海军部门所用轮胎不使用该标识.3.6.3割伤极限尺寸标识对于外直径大于26英寸的轮胎,割伤极限尺寸识别需在轮胎两侧胎侧的两个同等的位置摸压标识.对于外直径小于或等于26英寸的轮胎,割伤极限尺寸识别需在轮胎两侧胎侧的一个位置摸压标识,位置与另一胎侧的位置错开180度. 3.6.4国家库存号(NSN)国家库存号(NSN)需和轮胎序列号在同一侧模压标识.库存号需包含前缀NSN,号码之间不可有破折号和空白(例如:2620XXXXXXXXX).3.7互换性制造厂家相同部件号的所有部件应具有功能和尺寸上的互换性.3.8寿命轮胎从制造El期到首批交货期不可超过36个月.4验证4.1检验分类这里规定的检验要求分类如下:a.鉴定检验,见4.2节.b.符合性检验,见4.3节.4.2鉴定检验轮胎要求鉴定时,需进行鉴定检验.本检验将包括4.6节中所列的全部实验.每种结构,规格和类型的轮胎至少要取一个样件.每个样件要按3.6节中的规定进行识别和标识.如果在采购活动中与承包商之间达成一致意见时,可放松对鉴定试验胎标识的要求.4.3符合性检验符合性检验应包括4.3.1节的单件检验和4.3.2节的抽样检验.4.3.1单件检验每条轮胎需进行下列实验:a.产品检验(见4.6.1节).b.平衡(见4.6.2).4.3.2抽样检验除非另有规定,轮胎抽样需依照美国国家标准协会/美国质量控制协会z1.4(ANSI/ASQCz1.4)中的初始或正常检查水平抽样,并进行如下检验:a.轮胎尺寸,重量和轮辋的衔接(4.6.3节).b.平衡片的粘合(4.6.4节).c.无内胎轮胎的充气压力保持(4.6.8节).d.爆破压力(4.6.9节).4.4实验条件除非在个别实验中另有规定,所有实验将按下面相应段落中规定的环境温度和压力进行.4.5要求对照表表3提供了第3节中要求的实验对照表,或在下面段落中核实..4.6实验4.6.1产品实验的检验检验轮胎和相关文件以确定规格,材料,尺寸,重量,胎圈宽度,胎面花纹,胎侧,排气孔,标识,互换性和寿命符合要求.4.6.2平衡实验第2期李日煜.美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格,配套厂家(一)31 轮胎将进行平衡检验以确定静态平衡力矩没有超过表l规定的极限.4.6.3轮胎尺寸,重量和轮辋接口实验将轮胎安装在轮辋上,充气到表1中规定的额定气压,在室温下最少保持12小时,然后重新调整到额定气压.测定轮胎的尺寸和重量并与表1或TRAAircraftY earbook中的数值比较.轮胎重量也可在装胎前测量.4.6.4平衡补片粘合实验平衡补片粘合实验将按美国材料实验协会ASTMIM13的方法进行,以确定符合3.5.12节中规定的要求.4.6.5胎圈密合压力实验在对胎圈或轮辋不使用任何润滑剂的情况下,测量胎圈与轮缘间的适合的初始密封压力,该压力需符合在表2中规定的范围内.4.6.6动态耐久性实验动态耐久性实验将演示轮胎在滑行,起飞和着陆周期中符合性能要求.除非另有规定,轮胎滑行,起飞和着陆的性能要求在表1中作了规定. 对于120MPH和160MPH的轮胎,建议采用SAE AS4833,entitled:AlternateQualificationProcedures (可替代的资格审定程序)中规定的实验方法. 4.6.6.1动态耐久性实验温度除非另有规定,在80%的滑行,起飞和着陆周期中,轮胎充气介质或最高的胎体温度不得低于1054-0F(414-3.C).4.6.6.2钢缆损伤实验(仅用于舰载飞机轮胎)除非另有规定,将轮胎充气到舰载飞机轮胎压力,见6.6节.用表1中规定的垂直载荷垂直压在直径为1.625英寸的普通圆形长钢棒或相同直径的拦阻索上,接着立即撤销载荷,将轮胎旋转180度重复上述实验.4.6.6.3实验后检验在作出动态耐久性实验的结论时,需对轮胎在额定气压下进行产品实验检验,见4.6.1节.另外,需对轮胎及有关文件进行检验以确定织物材料,胎圈子口护胶,最大磨耗极限标识,胎面掉快,花纹沟裂口,帘线磨损,胎圈脱层,过揽损伤(舰载飞机轮胎),翻修磨削线和轮辋/轮胎转位是否符合要求.实验后检验需包括轮胎断面解剖检验.4.6.6.4胎圈脱层实验如果在解剖中发现胎圈或钢丝脱层,将缠在钢丝圈上的材料剥离至少1英寸长以确定脱层是由于实验后检验的断面解剖引起还是由于动力耐久性实验引起.如果在剥离区没有发现脱层,胎圈结构将视为合格.4.6.7低温试验胎面,胎体和密封层胶料的样品需按"ASTMD746at一58.F(一5O.C)"的实验方法进行实验.如果采用替代实验方法,提交的实验数据需能证实和上述方法是等同的而且需经采购方批准.4.6.8无内胎轮胎的充气压力保持实验将轮胎按表1规定的气压充气停放最少12小时后,对由于胎体膨胀引起的气压下降进行补充.然后继续停放24小时,并记录气压.在实验的开始和结束都要记录环境温度,以保证任何气压变化不是由于环境温度的变化引起的.任何时候都不要将轮胎充到额定压力之上.4.6.9爆破压力实验将装配好的轮胎按表1规定的最低气压充气并保持最少3秒钟,在该压力下轮胎保持完好.无内胎轮胎爆破压力实验也可像有内胎轮胎那样装一个内胎进行.4.6.10可翻修性实验翻修性可通过实验后检验的断面解剖时能看到磨削面PBL进行验证,见4.6.6.3节.4.6.11最大磨耗极限标识实验如果采用彩色标识,当按4.6.6.3节的方法进行实验,观察解剖断面时能看到彩色标识.5包装5.1常规从采购的角度,包装要求通常在合同或订单中规定.但实际的包装是由国防部的人员执行,这些人员需与有关部门联系以确保满足需求.32现代橡胶技术2011年第37卷6注释本节的下列信息,一般性或解释性可能会有所帮助,但不是强制性的.6.1适用本规范适用于所有的军用飞机轮胎.6.2采购要求采购文件需包括下列内容:a.规范的名称,号码和日期.b.适用的参考文件需在询价单中列出(见2.2.1,2.2.2和2.3节).C.使用环境(如果不同于3.2节中确定的范围).d.没有在表1中列出轮胎的性能或接口要求.e.基本的轮胎性能要求(如果不同于3.5.1节中的要求).f.可翻修性要求(如果不同于3.5.7节中的要求).g.轮胎要求的滑行,起飞和着陆条件(如果不同于3.5.9节中的要求).h.标识要求(如果不同于3.6节中的要求).i.初检水平或样品试验(如果不同于4.3.2节的要求).j.试验条件(如果不同于4.4节的要求).k.动态耐久性试验要求(见4.6.6节),试验温度要求(如果不同于4.6.6.1节要求)和阻拦索损伤试验要求(如果不同于4.6.6.2).1.包装要求(见5.1节).m.所需数据.6.3合格鉴定承包商需要注意的是在本文件中关于产品合格鉴定的要求.只有被列入合格鉴定产品表QualifiedProductsList—QPLNo.5041的产品方可签订合同.为使制造商能有资格签订符合本规范要求的轮胎合同或订单,建议制造商尽早安排他们准备向政府提供产品的合格鉴定试验.具体程序参考国防部标准文件——DefenseStandardi- zationDocument,SD一6,ProvisionsGoverning Qualification.6.4附加信息6.4.1用无内胎轮胎替代有内胎轮胎.在使用有内胎轮胎时,可用无内胎轮胎(内装内胎)代替有内胎轮胎使用.6.4.2建议标识的专门名称及字母高度a.系列号:字母高度最小应为3/16英寸.b.割伤极限尺寸识别:割伤一极限尺寸需用1/32英寸为单位表示,当出现小数点时,应四舍五人到下一个较小单位的尺寸数值.字母高度最小应为1/4英寸并且圆周直径不小于1英寸.C.最大磨耗极限标识:字母高度最小应为3/8英寸并且矩形长度不小于1/2英寸,宽度不小于1.25英寸.d.国家库存号(MSN):字母高度不小于1/'4英寸.6.5建议实验方法a.胎圈密封压力实验:胎圈密封压力可以使用电接触方法测量,当胎圈与轮缘密封时即可确定密封压力.首先沿轮胎每间隔120度放置三个与电测量系统连接的垫片胶,然后进行充气,当最后一个垫片使电流接通时,此时的压力即可认为是胎圈密封压力.实验进行时,胎圈和轮辋部均不可使用润滑剂(见4.6.5节).6.6定义6.6.1舰载压力除非在表1中另有规定,舰载机轮胎压力最低为额定充气压力的1.3倍.6.6.2胎体轮胎结构部分.6.6.3织物补强胎面织物补强胎面是指将一层或多层织物帘布设置在胎体外层与胎面花纹沟底部之间的材料中.6.6.4夹布胎面第2期李日煜.美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格,配套厂家(一)33夹布胎面是指将一层或多层织物帘布设置在花纹沟底部上面的花纹块中.表1—1轮胎图纸对照表表1—2轮胎图纸对照表注:1/TL一无内胎轮胎;TT一有内胎轮胎.2/上面列出的空军图表仅列出性能数据而没有详细图. 3/上述的MS号还没有经过海军部门鉴定.4/当本文件发布后,海军部门一As会将现有的MS图转换成参数表.34现代橡胶技术2011年第37卷6.6.5儒略日期(Juliandate)儒略日期由5位数码组成,包括年和该年的天数.例如:1996年3月21日,也就是1996年的第143天即可表示为96143.也可使用一种带十年标识符的儒略日期代替,也是由5位数码组成,由制造厂家编制,例如:上述日期可以标识为6143J,"J"为十年标识符.6.6.6额定充气压力轮胎在额定载荷下的规定充气压力.6.6.7额定载荷在规定充气压力下的最大允许载荷.6.6.8翻修磨削线(RBL)在制造好的轮胎中,沿圆周方向有确定位置的,连续的一层橡胶,其厚度最小为0.06英寸,宽度为从胎肩到胎肩.6.6.9花纹沟深度沿轮胎模型的中心线测量径向距离,该中心线是指胎面外断面轮廓线到最深的花纹沟底部的下胎面断面的轮廓线.表2胎圈密封压力注:+在最大胎圈密封压力不超过额定充气压力或200psi 时,其最大胎圈密封压力更小.6.7术语(关键词)表Beadseatingpressure(胎圈密封压力) Cut—limitdimension(割伤极限尺寸) FabricreinfcIrcedtread(织物补强胎面)Fabrictread(夹布胎面)Plyrating(层级)Ratedinflationpressure(额定充气压力)Ratedload(额定载荷)Skiddepth(花纹沟深度)Treadchunking(胎面掉快)Tubeless(无内胎轮胎)Tubetype(有内胎轮胎)6.8与上一版本的变化本版没有使用页边标注来识别本版与前版的变化.表3要求的实验对照表第3节要求的对照表质量鉴定实验或试验对照表3.1质量鉴定3.2普通要求3.2.1环境温度范围3.2.2轮胎规格和级别3.3材料3.4.1轮胎尺寸和重量3.4.2轮辋接口3.5.1轮胎基本性能3.5.2轮胎速度3.5.3.1花纹3.5.3.2织物补强胎面3.5.3.3夹布胎面3.5.4胎侧3.5.4.1排气孔3.5.5.1胎圈密封压力3.5.5.2抗胎圈磨损3.5.6最大磨耗极限(MWL)标识3.5.7可翻修性3.5.8爆破压力3.5.9动态耐久性3.10轮辋/轮胎转位3.5.11充气压力保持率3.5.12平衡3.6产品识别和标识3.7互换性3.8寿命4.2和4.64.64.6.6和4.6.74.6.14.6.14.6.1和4.6.34.6.34.64.6.64.6.14.6.64.6.64.6.14.6.14.6.54.6.64.6.114.6.1O4.6.94.6.64.6.64.6.84.6.2和4.6.44.6.14.6.14.6.1以下附表列出了符合军用规范MIL—PRF一5041的合格产品,供参考.第2期李曰煜.美国军用飞机轮胎性能规范及主要规格,配套厂家(一)35 I型10.00/8U—lO.TLG44/l2C/VC一1l8/C一54NLGⅢ型5.oo一5/10H一436.00—6/6A一37/H一19/H一34.NLG6.o0—6/8U一1/O一2/CH一43,HH一60H/MH一6OR/SH一6o,MLG/NLG/TI￡6.5O一1O/6H一3.MLG/NLG7.0o一8/16A一37.MLG7.5O—lO/6C一7.NLG7.5O—lO/l2OV—lO.NLG7.50—14/8VC一131.NLG8.50一l0/.6U一4/U一6.MLG8.5O一1O/l0H一53A—D.MLG/NLG 8.5O一1O/l0H一53A—D.MLG/NLG 8.5O一10/12H一53E.MLG/NLGV一22.MLG 063—105461B一2254一,rL04l—l60—0461B一246404l一31l—O461B一334_4 001—316一O461B一2297一I'L00l一317—0461B一23l3一TL001—344一O461B一3294—11Lo01—339—1461B一2052一TL0ol一339—0461B一2307一TL0o1—346—0461B一3354—11Loo1—329一OD8—414O4l一36O一0461B一2966041..348—-0461B一3560一rrL461B一3332一TLoo1—350—1461B一3388一TL004—35l一0131T一2米其林航空轮胎公司461B一2254一TLlool一2461B一24643l3一M一246lB一33443o09—2一TL461B一2279一TL30o2—2一TL46lB一23l3一TL3O24一l—TL461B一3294一TL(CG) 3039—2一TL(CG461B一2052一TL(CR) 3039—1一TL(CR)46lB一2307一TL3oo4—2一TL461B3354一TL3O2O一1一TLD8—4143014—1一TL461B一29663o0l一2461B—.3560—-TL461B.-3332?-TL 3008—2一TL461B一3388一TL 3027—2一TL固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司固特异轮胎橡胶公司米其林航空轮胎公司:j≯|llIl瓷遵?-_(待续)阿波罗轮胎印度新工厂投资增至4.6亿美元阿波罗轮胎近日与印度泰米尔纳德邦政府签订谅解备忘录补充协议,计划将其在该邦奥拉迦丹(Oragadam)工厂的投资由165亿卢比增加至210亿卢比(约4.6亿美元).印度泰米尔纳德邦政府称,阿波罗轮胎增加投资后,奥拉迦丹工厂将日产6000条卡客车子午线轮胎和8000条轿车子午线轮胎.根据双方签订的谅解备忘录补充协议,泰米尔纳德邦政府将给阿波罗更多的优惠政策.另外,阿波罗表示初期拟在奥拉迦丹工厂投资45亿卢比.。
Adhesiontest粘附性试验
Adhesion testInstrument and material1 Balance: Weighing 500g, feels the quantity not to be bigger than 0.01g.2 Constant temperature water trough: Can maintain the temperature80℃±1℃.3 Mixes up with the small vessel: 500mL.4 Beaker: 1000mL.5 T esting jig.6 Fine lace: Nylon line or cotton thread, copper silk thread.7 Wire netting.8 Standard sieve: 9.5mm, 13.2mm, 19mm each.9 Drying oven: Is loaded with the automatic attemperator’s.10 Electric stove, gas-burning stove.11 Glass plate: 200mm×200mm about.12 Keeps out the porcelain tray: 300mm×400mm about.13 Other: Mixes up the shovel, the asbestos net, the gauze, and the gloveand so on.Methods and steps1 Boiled method test:1.1 Preparatory1.1.1 Aggregate 13.2mm, 19mm sieving, has gone to the particle size13.2mm~19mm shape close cube regular aggregate 5, with thepure laundering only, sets at the temperature for 105℃±5℃ thedrying oven in dries, then places in the water extractor spare.1.1.2 Big beaker in abundant water, juxtaposes heating furnace'sasbestos on-line to boil.1.2 T est procedure1.2.1 Uses the fine lace the aggregate in middle is the jail one by one,sets at 105℃±5℃ in again the drying oven 1h.1.2.2 T akes out the heating the mineral aggregate pellet to mentionone by one with the line, after plunging the asphalt whichpreheats (petroleum pitch 130℃~150℃) (coal tar 100℃~110℃)in the test specimen 45s, puts out gently, causes the aggregate pellet to bind completely for the asphalt membrane turns round.1.2.3 Will bind the duplicate asphalt the aggregate pellet to be hangingon the testing jig, below fronts a paper, causes the unnecessary asphalt to run off, and cools 15min under the room temperature.1.2.4 After treating aggregate pellet cooling, uses the line to mentionone by one, plunges the boiling water the big beaker central committee, adjusts the heating furnace, causes in the beaker along with maintains micro boils the condition, like chart 1c) andb), but does not permit the froth which has boils, like chart 1a).Figure 1 Boiled method test1.2.5 After soaking boils 3min, the aggregate from the water takes out,on the observation mineral aggregate pellets asphalt membrane's flaking degree, and evaluates its coherence rank according to T able 1.pellets, and experiments experienced after two above thepersonnel evaluate separately, averages the rank to take the testresult.2 Water seasoning experiment2.1 Preparatory2.1.1 Aggregate 9.5mm, 13.2mm have sieved, take particle size9.5mm~13.2mm the shape rule aggregate 200g with the purelaundering only, juxtaposition temperature for 105℃±5℃thedrying oven in dries, then places in the water extractor spare.2.1.2 The preparation asphalt test specimen, heats up to the asphaltand the mineral aggregate mixes up the temperature.2.1.3 Will have boiled the hot water pours into the constanttemperature water trough, and maintains the temperature80℃±1℃.2.2 T est procedure2.2.1 T akes the aggregate pellet according to the quartering name(9.5mm~13.2mm) 100g to set keeps out in the porcelain tray,together with keeps out the porcelain tray to put in togetherelevated temperature mixes up above the temperature to theasphalt 5℃ in the drying oven to heat up 1h continually.2.2.2 Joins the asphalt 5.5g±0.2g proportion name according to each100g mineral aggregate to take the asphalt, to 0.1g, puts inaccurately small mixes up in the vessel, posts in the identicaldrying oven to heat up 15min together.2.2.3 After will keep out in porcelain tray's aggregate pours into mixesup in vessel's asphalt, from the drying oven takes out mixes upthe vessel, uses the metal shovel to mix up 1mi n~1.5min evenly immediately, causes the aggregate to bind completely by the asphalt thin film turns round. Then, will bind immediately has the asphalt aggregate to take 20, moves to the glass plate with the shovels to spread out, juxtaposes under the room temperature to cool 1h.2.2.4 Will put has the aggregate glass plate plunges the temperaturefor 80℃±1℃ in the constant temperature water trough, maintains 30min, and will strip and floats in the water surface asphalt, bails out with the slip of paper.2.2.5 T akes out the glass plate carefully by the water, plunges in watertrough's cold water, the careful observation binds the duplicate aggregate the asphalt thin film flaking situation. Experiments the personnel by two above to measure with the eye separately experienced, evaluation peeling area percentage, after the evaluation, averaging value expression.2.2.6 By peeling area percentage according to T able 1 evaluationasphalt and aggregate coherence rank.。
附着力测试标准
COMPANY CONFIDENTIALREVISIONS REV Draft A ITEM STATUS DATE 2011/6/19 2012/10/18 AUTHOR Otto Sun Otto Sun DESCRIPTION PAGES 4 6 APPRTransfer to new formsNotes:CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND THE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OF EURO-PRO OPERATING LLC. THIS DOCUMENT, AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN, SHALL NOT BE COPIED, REPRODUCED, PUBLISHED, DISPLAYED OR DISTRIBUTED, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, IN ANY MEDIUM, BY ANY MEANS, FOR ANY PURPOSE WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN CONSENT OF EURO-PRO OPERATING LLC. IN ADDITION, THIS DOCUMENT AND ALL COPIES MUST BE RETURNED TO EURO-PRO OPERATING LLC OR DESTROYED UPON REQUEST OF EURO-PRO OPERATING LLC. FAILURE TO MEET THE ABOVE NOTICE WILL MEAN THAT EURO-PRO OPERATING LLC HAS THE LEGAL RIGHT TO TAKE ACTION AGAINST THOSE IN VIOLATION. © EURO-PRO OPERATING LLC 2007 ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDENGINEERING TEST PROCEDUREEuro-Pro Operating LLC PROJECT TITLE: AUTHOR: Otto Sun REV A APPROVAL: Peter Taube SPEC. #Paint, Graphics and Coating Adhesion Test TPGP-00018SHEET 1 OF 6APPROVAL: Peter TaubeTABLE OF CONTENTS1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.SCOPE COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE REFERENCE DOCUMENTS / FORMS TRAINING REQUIREMENTS EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS RESPONSIBILITIES PROCEDURE REPORT APPENDICES3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 6REVDraftSPEC. #TPGP-00018DATE: Mar 18, 2013SHEET 2 OF7COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL1. SCOPE The test is used to determine the adhesion of a paint film or graphic or coating to its substrate by trying the remove the coating with adhesive tape. . 2. COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE 2.1 2.2 The test structure involved the Test team, Project team or QA team, also the factory representative. Test StructureStartTest Request from RequesterProvide the Improved Samples for RetestTest Procedure Prepared and Get Approval Prepare test sample Tested per test protocolGenerate FN/Issue NotificationYesTest Failed? NoGet the corrective action for the failure Issue out Report Yes Any retest needed? NoEndREVSPEC. #ATPGP-00018DATE: Oct. 18, 2012SHEET 3 OF7COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS / FORMS 3.1 3.2 4. Euro-pro Product Specification denotes the assigned product specification and use & care book. Design Qualification Test Plan (DQTP)TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 Test worker should be trained by EP Test Engineer for the test procedure. Test Engineer trains the test method, test frequency, test checking points, how to fill in the test datasheet. Test Engineer trains the worker how to use the test equipment safely and correctly.5EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS The following test equipment or its equivalent should be used to perform the tests as referenced in this Test Method. When applicable the test equipment shall have a calibration status sticker with valid date of recall.Description Metal Ruler Divided in millimeter or special template with appropriate spacing of cuts. Sharp Razor Blade, knife, or multiHavubg cutting edge angle between 15° tand 30°. With a bladed fine sharp edge. Glass Low Power (3-5X) magnifying Tape 3M Scotch Tape 600, 3” diameter roll, Scale graduated in 0.5mm increment. 6 RESPONSIBILITYEquipment6.1The Requester - Fill in the test request form in the share point in the Test Request Database and summit to test manager for approval. Test requester should clearly show the sample phase, test sample size, what is major different to previous EB phase/product phase. The requester should provide the samples to test engineer for test .The requester should response to the FN if any within 7 working days.6.2Test Manager - Review the test request and reject or approve it. Review and approve the test protocol. Inform test requester to prepare the samples; inform test engineer and factory that test will conduct and let lab to prepare material, equipment and worker.6.3Test Engineer - Execute the test procedure, train the test method, checking points to the worker; train worker how to fill in the checking form correctly; monitor the test and make. Issue the FN during test if any failure. Teardown the test samples to check any failure. Prepare the report to the team.REVSPEC. #ATPGP-00018DATE: Oct. 18, 2012SHEET 4 OF7COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL7 PROCEDURE 7.1 Acceptance Criteria 7.1.1 Refer to the individual Product specification for special test conditions and acceptance. 7.1.2 No removed exceed 5% with retained legibility if no specification 7.2Test Procedure A- With Scribe Lines (for paint or coating film)7.2.1 Select area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfection plus ensuring surface is dry and clean. 7.2.2 Record the area to be tested. 7.2.3 Lay the test piece on the flat firm surface. 7.2.4 Using a razor sharp blade, or knife or multi-bladed to scribe 11 lines 1.5 or 2.0mm apart and 40mm long in a 50mm square painted section. Scribe 11 additional lines 1.5mm or 2.0mm apart and 40mm long perpendicular to original lines, thereby producing a grid of 100 squares. Noted: Insure blade penetrates coating through to the substrate. 7.2.5 Brush away any flakes or ribbons of the coating from grid. 7.2.6 Remove 3M #600 tape from roll with steady pull and secure at least a 75mm length. 7.2.7Firmly press the strip of #600 tape squarely to the 1mm5 or 20mm cross hatched area. Apply the tape over the grid. Be sure tape is smooth and in good contact. Rub tape firmly with finger tip to obtain maximum contact (remove all air bubbles) or A rubber eraser maybe used to rub the tape to remove air pockets and ensure a good bond 7.2.8 Within 90+/-30seconds of application, Remove tape by seizing the free end and rapidly pulling tape off firmly and evenly and as close to an angle of 180° as possible, but do not jerk. 7.2.9 Count the number of 1.5mm or 2mm square blocks removed and compute a percentage of paint removed versus paint covered by tape. 7.2.10 RepUsually 7.2.6 to 7.2.9 over the same grid for the required number of times, usually 5 pulls are used. 7.2.11 During the testing note whether adhesion failure is between layers or substrate plus any other pertinent observation. 7.2.12 Record and take photos (unless no remove) 7.3Test Procedure B- Without Scribe Lines (Graphic or non-flat surface for paint or coating film)7.3.1 Select area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfection plus ensuring surface is dry and clean. 7.3.2 Record the area to be tested.REV SPEC. #ATPGP-00018DATE: Oct. 18, 2012SHEET 5 OF7COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL7.3.3 Cover area to be tested with #600 tape, leaving one free end of tape on the left side of graphics. Firmly press on taped area, ensuring good adhesive contact. Rub tape firmly with finger tip to obtain maximum contact (remove all air bubbles) or A rubber eraser maybe used to rub the tape to remove air pockets and ensure a good bond Note: If graphics area to be tested is large than the width of the tape, overlap parallel pieces of tale by 1/8 inch, and pull up evenly on both pcs. at once. 7.3.4 Remove tape by grasping the free end of tape and pulling. While pulling, the tape removed should be perpendicular and square to the area being tested. Pull at a approximate rate of 50mm/5second (practice on non-test samples to approximate this rate). 7.3.5 Record and quantify the amound of graphics or paint or coating surface, and take photos (unless no remove). 7.3.6 For graphics, the below addition results need also record: A. Any complete letters removed B. Any letters partially removed and illegible; estimate percentage of letter removed. C. Any letters partially removed and still legible; estimate percentage of letter removed. If 2 or more letters have partial removal, estimate the total removal. D. Any trademark or other partially removed and illegible; estimate percentage of removal. E. Any trademark or other partially removed but still legible; estimate the percentage of removal. Noted: if any graphics appear on the tape, affix the tape to a piece of paper that will show the graphics. 7.3.7 Repeat step 7.3.1 through 7.3.6 (method B) on similar units but pulling the tape from the right side of the graphics. 8 REPORTS:8.1 Test Report: The report shall include the product model, sample number, date code, the rated voltage and frequency, test results, testing parameters comments, and failure mode comments.REVSPEC. #ATPGP-00018DATE: Oct. 18, 2012SHEET 6 OF7COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL8.2 Failure Report The supplier shall document any test failures that occur during the execution of this procedure. The supplier has the responsibility to notify the QA representative from Euro-Pro within 24 hours of the failure via Failure Report and provide in writing the proposed corrective action for resolution of the problem. Depending on the critical nature of the failure, Euro-Pro reserves the right to suspend production until the appropriate correction action measures are implemented by the supplier and verified by Euro-Pro.9APPENDIX:9.1 DATASHEET FOR PAINT AND GRAPHICS ADHESION TEST 9.2 FAILURE NOTIFICATION FORMREVSPEC. #ATPGP-00018DATE: Oct. 18, 2012SHEET 7 OF7。
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NICHOLSON ET AL ON ADHESION
115
iE
CORD EN/BEDDED RUBBER
MBE~ERD D
Test Load-Deflection Curve
Upon application of tensile force to the emergent cord ends with a stan-
116
TIRE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
dard test machine like the Instron, a load-deflection curve (Fig. 2) is obtained which, after an initially steep portion, becomes essentially linear up to the vicinity of the maximum force reached; it then curves over strongly, attaining a steady-state condition, of variable duration, at the maximum force level. The cord then pulls out and the force drops to zero. The maximum force obtained in the test is reported as the pull-out force.
Test Specimen
F i g u r e 1 shows the s p e c i m e n used in the tire c o r d a d h e s i o n test ( T C A T ) . It consists of a r u b b e r b a r in w h i c h cord s e g m e n t s are e m b e d d e d axially a n d Presented at the ASTM Committee F-9 on Tires Symposium on General Subjects, 10 May 1978. 1Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. 2Research Division, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio 44316. Contribution No. 599.
KEY WORDS: tires, adhesion, elastomers, tire cords, cord ends, wire T o be scientifically s o u n d , a test for a d h e s i o n of r u b b e r to cord s h o u l d have a w e l l - c o n t r o l l e d f r a c t u r e i n i t i a t i o n m e c h a n i s m , give g e n u i n e l y adhesive failure, a n d provide a m e a s u r e directly r e l a t e d to a d h e s i o n , i n d e p e n d e n t l y of the m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the a d h e r e n d s . T h i s p a p e r describes s u c h a test, its b a s i c principles, a n d t h e n a t u r e of the i n f o r m a t i o n it f u r n i s h e s . A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n has a l r e a d y b e e n r e p o r t e d [1]. F u r t h e r d e t a i l e d e x p e r i m e n t a l verification has also b e e n p r e s e n t e d [2].
Failure Process
The TCAT failure process has been studied by two methods: photoelastically with special transparent, birefringent rubber specimens and by carefully cutting along wires in specimens that had been loaded to various force levels short of final pull-out. (The latter specimens primarily involved rubber compounds and brass-plated steel wire cords typical of tire belts.) Three stages in pull-out failure are usually observed: (1) initial separation of rubber from the tip of the embedded cord end, (2) slow stable growth of a debonded region, and (3) catastrophic rupture wherein the cord pulls out completely from the rubber. The initial detachment at the cord end occurs at a much lower value than the final maximum pull-out force obtained and may be initiated at the cut tip of an individual strand or filament composing the cord bundle. During the debonding process rubber is progressively separated from the cord surface, forming a cylindrical cavity that grows toward the emergent end as debonding proceeds. At catastrophic rupture the detachment has reached the rubber surface where the cord emerges. The wire then pulis out rapidly from the
D. W. Nicholson, 1 D. L Livingston, 2 and G. S. FieldingRusselF
A New Tire Cord Adhesion Test
REFERENCE: Nicholson, D. W., Livingston, D. I., and Fielding-Russell, G. S., "A New Tire Cord Adhesion Test," Tire Science and Technology, TSTCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, May 1978, pp. 114-124. ABSTRACT: A new tire cord adhesion test is reported. Although developed primarily for measuring adhesion of rubber to tire cord, the test is applicable to any cord- or wirereinforced composite, for example, rubber hose or belting. The specimen is a rubber bar of square cross section containing two partially embedded cord ends opposite each other. Upon the application of sufficient tensile force to the cords, failure is initiated at the tip of the embedded end and proceeds along the cord to the exterior, resulting in pull-out of one of the ends. This result contrasts with the initiation of failure in a specimen of the pull-through type containing a throughgoing cord. In the latter specimen, failure initiates where the cord emerges from the rubber and runs back into the interior. Failure is adhesive when pull-out occurs. Under special conditions cohesive failure (tear) occurs and the specimen is cleaved transversely. Reproducibility is excellent and the test has high discriminating power. A theoretical equation permits calculation of the energy of aof the TCAT test piece.