The Analysis of Humor and Irony in Mark Twain’s short stories中文版 文献综述档
欧亨利作品浅析.英语版
ContentChapter1 Introduction (4)Chapter 2 O. Henry ‘s article style--humor (4)2.1 O. Henry ‘s article style (4)Chapter3 Unique O-style ending method (5)3.1 Improbable Coincidence (The Gift of the Magi) (5)Chapter4 The Main Theme of O’Henry’s Works (6)Chapter 5 Conclusion (7)References (8)A Brief Review on O’Henry’s Works摘要：欧.亨利，原名威廉.西德尼.波特,20世纪美国著名小说家，美国短篇小说创始人。
被誉为世界上三大著名小说巨匠，与法国的莫泊桑，俄国的契诃夫齐名。
他少年时曾一心想当画家，婚后在妻子的鼓励下开始写作。
后再银行供职时出现账目问题而入狱，在服刑期间认真写作，并以“欧.亨利”为笔名发表了大量短篇小说。
他的作品情节细腻。
语言诙谐，结局往往出人意料。
出人意料但却符合逻辑的故事结尾以及不拘一格文风在作品中最具亮点给读者留下深刻印象。
而本论文的主要围绕他的著作，如《麦琪的礼物》，《最后一片叶子》，《警察与赞美诗》，分析其故事结尾与语言风格如何达到预想的效果和如何让作者的思想在作品中得到体现。
关键词：文风，欧.亨利式结尾,人性，社会现实Abstract:O. Henry, one of the three most famous short-story writers in the world, enjoys equal status with Chekhov and Maupassant. Exquisite plot, wry humor and twist ending dominate his works. Those surprising but logical endings and article’s style are the most brilliant in all of the highlights. This thesis mainly analyses O. Henry’s surprising but logical endings and style of his famous works such as The Gift of the Magi , The Last Leaf an and The Cop and the Anthem.These O. Henry-style endings impress readers ,and at the same time ,help him express his ideas completely and vividly.So this thesis mainly analyses how O.Henry set the plot to achieve the desired ending effect,and how the twist ending help idea-expression.Key Words: artistic styles, O. Henry-style ending, humanity; social realityChapter1 IntroductionO·Henry is commonly associated with the short story and the masterful ironic “O·Henry Twist”. A prolific writer, O·Henry wrote most often about New York City, where he spent his later years, He has been called “the American De Maupassant”.Years of hardships, vagrancy and prison supplied O·Henry with abundant material for writing. The tragedy in his own life —the bad luck that seemed to bind him —had taught him a chivalrous tenderness for the unlucky, a sympathetic understanding of the underdogs, and this compassion of his is evident in most of his short stories. O·Henry’s stories about New York City —the best of which are included in The Four Million—are his most famous. His works in.The Four Billionaire full of humor. His stories are amusing, flippant, flat and filled with irony and sentiment. Drawing directly on his experiences, he combined realism with a world of his own. Commonly recurring themes in O·Henry’s short stories are those of deception, mistaken identity, the effect of coincidence, the inexorable nature of fate, and the resolution of seemingly insurmountable difficulties separating two love it.Over recent hundreds of years, works of O·Henry’s have been published for several editions, and always attracting a great number of readers. O·Henry‟s writing is seen as straightforward and simple, written in plain language. His stories may rely on a sameness of plot, but the sharp, unexpected twist at the end is still his distinctive trademark today.(田2005:5)As readers, we like O·Henry’s stories very much because we can get much fun from them. Lively characters, humorous style, and the surprising ending which leave us endless thinking, are the main factors to attract and strike us.Chapter 2 O. Henry ‘s article style--humor2.1 O. Henry ‘s article styleO. Henry good at describing the United States in particular people living in New York. His novel, witty language, the result is often surprising; because of the many descriptions of the characters and full of life, as the "Encyclopedia of American life with humor." There are representative collection of short stories, "King and cabbage", "4,000,000" and "the fate of the road." Some of the famous, such as "love at the expense" and "Police and the Hymn," "rent furnished rooms" and "The Gift of the Magi" and "the last piece of rattan leaf" to make his reputation in the world.He is a writer with a unique style, humorous works, humorous wit, vivid descriptions, concise text. Vivid description of things from the profound understanding and extensive knowledge. He was good to observe things and the accumulation of knowledge. Good at capturing life Ironically, while the wealth to the philosophy of the dramatic scenes from the grasp of the subtle characteristics of the image using the language Painted, so that the people of flesh and blood, into the Xu-xu Health.2.2 HumorO. Henry once wrote: "the nature of my jokes is amiable, irony, and never make someone angry." This is his opinion of his humor, his satire, but again not ironic.he is on the basis of goodwill, and often contain the true meaning of life in accessible short stories . And another effect is that this kind of humor played down the tragic role, so readers are more likely to accept. In addition to the humorous irony, O. Henry is good at capturing the ironic and aboundin life philosophy of dramatic scene, with the characteristics of writing outline of cartoon characters, the plot of the chrono set at the same time, the ending with unexpected knot,All this make readers in dismay want to find the deep connotation of the story, make the reader have to exclamation story of fair and reasonable, idea of exquisite. In addition to unxepecting ending ,the sequence in the novel text became O. Henry another feature of the nove.In O’Henry’s short story “The Cop and the Anthem”, he ma kes use of the vocabulary mistake and hyperbole not only endowing figures with fresh image but also obtaining definite humorous effect. It’s a concrete display of the comedic writing style and at the same time it hints at the tragic fate of the protagonist.There is such a paragraph in the article:But as Soapy set foot inside the restaurant d o o r the head waiter’s eye fell upon his frayed trousers and decadent shoes. Strong and ready hands turned him a b o u t and conveyed him in silence and haste to the sidewalk and averted the ignoble fate of the menaced mallard.Soapy’s f irst “long for being arrested” plan i s to eat extravagantly in a luxurious restaurant—“a roast duck is almost enough!” But as he sets foot inside the restaurant door, the head waiter’s eye falls upon h i s“decadent shoes”. Decadent is always used to d e s c r i b e life style or consciousness concept. The author uses it to describe Soapy’s broken shoes and exaggerates the actuality of that broken shoe to a laughable extent. Then the author also uses the humorous remarks “turn round that r o a s t duck’s nearly being killed fate “to indicate Soapy’s hope “to eat gratis is vanished.”Chapter3 Unique O-style ending methodO. Henry's trademark is the surprising ending that each of his stories contains. He sets a story moving in one direction, and just when the reader is convinced of the general direction of the narrative, the story will be completely reversed.This kind of expected but reasonable ending which called O.Henry’s ending may be a litt le sorrowful but it still gives the readers some hope,which is so-called “O.Henry’s humor(smile with tears)”And if we look back to the total story, the ending seems logical and plausible. As a “plot-maker”, and designer of incident, he is an amazing geniu s. No one can do better than him to holds the reader in “suspense”More than that, the reader scarcely knows that he is suspended until the very close of the story. Just as turns on the lights and the whole tale is revealed in its entirety. He uses this device of dramatic and humorous effect in the short story collection The Four Million which including “The Gift of the Magi ”, and “The Cop and the Anthem”“the Service of Love”“The last Leaf.”He often stresses on something important but not the most importan t in his works.The most important part always seems to write incidentally,which been the most circumscriptive reader may if more it.When the stories end in a totally unexpected but reasonable way ,we can do nothing but cheer for O.Henry’s literary talent.3.1 Improbable Coincidence (The Gift of the Magi)The novel“The Gift of the Magi” is about a young couple that is short of money but desperately wants to buy each other Christmas gifts. Unknown to Jim, Della sells her most valuable possession, her beautiful hair, in order to buy platinum as the chain for Jim's watch; unknown to Della, Jim sells his most valuable possession, his watch, to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair. In the end ,both gifts became useless——short-haired Della got a comb andJim got a chain for an already-sold watch. What a surprising coincidence! However, when we look back, we can find that O.Henry had already given us some suggestions.”Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim’s gold watch that had been his father’s and his grandfather’s. The other was Della’s hair.” This description is related to how they got the money for gifts and what they bought for each other. The author used a casual and vague tone deliberately so that few people would think over its meaning before seeing the ending. So the ending turns out to be unexpected but reasonable.This coincidence is filled with complex emotions. People feel touched by the long lasting true love between the young couple and at the same time ,pity for them for their “unwise” gifts and their cruel bitter life.Though confronted with cruel reality and dull daily routine, Della and Jim can never change their eagerness toward love. To them the most valuable material possession is so slight and insignificant ,when compared with the spiritual possession of love romance.Perhaps the gifts were "unwise" as the author says, but, as he further writes, "let it be said that of all who give gifts, these two were the wisest.”In Th e Gift of the Magi , we feel so pity that Della has her precious long hair cut. But to our surprise ,Jim has sold the watch to buy the jeweled tortoise-shell combs for her wife’s hair. O.Henry does not end on the note of irony and surprise but gives to what he calls his uneventful coincidence of two foolish children the appearance of a little parable with a significant meaning. The magi , he reminds the reader ,were wise men who brought gifts to the Christ child. As for Jim and Della, the are the magi. This is the ending of the story with O.Henry’s own style.Chapter4 The Main Theme of O’Henry’s WorksIn his works, O.Henry presents the panorama of the American people to readers with ironic and humorous tone. O.Henry is sympathetic with the poor; he praises the human virtues and denounces human defeats. Humanity, as the eternal theme of O.Henry’s works, endows his works with perpetual artistic charm. Human being has many virtues from ancient times to the present. They are kind, brave, honest, hard-working, polite, thrifty, generous, and hospitable and so on. Some people pay a great deal in order to maintain these virtues, they sacrifice their own happiness even life for the lofty love and friendship; they help others without asking for rewards and regard it as a pleasure; they give up their own treasure and chance to others etc. Such people bring love and fine things to the world; they are the ones who endow the world with light and hope.Human beings have many defects, too. Sometimes t h e y are lazy, rapacious, gluttonous, officious, vain, arrogant, shameless, cowardly, impetuous etc. They benefit themselves at the expense of others, they never show mercy and sympathy to the poor in order to make money, they realize their own aims by hook or by crook etc. Their evil deeds make the world vicious. By exposing the human defects and the dark sides of the world, O.Henry wants to awaken p e o p l e’s conscience and deepest desire for all good things, so that people can use their efforts to save and cleanse the whole world.O. Henry creates a short stories which he could dominate the world , and the world as a whole is with light grey. O. Henry won't go to describe the upper-class life :a luxury and dissipation life.In contrary, he makes his writing focuse on a nobody wholives in the small world.From this world , O. Henry have created the world according to his own idea, in which expresses his sympathy as well as hate, reveals a "law of the jungle" in a capitalist society orthe rule of "the great fish eat the small one". All this, we can visit O. Henry's world from the point of O. Henry's works .Besides social deformities, O. Henry didn't forget to find a unique legend in that society. In a corner of the world, there are blooming love, friendship, lofty flowers with a spirit of sacrifice , beautiful soul and divine emotion interweaves the bright side of another society. This is mainly can be found in the part of his representative works. In The Gift of the Magi ,husband and wife be able to give up the things they proud - long hair and watch, for the Christmas gifts. Although ultimately failed to achieve, but the flower of love is brightly blossoming.For example:But on an unusually quiet corner Soapy came to a standstill. Here was an old church, quaint and rambling and gabled. Through one violet-stained window a soft light glowed, where, no doubt, the organist loitered over the keys, making sure of his mastery of the coming Sabbath anthem. For there drifted out to Soapy’s ears sweet music tha t caught and held him transfixed against the convolutions of the iron fench.<The Cop and the Anthem> The hymn of music brought homeless to restart the courage of life, which reflects the virtuous sideof societyChapter 5 ConclusionTotally speaking, in O. Henry’s works, the events of some short stories are arranged in the specific order which exceed reader’s normal expectation to the arrangement of those events in his works, make the ending unpredictable and strange. O. Henry deliberately designs the little tricks with words, for he is a master of language and not its slave. These unexpected but reasonable endings, in many conditions ,are the mos t remarkable parts in the novel. They also engage something profound in the human psyche and reflect social reality in that age . device that would become identified with his name. Wit, irony, cleverness, individuality and local color are also traditional earmarks of the typical O’Henry story. In addition, his warmth of human understanding and sympathy with the “underdog” give many of his stories poignancy. In memory of his great contribution to American literature, American literary circles set up Henry Award in 1918.References[1] Medrick, Fred. An introduction to American literature[M]. Henan University Press, 1985[2] Hudson, Long. O Henry The Man and His Work[C]. New Y ork:Russell and Russell, 1969[3] O, Henry, Heart of the West[M]. New Y ork: McClure, 1907[4] O, Henry, The Four Million[M]. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company. 1906[5] O, Henry, 欧亨利短篇小说[6] 李国宁欧亨利式结尾的艺术魅力[7] 赵书颖“含泪的笑”与“含笑的泪”浅析欧•亨利的主题[8] 赵丽，黄春妮欧亨利作品导读[M]. 武汉武汉大学出版社2003 P3[9] 欧亨利四百万[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1988。
讽刺人心的英语作文带翻译
总之，英语提供了一个强大的平台，让人们表达讽刺。无论在文学、媒体还是教育领域，讽刺都让作家和演讲者揭示了世界的荒谬和不公。通过使用幽默和讽刺，讽刺鼓励读者和听众对他们所处的社会进行深入思考。作为英语学习者和使用者，理解和欣赏讽刺在娱乐和言论中的作用是非常重要的。
Conclusion
In conclusion, the English language provides a powerful platform for the expression of satire. Whether in literature, media, or education, satire allows writers and speakers to shine a light on the absurdities and injustices of the world. By using humor and irony, satire encourages readers and audiences to think critically about the society they live in. As English learners and speakers, it is important to understand and appreciate the role of satire in both entertainment and discourse.
讽刺人心的英语作文带翻译
简介Байду номын сангаас
俗话说，笔比刀更厉害。用英语写作是一门艺术，它能让人们表达自己的想法、观点和情感。然而，书面文字的力量也可以被用来批评、嘲讽，反映人性的黑暗面。
主体
讽刺散文和小说在英国文学中已经有了几个世纪的历史。这种文学体裁允许作家使用幽默、讽刺和挖苦来批评社会规范、政治和人类行为。例如，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《一个天真的建议》用尖刻的讽刺批评了18世纪英国政府对爱尔兰人民的待遇。在当代文学中，像乔治·奥威尔和库尔特·冯内格特这样的作家也用讽刺揭露了现代社会的缺陷和虚伪。
Mark Twain’s humor and irony in The
Mark Twain’s humor and irony in The ₤1,000,000 Bank NoteAbstract:As we all know,Mark Twain is a famous American short story writer,who is famous for his humor and irony,especially his black humor.And we can see it clearly in The ₤1,000,000 Bank Note,which is his most famous short story.By telling the story of Henry Adams,the poor and lucky main character,in London,Mark Twain mocks the rich in both the USA and the UK,which are considered the most civilized country universally.Key words: Mark Twain,Henry Adams,humor,ironyMark Twain’s ironies to the richPeople in the early 20th century,especially Americans and Brits,were crazy about wealth.They tried to accumulate wealth by every means.However,in Mark Twain’s opinion,the rich are very benighted and naive though they live a very excellent life and describe themselves as civilized people.And in this famous short story,Twain satirized the rich ruthlessly,by his humorous ways.First of all,the reason why our main character,Henry Adams,gets the ₤1,000,000 bank note is very interesting.He gets the note only because two rich gentlemen make a bet,and he is chose by them as the “wise” man to carry the note to live in London for a month.What a strange bet!Mark Twain’s way of humor can be seen in this amusing bet.However,we can also see his sarcasm to the rich.As we can see,the rich are so bored that they finally make a absurd bet like this.And we can infer from it that the rich are willing to make fun of poor people like Adams.Henry is very lucky because he uses the note wisely,but if someone else is selected to use it,he might be considered as a criminal and be put into prison though he do not deserve it!And by this humorous scene,the author satirizes rich people and points out that they are bored and indifferent people other than what they describe themselves as.Another interesting scene which makes people laugh is at the American minister’s dinner-party when the guests want to settle the matter of precedence.This English system is described as vicious and aggravating by the main character,which is also the opinion of the author.And then,something funny happens.The main character and a duke both want to take the precedence,and they argue with each other.The main character uses the gossip column rank as his argument.What a stupid thing!And then he even claims that his direct posterity is Adam,which can be shown in his family name.As we all know,Adam is a imaginary character in the Bible and even in the Bible,Adam is the ancestor of all human beings,rather than the ancestor of Adams.Moreover,the family name has nothing to do with one’s ancestor.The characters’inconceivable insistence in the precedence and the baseless arguments make reader can not help to laugh out.These so-called upper-class men are more like a group of children who brag with each other than civilized people.The author set this humorous scene in order to satirize that those so-called upper-class men always focus on some stupid and meaningless this(like precedence),and they always try to act as an intelligent and noble man while they are silly and fool,which can be seen from theauthor’s humor.And finally when the main character come out with an excellent idea to sell the selling option,the whole London is abuzz.Our Henry,who has nothing when he enter the UK make a lot of money from this.Although it seems a very happy ending,the author also shows his outstanding ability of irony.As we can see from the story,all the rich in London want to buy the mine because it’s recommend by a very rich(they think)man and all of them want to earn money from it and finally become richer.The author shows us the endless greed of the rich and satirizes that the rich are not that clever because they at last is cheated by two poor people.Mark Twain’s attitude towards the rich are very bad.So in this short story he tries his best to criticize and satirize the rich.And what makes the story more excellent is that all these ironies are shown by some funny and interesting scenes,which is Mark Twain’s unique way of humor and irony.Mark Twain’s ironies to the common people:Besides the rich,Mark Twain also describes some common people and criticize those who are snobbish.We can see it clearly when the main character goes to a tailor-shop.Firstly the shop assistant looks down on him and gives him the worst clothes they have and speak ironically.But when the main character takes out the ₤1,000,000 bank note,the attitude of the shopkeeper is changed immediately.He looks up to the main character and try all means he could do to sell Henry the best clothes in the shop and gives him the best service.The sharp contrast of the shopkeeper’s attitude is a very funny and humorous scene which makes all the readers who read this want to laugh.However behind the humorous words,the author also conveyed his criticism towards the common people who adores money and judge a person by his wealth.In the story,the greedy shopkeeper is just like a clown and though this character,the author satirizes those common people who are very snobbish.Certainly,there are also common people with a good manner in this short story,but there are not many and most characters in this short story is satirized by the author using humorous ways. There is no doubt that Mark Twain is a master of humor and irony.And as one os his most famous short stories,The ₤1,000,000 Bank Note shows us his excellent abilities of these.The short story is very interesting and funny,and there are a lot of scenes that makes people laugh,but between the lines we can feel that the author is satirizing and criticizing those greedy,snobbish and arrogant people and that the author wants readers not to be people like those characters.Hiding irony behind humor,that’s why Mark Twain is so outstanding.。
幽默名词英语
幽默名词英语以下为您生成 20 个关于幽默名词的相关内容：1. **Humor**- 英语释义：The quality of being amusing or comic; the ability to make people laugh or find things funny.- 短语：sense of humor（幽默感）- 单词：humorous（形容词，幽默的）- 用法：“He has a great sense of humor.”（他很有幽默感。
）- 双语例句：His humor made the party more enjoyable.（他的幽默让聚会更愉快了。
）2. **Joke**- 英语释义：A thing that someone says to cause amusement or laughter, especially a funny story.- 短语：tell a joke（讲笑话）- 单词：jokester（爱开玩笑的人）- 用法：“She cracked a joke to lighten the mood.”（她讲了个笑话来缓和气氛。
）- 双语例句：That joke really got everyone laughing.（那个笑话真的让大家都笑了。
）3. **Comedy**- 英语释义：A type of entertainment, such as a play, film, or television show, that is intended to make people laugh.- 短语：comedy show（喜剧表演）- 单词：comic（形容词，喜剧的；名词，喜剧演员）- 用法：“I love watching comedy movies on weekends.”（我喜欢在周末看喜剧电影。
）- 双语例句：This comedy is very popular among young people.（这部喜剧在年轻人中很受欢迎。
幽默的英语句子
The Joys of Humor in EnglishEnglish, with its rich vocabulary and vast array of syntactic structures, often lends itself to humor. From puns and wordplay to sarcasm and irony, the language isfull of comic potential, ready to be unleashed in the most unexpected ways.Puns, for instance, are a staple of English humor. They play on words that sound alike but have different meanings, often resulting in double entendres that leave the listener laughing. Consider the pun, “Why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other sid e!” It’s a simple joke, but it packs a punch with its clever play on words.Wordplay is another fun aspect of English humor. It involves manipulating words and phrases to create unexpected or amusing results. For example, there’s a famous joke about a man who walked into a bar with a plank of wood over his shoulder. When asked what he was carrying, he replied, “A board meeting.” The pun here lies in the fact that “board meeting” sounds like “burden meeting,” creating a comic effect.Sarcasm and irony are also common tools of English humor. Sarcasm involves saying the opposite of what one means in a way that is meant to be insulting or mocking. Irony, on the other hand, occurs when something is said in a way that contradicts the intended meaning, often with the aim of mocking or criticizing. Both these devices can be used to great comic effect, as they turn expectations on their heads and leave the listener scratching their head in amusement.English humor also thrives on cultural references and inside jokes. These jokes often require a certain level of knowledge or understanding of a particular culture or subculture to appreciate, making them all the more enjoyable when understood. For instance, references to popular movies, TV shows, or books can often evoke a sense of recognition and amusement among those familiar with the source material.In conclusion, English humor is a vast and varied landscape, full of puns, wordplay, sarcasm, irony, and cultural references. It’s a language that encourage s playfulness and creativity, making it a joy to explore andenjoy. So, whether you’re a native speaker or justlearning the ropes, don’t be afraid to embrace the comic potential of English and let its humorous side shinethrough!**幽默的英语世界**英语，这个词汇丰富、语法结构多变的语言，充满了幽默的潜力。
马克·吐温的幽默讽刺艺术特点
摘要马克·吐温是美国著名的幽默讽刺作家，他的小说作品既充满幽默诙谐的情趣，又有着严肃而深刻的思想涵，从而将幽默与讽刺熔炼为一炉，形成了独特的幽默讽刺风格。
鉴于马克·吐温的重要影响，研究其幽默讽刺艺术的资料甚多，但都或多或少的存在一个缺陷，那就是没有给予马克·吐温的幽默艺术和讽刺艺术同样的、足够的重视，而是往往将两者分裂开来，忽视了幽默与讽刺在他作品中的紧密关联。
本文在借鉴既往研究资料的基础上，给予马克·吐温的幽默艺术和讽刺艺术平等的地位，并将两者有机整合于同一个话语系统中，这种尝试对于今后有关马克·吐温的创作艺术研究尤其是幽默讽刺艺术的研究未必不是一个很好的借鉴。
文章通过分析和评述马克·吐温的诸多作品，探究他的幽默讽刺艺术的共通特点——漫画式的夸和荒诞、凸显矛盾和差异的对比手法以及口语化和善用反语的语言风格，并通过这些特点具体阐述马克·吐温幽默艺术与讽刺艺术的高度凝练和有机统一。
在这样的艺术风格和追求中，我们看到，马克·吐温实现了自己“要做生活的导师”这一创作理想，同时他的幽默讽刺艺术对美国文学乃至世界文学都产生了深远影响。
关键词：幽默讽刺荒诞夸对比口语化ABSTRACTMark Twain is a famous American writer of humor and irony, and his novels filled with both humor and taste, and has a serious and profound ideological content, which will humor and satire as a smelting furnace, forming a unique style of humor and irony. Given the important influence of the art of research information on their humor and irony are many, but are more or less there is a flaw, it is not given Mark Twain's humor and satire art. Similarly, adequate attention but often the two split off, ignoring the humor and satire in his works in the closely related. In this paper, drawing on the basis of previous research data, inventive, giving Mark Twain's humor, satirical art and equality, and the organic integration of both systems in the same discourse, through analysis and commentary Mark Twain lot works delve into the art of his humor and irony common characteristics - comic exaggeration and absurdity, highlighting the contradictions and differences in contrast techniques as well as the use of the language spoken and ironic style. Through research, we see that in such a pursuit of art, Mark Twain implements its own "do life mentor" ideal.Keywords:Humor and irony absurd exaggeration contrast colloquial论马克·吐温的幽默讽刺艺术绪论19世纪60年代是美国幽默文学的兴盛和繁荣时期。
英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
美国文学选择题练习
A. The Sun Also Rises C. Mosses from the Old Manse
B. The Old Man and the Sea D. Hills Like White Elephant
3. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues Except the __________ in the
England farmers.
D. He combined traditional verse forms with the experimental.
7. Edgar Allen Poe was characterized by his __________.
A. psycho-analysis
B. He combined traditional verse forms with the pastoral language of the Southern area.
C. He combined traditional verse forms with a simple spoken language, the speech of New
A. factory workers
B. sailors
C. landless farm laborers
D. veterans
12. Among the American realistic writers, _________ focused his attention on the rising middle
History and Anthology of English and American Literatu1×20)
阿q正传英语评语作文
阿q正传英语评语作文英文回答：Lu Xun's "The True Story of Ah Q" is a scathing satire of Chinese society, exposing its hypocrisy, inequality, and violence. The protagonist, Ah Q, is a poor and uneducated man who is constantly humiliated and oppressed. However, Ah Q has a remarkable ability to rationalize his suffering and maintain a sense of superiority, even in the most degrading circumstances.Lu Xun's use of humor and irony in the novel is masterful. He portrays Ah Q's delusions and self-deceptions with a wry detachment that both amuses and disturbs the reader. Ah Q's unwavering belief in his own importance, despite all evidence to the contrary, is both absurd and pathetic.The novel's social commentary is equally sharp. Lu Xun exposes the brutality of the Chinese feudal system, wherethe poor are exploited and the rich are allowed to abuse their power with impunity. He also critiques the Chinese people's tendency to accept their lot in life without question, even when it is filled with suffering."The True Story of Ah Q" is a powerful indictment of both Chinese society and the human condition. It is a timeless masterpiece that continues to resonate withreaders today.中文回答：鲁迅的《阿Q正传》是一部尖锐的社会讽刺小说，揭露了中国社会的虚伪、不平等和暴力。
爱因斯坦：《我的信仰》（附英文）
爱因斯坦：《我的信仰》（附英文）爱因斯坦：《我的信仰》（附英文）阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（1879—1955），犹太裔理论物理学家，创立了现代物理学的两大支柱之一的「相对论」，质能方程E = mc2的发现者；因「光电效应定律」，于1921年荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。
爱因斯坦被誉为「现代物理学之父」及20世纪最重要科学家之一，他的科学成就和原创性使得「爱因斯坦」一词成为「天才」同义词。
1930年夏天，爱因斯坦在卡普思航海和反思期间，试图把他关于自己「人生信仰」的想法清楚地表达出来。
于是，他写下了以下文字：《我的信仰》What I Believe我们这些总有一死的人的命运是多么奇特呀！我们每个人在这个世界上都只作一个短暂的逗留；目的何在，却无所知，尽管有时自以为对此若有所感。
但是，不必深思，只要从日常生活就可以明白：人是为别人而生存的——首先是为那样一些人，他们的喜悦和健康关系着我们自己的全部幸福；然后是为许多我们所不认识的人，他们的命运通过同情的纽带同我们密切结合在一起。
我每天上百次地提醒自己：我的精神生活和物质生活都依靠着别人（包括生者和死者）的劳动，我必须尽力以同样的分量来报偿我所领受了的和至今还在领受着的东西。
我强烈地向往着俭朴的生活，并且时常为发觉自己占用了同胞的过多劳动而难以忍受。
我认为阶级的区分是不合理的，它最后所凭借的是以暴力为根据。
我也相信，简单淳朴的生活，无论在身体上还是在精神上，对每个人都是有益的。
我完全不相信人类会有那种在哲学意义上的自由。
每一个人的行为，不仅受着外界的强迫，而且还要适应内心的必然。
叔本华说：「人虽然能够做他所想做的，但不能要他所想要的。
」这句话从我青年时代起，就对我是一个真正的启示；在我自己和别人生活面临困难的时候，它总是使我们得到安慰，并且永远是宽容的源泉。
这种体会可以宽大为怀地减轻那种使人气馁的责任感，也可以防止我们过于严肃地对待自己和别人；它还导致一种特别给幽默以应有地位的人生观。
开玩笑英语作文
开玩笑英语作文回答1:As a language, English has a great sense of humor. From puns and wordplay to sarcasm and irony, there are many ways to make people laugh in English. In this essay, I will explore the topic of joking in English and how it can be used to build relationships and connect with others.One of the most common forms of humor in English is puns.A pun is a play on words that uses multiple meanings or similar-sounding words to create a humorous effect. For example, "Why did the tomato turn red? Because it saw the salad dressing!" This type of joke relies on the listener's ability to understand the multiple meanings of words and appreciate the cleverness of the wordplay.Another popular form of humor in English is sarcasm. Sarcasm is the use of language that means the opposite of what is said, often used to express humor or irony. For example, if someone asks how your day was and you reply "Oh, just fabulous" with a sarcastic tone, you are expressing that your day was not actually fabulous. Sarcasm can be a tricky form of humor becauseit relies heavily on tone and context to be understood correctly.Irony is another form of humor in English. Irony is the use of language that expresses the opposite of what is expected or intended. For example, if someone says "I love being stuck in traffic," they are expressing an ironic sentiment because no one actually enjoys being stuck in traffic. Irony can be used for comedic effect, but it can also be used to express frustration or disappointment.In addition to these forms of humor, there are many other ways to joke in English. One important aspect of joking is understanding the culture and context in which the joke is being told. What may be funny to one person or group may not be funny to another. Joking can also be a way to build relationships and connect with others. Sharing a sense of humor can create a bond between people and make them feel more comfortable with each other.In conclusion, joking in English is an important aspect of the language and culture. From puns and wordplay to sarcasm andirony, there are many ways to make people laugh in English. Understanding the culture and context in which jokes are told is crucial, as is recognizing that humor can be a powerful tool for building relationships and connecting with others.作为一门语言，英语具有很强的幽默感。
作家对钢铁是怎样炼成的评价
作家对钢铁是怎样炼成的评价英文版The Writer's Evaluation of "How the Steel Was Tempered""How the Steel Was Tempered" is a timeless novel that captures the essence of human resilience and perseverance. Its author, Nikolai Ostrovsky, weaves a tale of struggle, sacrifice, and transformation, set against the backdrop of the Bolshevik Revolution and the civil war that followed.The novel's protagonist, Pavel Korchagin, embodies the spirit of the revolution. His journey from a naive youth to a hardened revolutionary is not just a physical transformation but a deep psychological and spiritual one. Through Korchagin's eyes, we see the making of a steel-like character, one that is forged in the fires of struggle and tested in the crucible of adversity.Writers often find inspiration in the struggle and sacrifice of their characters, and "How the Steel Was Tempered" is noexception. The way Ostrovsky portrays Korchagin's inner conflicts and growth is a testament to the author's profound understanding of human nature. The novel's themes of revolution, socialism, and the role of the individual in society are explored through Korchagin's experiences, making it not just a story but a powerful political and social commentary.The writing style of Ostrovsky is also noteworthy. His use of vivid imagery and emotional language brings the characters and settings to life, making the reader feel as if they are part of the story. The narrative is fast-paced and engaging, keeping the reader hooked from the very first page.In conclusion, "How the Steel Was Tempered" is a masterpiece of literature that deserves to be read and re-read. It is a testament to human resilience and perseverance, a powerful political and social commentary, and a masterpiece of storytelling. As a writer, I highly recommend this novel to anyone seeking inspiration and insights into the human spirit.中文版作家对《钢铁是怎样炼成的》的评价《钢铁是怎样炼成的》是一部永恒的小说，捕捉到了人类韧性和毅力的本质。
红酋长的赎金英语读后感50字
红酋长的赎金英语读后感50字"The Ransom of Red Chief" is a delightful and humorous story that explores the concept of irony and the unpredictable nature of human interactions. From the beginning of the story, the readers are introduced to the characters of Bill and Sam, two bumbling criminals who decide to kidnap a young boy for ransom money. However, their plan quickly goes awry when the boy turns out to be more trouble than they bargained for.《红酋长的赎金》是一个令人愉快又幽默的故事，探讨了讽刺的概念以及人类互动的不可预测性。
从故事的开头，读者就被介绍了比尔和山姆这两个笨手笨脚的罪犯，他们决定绑架一个年幼的男孩来勒索钱财。
然而，当男孩原来比他们想象的麻烦得多时，他们的计划很快就失败了。
The character of the young boy, known as Red Chief, is a source of endless amusement as he outwits his captors at every turn. His mischievous personality and clever antics add a layer of humor to the story, making him a memorable and endearing character. Despite his young age, Red Chief proves to be a formidable opponent for Bill and Sam, turning the tables on them in unexpected ways.男孩的角色，被称为红酋长，是一个永无止境的娱乐源，因为他在每一个转折处都在智胜他的俘虏。
可以写进作文里的讽刺句子
可以写进作文里的讽刺句子Sometimes, the best way to convey a message or make a point is through the use of sarcastic or satirical comments. In writing, these comments can add depth and impact to an argument, often prompting readers to think more critically about the issues at hand.有时候，传达信息或表达观点的最佳方式就是通过讽刺或讽刺性评论。
在写作中，这些评论可以为论点增加深度和影响力，常常促使读者更加批判性地思考手边的问题。
One popular form of satire is the use of irony, where the opposite of what is expected or intended is said. This can be a powerful tool in exposing the absurdity or hypocrisy in a situation, forcing readers to reevaluate their preconceived notions.一种流行的讽刺形式是使用讽刺，即说出预期或意图相反的内容。
这可以是揭示一个情况的荒谬或虚伪的有力工具，迫使读者重新评估他们固有的看法。
For example, when discussing political issues, sarcastic commentscan highlight the contradictions or inconsistencies in a politician'sstatements or actions. By pointing out the absurdity of their positions, readers are encouraged to question the integrity and sincerity of those in power.例如，在讨论政治问题时，讽刺性评论可以突显政客言论或行为中的矛盾或不一致之处。
我的幽默老师作文事例英语
我的幽默老师作文事例英语Title: Learning Humor from My Teacher。
Humor, a universal language that transcends borders and connects people, is not merely a tool for entertainment but also a vital aspect of communication. My journey in mastering the art of humor took an intriguing turn when I encountered my humor teacher. Through various anecdotes and lessons, my teacher not only taught me the mechanics of humor but also instilled in me a profound appreciation for its significance in our lives.One memorable lesson from my humor teacher involved understanding the nuances of irony. Irony, often subtle yet powerful, adds layers of depth to communication. My teacher elucidated this concept through a humorous anecdote about a man who decided to go on a diet but ended up gaining weight because he misinterpreted the instructions on his diet plan. This simple yet clever illustration helped me grasp the essence of irony and its role in creating comedic effect.Furthermore, my teacher emphasized the importance of timing in delivering jokes. Just like a well-choreographed dance, comedic timing can make or break a joke. Toillustrate this point, my teacher shared an amusing story about a comedian who meticulously timed his punchlines to coincide with the audience's laughter, resulting in uproarious amusement. Learning about the intricacies of timing not only enhanced my understanding of humor but also sharpened my observational skills.In addition to technical aspects, my teacher also highlighted the significance of cultural context in humor. What may be amusing in one culture could be utterly incomprehensible in another. To elucidate this concept, my teacher shared anecdotes from diverse cultural backgrounds, demonstrating how humor can vary widely depending on societal norms and values. This lesson underscored the importance of sensitivity and cultural awareness incrafting and interpreting humor.Moreover, my teacher encouraged creativity andoriginality in humor. While it's easy to resort to clichés and stereotypes, true comedic brilliance lies in offering fresh perspectives and innovative ideas. Throughinteractive exercises and brainstorming sessions, my teacher challenged us to think outside the box and explore unconventional avenues of humor. This approach not only honed my creative thinking skills but also fostered a sense of confidence in my comedic abilities.Beyond the realm of jokes and punchlines, my teacher imparted invaluable life lessons through humor. By infusing everyday situations with laughter, my teacher taught me to navigate life's challenges with optimism and resilience. Whether it was finding humor in adversity or using laughter to diffuse tension, my teacher demonstrated how humor can be a powerful coping mechanism in the face of adversity.In conclusion, my journey with my humor teacher has been nothing short of transformative. From unraveling the complexities of irony to mastering the art of comedic timing, my teacher has equipped me with the skills and insights to navigate the intricacies of humor with finesse.More importantly, my teacher has instilled in me a deep appreciation for the role of humor in fostering connection, empathy, and resilience in our lives. As I continue to hone my comedic craft, I carry with me the invaluable lessons learned from my humor teacher, guiding me on a journeyfilled with laughter and joy.。
介绍马克吐温的英语作文初一
介绍马克吐温的英语作文初一Mark Twain, a renowned American humorist, writer, and lecturer, born as Samuel Langhorne Clemens in 1835, holds a place of honor in the literary world. His unique blend of wit, sarcasm, and irony has captivated readers across generations, making him a household name. Twain's contributions to literature are immeasurable, and his influence on writers of all ages is profound.Twain's journey to fame began humbly. Born into a poor family in Missouri, he spent much of his childhood in Hannibal, a small town that later became the setting for many of his stories. His early life was filled with adventures that instilled in him a sense of humor and observation that would later find its way into his writing. Twain's literary career took off in the 1860s with the publication of his first novel, "The Innocents Abroad." His unique style of humor, combined with his insights intosocial norms and human nature, made the book an instant hit. His subsequent works, such as "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," further cemented his reputation as a master of American literature."The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" tells the story of a mischievous boy growing up in a small town. Twain captures the essence of childhood adventure and mischief with remarkable detail, making the characters and settings come alive. The novel's themes of freedom, adventure, and coming-of-age resonate with readers of all ages."The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," Twain's most famous work, is often considered a masterpiece of American literature. The novel tells the story of Huck, a young boy on a journey of self-discovery and escape from a life of slavery and oppression. Twain's powerful portrayal of Huck's journey and his relationship with Jim, an escaped slave, is both heartbreaking and uplifting. The novel's exploration of themes such as freedom, race, and morality makes it a timeless classic.Twain's wit and humor were not limited to his novels. He was also a renowned lecturer and public speaker, often delivering humorous speeches that were both entertaining and thought-provoking. His ability to connect with his audience and make them laugh while also making them think made him a much-loved figure in the literary world.Despite his fame and success, Twain remained a man of humility and compassion. He was deeply passionate about social issues and used his platform to champion causes such as freedom, equality, and anti-racism. His strong opinions and unwavering commitment to these causes made him a voice for the voiceless and a champion for justice.In conclusion, Mark Twain's legacy as a humorist, writer, and lecturer is unparalleled. His unique blend of wit, sarcasm, and irony has captivated readers across generations, and his contributions to literature are immeasurable. His works, such as "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," are timeless classics that will continue to inspire and captivate readers for generations to come. Twain's legacy serves as a reminder of the power of humor and wit in literature and the importance of speaking out against injustice and oppression.**马克·吐温：传奇的幽默大师**马克·吐温，这位著名的美国幽默作家和演讲家，原名塞缪尔·兰霍恩·克莱门斯，于1835年出生，他在文学界享有极高的声誉。
调侃的英文短句带翻译
Sarcasm is a form of humor that uses irony and understatement to mock or convey contempt. It can be a powerful tool in expressing frustration or amusement, and is often used to lighten the mood in a conversation. In English, there are many sarcastic phrases that are commonly used in everyday speech. In this article, we will explore some of these phrases, along with their translations and examples of how they are used.
3. "Yeah, because that makes a lot of sense."
Translation: 是啊，这真是非常有道理。
This phrase is often used to mock something that is illogical or nonsensical. For example, if someone suggests using a broken umbrella in the rain, you might say, "Yeah, because that makes a lot of sense."
theanalysisofhumorandironyinmarktwain’sshortstorie
文献综述简介这篇文章的主题是探讨马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法在一些短篇小说中的应用。
这里，我选取了两篇小说进行分析：《竞选州长》和《狗的自述》。
马克吐温是19 世纪中后期美国杰出的现实主义作家，他一生创作了大量的小说。
马克吐温的小魂忠实地再现了他那个时代社会生活的本质。
作为美国批判现实主义文学的代表作家，马克吐温还用自己的笔和作品对美国社会的现实加以揭露和批判。
其批判美国现实的内容极为广泛。
他是一个讽刺作家，在某种程度上，还是个真正的哲学家，他的大量的黑色幽默作品旨在把幽默和讽刺巧妙地结合起来，使读者从他那令人发笑的叙述中去发掘隐藏在其中的深刻含意，去感受那隐藏在笑声背后的辛辣讽刺。
马克吐温的写作风格随着社会的发展以及他对社会的认识加深,从前期的幽默发展到后期的辛辣讽刺。
他笔下的人物从精神空虚、无所事事的市井平民,到为窃取政治地位的政客们,以及为了金钱不顾廉耻、人格的“上等公民”们的拙劣表演,对我们认识当今美国社会的丑恶现象仍有现实意义。
在第一章里，对美国当时的社会背景和黑暗现实以及马克吐温进行了介绍。
在第二章里介绍的则是马克吐温的幽默手法等。
在第三章主要写的是马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法在小说《竞选州长》中的体现和应用等。
在第四章则主要写的是在《狗的自述》中马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法。
第五章是对这个论文的总结，包括论文的主要发现，论文的研究意义和论文的局限性正如我们所知，马克吐温在美国乃至全世界有着极大的的影响力。
在文学史上，马克吐温一直尊称为“美国文学之父”，“文学界的林肯”。
这不仅是因为他是把“口语化”文风引进美国小说的第一人，更重要的一点源于他的语言特色。
他用词准确，善于用语言刻画人物。
一系列的多样的幽默技巧如反语、讽刺、夸张手法使他成为美国当时“最伟大的幽默家”。
但他的作品在使我们发笑的同时也发人深思。
他的创作大致可分为三个阶段:早期具有浓重喜剧色彩的幽默作品；中期的幽默讽刺作品和晚期带有悲观情调的作品。
《傲慢与偏见》三种汉语译文对比赏析——以女性主义视角进行的分析
《傲慢与偏见》三种汉语译文对比赏析——以女性主义视角进行的分析傲慢与偏见》中反讽的译语赏析反讽作为一种修辞手法，通常指故意用与原意相反的话来表达本意，怎样谈对于《傲慢与偏见》中反讽的译语赏析?论文摘要：《傲慢与偏见》是奥斯汀借助反讽手法悉心雕凿的艺术精品。
反讽在《傲慢与偏见》中塑造了鲜活的人物形象，使作品妙趣横生，令读者百读不厌。
因此，能否成功再现原作中反讽的风格，使译文达到原文戏谑、嘲弄及讽刺的效果，是译文成功与否的关键。
王科一译本和孙致礼译本各尽所能、各有千秋，本文对这两种译本中反讽的翻译进行了对比赏析。
一、引言英国女作家简•奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》，是一部脍炙人口的长篇佳作。
反讽在这一作品中的运用达到了戏谑、嘲弄及讽刺的效果，使作品生动幽默，富有艺术感染力。
令读者百读不厌。
在《傲慢与偏见》中，irony(反讽)是其艺术创作的精髓之所在。
奥斯汀的幽默和讽刺不动声色，微言大义，反话正说，令人常感余痛难消。
然而，反讽又是英语文学翻译中一个十分棘手的问题。
因此，译者在翻译时既要具慧眼识别，又要最大限度地传译，使读者能充分欣赏到原文的反讽特色。
本文拟对《傲慢与偏见》的两个译本(王科一译和孙致礼译)中对反讽的处理作一粗略比较，着重赏析两个译本在保留原小说艺术效果方面的不同处理。
以便求教于译界广大专家学者。
二、反讽反讽作为一种修辞手法，通常指故意用与原意相反的话来表达本意，以达到谐谑、嘲弄、讽刺、喜爱和亲昵的目的。
英语里irony的含义远比汉语里的广泛，它不仅指作为修辞格的verbal irony(反语)，也指一种文学技巧(a literary device)，主要包括:verbal irony dramaticirony(戏剧性反语)和situation irony(情况反常)即literary irony(嘲弄)。
此外，irony还被人们用来表示一种对世界的认识、态度和心态：对世界加以描述、分析与推断，或对世界的矛盾和对抗表现出的一种冷静的、超然物外的态度等等。
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文献综述
简介
这篇文章的主题是探讨马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法在一些短篇小说中的应用。
这里，我选取了两篇小说进行分析：《竞选州长》和《狗的自述》。
马克吐温是19 世纪中后期美国杰出的现实主义作家，他一生创作了大量的小说。
马克吐温的小魂忠实地再现了他那个时代社会生活的本质。
作为美国批判现实主义文学的代表作家，马克吐温还用自己的笔和作品对美国社会的现实加以揭露和批判。
其批判美国现实的内容极为广泛。
他是一个讽刺作家，在某种程度上，还是个真正的哲学家，他的大量的黑色幽默作品旨在把幽默和讽刺巧妙地结合起来，使读者从他那令人发笑的叙述中去发掘隐藏在其中的深刻含意，去感受那隐藏在笑声背后的辛辣讽刺。
马克吐温的写作风格随着社会的发展以及他对社会的认识加深,从前期的幽默发展到后期的辛辣讽刺。
他笔下的人物从精神空虚、无所事事的市井平民,到为窃取政治地位的政客们,以及为了金钱不顾廉耻、人格的“上等公民”们的拙劣表演,对我们认识当今美国社会的丑恶现象仍有现实意义。
在第一章里，对美国当时的社会背景和黑暗现实以及马克吐温进行了介绍。
在第二章里介绍的则是马克吐温的幽默手法等。
在第三章主要写的是马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法在小说《竞选州长》中的体现和应用等。
在第四章则主要写的是在《狗的自述》中马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法。
第五章是对这个论文的总结，包括论文的主要发现，论文的研究意义和论文的局限性
正如我们所知，马克吐温在美国乃至全世界有着极大的的影响力。
在文学史上，马克吐温一直尊称为“美国文学之父”，“文学界的林肯”。
这不仅是因为他是把“口语化”文风引进美国小说的第一人，更重要的一点源于他的语言特色。
他用词准确，善于用语言刻画人物。
一系列的多样的幽默技巧如反语、讽刺、夸张手法使他成为美国当时“最伟大的幽默家”。
但他的作品在使我们发笑的同时也发人深思。
他的创作大致可分为三个阶段:早期具有浓重喜剧色彩的幽默作品；中期的幽默讽刺作品和晚期带有悲观情调的作品。
“不是为了幽默而幽默”正如马克吐温自己所说的，他是把幽默的描写和对社会上的不良现象的讽刺结合起来。
马克吐温一生艰苦创作,写出了
大量文学作品。
从精神空虚、无所事事的小市民,到不择手段的政客们, 再到金钱统治和精神道德堕落的统治者们都成了他笔下无情的嘲笑、辛辣讽刺和抨击的对象。
他的笔下，幽默中隐含着深刻含意,使美国文学中有了悲剧性的笑声，夸张与漫画手法的巧妙运用,增强了小说的幽默与讽刺效果。
作为杰出的幽默和讽刺大师, 马克·吐温用他独树一帜的幽默诙谐风格，奇思妙想同讽刺相结合的创作艺术, 为我们留下了认识美国社会与制度的宝贵遗产,并对认清当今美国社会的丑恶现象具有现实意义。
整理这些文献的目的：
第一，只有在了解充足的材料之后才能够深刻的理解这个主题，对马克吐温以及他的作品和幽默讽刺有更深刻的理解。
第二，这有助于了解国内外之前对于马克吐温做过的一些研究。
第三，同样也有助于寻找新的论文切入点一边完成更好的论文。
对于文献可以大致归为以下几类：
第一，前人做的研究。
对于马克吐温的作品及讽刺手法，研究对象大多为他的一些名篇如《哈克贝里芬历险记》和《汤姆索亚历险记》等文章。
第二，是国内对马克吐温作品的研究，如马克·吐温，《狗的故事》及其精巧的艺术构思等。
结论
幽默是一个很大的概念，因此，讨论它对任何人来说，都应该是严肃认真的。
马克吐温的幽默创意和他的生活和写作生涯是分不开的。
虽然幽默有着滑稽的意味，但是讨论它则一定要抱着严肃的态度决不可儿戏，尤其是马克吐温自己也是这样做的(Messent,2008:41)。
虽然马克吐温的的幽默在其书中已得到完美的诠释，但我们仍有必要来看一下一些他的早期作品和文稿，已以便于我们能对他的幽默技巧的重要性以及他的幽默素材有一个清楚的认识。
那就是让读者发笑的原因。
马克吐温在两百年来受欢迎的程度不减反增。
在对马克吐温的书进行研究和学习的过程中，我们可以发现马克吐温的受欢迎的原因首先也是主要源于他的幽默以及喜剧技巧，在这些笑料中则体现着他写作中讽刺手法的应用。
正事马克吐温使得幽默讽刺手法有了如此大的发展，反过来说也是这种手法使得马克吐温的说变得越来越受欢迎，经久不衰。
马克吐
温懂得如何在不冒犯读者和观众的情况下讲述一个幽默故事。
通过对马克吐温语言的学习，我们就能和轻而易见的理解马克吐温的秘密——就是为什么他的作品从不过时，甚至两个世纪之后依然经久不衰。
我们这篇论文旨在学习马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法和美国社会的生活。
随着社会的发展以及对它的认识的不断加深，马克吐温的写作风格从幽默变为辛辣的讽刺。
从精神空虚、无所事事的小市民,到不择手段的政客们, 再到金钱统治和精神道德堕落的统治者们都成了他笔下无情的嘲笑、辛辣讽刺和抨击的对象。
马克吐温出生在一个动荡的年代，当时的美国内战使美国人的生活发生了巨大的改变。
整个社会充斥着尖锐的南北方之间的、黑人白人之间的、穷人富人之间的以及新旧生活之间的矛盾。
作为一个怀揣这美国梦的年轻人，马克吐温尝试了很多工作并且在写作方面名利双收。
他是一个具有双重人格的人，他抛弃了独立的自己融入到大众中，带上“马克吐温”的面具成为了一个诙谐幽默的作者。
关于把生命中的多少投入到艺术中，把多少艺术融入生命中的问题，一直饱受争论。
而至于马克吐温，则被生命赋予了天赋，德渥托赞扬道。
作为一个经历了人生起伏的作家，马克吐温对人们的自我以及身份很有兴趣。
在马克吐温的年代，英雄们在追寻自己的个性时要经历三个阶段：融入社会、逃出社会和在社会中迷失。
融入社会代表着发展和希望，从默默无闻变成举世闻名；逃出社会意味着人们在追寻自己的信念的减弱，他们开始怀疑他们所生活的世界，逃离其中并试图找到更好的；迷失在社会中意味着放弃追寻自我，人们在社会中找不到合适的自我因为他们无法融入其中。
这三个阶段也是马克吐温自己的人生写照，从乐观到绝望、从梦想到梦魇的转换。
马克吐温是一位对世界非常有影响的作家，同样对中国的影响也很巨大写这篇论文就是要分析马克吐温的作品和手法，这有助于我们了解美国文化，当时美国社会的真实情况，反映资本主义的本质，对如今也有很大的现实意义。