descriptive_words2003
重复测量资料方差分析的结果分析与表述
定量数据重复测量的方差分析陈平雁作者单位:510515广州市,第一军医大学卫生统计学教研室陈平雁(1955-),男,医学硕士,教授,教研室主任,硕士生导师。
香港大学荣誉副教授,中国卫生统计杂志编委。
研究方向:医院管理统计和量表研制。
E-mail chenpy99@ 重复测量数据在医学研究中颇为多见,而此类数据统计分析不当的现象在国内医学期刊中较为普遍,一种情形是用配伍组设计资料的方差分析(two-way ANOVA )来处理,这样会导致扩大第一类错误的严重后果;另一种情形是只做单独效应分析,其后果是损失了主效应和交互效应分析的宝贵信息。
因此,对这一问题应该引起足够的重视。
考虑到非统计专业人员对此类数据的正确处理不很熟悉,故本文专门介绍如何用SPSS10.0软件处理重复测量的定量数据,并在论文中如何正确地表达分析结果。
有关重复测量的定性数据或等级数据,由于较为少见,且统计方法并不成熟,故不在此介绍。
重复测量的概念重复测量数据是指每一实验单位至少接受两次以上的不同处理(如例1),或接受相同处理后,至少在两个以上不同时间点进行测量(如例2),并获得相应次数的记录数据。
例1为研究两种固定设备对脊柱前屈活动的影响,以12个脊柱骨(T12-L2)标本为研究对象,随机分为两组,一组5例,用SHENG 氏设备固定,称为SHENG 组;另一组7例,用CD 设备固定,称为CD 组。
分别测量每一标本在正常、损伤、固定和疲劳状态下的最大前屈度,获得数据见表1。
例2为研究缺血对兴奋氨基酸Asp 的影响,以6只猫为实验对象,在猫大脑中动脉供血区缺血前及缺血后1小时、3小时、6小时、12小时、18小时及24小时,分别在每只猫的缺血中心区及中心镜相区域微透析取样,测定兴奋性氨基酸Asp 的数据见表2。
例1中,每个脊柱样品接受4种不同状态下的前屈度测量,因此属于重复测量数据。
例2中,每只猫的某缺血区域分别于缺血前后的7个不同时间点测定兴奋性氨基酸Asp ,因此也为重复测量数据。
英语教学法考试题及答案
英语教学法考试题及答案2003年7月Section Ⅰ:Basic Theories and Principles 30 pointsQuestions 1-15 are based on this part.Directions:Choose the best answer for the following questions and write your answers on the answer sheet.1. Among the factors affecting a lesson plan, which of the following is human factor?A. personality of the teacherB. class sizeC. course requirement2. What should a required lesson plan look like?A. a copy of explanation of words and structuresB. a timetable for activitiesC. transcribed procedure of classroom instruction3. When should the teacher issue the instruction?A. as soon as class beginsB. when students’ attention is directed to the teacherC. when class is silent4.Which of the following arrangements of seats is most suitable for presentation?5. For better classroom management, what should the .teacher do while the students a doing activities?A. participate in a groupB. prepare for the next procedureC. circulate around the class to monitor, prompt and help6. Which of the following expresses instrumental motivation?A. I learn English in order to survive in the target language country.B. I learn English just because of interest.C. I learn English in order to get promoted in one"s position.7. Which of the following activities can best motivate junior learners?A. gamesB. recitationC. role-play of dialogues8. To cultivate communicative competence, what should correction focus on?A. linguistic formsB. communicative strategiesC. grammatical rules9. Which of the following activity is most demanding?A. list what you can buy at a supermarketB. list what you can buy at a supermarket in five minutesC. list at least 15 things in you can buy at a supermarket in five minutes10. Which of the following activity is most productive?A. read the text and then choose the best answer to the questionsB. discuss on the given topic according to the text you have just readC. exchange and edit the writing of your partner11. To help students understand the structure of a text and sentence sequencing, we could use for students to rearrange the sentences in the right order.A. cohesive devicesB. a coherent textC. scrambled sentences12. The purpose of the outline is to enable the students to have a clear organization of ideas and a structure that can guide them .A. in the actual writingB. in free writingC. in controlled writing13. tell you what you should use in order to produce accurate utterances.A. The descriptive grammarB. The prescriptive grammarC. The traditional grammar14. The grammar rules are often given first and explained to the students and then the students have to apply the rules to given situations. This approach is called .A. deductive grammar teachingB. inductive grammar teachingC. prescriptive grammar teaching15. It is easier for students to remember new words if they are designed inand if they are and again and again in situations and contexts.A. context, sameB. context, differentC. concept, difficultSection Ⅱ:Problem Solving 30 pointsDirections:Five situations in classroom teaching are provided here. In each situation there are some problems. Firstly, identify the problems; Secondly, provide your own solutions according to the communicative language teaching principles. You must elaborate on the problem (s) and solutions in about 50-70 words.Situation 1In a writing lesson, the teacher writes the topic "EnviroXXXental Awareness" on the blackboard, and then asks the students to write an essay of 150 words in half an hour in class. Half an hour later, the teachercollects the writings.Situation 2At the practice stage of a grammar lesson, the teacher designs an activity with multiple choice questions to practise the grammatical items the students learned.Situation 3At the production stage of a speaking lesson, the teacher divides the students into 6 groups to do the discussion. And then the teacher retreats to a corner of the classroom to prepare for the next activity.Situation 4In an oral class, a teacher asks students to answer questions. To ensure smooth progress of his lesson, he always asks the excellent students to answer questions.Situation 5In a reading lesson, at the while-reading stage, the teacher assigns some skimming tasks, but some students are consulting their dictionaries for new words and expressions. The teacher notices all this but pretends not to see.Section Ⅲ:Mini-lesson Plan 40 pointsDirections:Read the following two texts carefully and complete the teaching plans.1. The following is an abstract from Senior Ⅰ, Student Book. Pl ease design a teaching plan with the text.Write about a well-known person from Chinese history.2. The following is an abstract from Senior Ⅱ, Student Book. Please design a teaching plan with the text.Grammar Noun Clauses as the AppositiveThe idea that computers will recognize human voices surprises many people.The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.Section Ⅰ:Basic Theories and Principles 30 points1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C6.C 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.B11.C 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.BSection Ⅱ:Problem Solving 30 points共30分,每题6分(找出咨询题得3分,依照交际法原则提出合理的解决方案得3分,咨询题和解决方案应有50至70词的阐述,并应基本包括参考答案所涉及的要点。
大连外国语学院2003年语言学试题
大连外国语学院2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题学科专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学(英语)考试科目:语言学注意:①答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上不给分;②必须在答题纸上将题号标写清楚。
I. Mark the following statements with T if they are true or F if they are false. (20%)1. Sonorants are always voiced.2. [∫] is a palatal approximant.3. English obstruents can be distinguished by voicing.4. By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.5. A stem may contain a root and a derivational suffix.6. Derivational affixes very often add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem.7. In the production of consonants at least three articulators are involved.8. [u] is a high back lax rounded vowel.9. When allophones are in complementary distribution, they never occur in the same context.10. A word, rather than a morpheme, is a grammatical unit.11. Thematic meaning is what is communicated through association with another sense of the sameexpression.12. In English “some books” is a case of number concord.13. Parole is the actual phenomena or data of utterances.14. Italian is not a member of the Indo-European Language Family.15. If the air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that it can go out through thenasal cavity, the sound produced is an oral stop.16. All the allomorphs should have common meaning.17. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of a particular language.18. Some sentences may comply perfectly with the grammar rules of the language, but they may notbe semantically meaningful.19. Any language can be a lingua franca.20. Synchronic linguistics refers to the approach which studies language over various periods oftime and at various historical stages.II. Fill in the following blanks. (20%)1. Predication analysis is to break sown predications into their constituents: (1) and(2) .2. One of the design features termed as (3) means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.3. The five associative meanings categorized by Leech are: (4) , social, (5) , reflected and collocative.4. Of the three branches of phonetics, the (6) phonetics studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view; the (7) phonetics looks at sounds from the hearer’s point of view; the (8) phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves.5. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonologic, (9) , syntactic, semantic and (10) .III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20%)1. Of the following words, the sound [l] in is a clear one.A. tellB. quiltC. leafD. peel2. Of the following pairs is in complementary distribution.A. [l] as in [leik] and [m] as in [meik]B. [l] as in [li:f] and [f] as in [tef]C. [l] as in [li:d] and [r] as in [ri:d]D. none of the above3. Of the following pairs doesn’t form a minimal pair.A. pill and tillB. dill and gillC. gale and galeD. beat and pea4. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme mustbe .A. /s/B. /t/C. /l/D. /p/5. [k]is a voiceless .A. alveolar stopB. velar stopC. post-alveolar plosiveD. velar fricative6. [z] is a .A. voiced approximantB. post-alveolar affricateC. voiced alveolar fricativeD. voiced alveolar affricate7. [j] is a .A. glottal fricativeB. palatal approximantC. alveolar approximantD. palatal fricative8. [ə]is a vowel.A. low back lax unroundedB. central front unroundedC. central lax unroundedD. high front tense unrounded9. The one that does not fall into the property of alveolar is .A. [m]B. [t]C. [n]D. [r]10. /l/ and /r/ function as a minimal pair in .A. lead and readB. led and redC. peel and pearD. both A and BIV. Do the following analysis (20%)1. Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it. (10%)A B(1) fat cow a. compound noun(2) scared cow b. root morpheme plus derivational prefix(3) cowfish c. phrase consisting of a adjective plus noun(4) coward d. root morpheme plus inflection affix(5) cower e. root morpheme plus derivational suffixf. morphemic wordg. idiom2. Write the one proper description from the list under B for the underlined part of each word in A. (10%)A B(6) endanger h. free form(7) southwards i. bound root(8) geese j. inflectional suffix(9) received k. derivational suffix(10) distempered l. inflectional prefixm. derivational prefixn. inflectional infixo. derivational infixV. Produce the surface structures from the following deep structures without going through the process of transformations. (10%)1. the man [the man past be behind the table] past help me2. SOMEONE past be+ing be+en beat Joseph hard3. Q Mary pres be pleased SOMEREASON4. Tag you past see the thief5. [Neg Tom past go to school] [Neg Mary past go to school]VI. Illustrate the following sentence with tree diagrams. (10%)The tall man and the woman left.VII. Classify the following pairs according to the sense relation. Put the number before the pair in the space provided in your answer sheet. The first one is done for you as anexample. (10%)(1) alive/dead (2) buy/sellComplementary antonyms (1)1. hit/miss (a target)2. own/belong to3. lesson/lessen4. rich/poor5. squeak/creak6. tap/faucet7. above/below 8. the morning star/the evening star9. saw/hacksaw 10. sow (to scatter seeds)/sow (female adult pig)A. complementary antonymsB. synonymsC. relational oppositesD. gradable antonymsE. homonymsF. hyponymyVIII. Answer the following questions. (40%)1. Define ALLOPHONE with an example. (5%)2. What is assimilation? (5%)3. What is the criterion used in IC analysis? (5%)4. SEMANTIC FEA TURES or SEMANTIC DEMPONENTS of a word may be used to betteraccount for sense relations. Use examples to support this idea. (5%)5. BLENDING, ABBREVIA TION and ACRONYMY are the ways by which people have used tocreate new words and expressions. How do they differ from one another? Use examples to help you to distinguish them. (5%)6. Is it acceptable to say that word is the minimum free form? (5%)7. The following dialogue that took place in an English pub serves as a good example of us to seevarious aspects of language functions. Explain the concept of language functions (such asinformative, emotive, conative, and interpersonal) with examples taken from the dialogue.(10%)Bill: How did it go?Mike: Oh, fantastic! I took some really good photographs. I am sure I will win the competition.Lily: Well, you’d better buy us all a drink, then.Mike: Yes, what would you all like? …(He goes to the barman).I’d like four pints of best bitter.Barman: … Excuse me, sir, how old are you?Mike: Sixteen, why?Barman: I think you know why.。
考研英语阅读2003t3
What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? [A] Indifferent 漠不关心 [B] Supportive 支持 [C] Indignant 愤怒 [D] Apprehensive 忧虑,担心
captive adj. 被俘虏的;被迷住的 n. 俘虏;迷恋者 capture vt. 俘获;夺得;捕捉,拍摄,录制 n. 捕获;战利品,俘虏 Typically adv. 代表性地;通常地
Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.
throat have SB by the throat 扼住某人的喉咙
But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat
第二段作用 1.有人支持合并,列举了合并的好 处,并给出理由不必担心垄断:除 了铁路还有其他的运输方式 2.运货商抱怨,很多时候他们除了 铁路别无选择
consolidation n. 巩固;合并;团结 consolidate vt. 巩固,使固定;联合 vi. 巩固,加强
esassu21世纪大学英语读写教程第三册单词及课后翻译
生命是永恒不断的创造,因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力,它不断流溢,越出时间和空间的界限,它不停地追求,以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。
--泰戈尔Unit 5 Text A New Wordsoverseasa. (在、向、来自)海外的;国外的 ad. 到海外;在国外 jumble n. 杂乱的一堆* compile vt. 汇编;编制 outset n. 开始;起始ambitionn. 对(成功、权力、金钱等的)强烈欲望,野心;雄心 profilen. 1. 传略,人物简介 2. 侧面,侧影;轮廓 vt. 1. 写…的传略2. 给…画侧面像;描…的轮廓 waitressn. (饭店、旅馆餐厅等的)女服务员 * dealern. 商人;证券经纪人journalistn. 新闻记者;报纸撰稿人journaln. 1. 杂志,期刊 2. 日志;日记body-conscious a. 注意身体健康的 b. c. leap (leapt or leaped)d. vi. 跳跃e. n. 跳跃;激增f.g. * obsession h. n. 着迷;困扰 i.j. physical fitness k. 身体健康 l. m. amusen. vt. 逗乐;给…提供娱乐或消遣 o.p. amusingq. a. 有趣的;逗笑的 r. s. orderlyt. a. 有条理的;整齐的 u.v. confusionw. n. 1. 辨别不清;混淆 x. 2. 骚乱;混乱 y. z. confuseaa. vt. 使模糊不清;混淆;使混乱 bb.cc. acquaintance dd. n. 1. 相识的人;熟人 ee. 2. 了解;认识 ff. gg. gadgethh. n. (infml) 小巧的机械;精巧的装置 ii.jj. addictivekk.a. (使人)入迷的;(使人)上瘾的ll.mm.microwavenn.n. 微波;微波炉oo.pp.ovenqq.n. 烤炉,烤箱rr.ss.microwave oventt.n. 微波炉uu.vv.delegationww.n. 代表团xx.yy.delegatezz.n. 代表;会议代表aaa.vt. 1. 委派…为代表bbb.2. 授权;把…委托给(某人)ccc.ddd.* capitalismeee.n. 资本主义(制度)fff.ggg.do-it-yourselfhhh.n. & a. 自己动手(的),自行维修(的)insurancen. 1. 保险2.保险业3.4.* supplementary5.a. 补充的,增补的remotea.远的,遥远的b.c.* mortgaged.n. 抵押;抵押贷款e.vt. 抵押junk food垃圾食品ketchupn. (= catchup) 调味番茄酱fryn. (see French fry)v. 油煎,油炸French fries(美)法式炸薯条immigrationn. 移居;移民queuen. (排队等候的)一队人vi. 排队(等候)* renowneda. 有名的;享有声誉的decayv. (使某物)变坏,腐烂* mobn. [贬]人群;乌合之众assumptionn. 1. 假定;臆断2. 夺取;篡夺dishonesta.(指人)不诚实;(指钱)来路不正的b.c.democracyd.n. 民主;民主国家;民主政治e.f.traitorg.n. 卖国贼,叛徒h.i.recklessnessj.n. 不顾后果,鲁莽k.l.* recklessm.a. 不顾后果的,鲁莽的n.o.* patriotp.n. 爱国者q.r.patriotics.a. 爱国的;有爱国心的self-consciousa. 1. 羞怯的;忸怩的,不自然的2.有自我意识的;自觉的3.4.legislation5.n. l. 法律,法规6.2. 立法,法律的制定7.8.preacher9.n. 传道士,牧师10.11.* preach12.v. 1. 布道13.2. 竭力劝说;说教unrepeatablea.不可重复的;仅此一次的b.c.grown-upd.n. 成年人e.f.sitcomg.n. (infml) 情景喜剧h.i.contagiousj.a. 1. (情绪等)感染性的k.2. (疾病)传染的l.m.ulcern.n. 溃疡o.p.* visaq.n. 签证r.s.documentt.n. 文件u.vt. 1. 为…提供文件(或证据等)v.2. (在影片、小说中)纪实性地描述w.x.* overthrowy.vt. 推翻;打倒terroristn. 恐怖主义者;恐怖分子criminala. 犯罪的;犯法的n. 罪犯* questionnairen. 调查表,问题单* emigratevi. 移居国外X-rateda. (电影等)X级的,禁止(十六岁以下)儿童观看的* moteln. 汽车旅馆all-Americana.全由美国人组成的;全部美国产的b.c.* ambitiousd.a. 有野心的,有抱负的e.f.zilliong.n. (sl.) 无限大的数目,无法计算的大数目h.i.Phrases and Expressionsj.k.the ABCsl.the most basic facts about a subject (学科等的)基本知识;入门m.n.at the outseto.at the beginning 首先,一开始p.q.stand forr.represent; mean 代表;意味着s.t.be after sth.u.in search of sth.; with a desire for sth. 追求v.w.catch onx.1. become popular 流行起来y.2. understand 懂得,理解z.aa.on (the) ground(s) thatbb.because 根据,以…为理由cc.dd.at the sight ofee.as soon as seeing (sth. or sb.) 一见之下;立即ff.gg.leap aroundhh.jump about 跳来跳去ii.jj.at first sightkk.when seen or examined for the first time 乍一看,一见之下ll.mm.be on a first-name basis [with sb.] nn.call (sb.) by his or her first name (因关系亲密而)相互直呼其名oo.pp.tell A from Bqq.distinguish A from B 辨别,分辨rr.ss.be in charge of sth.tt.be responsible for 管理,负责uu.vv.so farww.up to the present 迄今为止xx.yy.put outzz.cause (sth.) to stop burning 熄灭aaa.bbb.bring upccc.nurture and educate (a child) 养育;教育ddd.eee.take advantage offff.make use of; profit from 利用ggg.hhh.in agreement withiii.赞同,同意jjj.kkk.by forcelll.by fierce or violent means 用武力或强迫手段mmm.nnn.think bigooo.have ambitious ideas 野心勃勃,好高骛远ppp.America can be a strange experience for a foreigner. My wife and I arrived in the United States in January after seven years overseas —four in France, three in Poland. From the jumble of first impressions, we compiled an A-to-Z explanation of why America can be such a foreign country to those who arrive here from Europe.对一个外国人来说,身在美国可能是一次奇特的经历。
《现代英语词汇学》(新版)复习题
英语词汇学复习的内容:.一、考试题形式分为:Ⅰ.选择题(20分):完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。
1-9cahptersⅡ.填空(30分):考定义概念。
1-10chaptersⅢ.(20分)习语英译汉:教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题:第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图(依据上下义关系作图)(20分):第二、六章二、教材内容简介陆国强编著:《现代英语词汇学》(新版),上海外语教育出版社,2003年7月第一章词的概述;第二章词的结构和词的构成方式;第三章词的理据;第四章词的语义特征;第五章词义的变化;第六章词的语义分类;第七章词的联想与搭配;第八章英语习语;第九章美国英语;第十章词的使用和理解;第十一章词汇衔接;第十二章词汇衔接和语篇连贯。
教学内容是: 词形结构构词法, 词法特点及分类, 词义转换, 英文习语, 美式英语, 词汇及文学风格, 英语词汇学, 词汇学研究方法及其新的发展方向等方面的理论与研究动态。
《现代英语词汇学教材》以现代语言理论为指导,以英语词汇为研究对象。
主要内容有单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。
本课程可以使学生比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识,比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及历史演变过程,并能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释,提高运用英语的能力。
本课程特别强调和重视研究生广泛阅读英语词汇学、语言学、语义学、词源学方面的书籍,以教师精讲、学生宽学为目的。
本课程的教学目的, 在于指导学生用现代语义学和语法学的有关理论分析研究现代英语词汇现象, 揭示现代英语词汇规律。
要求学生通过英汉词汇的对比研究, 探讨英语词汇教学规律, 指导英语语言实践, 不断提高对现代英语词汇的理解, 应用和研究能力。
主要参考书汪榕培,《英语词汇学研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2000年4月第一版王文斌,《英语词汇语义学》,浙江教育出版社,2001年6月第一版汪榕培、卢晓娟编著:《英语词汇学教程》,上海外语教育出版社,1997年10月第1版.汪榕培主编:《英语词汇学高级教程》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年11月张韵斐:《英语词汇学》北京师范大学出版社.汪榕培《英语词汇学教程读本》上海外语教育出版社.1. Carter, R. (1987), Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives. London: Allen & Unwin.2. Carter, R. & M. McCarthy, (1988), Vocabluary and Language Teaching. Harlow; Longman.教学手段:采用多媒体教学本课程要求学生能够比较全面、比较系统地了解现代英语词汇学这一领域的一些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论,能够运用词汇学理论去分析和解决词汇学习中的一些问题。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第三册单词及课后翻译 - Unit 2
Unit 2 Text ANew Wordsfeministn. 女权主义者* femininea. 女性的;女子气的charmn. 魅力* costumen. (一个地区、一个时期流行的)服装;戏装extravagancen. 挥霍,奢侈* extravaganta. 1. 奢侈的;浪费的2. 过度的;越轨的audiencen. 听众;观众maritimea.海的;海上的;航海的;海事的boov. (对…)发出“呸”的声音(表示嫌恶或强烈的不满)ragen. (一阵)狂怒;盛怒vi. 大发脾气raginga.极端的;痛苦的self-respectinga.有自尊心的usagen. 用法;使用;(词的)惯用法* randoma. 胡乱的;任意的n. 任意行为invadevt. 侵入,侵略;进攻* massacren. 屠杀combatn. 战斗aircraftn. 航空器,飞机multi-nationaln. 多国的;跨国(公司)的corporationn. 法人团体(如贸易公司);公司wincevi. 脸部肌肉抽搐,皱眉蹙眼routinelyad. 通常地;惯常地;常规地entitlevt. 1. (to) 给…权利;给…资格2. 给(书等)题名considerationn. 1. 考虑2. (for) 体贴;关心helplessnessn. 无助innocencen. 无辜;清白;天真纯洁facultyn. 1. 才能;能力;天赋2. (高等院校的)全体教师及职工defenselessa.无防御的;不能自卫的incapablea.(of doing sth.) 不能(做某事)的fendv. (for) 照料blamelessa.无可指责的;无过错的protectionn. 保护,防护protectivea. 1. 保护的,防护的2. (towards) (对人)关切保护的emergencyn. 紧急事件;紧急情况helplessa. 无助的;无依无靠的;不能自立的wartimen. 战时immunityn. 1. 受保护;豁免(权)2. 免疫力threatenvt. 1. 威胁,恐吓2. 预示dependencen. 依赖;依靠eran. 纪元;年代;时代malea. & n. 男子(的);雄性(的)privilegen. 特权;优惠givenprep.考虑到a. 1. 规定的;特定的2. 假设的;已知的* attachvt. (to) 1. 认为有;使与…相关联2. 系;贴;连接womanhoodn. (总称)妇女;女子的身份或状态* gendern. 1. (生理上的)性2. (名词、代词等的)性equalityn. 平等deferencen. 尊敬,敬重urgenta. 紧迫的,紧要的variationn. 变化;变更;变异的东西;变化了的形式* complementvt. 补充,补足legala.法律的;依照法律的;法律许可的;法律要求的;合法的* constraintn. 约束,限制* constrainvt. 1. 强迫2. 限制,束缚extensivea.广阔的;广大的;广泛的restructurevt. 重建;改组;调整athleticsn. 体育运动;竞技statusn. 地位;身份;职位evolutionarya. 进化论的;演变的instinctn. 本能perpetuatea. 使永久;保持* perpetuala. 永久性的;长期的indispensablea. 必不可少的child-bearern. 生儿育女者repopulatevt. 重新构成…的人口;重新居住于preciousa.贵重的;珍贵的biologicallyad. 从生物学的角度conditionvt. 使习惯;训练logicn. 推理(法)depressvt. 1. 使抑郁,使沮丧2. 使不景气,使萧条reductionn. 减少(量);削减(数)versionn. 1. 描述,说法2. 版本;改写本geneticistn. 遗传学家egg-layern. 生育机器* courtesyn. 1. 谦恭有礼;有礼的举止2. 好意;恩惠survivaln. 生存;幸存strategyn. 策略,计谋strategica. 战略(上)的;战略上重要的parentala. 父母(似)的maternala. 母亲(般)的parentingn. (父母)对孩子的养育breastn. 乳房;胸部;胸膛* cradlen. 摇篮v. 轻轻地抱,拥抱cruisen. 海上航游vt. 航游;巡航;缓慢巡行scenarion. 电影剧本;剧本提纲* sheera. 1. 完全的,十足的2. (织物)极簿的;透明的3. 陡峭的;垂直的stalematen. 僵局;僵持阶段Phrases and Expressionspriority seating(the practice of) certain people being given a place to sit before other people 优先安排座位at/from a distancefrom a place that is not very close; a long time after sth. happened 隔开一段距离(或时间);从远处object tooppose; be against 反对,不赞成at random without conscious choice 胡乱地,随便地,任意地gun downshoot, causing to fall to the ground dead or wounded 枪杀;开枪打伤be entitled tobe given the right to have or do (sth.) 有权,有资格fend for oneselflook after oneself 照料自己attach sth. to sth.connect sth. to/with sth. else; associate sth. with sth. else; fasten sth. to sth. else 使相关联;使连接在一起hand outdistribute 分发,散发go downsink (船等)下沉Children are entitled to special consideration for two reasons: helplessness and innocence. They have not yet acquired either the faculty of reason or the wisdom of experience. Consequently, they are defenseless (incapable of fending for themselves) and blameless (incapable of real sin). That's why we grant them special protection. In an emergency, it is our duty to save them first because they, helpless, have put their lives in our hands. And in wartime, they are supposed to be protected by special immunity because they can have threatened or offended no one.孩子们之所以有权享受特殊照顾有两个理由:无助和无辜。
英语摘要的写法
英语摘要的写法英文题名1、题名的结构英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
2、题名的字数题名不应过长。
国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。
例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。
总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。
3、中英文题名的一致性同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
4、题名中的冠词科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
5、题名中的大小写题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。
6、题名中的缩略词语已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。
引言摘要的定义为:“以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文”。
由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分,或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供, 并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文, 因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。
好的英文摘要对于增加论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。
1 摘要的类型与基本内容1.1 摘要的类型根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类:报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。
语言学简答题
第1章一.1. Fill in the blanks(1) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外院2008)(2) Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. (人大2007)(3) The features that define our human language can be called __design____ features. (北二外2006)(4) human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ____displacement________ .(北二外2006)(5) Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ________ideational__, interpersonal and textual functions. (中山大学2008)(6) Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the ____metalingual_______ function of language. (中山大学2005)(7) when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is __phatic_____ function. (北二外2005)(8) linguistics is usually defined as the ___scientific_____ study of language. (北二外2003)(9) __pragmatics________ can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.(10) ___Descriptive________ grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while _______prescriptive_____grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大2006)(11) Chomsky initiated the distinction between _____competence_______ and performances. (北二外2007)(12) The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______Diachronic Linguistic___________ study.3. Short answer questions(1) briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002)(2) why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开2004)(2)Duality makes language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements(Sounds-words, words-sentences). Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language had no such design feature, then it would be like animal communicational system which consists of only a number of basic sounds and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations, which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the number of messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.第2章Ⅲ. Explain the following termsAssimilation (南大,武大,上大)2. Distinctive features of speech sounds(中山,北师,北交大,浙江大学)3. Syllable (川大)4. Cardinal vowel (川大,大连外院)2. The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.4. The cardinal vowels are a set vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.5. Minimal pairs (武大,浙大,川大,…)6. Coarticulation(武大,川大,南大)7. Voiceless (西安交大)8. Broad and narrow transcription (中山)9. Complementary distribution(武大,南开)What are phonemes, phones, and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English.(北外2005)2. What are suprasegmental features?(西外2006)第3章1. Stem2. inflectional morpheme3. Allomorph1. What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学2007)2. Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学2005)第5章Ⅲ. True or false1. In the sentence “Money is often said to be the root of all evil”, “root”is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外2007)2. Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开2005)3. “Tulip”, “rose”and “violet”are all included in the notion of “flower”. Therefore they are superordinates of “flower”. (北二外2006)4. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent wordsand the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALIT. (大连外院2008)Ⅳ. Explain the following terms1. Conceptual meaning (川大,武大,上交大)2. Semantic Triangle (上外2008)3. Homonymy (上海交大2007)4. Relational opposites (武大2005)5. Synonymy (西安交大2008)6. Componential analysis (浙大2005,北航2008)1.According to Leech , conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotativecontent of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. For example, the conceptual meaning of “human” is any person such as John and Mary.2.Ogden and Richard presented the classic “semantic Triangle” as manifes ted in the followingdiagram, in which the “symbol” or “form” refers to the linguistic elements (word, sentence, ect.), the “referent” refers to the object in the world of experience, and “thought” or “reference” refers to concept or notion. According to t his view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, that is, between language and the world. The link is via thought, the concept in our minds.Ⅴ. Short answer questions1. What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大2005)2. How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semanticfeatures? (浙大2004)(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.3. Do you think there are true synonyms in English? why? (厦大2010)2. (a) the verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is requiredthat the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as (+ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature (-ANIMATE). That is why such a collocation results in oddness.2.(b) the action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do,therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as (+HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as (-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.3. Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to meansameness or close similarity. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another.There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects:In stylistic meaning (buy, purchase)in emotive meaning (economical, stingy)in range of use or collocative meaning (accuse, charge)in British and American English usages (autumn, fall)第7章Ⅲ. Explain the following terms1. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (武大2004)2. linguistic relativity (川大2010,人大2006)3. Linguistic determinism (上海交大2007)4. Diglossia(南开2010)5. Register (南开2010)6. sociolect(首师2011)7. Creole (上海交大2006)Ⅳ. Answer the following questions1. How does language relate to culture?(中山大学2010)2. How could you understand “register” in systematic functional linguistics?(北航2010)3.why do you think that, all other things being equal, women use more standard variants ofstable sociolinguistic variables than men? (北外2006)2. Register is important in systemic linguistics because it is seen as the linguisticconsequence of interacting aspec ts of context, which Halliday calls “field, tenor, and mode.”…By understanding the values for field, tenor, and mode, language users can predict the meanings that are likely to be exchanged and the language likely to be used.3. The main causes of these differences are more of social ones rather than biologicalones.Women are more status-conscious than men and they are aware of their low status in society and as a result, use more standard speech forms in their attempt to claim equality or even achieve higher social status.Another reason might be attributed to the education. Women are educated to behaved “like a lady” when they are little girls. They realize it is more socially acceptable for them to speak more politely, and gently than it is for men.The differences are brought about by women’s place in society. If we want to reform the language, the first thing we need to do is to try to change the society.4.Explain briefly bilingualism and diglossia.(北航2007)5. Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow, Aborigines fordifferent types of sand, and in Arabic one must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with you linguistic knowledge?(北航2008)5. (1) Language can reflect the social environment of a society.(2) Language system forms thought or is necessary for thought.According to Sapir, Whorf,….Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow. A child who grows up speaking such a language will develop more cognitive categories for snow than will an English speaking child. When the former looks out at a snowy environment, he will, in some sense, sees it differently from a child who has but one word snow.第8章Ⅲ. Explain the following terms1. Locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act (北航2010,北交大)2. Performatives(中山2008)3. Conversational implicature(川大,武大,北交,北航…)4. Cooperative principle (北二外,北师大)5. Violation of maxims (北交大2006)Ⅳ. Short answer questions1.Based on the Cooperative principle, analyze the implicature of the utterance “well, boysare boys” and discuss the reasoning process of the implicature.(北二外2011)“Boys are boys” seem to violate the first quantity maxim. At the superficial level, the sentence is totally uninformative. But when people hear this sentence, he will think that the speaker is implying something and think about it at a deeper level. It conveys the meaning that “ boys are naughty and mischievous by nature”.2.If you ask somebody “can you open the door?”and he answered “Yes”but does notactually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of speech act theory. (南开2010)2. According to Austin, speech acts can be analyzed on three levels:….In this context, locutionary act is the literal meaning: whether he has the ability to open the door. Illocutionary act:….In this case, it is misunderstood as a question to ask whether the hearer has the ability to open the door, so he answered yes. If you want to realize his intention, you have to use more direct request, “I would like you to open the door, please.”…3. How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?(南开2010)4. How do you understand the CP postulated by Grice? What are the four maxims ?(北二外2010)3. It is known that the presence of a conventional implicature relies on a number offactors: the conventional meaning of words used, the CP, the linguistic and situational contexts, ect. So if any of them changes, the implicature will also change.。
本科毕业论文英文题目及英文摘要撰写指导
本科毕业论文英文题目及英文摘要撰写指导毕业论文是本科生对大学所学知识的总结性作业,又是申请学士学位的前提和依据。
在系统介绍学术论文的英文题目及摘要撰写相关知识的基础上,本文对目前本科毕业论文英文题目及摘要撰写中存在的共性问题进行了系统分析和归纳,并对如何解决这些问题提出有效的应对策略。
其主要内容如下:第一部分:本科毕业论文英文题目撰写的常见问题及对策一、本科毕业论文英文题目撰写的常见问题二、本科毕业论文英文题目的拟订原则及撰写技巧第二部分:本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写的常见问题及对策一、本科毕业论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求二、本科毕业论文英文摘要的要素与撰写步骤三、本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写常见问题实例分析四、本科毕业论文英文摘要常用句型第一部分:本科毕业论文英文题目撰写的常见问题及对策一、本科毕业论文英文题目撰写的常见问题论文的题目(title)是论文内容的高度概括, 其撰写要求为准确(accuracy),简练(brevity),和清晰(clarity),即题目撰写的A B C原则。
同时英、汉语题目在语言结构和词序安排上有其相同之处,也存在许多不同的特点。
由于对以上原则和特点不能正确理解和掌握,许多本科毕业论文的英文题目撰写出现了如下问题:1、英文题目不符合英文词序习惯“The Server Resource Management “基于MFC的服务器管理系统的设计”,其原英文题目译为:如:System Based on MFC Design”;其正确的词序应当是:(The)Design of the Server Resource Management System Based on MFC 。
2、英文题目没有正确表达汉语题目的含义如:“工厂物流设计及其在企业中的应用”,其原英文题目译为:“Application of Factory Logistics Designing in Enterprise”;为准确表达汉语标题的含义,应当改为:Design of Factory Logistics and Its Application in Enterprise 。
医学英语写作
医学英文摘要写作How to write a medical English abstract第一章概述一、摘要的定义、用途、和长度二、摘要的内容三、摘要的类型四、摘要的写作格式五、摘要写作的注意事项What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper.摘要是作者研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括。
Purposes for AbstractsAbstracts typically serve five main goals:Help readers decide if they should read an entire articleHelp readers and researchers remember key findings on a topicHelp readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key points Index articles for quick recovery and cross-referencingAllow supervisors to review technical work without becoming bogged down in details二、摘要的内容Contents1. Title2. Name of the author3. Unit of the author/address4. Text of the abstract5. Keywords1)目的2)方法3)结果4)结果的分析、比较、评价以及应用,提出的问题以及建议5)其他三、摘要的类型1. descriptive abstract ——描述性摘要2. informative abstract——资料性摘要3. descriptive-informative abstract——描述-资料性摘要1. Non-structured abstract (非结构式摘要)2. Structured abstract (结构式摘要)full-structuredsemi-structured1.描述性摘要Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative AbstractThe descriptive abstracts tell what topics are taken up in the paper. They contain indicative information on purpose, scope, or methodology in the original documents, but mention little or nothing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually short; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information.一般只用两三句话概括论文或报道的主题,而不涉及具体的数据和结论,通常用于综述、会议报告等。
新视野大学英语(第三版)视听说教程1完整答案
新视野大学英语(第三版)视听说教程1Unit 1Sharing1.2(1)busy(2)friends(3)university(4)social life1.3a-c-e-d-b-f1.4(1)danced(2)view of(3)fun(4)drink(5)west(6)delicious meal(7)house(8)TVListening2.1(1)1962(2)4th(3)1990(4)19962.2(1)teacher(2)cleaned houses (3)lost(4)visited(5)work(6)his wife(7)in his own words Viewinga-c-h-f-d-e-g-b2.2(1)home(2)country(3)relatives(4)foreigner(5)speak(6)passed on(7)heat(8)sea(9)happinessRole-playing2.2(1)It was great(2)He's a football player (3)It was really beautiful1 3 5 7 10Presenting1.1(1)a small town (2)1993(3)2008(4)2003(5)seven1.21 4 5 7 8 9 10 Conversations一BABDD二DBCD三DDBA Passage 2(1)programmes(2)very(3)decisions (4)doing laundry (5)Obviously (6)choices (7)ruining (8)get used to (9)opportunities (10)step backNews report一BC二DCUnit testPart ICADDAPart IICDABCPart IIICBABDPart IV(1)achievements(2)specialised(3)vast(4)professional(5)educated(6)was familiar(7)extensively(8)elegantly(9)a great deal(10)BesidesUnit 2Sharing1.2(1)a month (2)Not very often (3)once or twice (4)a week(5)every month (6)every fortnight1.3(1)romantic (2)great(3)recommend (4)action(5)collection (6)real life(7)scenes(8)fantastic1.4c-d-a-bListening2.1C2.2(1)blonde(2)blue(3)dark(4)masculine2.32.4(1)tall(2)masculine face(3)black hair(4)dark brown (5)red hair(6)grey(7)slim(8)blonde hair (9)lovelyViewing2.12.2(1)garden(2)baby and wife (3)traditional values (4)likes(5)being togetherRole-playing2.1(1)feel like(2)What do you recommend (3)how about(4)What's it about(5)Who's in it(6)Do you think(7)Why don't we2.2Presenting(1)a free concert (2)evening (3)City Park (4)boyfriend (5)a picnic (6)stage(7)lay(8)fantastic1.2BABABA Conversations一DBCAD二DCBC三ABAC Passage 2(1)comic(2)traffic(3)constantly (4)available (5)took part in (6)attracted (7)audience (8)free of charge (9)put forward (10)embraceNews report一AC二CDUnit testPart IDACBAPart IIACACDPart IIICAADDPart IV(1)too much(2)warning(3)affected by(4)back(5)drive people to suicide (6)pointed out(7)recent(8)commit(9)prevention(10)it's timeUnit 3Sharing1.2(1)living(2)much(3)interesting places (4)something (5)experience (6)feel about1.3a-d-b-g-h-f-e-c1.4(1)exciting(2)amazing concert (3)incredible(4)the theatre (5)the best place (6)different(7)compared to (8)play football (9)interesting things (10)the best thing (11)tickets(12)cultureListening2.1a-d-h-e-b-g-c-f 2.2(1)Australia (2)outback (3)go further (4)frightened (5)Don't move (6)the dogs (7)frighteningViewing2.12.2(1)biggest island (2)nervous(3)women(4)1500(5)money(6)overwhelmedRole-playing2.1(1)It's(2)there(3)leave a message (4)call(5)speak(6)moment(7)ring(8)number (9)this (10)picking upPresenting1.11.2Conversations一CCBDA二BCAD三CABCPassage 2(1)mountainous (2)frightened(3)took place(4)vanish(5)occurred(6)massive(7)caught(8)keep us away from (9)grateful(10)in advanceNews report一CA二DCUnit testPart ICBAADPart IICADBAPart IIIABCDDPart IV(1)apply for(2)commitment (3)opportunity(4)restaurant(5)developed(6)working practices (7)attending(8)add(9)personal qualities (10)a positive additionUnit 4Sharing1.21.3(1)fresh air(2)avoid holes(3)think about(4)dream(5)looking out(6)an accident1.4c-e-f-d-a-b1.5c-a-b-d-f-eListening2.2(1)1962(2)1948(3)leave(4)public transport (5)in and drove(6)private(7)build(8)good condition (9)engineering problem (10)too heavy(11)strong(12)difficult to fly(13)traffic problemsViewing2.1AAABA2.22.3(1)airport managers(2)relax(3)pass the time (4)midnight (5)their flight (6)three hundred (7)319(8)500Role-playing2.1(1)tied up(2)customer (3)20(4)coffee(5)delayed (6)cow(7)stations2.22.3Presenting2.1(1)a vegetarian meal (2)meat(3)his order(4)business class (5)cold(6)the person in charge 2.2ABBBAABAConversations一CBDDA三CADA Passage 2(1)Gradually (2)enabled (3)vehicles (4)dates back to (5)As a result (6)thoroughly (7)capacity (8)turn(9)automobiles (10)thanks toNews report一 D D二 D B CUnit testPart IBBDADPart IICDACPart IIICBDACPart IV(1)motor (2)sufferer (3)range from (4)results from (5)relies on (6)confused (7)still(8)folk(9)avoid (10)wingUnit 5Sharing1.21.3Answers:1 4 5 7 101.4(1)relaxing(2)fantastic(3)lovely(4)Amazing(5)thoroughly enjoyed (6)Lovely(7)fantastic Listening2.2(1)comfortable(2)Plane(3)faster(4)In a hotel(5)comfortable(6)In an apartment (7)expensive(8)sightseeing(9)sightseeing (10)interesting (11)In summer (12)better(13)hot weather (14)In spring (15)crowded (16)a restaurant (17)quieter (18)a restaurant (19)quieter (20)A monthViewing2.1c-a-f-d-e-b2.2(1)widest (2)cuts through (3)football(4)his career(5)famous(6)1800s(7)apparently(8)80(9)fantastic meat (10)vegetables (11)family and friends (12)wonderful momentsRole-playing2.12 4 5 82.2(1)Could I have(2)can we have(3)that(4)French(5)I'd like(6)The sameConversations一ADACC二DCDC三DBACPassage 2(1)celebrate (2)provide us with (3)sticking to (4)challenges (5)anticipating (6)portions (7)stuff(8)take hold of (9)effective (10)strategiesNews report一 B D二 A DUnit testPart ICCDAAPart IIBBBDPart IIIBCABDPart IV(1)hang(2)remains(3)symbol(4)performed(5)held on(6)represent(7)sweets(8)the holiday season(9)appeared to(10)spread toUnit 6Sharing1.2(1)exercise(2)full-time(3)running1.31 51.4Answers:c-e-f-a-d-g-b(1)a sweet tooth (2)sweet(3)coffee(4)chocolate(5)Eating late(6)regularly(7)too much(8)fast food(9)far too many (10)cakeListening2.1(1)eating problems (2)replace normal (3)food pills(4)taste different (5)its flavor(6)become common2Viewing2.1 CACDD2.2Role-playingd-b-f-e-a-c2.3(1)tea and coffee (2)one small cup (3)painkillers(4)three times a day (5)Foot pain(6)worry about Presenting(1)feel relaxed (2)much exercise (3)sporting hero (4)walk a day1.21 2 4 6Conversations一CBDBD二CBAA三BDBAPassage 2(1)pressures (2)disappear (3)compromise (4)alcohol(5)intense(6)interferes with (7)undermine (8)pay attention to (9)suffers from (10)competitiveNews report一DD二CAUnit testPart IAACDBPart IIACBBAPart IIICCDDDPart IV(1)perfectly (2)sewing(3)distant(4)suffer from (5)at arm's length (6)cloudy(7)judging(8)slightly(9)background (10)eye viewsUnit 7Sharing1.21.3Answers: b-f-a-d-e-c1.3(1)Snakes (2)the end (3)hate(4)scared of (5)afraid of (6)horses (7)frighten (8)scares (9)memories (10)sharks (11)unknownListening2.1(1)three(2)water (3)animals (4)the weather.Viewing2.1CCAA2.2(1)beautiful (2)magical (3)lovely (4)fantastic (5)happy (6)astonishingRole-playing2.1BAA2.2e-a-c-b-d-f-g2.3BAAABBPresenting1.1(1)Fish River Canyon (2)amazingly quiet1.212358 Conversations一CABDD二DCDA三CCACPassage 2(1)participated in (2)access to(3)tremendous(4)currently(5)incredible(6)accompany(7)remarkable(8)amazing(9)catching a glimpse of (10)looking forward toNews report一BB二CAUnit testPart IDCBBDPart IIABDDPart IIICBADCPart IV(1)dial(2)keeper(3)smart(4)figure out (5)chemically (6)rank high on (7)intelligence (8)recognize (9)descriptive (10)make decisionsUnit 8Sharing1.2d-c-a-e-b-f1.3BBABBA1.4Listening2.1(1)food(2)rubber(3)1891(4)concentrate (5)the mobile phone (6)1973(7)countries(8)light(9)2001(10 5002.21 4 5 6 7Viewing2.1(1)early 30s(2)6 billion(3)computer science students (4)tour guide(5)in the group(6)searching the Internet (7)2000(8)successful business(9)fastest growing(10)most profitable2.2Role-playing2.1CBABC2.2Presenting(1)footballers (2)fire fighters (3)doctors(4)teachers1.2b-e-c-d-a-f Conversations一BDCBD二BCAD三CDBDPassage 2(1)evidence(2)enhance(3)interviewed (4)rated(5)took into account (6)forecast(7)emerged(8)was related to(9)adapt themselves to (10)originalNews report一ACA二DCDUnit testPart ICDABCPart IICCBDAPart IIICBDACPart IV(1)accessible(2)opens a checking account。
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1。
3考研真题与典型题详解I。
Fill in the blanks。
1。
The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)2。
Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language。
(北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication。
4。
In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences b ased on limited rules。
This feature is usually termed______5。
Linguistics is the scientific study of______。
6。
Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some r ules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8。
The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______。
语言学导论部分考研真题
部分考研真题汇总(语言学导论部分)北京外国语大学I .Explain the following terms.1. langue (2010)II. Answer the following questions.1. How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system? (2010)提示:Both the traffic light system and human linguistic system belong to the language system. Both can convey information to human beings. The key difference lies in duality. Linguists refer “duality ”(of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. With duality, our language is endowed with the great productive power.The traffic light system does not have duality, because its primary level does not have independent units which can be united freely into meaningful secondary units. One form corresponds to one meaning. That is, the red light means to stop; the green one means to pass; the yellow one means to pause for pass or stop. The traffic light system is more like animal communicative system rather than human language.北京第二外国语大学I .Complete each of the following statements.1. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called .(2004)2. An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as tohow language should be used is ________ (_. 2004,2008)3. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contactrather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ___ function(. 2005,2008,2010)4. In Saussure's views, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified(concept) is ___ (. 2005)5. By ___ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units ofthe primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (2005)6. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units ofthe ______ level are composed of elements of the ___ level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (2006)7. According to Chomsky, the object of investigation in linguistics is the ideal speaker'srather than his performance.(2006)8. In ___ linguistics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: onedescribes a state of the language, disregarding whatever changes mightbe taking place. (2006)9. The features that define our human languages can be called __ feature(s.2006)10. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and conceptswhich are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ___ (. 2007,2009)11. Semantics and ____ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning(. 2007)12. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ___ and performance.(2007)13. The ____ is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot bedivided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (2008)14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called .(2008,2010)15. Both semantics and _____ investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus ondifferent aspect. (2009)16. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language andsettle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is ___ linguists. (2009)II. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false.1. The most important sociological use of language is the recreational function, bywhich people establish and maintain their status in society.(2005)2. “Competence”and “performance”are two distinctive terms proposed bySaussure. (2005)3. The description of a language at some point in time is called diachronic study.(2005, 2007)4. The distinction between “langue”and “parole” was proposed by Chomsky.(2010)III .Complete each of the following statements using one of the given choices.1. The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speaker of a languageis called _____ (. 2010)a. grammar rulesb. competencec. performanced. language device2. The study of language at one point in time is a ___ study.(2010)a. historicalb. synchronicc. descriptived. diachronic IV. Answer the questions briefly.1. Why is it difficult to define language? (2004)2. How do you understand“displacement”, a design feature of language?(2004)3. How do you understand“duality”, a design feature of language?(2010)4. How do you understand the performative function of language?(2009, 2010)5. How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced bySaussure?(2009)6. How do you understand arbitrariness? (2009)V. Write a short essay in about 100 words according to each of the following questions.1. How do you understand the dichotomy between competence and performancepostulated by Chomsky? (2008)2. What is phonology? And what is a phoneme?(2008)3. How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication”represent the functionof human language? (2008)4. How do you understand“discreteness”, a design feature of language?( 2008) 提示:Charles Francis Hockett was an American linguistic theorist who developed many influential ideas of American structuralism. He (1966) isolated 13 design features that characterize human language and which distinguish it from other communication systems. Discreteness is one of them. It means that the basic units of speech (such as sounds) can be categorized as belonging to distinct categories. There is no gradual, continuous shading from one sound to another in the linguistics system, although there may be a continuum in the real physical world. Thus speakerswill receive a sound as either a [p] or a [b], but not as blend, even if physically it falls somewhere between the two sounds. In other word, phonemes can be placed in distinct categories which differentiate them from one another, such as the distinct sound of [p] versus [b].首都师范大学I. Match the terms with their definitions.1. prescriptive study of language g. approach that aims at laying down rules (2010)北京航空航天大学I. Answer the following questions.1. What makes language unique to human beings? (2010)大连海事大学I .Choose the correct answer.1. ___ refers to the fact that languages are organized in terms of two levels. (2004)A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. Arbitrariness2. N. Chomsky defines __ as the ideal use'sr knowledge of the rules of his language,and ____ the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.(2004)A. langue, paroleB. competence, performanceC. grammar, speechD. language, writing3. ___ is different from semantics in that it studies the use of language incommunication, particularly between sentencesand the context and situation in which they are used. (2004)A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. GrammarD. functional4. What is morphology? (2005)A. The study of the rules governing the sounds that form words.B. The study of the rules governing sentence formation.C. The study of the rules governing word formation.D. The study of the rules of grammatical units of a language.II. Explain each of the following pairs of terms with examples if necessary.1. prescriptive and descriptive grammar (2005)III. Short answers to the following questions.1. What prescriptive rules for the “proper”use of English are not obeyed in thefollowi ng sen te nces? (2005)(a) That'the girl I gave my roller skates to.(b) He wan ted to simply borrow your car for an hour.IV. Essay questi ons.1. Develop the following topic into a 200-300 word essay: The differenee between theprescriptive approach and the descriptive approach and the significanee in Ianguage lear ning. (2005)2. Write an essay on the unique properties of human Ianguage in about 250 words,discuss ing in what ways these features are restricted to huma n Ian guage and un likely to be found in an imal com muni catio n systems. (2008)V. Mark the following statements with T if it is true or F if it is false.1. Differe nt from pragmatics, sema ntics deals with meaning without refere nee to theusers and com muni cative functions of senten ces. (2008)VI. Match each term in Column A with its definition in Column B. (2009) Colu mn A1. phatic communionColu mn BA. the use of speech to maintain social relati ons, e. g? leased to meet you.VII. Explain the following terms.1. Sociolinguistics(2009)河南大学I. Lexicology.1. Explain the following terms.Pho neme (2009)郑州大学I. Define the following terms.1. li nguistic compete nee (2006)2. morpheme (2005)3. phatic fun ction (2006)II. An swer the follow ing questi ons.1. What are the seven basic functions of human Ianguage? Describe them and givebrief expla natio n for each of them. (2006)2. Wardhauge (1977) defines Ianguage as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols usedfor huma n com muni cati on.” Please elaborate this defi niti on. (2005)3. What are the similarities and differences between Saussures distinction ofLan gue vs. Parole and Chomsky's disti nctio n of Compete nee vs. Performa nc”(2005)III. True or False questi on s. If a certa in stateme nt is false, please state the reas on very briefly.1. In the history of any Ianguage the writing system always came into being before thespoken form. (2005)2. Linguistics is the course of Ianguage. (2006)3. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study. (2006)4. The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph. (2006)5. Semantics is the main part of linguistics. (2006)IV. Complete each statement with the best choice out of the four options.1. The term ____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approachwhich studies language change over various periods of time and at varioushistorical stages. (2006)A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative2. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for“correct”linguistic behavior, it is said to be _ .(2006)A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticsC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakersinterpret sentences is called ___ . (2006)A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics北京师范大学I. Define the following terms.1. langue (2004)2. parole (2004)II. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language. (2004) III. Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms.1. synchronic and diachronic studies of language (2005)IV. What are the design features of language? Please explain them with examples. (2005)北京外国语大学I. Explain the following terms briefly.1. morpheme (2004)2. langue (2010)3. phoneme (2010)II. Answer the following questions.1. Who proposed the distinction betweencompetenceand performance? What is thesignificance of this distinction in linguistic studies? (2004)2. How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system? (2010)大连外国语学院I. Mark the following statements with T if they are true and F if they are false.1. Parole is the actual use of speaking by the members of a community. (2004)2. Parole is the actual phenomena or data of utterances. (2003)3. Linguistics is generally defined as a scientific study of a particular language. (2003)4. Synchronic linguistics refers to approach which studies language over various periods of time and at various historical stages. (2003)5. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative. (2004)6. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. (2004)7. The metalingual function of language enables human beings to talk about the language itself. (2004)II. Fill in the following blanks.1. One of the design features termed as ____ means that human languages enabletheir users to symbolize objects, events, and concepts which are present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. (2003)2. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely,phonologic, ___________ , syntactic, semantic, and _____ . (2003)3. The basic functions of language are: informative, _____ , _____ , ____ , phatic,recreational and metalingual. (2003)III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. ______ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker. (2003)A. DualityB. AssimilationC. DisplacementD. ContextIV. Answer the following questions.1. Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics? (2003)武汉大学I. Explain and exemplify the following terms.1. duality (2007)II. Briefly answer the following questions.1. What are linguistic competence and communicative competence? (2007)厦门大学1. What are the differences between prescriptivism and descriptivism in linguisticstudy? (2007)提示:The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. A linguistics study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct”behaviors. The former is about what language is like and the latter is about what language should be like.To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of language community actually conform and do not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.2. Please use examples to illustrate the functions of language. (2007)四川大学I. State in one sentence for each term, what you understand about the followingterms.1. productivity (design feature of language) (2007)2. phatic function of language(2007)3. descriptive study of linguistics (2007)II. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each.1. How is the relation between sound and meaning classified? (2007) 提示:Sound and meaning are in fact related arbitrarily. That is to say, there is actually no natural relationship between a linguistic sign and its meaning.But language is not absolutely arbitrary, the relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.Duality means the language's property of having two levels of structures: the system of sounds, which is the meaningless level of the language system, and the system of meanings.The sound system of a language contains a limited number of meaningless discrete sound segments that can be used again and again in various combinations to form units of meaning. The meaning system allows the meaningful units to be arranged in an infinite number of ways according to both syntactic and semantic rules to express meanings.资料素材和资料部分来自网络,供参考。
2003年考研英语阅读第四篇
2003年考研英语阅读第四篇The passage discusses the importance of emotional intelligence and how it can be developed through various means. Emotional intelligence, often abbreviated as EQ, refers to the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and reason with emotions. It is a crucial component of personal and professional success, as it allows individuals to navigate social interactions, make better decisions, and achieve their goals more effectively.One of the key points made in the passage is that emotional intelligence is not innate but can be learned and improved over time. Unlike traditional measures of intelligence, such as IQ, which are largely fixed, emotional intelligence is a skill that can be cultivated through practice and self-awareness. This is a significant finding, as it suggests that individuals have the power to enhance their emotional capabilities and better manage their emotions in various situations.The passage further explores the specific skills that constitute emotional intelligence, such as self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. Self-awareness involves theability to recognize one's own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, and how they influence behavior. Self-regulation refers to the capacity to control and manage one's emotions, particularly during times of stress or adversity. Motivation encompasses the drive and determination to achieve one's goals, while empathy involves the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Finally, social skills encompass the ability to interact effectively with others, build positive relationships, and navigate social situations.Developing these skills is crucial for both personal and professional success. In the personal domain, individuals with high emotional intelligence are often better equipped to manage stress, maintain healthy relationships, and make well-informed decisions. In the professional realm, emotional intelligence is increasingly recognized as a key factor in leadership, teamwork, and overall job performance. Employers are increasingly seeking candidates who not only possess technical skills but also demonstrate strong emotional intelligence, as they recognize the value it brings to the workplace.The passage also delves into the various ways in which emotional intelligence can be developed. One approach is through self-reflection and introspection, which involves taking the time to understand one's own emotional experiences, triggers, and patterns. This can be achieved through practices such as journaling, meditation, or seeking feedback from others. Additionally, thepassage suggests that emotional intelligence can be cultivated through training programs, workshops, and coaching, which provide individuals with the tools and strategies to enhance their emotional capabilities.Another important aspect mentioned in the passage is the role of emotional intelligence in academic and professional success. Contrary to the traditional focus on cognitive abilities and academic performance, research has shown that emotional intelligence can be a stronger predictor of success in various domains. For instance, students with high emotional intelligence tend to perform better academically, as they are better equipped to manage stress, stay motivated, and collaborate effectively with their peers. Similarly, in the workplace, individuals with strong emotional intelligence are often more effective leaders, better team players, and more adept at navigating complex interpersonal dynamics.In conclusion, the passage highlights the critical importance of emotional intelligence and its potential to enhance both personal and professional success. By recognizing that emotional intelligence is a learnable skill, individuals can take proactive steps to develop and cultivate this valuable capability. Through self-reflection, training, and a commitment to continuous improvement, individuals can unlock the benefits of emotional intelligence and achieve greater fulfillment, productivity, and success in their lives.。
(英语语言文学专业论文)论《另一个国家》中的跨种族性关系
Descriptive Chinese Abstract摘要詹姆斯·鲍德温是二十世纪美国著名的黑人作家。
在他探讨过的众多主题中,对种族和性问题的看法尤其引人注目。
鲍德温在他第三部小说《另一个国家》中精心刻画了两对黑白恋人,对黑白之间的跨种族性关系进行了深入的剖析。
由于深受种族主义思想的控制,小说中的黑白恋人的感情发展中充满了困惑与绝望。
其中一对恋人以白人女子的发疯和黑人男子的自杀而告终,而另一对的恋情虽然取得了一定的进展,但是他们的结局依然难以预料。
小说中出现的其他几对性关系也存在一系列的不确定性因素。
这些性关系中存在的问题向人们展示了美国文化中存在的种族偏见和性偏见。
但是,从总体上讲,尽管心存困惑,小说中的人物大都怀着种族融合的愿望,积极寻找解决社会问题的办法,而不像黑人抗议小说里的主人公那样采取极端行为。
本文通过对《另一个国家》的仔细研读并结合对相关历史和文化背景以及鲍德温其他文本的分析,得出了如下结论: 鲍德温在研究性关系的同时兼顾了紧张的黑白种族矛盾,并力图将种族关系与性关系结合起来以探求普遍的人性,希望籍此帮助黑人和白人走出精神困境,从而促进种族融合。
在处理《另一个国家》中的跨种族性关系和其他性关系问题上,鲍德温虽然表现出了深深的困惑,但是他并没有放弃为种族融合所做的努力,整部小说洋溢着一位充满爱心并富有社会责任感的作家对同胞怀有的浓厚的人文关怀。
在写作《另一个国家》时,鲍德温将他本人的各个时期的经历巧妙地融入到其刻画的人物生活中。
因而,从这个意义上说,解读该小说的跨种族性关系能够发掘鲍德温本人在对待国内种族问题上的困惑以及他对同胞难以割舍的爱,为人们更全面地了解鲍德温的思想和创作提供了一个很好的机会。
关键词:詹姆斯·鲍德温;《另一个国家》;跨种族性关系;困惑;爱English AbstractAbstractJames Baldwin has been considered one of the greatest American writers of the twentieth century. Among all the subjects he concerns, his racial and sexual politics are most striking.In his third novel, Another Country, Baldwin makes an intensive study of interracial sexuality by elaborately characterizing two interracial couples. Confined by racism, the two couples keep in a state of agony and confusion during their sexual love. As a result, one couple ends up with the white woman’s insanity and the black man’s suicide, and as for the other, though their love gets developed to some extent, their future remains uncertain. The uncertainty in the interracial sexuality and in some other minor sexuality brings people to a better understanding of how the very existence of rigid categories of race and sex in American cultures has ruined the prospect of a harmonious society. However, on the whole, in spite of their confusion, the interracial couples as well as other characters do not go to extremes as characters in black protest novels usually do. Instead, with the hope for racial reconciliation, they struggle to find better solutions to the social problems.After a careful study of Another Country, with the related historical and cultural background as well as Baldwin’s other works, this thesis draws a conclusion as follows: Baldwin gives equal consideration to the tense racial contradiction while dealing with the sexual prejudices. And he tries to link them to probe into the universal humanity. While doing so, Baldwin aims at extricating both the black and the white from their confusion, and promoting the racial reconciliation. While dealing with the interracial sexuality, though he gets confused most of the time, Baldwin does not give up his attempt on racial reconciliation. The black writer Baldwin, full of love and social responsibility, has a strong humanist solicitude for his fellow men in the novel.In Another Country, Baldwin interweaves his personal experiences of different periods of his time with those of his characters. Therefore, by means of the study of the interracial sexuality, Baldwin’s own confusion on the racial problem and his love for his people can be collected, which will contribute to the comprehensive understanding of Baldwin.Key Words: James Baldwin; Another Country; interracial sexuality; confusion; love湘潭大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。
DESCRIPTIVE WORDS
DESCRIPTIVE WORDSSOUNDringing cheeping gasping smashing piercing peeping whooping tinkling raucous chattering crooning bellowing sobbing bumping snarling growling pitch crying thumping burping croaking clattering yapping keening splashing yelping rustling volume squealing howling barking sniveling moaning pealing tone rattling grunting clanging coughing quacking whining gagging fizzing wheezing honking hissing bawling trumpeting swishing sneezing rumbling bubbling ripping cooing chirping shouting shuffling tearing popping roaring thunderous scratching snorting crashing crunching cackling tolling clucking silent tapping soothing crowing tranquil melodious cacophonous singing quiet tune loud tinkling noisy rhythmic mumbling twittering din beat blaring cawing racket chattering murmuring whistling clapping booming whispering mewing snapping snoring yelling mooing crackling sighingTOUCH AND TEXTUREpressed damp fluted tickling sculptured dry knobbed raw corrugated downy chapped scratchy dirty grimy sopping itching abrasive dusty scaled rasping prickly clammy pulpy kiss scarred glossy wet pocked tweedy matte moist woolly hard foamy dank patina gripped burning hairy soft cottony scorching furry bumpy rocking cushioned fluffy searing fuzzy boiling sheer sheen scalding stinging sandy warm shiny polished hot engraved gritty inlaid soapy bubbly grooved coolglassy ivory biting sharp rutted piercing silky numbing velvety smooth freezing steely keen icy corduroy grainy cold metallic fine waxy coarse greasy curdled slimy splintered lacy tangled spiky slippery creamy matted slick shaggy bushy fiery stubblyCOLOR AND VISUAL QUALITIESred saffron bright dark scarlet golddull light carnelian silver rose chocolate crimson chrome lilac sienna salmon lime copper vermilion yellow bronze avocado coral primrose pale purple lemon canary violet pink cerise mauve ruddy mahogany topaz blue amber ebony flushed maroon amethyst crystalline cyan navy wine white poppy cobalt burgundy olive fuchsia turquoise claret drab chartreuse orchid brilliant clear black obsidian transparent khaki opaque translucent lavender glassy jet gay rust carmine sapphire dun cordovan indigo milky tan grizzly ocher flesh buff brindle umber peach mustard ultramarine snowy chestnut green smoky sepia mint brass walnut pearl aqua ruby emerald twinkling bistre sooty shimmering jade plum charcoal maize lake iridescent garnet slate spruce puce magenta sable pearly aquamarine ivory henna citrine onyx azure cream orangeSMELLperfumed lilac earthy stinking fetid loamy lemon scent odor fragrance sweaty sharp rose lime rotten biting pungent mustyplastic acrid flowery fishy mildewed spicy acid moldy doggy nauseating redolent skunky dirty sweet tart minty moist putrid sour fresh musty spoiledPATTERN AND SHAPEround parallel narrow reticulated crested wideflat spherical globe rounded shallow drooping erect dappled rolling orb hemisphere ball shapely checkered adjacent curved pied concentric triangle sharp short depressed swollen long concave pyramid cone convex streamlined sunken square diagonal contoured protruding banded terrain horizontal rectangle cube vertical aquiline veined cylinder depth disc palmate box width plate pinnate spiked thread height arc elliptical length worm-like crowned cupped serpentine girth crescent pentagon breadth sinuous baggy tight winding spotted oval hexagon octagon tetrahedral solid lanky corkscrew helix curly frail polyhedron trapezoid thin fat crystalline fanned oval pointed plump ovate ellipsoidalBack to Ms.Garrett online-home pageDescriptive Words for Commentary or Analysis of TextPositive NegativeAuthentic Inspirational Reactionary AbsurdConservative Ironic Realistic CommonplaceControversial Liberal Recondite HereticalCredible Melodramatic Romantic ImprobableCultural Mystical Satiric IncredibleDidactic Naturalistic Scholarly InsignificantDramatic Objective Significant IntolerantEsoteric Orthodox Spiritual PedanticExpressionistic Philosophic Subjective PrejudicedFanciful Plausible Symbolic ShallowHumanistic Pragmatic Utilitarian SuperficialHumorous Profound TrivialImpressionistic Radical UnscholarlyDescriptive Words for Characters:Physical QualitiesPositive NegativeActive Exquisite Pretty Awkward Hideous Ugly Adept Fair Ravishing Bizarre Homely Ungainly Adroit Fascinating Robust Cadaverous Horrible Unkempt Agile Good-looking Shapely Clumsy Incongruous Unmanly Attractive Graceful Skillful Coarse Invidious Unwomanly Beautiful Handsome Spirited Decrepit Loathsome Weak Brawny Hardy Spruce Effeminate OdiousCharming Immaculate Stalwart Emaciated RepellentComely Lively Strapping Feeble RepugnantDainty Lovely Strong Frail RepulsiveDapper Manly Sturdy Gawky SicklyDelicate Muscular Virile Ghastly SlovenlyDexterous Neat Vivacious Graceless SpareElegant Nimble Winsome Grotesque ThinDescriptive Words for Characters:Mental QualitiesPositive NegativeApt Learned Bigoted StupidAstute Observant Crass UngiftedCapable Precocious Dull UnintellectualClever Prudent Fatuous UnintelligentCompetent Rational Foolish UnletteredCrafty Reasonable Ignorant UnschooledCunning Sage Illiterate VacuousEducated Scholarly InaneErudite Sensible IrrationalGifted Shrewd Narrow-mindedIngenious Subtle ObtuseIntellectual Talented PuerileIntelligent Wily ShallowInventive Wise SimpleDescriptive Words for Characters:Moral QualitiesPositive NegativeAbstemious Righteous Base IniquitousAustere Straightforward Corrupt IntemperateChaste Temperate Deceitful NotoriousDecent Trustworthy Degenerate ReprobateExemplary Truthful Depraved RibaldFaultless Undefiled Dishonest SensualGuileless Upright Dishonorable UnprincipledHonorable Virtuous Dissolute UnscrupulousIdealistic Foul ViciousInnocent Immoral VilePure Incorrigible VulgarPuritanical Indecent WickedRespectable InfamousDescriptive Words for Characters:Spiritual QualitiesPositive NegativeAngelic Agnostic MaterialisticDevout Atheistic MundaneFaithful Blasphemous ProfaneGodlike Carnal SacrilegiousHoly Diabolic SkepticalPious Fiend like UnregenerateRegenerate GodlessReligious ImpiousReverent IrrelevantSaintly IrreligiousDescriptive Words for Characters:Social QualitiesPositive NegativeAffable Acrimonious IrascibleAmiable Antagonistic MalevolentAmicable Anti-social MisanthropicCheerful Boorish ObsequiousCivil Brusque PeevishCongenial Captious PerverseConvivial Caustic PetulantCooperative Churlish ProvincialCordial Contentious QuarrelsomeCourteous Crabbed RusticDebonair Critical ShrewishElegant Crusty SnivelingGenial Cynical SulkyGracious Discourteous SullenHospitable Fawning SycophanticJolly Fractious UncivilJovial Grumpy UnctuousPolite Ill-bred UngraciousPolitic Ill-mannered UnpolishedSociable Implacable UnrefinedSuave Impolite UnsociableTactful Imprudent WaspishUrbane InsolentDescriptive Words for Characters:General QualitiesPositive NegativeAdmirable Gentle Phlegmatic Apathetic Indiscreet Rebellious Altruistic Gullible Plucky Arrogant Inefficient Recalcitrant Ambitious Humane Punctual Artificial Insensitive Reckless Aristocratic Humble Radical Avaricious Insidious Refractory Artless Illustrious Reactionary Boastful Insignificant Remiss Assiduous Imperturbable Refined Brutish Intolerant Reprehensible Audacious Imposing Reserved Bumptious Irresolute Ruthless Benevolent Impressive Resolute Bungling Irresponsible Sanctimonious Candid Indifferent Resourceful Callous Lackadaisical Scurrilous Cautious Indomitable Responsive Capricious Lazy Self-centered Charitable Indulgent Reticent Complacent Lethargic Self-indulgent Circumspect Industrious Saturnine Conceited Listless Silly Compassionate Influential Saucy Contemptible Malicious Slothful Confident Ingenious Scrupulous Contemptuous Malignant SmugConscientious Intrepid Sedate Cowardly Mediocre Squeamish Conservative Kindly Self-impassive Craven Mercenary Stingy Considerate Laconic Self-reliant Cruel Mischievous Stubborn Courageous Liberal Sensitive Dilatory Mulish Timorous Coy Long-suffering Serious Disdainful Niggardly Traitorous Cultured Magnanimous Shy Dogmatic Obdurate Treacherous Demure Meek Sober Domineering Obnoxious Truculent Determined Melancholic Solemn Eccentric Obstinate Unambitious Diffident Merciful Staid Egotistical Odd Unreliable Diligent Moody Stoical Envious Oppressive Unruly Discreet Munificent Strong-willed Erratic Ordinary Unstable Distinguished Naïve Sympathetic Fastidious Overconfident Vain Earnest Natural Taciturn Fickle Parasitic Venal Efficient Noble Thrifty Frivolous Parsimonious Vindictive Eloquent Nonchalant Timid Gluttonous Perfidious Voracious Eminent Patient Tolerant Haughty Petty Wearisome Enthusiastic Pensive Unaffected Headstrong Pharisaical Willful Flippant Persevering Uncompromising Hypocritical Pompous Worthless Forbearing Persistent Valorous Imperious PrejudicedFrugal Persuasive Wary Impetuous ProlixGarrulous Pert Well-bred Imprudent ProudGenerous Philanthropic Whimsical Impulsive QuixoticGenteel Philosophical Witty Incompetent RashZealousWhy do you need a list of adjectives?Adjectives can turn the ordinary in to the extraordinary.When used properly,they can add vivid interest to your conversation or written communication.However,there can be too much of a good thing.Please keep your adjectives effective by choosing them wisely. Comprehensive List of AdjectivesA-E Personality AdjectivesE-PPersonalityAdjectivesP-ZPersonality Adjectives Positive Personality Adjectives Negative Personality AdjectivesA-F Personality AdjectivesF-RPersonalityAdjectivesR-WPersonality AdjectivesA-F F-RR-W PersonalityPersonality Personality。
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2003年part2
Part Two To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.6. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________. [A] call on scientists to take some actions. [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement.7. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________. [A] cruel but natural. [B] inhuman and unacceptable [C] inevitable but vicious. [D] pointless and wasteful.8. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________. [A] discontent with animal research. [B] ignorance about medical science. [C] indifference to epidemics. [D] anxiety about animal rights.9. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should _____. [A] communicate more with the public. [B] employ hi-tech means in research. [C] feel no shame for their cause. [D] strive to develop new cures.10. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________. [A] a well-known humanist. [B] a medical practitioner. [C] an enthusiast in animal rights. [D] a supporter of animal research.Unit 10 (2003) Part 2重点词汇:1. paraphrase(n.v.释意)即para+phrase,para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”,phrase即“短语;⽤短语表达”,故“⽤短语辅助表达”→释意。
翻译家 尤金.奈达
■ The Bible Translator - (Journal founded and edited by Dr. Nida (retired), 1949- ) ■ Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words - (Univ. of Michigan Press, 1949) ■ Message and Mission - (Harper, 1960) ■ Customs, Culture and Christianity – (Tyndale Press, 1963) ■ Toward a Science of Translating - (Brill, 1964) ■ Religion Across Cultures - (Harper, 1968)
篇章对等又叫语篇对等。语篇是 一种语言使用单位。因此,我们 在进行语篇分析时不能只分析语 言本身,而要看语言是怎样在 特定的语境中体现意义和功能。 语篇对等包含三个层面: 上下文语境,情景语境 和文化语境
文化语境
I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein. 此处翻译难点是Pygmalion和Frankenstein所 涉及的文化语境。Pygmalion是希腊神话中的塞浦 路斯国王。他雕了一个绝美的女像,并不由自主爱 上了她。他的爱发自内心,无比忠诚,就连爱神阿 芙罗狄特(Aphrodite)也为之动情,便赋予那女像 以生命,二人得以终成眷属。Frankenstein是英国 作家谢利(Mary W.Shelley)小说Frankenstein中 的主人公,他是个年轻的医学研究者,创造了一个 怪物却最终被其毁灭。可见,Pygmalion在此比喻 “创造美和享受美”,而Frankenstein则比喻“自作 自受, 自食其果”。
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DESCRIPTIVE WORDSSOUNDTOUCH AND TEXTURECOLOR AND VISUAL QUALITIESSMELLPATTERN AND SHAPEWords that are used to describe one’s behavior and personality.AActive = always doing something: "She's an active person and never wants to stay in." aggressive = being angry or threatening: "He's aggressive and starts arguments." ambitious = wanting to succeed: "He's ambitious and wants to lead the company."argumentative = always arguing with people: "He won't accept what you say – he's argumentative and loves to disagree!"arrogant = thinking you are better than anyone else: "He always behaves as if nobody else's opinion is important – "I find him very arrogant."assertive = being confident, so people can't force you to do things you don't want to do: "It's important to be assertive at work."Bbad-tempered = in a bad mood: "What's got into him lately? He's so bad-tempered." big-headed = thinking you're very important or clever: "I've never met anyone so big-headed!"bossy = telling people what to do all the time: "He's so bossy - he never lets me do things the way I want to do them."Ccareless = not taking care: "He's a careless driver – "I'm sure he'll have an accident." caring = wanting to help people: "My boss is caring and often asks me how things are going."catty = saying nasty or spiteful things about other people: "I know you don't like her, but calling her names is a bit catty."cautious = being careful, so that you avoid mistakes: "He's cautious about investing money in the stock market."charming = pleasant and likeable: "What a charming man!"cheeky = being rude or disrespectful: "It was a bit cheeky of him to ask for moremoney."clever = intelligent: "She's a clever student and picks things up quickly."conceited = thinking you're very clever, or better than others: "He's so conceited – he thinks everyone should admire him."conscientious = doing something carefully, because you want to do it well: "She's a conscientious student and always does her homework."considerate = thinking and caring about others: "My neighbour brought me flowers when I was in hospital – he's very considerate." ("That was considerate of him.")coy = pretending to be shy so that you don't have to give information: "He's very coy about his qualifications – maybe he doesn't have any."creative = someone who can make or design things, or can think of solutions to a problem: "She's creative and artistic."curious = wanting to know things: "I'm curious to find out what you think of the situation."Ddeceitful = trying to make people think something, so that you get what you want: "He lied to get this job – he's so deceitful."docile = quiet and submissive: "She's a docile child and always does what she's told." dogmatic = wanting others to accept your ideas without discussion: "He's a dogmatic politician and always thinks he's right."domineering = trying to control other people: "He's loud and domineering in the office – it's difficult to get him to listen to us."enthusiastic = having a lot of interest in something: "He's an enthusiastic supporter of equal rights."excitable = someone who easily gets excited: "He gets very excitable about politics –it's one of his passions in life."extroverted = outgoing and lively: "She's extroverted and loves going out with people."Ffaithful = being loyal to someone or something: "She's a faithful friend."fickle = changing your mind and being unpredictable: "Politicians can be fickle when it suits them!"flaky = slightly unstable and unreliable: "She's a little flaky at times, but otherwise she's a good worker."full of himself = acting proud of yourself: "He was full of himself after he got the promotion – it got annoying after a while."funny = making other people laugh: "He can be extremely funny when he's in the mood."fussy = only liking certain things: "She's fussy about what she wears."Ggood-natured = kind and thoughtful: "She's good-natured and always tries to help." grumpy = someone who tends to be in a bad mood: "He's always grumpy in the morning and never says 'hello'."happy-go-lucky = not worrying about what might happen in the future: "He's a bit happy-go-lucky and doesn't think about the future."Iimpulsive = doing things without thinking first: "If he sees something he likes, he just buys it – he can be so impulsive at times!"inconsiderate = not considering other people or their feelings: "It was a little inconsiderate of him not to give you a get-well card."introverted = opposite of extroverted: "He was introverted as a teenager, but became more confident as he got older."inventive = able to think up new ideas: "As head of Marketing, he can often think of inventive ways to keep his customers happy."irritating = annoying others: "He can be very irritating to work with."Jjokey = making jokes: "You're in a jokey mood today, but we've got work to do!" jolly = happy and cheerful: "It was the weekend and everyone was in a jolly mood." Kkind = thoughtful and caring: "My neighbor is kind – she looked after my cat when I was on holiday."Lloud-mouthed = someone who talks a lot and often says offensive things: "Don't worry about what he said – he's loud-mouthed at times."loyal = someone who is faithful and stands by you: "His colleagues were loyal to him when he was having problems with his boss."Mmanic = behaving in a slightly crazy way: "We're a bit manic at the moment – we're rushing to finish the work before our deadline."manipulative = trying to get people to do what you want, by influencing or deceiving them: "She's very manipulative when she wants something."moody = having unpredictable moods: "Some people think he's moody – you never know if he's happy or grumpy."Nnervous = uncomfortable with a situation: "I'm always nervous before an exam."Oold-fashioned = behaving or thinking in a way that isn't modern: "He's a bit old-fashioned and thinks women shouldn't work."opinionated = having strong opinions: "He's opinionated and dogmatic –the last person you want to negotiate with."Ppassive = not assertive –doing what other people want you to do without arguing: "He's passive at work, but domineering at home."perfectionist = someone who wants perfection: "Her boss is a perfectionist –no spelling mistakes are allowed."persuasive = being able to persuade people to do things or to accept your ideas: "He'sa persuasive talker."picky = only liking certain things or people: "She's picky about her friends."playful = someone who likes to play and have fun: "You're in a playful mood today!" pleasant = nice and polite: "The bank manager was pleasant to me today."polite = showing good manners: "She's polite and never forgets to say 'please' or 'thank you'."pragmatic = being practical and aware of your limitations: "She's pragmatic at work and only does what she can."Qquick-tempered = getting angry quickly: "He was quick-tempered when he was young, but he's more relaxed now."Rreserved = keeping your ideas and thoughts to yourself: "He's reserved, but polite." rude = impolite: "He's very rude and never says 'please' or 'thank you'."Sscatter-brained / scatty = someone who often forgets things: "Don't you remember where you put your wallet? You're so scatter-brained!"serious = not light-hearted: "He's a serious student and always does his homework." shy = quiet, because you are not very confident: "He's so shy and hates saying anything to people he doesn't know."sincere = saying what you believe (opposite of insincere): "He's sincere in his beliefs." slapdash = doing your work quickly and carelessly: "He's got a very slapdash attitude– I doubt he'll ever become a lawyer."slimy = trying to get what you want by being over-friendly: "That man is so slimy –he makes me feel sick!"sly = doing things in a secretive way: "You never know what he's up to – he's sly and manipulative."spiteful = trying to hurt other people because you didn't get what you wanted: "If she doesn't get what she wants, she can be quite spiteful."Tthoughtful = someone who thinks a lot: "He's a thoughtful person and won't do anything unless he has considered the consequences."thoughtless = not thinking about people or the consequences of your actions: "I'm sure he didn't mean to be rude – he can be thoughtless at times."trustworthy = someone you can trust: "My accountant is really trustworthy."Vvolatile quickly changing moods: "He's easily excitable and pretty volatile."Wwitty = being able to make other people laugh by what you say: "He's witty and charming – the perfect person to invite to a party."。