Part one Remote Sensing(lesson eleven)
Application and Development of Agricultural Remote Sensing
The present situation of the application of remote sensing in agriculture
The present situation of the application of remote sensing in agriculture
Application domain
The present situation of the application of remote sensing in agriculture
Crop monitoring
Soil moisture monitoring
Moisture is an important element of soil and a factor of soil fertility. It is one of the basic conditions for crop too.So the research of soil moisture has important guiding significance for agricultural production, especially the drought-resistant decision. The spectral characteristics of soil under different moisture content are different. visible light and thermal infrared remote sensing are most used in the monitoring.We can use related parameters which reflect the soil water content to establish a relationship model.
RemoteSensing遥感
1 Introduction
• Those areas of the spectrum which are not severely influenced by atmospheric absorption (and scattering??)and thus, are useful to remote sensors, are called atmospheric windows
1 Introduction
• Mie scattering occurs when the particles are just about the same size as the wavelength of the radiation.
• Dust, pollen, smoke and water vapour • affect longer wavelengths than those affected by Rayleigh scattering • lower portions of the atmosphere
1 Introduction
• Three forms of interaction: absorption (A); transmission (T); and reflection (R). • specular reflection and diffuse reflection. • Leaves(chlorophyll ) absorbs red and blue but reflects green in the summer, reflects more red in the autumn.
Chapter 1 History and Scope of Remote Sensing1章遥感历史与范围 共40页
Milestones in Remote Sensing
Launch of Landsat I represented a fork in the road: civilian and military RS head in different directions
Milestones in Remote Sensing
1920-30: routine use of aerial photos by various government agencies
1939-45: WWII and the development and use of Infrared film. Unlike conventional film, IR film is sensitive to EM energy in the near Infrared portion of the EM spectrum. Why might this be useful during wartime?
Lillesand and Kiefer
Spectral Reflectance Curves
Visible portion of EM spectrum
Lillesand and Kiefer
The % of incident energy that is reflected from an object usually varies as a function of wavelength.
Introduction to Remote Sensing
Chapter 1 History and Scope of Remote Sensing1章遥感历史与范围
Milestones in Remote Sensing
Launch of Landsat I represented a fork in the road: civilian and military RS head in different directions
sensors to extend your ability to monitor the world around you
Remote Sensing: Defined
General: “..it is the art or science of telling something about an object without being in direct contact with it.” (Fisher et al. 1976; from Table 1.1 of your text)
Military RS: focus on very high spatial resolution. Imagery of planes, military installations etc.
Milestones in Remote Sensing
1970s: lots of basic research in RS and lots of new applications for Landsat data. Launch of Landsat 2 and 3 to keep up with demand. Modest improvements with each launch.
Remote sensing, ice&snow and climate change遥感,冰与雪与气候变化;
-deforestation (rainforest, mangrove colonies)
-species inventory -watershed protection (riparian strips) -coastal protection (mangrove forests) -forest health and vigour
Geology
• surficial deposit / bedrock mapping • lithological mapping • structural mapping • sand and gravel (aggregate) exploration/ xploitation • mineral exploration • hydrocarbon exploration • environmental geology • geobotany • baseline infrastructure • sedimentation mapping and monitoring • event mapping and monitoring • geo-hazard mapping • planetary mapping
Forestry
reconnaissance mapping:
-forest cover type discrimination -agroforestry mapping
Commercial forestry:
-clear cut mapping / regeneration assessment -burn delineation -infrastructure mapping / operations support -forest inventory -biomass estimation -species inventory
学术英语课后答案 unit1
学术英语理工教师手册Unit 1 Choosing a TopicI Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit , you will learn how to:1.choose a particular topic for your research2.formulate a research question3.write a working title for your research essay4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1.Deciding on a topicTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay.2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer.3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like:Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men?A New Way to Find Breast TumorsSome Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily LifeBreast Cancer and Its Direct Biological ImpactBreast Cancer—the Symptoms & DiagnosisBreastfeeding and Breast CancerTask 31 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face.2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.3 Text 1 analyzes the ways of computer hackers, while Text 2 describes security problems of a computer.4 Text 1: The way hackers “get inside” a computerText 2: Electronic threats a computer facesYes, I think they are interesting, important, manageable and adequate.Task 41Lecture1:Ten Commandments of Computer EthicsLecture 2:How to Deal with Computer HackersLecture 3:How I Begin to Develop Computer Applications2Answersmay vary.Task 5Answers may vary.2 Formulating a research questionTask 1Text 3Research question 1: How many types of cloud services are there and what are they? Research question 2: What is green computing?Research question 3: What are advantages of the cloud computing?Text 4Research question 1: What is the Web 3.0?Research question 2: What are advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing? Research question 3: What security benefits can the cloud computing provide?Task 22 Topic2: Threats of Artificial IntelligenceResearch questions:1) What are the threats of artificial intelligence?2) How can human beings control those threats?3) What are the difficulties to control those threats?3 Topic3: The Potentials of NanotechnologyResearch questions:1) What are its potentials in medicine?2) What are its potentials in space exploration?3) What are its potentials in communications?4 Topic4: Global Warming and Its EffectsResearch questions:1) How does it affect the pattern of climates?2) How does it affect economic activities?3) How does it affect human behavior?Task 3Answers may vary.3 Writing a working titleTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 Lecture 4 is about the security problems of cloud computing, while Lecture 5 is about the definition and nature of cloud computing, hence it is more elementary than Lecture 4.2 The four all focus on cloud computing. Although Lecture 4 and Text 4 address the same topic, the former is less optimistic while the latter has more confidence in the security of cloud computing. Text3 illustrates the various advantages of cloud computing.3 Lecture 4: Cloud Computing SecurityLecture 5: What Is Cloud Computing?Task 3Answers may vary.4 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
What is remote sensing
MAJOR EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES (contd.)
• • • • Radarsat ESA Satellites (ERS, ATSR) India Satellites (IRS, LISS, OCM) Japanese Satellites (JERS, ADEOS, AVNIR, OCTS, MOS, ALOS) • Russian Satellites (Priroda, etc)
MAJOR EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES
• • • • • • • • Landsat SPOT Ikonos AVHRR Seawifs GOES Meteosat Terra EOS Satellite (ASTER, MODIS, CERES, MOPITT, MISR)
Major Areas of Progress in Remote Sensing Since the 1950’s
* Development of new payloads (cameras, sensors, scanners) * Development of new platforms * Development of new electronic data transmission, data receiving, networks, and data processing equipment * Development of data integration systems (e.g. GIS, Spatial Modeling, etc.)
Geographic Information System
An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze all forms of geographically referenced information. A layered cake.
Remote sensing遥感
Remote sensingRemote sensing can be defined as the collection of data about an object from a distance.Humans and many other types of animals accomplish this task with aid of eyes or by their sense of smell or hearing.Geographers use the technique of remote sensing to monitor or measure phenomena found in the Earth's lithosphere,biosphere,hydrosphere,and atmosphere.Remote sensing of the environment by geographers is usually done with the help of mechanical devices known as remote sensors.These gadgets have a greatly improved ability to receive and record information about an object without any physical contact.Often,these sensors are positioned away from the object of interest by using helicopters,planes and satellites.Most sensing devices record information about an object by measuring an object's transmission of electromagnetic energy from reflecting and radiating surfaces.Remote sensing imagery has many applications in mapping land-use and cover , agriculture , soils mapping , forestry , city planning , archaeological investigations , military observations,and geomorphological surveying , among other uses.For example,foresters use aerial photographs for preparing forest cover maps,locating possible access roads,and measuring quantities of trees harvested.Specialized photography using color infrared film has also been used to detect disease and insect damage in forest trees.The simplest form of remote sensing uses photographic cameras to record information from visible or near infrared wavelengths(see the followingtable).In the late 1800s,cameras were positioned above the Earth's surface in balloons or kites to take oblique aerial photographs of the landscape.During World War I,aerial photography played an important role in gathering information about the position and movements of enemy troops.These photographs were often taken from airplanes.After the war,civilian use of aerial photography from airplanes began with the systematic vertical imaging of large areas of Canada,the United States,and Europe.Many of these images were used to construct topographic and other types of reference maps of the natural and human-made features found on the Earth's surface.The development of color photography following World War II gave a more natural depiction of surface objects.Color aerial photography also greatly increased the amount of information gathered from an object.The human eye can differentiate many more shades of color than tones of gray.In 1942,Kodak developed color infrared film,which recorded wavelengths in the near-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum.This film type had good haze penetration and the ability to determine the type and health of vegetation.。
fundamentals of remote sensing第二章
Fundamentals of remote sensing遥感入门第二章卫星和传感器翻译：南京农业大学徐梦洁说明：1 Fundamentals of remote sensing一书来源：Canada Centre for Remote Sensing2 英文PDF下载地址：http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.earth-s ciences/files/pdf/resource/tutor/fundam/pdf/fundamen tals_e.pdf3 文本诸多不完善之处，系本人水平有限，在此致歉4中文版本不允商业用途目录2. 卫星和传感器 (4)2.1 地面、空中与太空的传感器 (4)2.2 卫星特征：轨道和扫描带 (6)2.3 空间分辨率、像元大小和尺度 (9)2.4 光谱分辨率 (11)2.5 辐射分辨率 (12)2.6 时间分辨率 (13)2.7 相机和航拍 (13)2.8 多光谱扫描 (16)2.9 热成像 (18)2.10 影像中的几何变形 (19)2.11 气象卫星/传感器 (21)2.12 地球观察卫星/传感器 (25)2.13 海洋观察卫星/传感器 (31)2.14 其他传感器 (33)2.15 数据采集、传输和处理 (34)2.16 尾注 (35)2.你知道吗？ (36)2.1 你知道吗？ (36)2.2 你知道吗？ (37)2.3 你知道吗？ (37)2.5 你知道吗？ (38)2.7 你知道吗？ (38)2.8 你知道吗？ (39)2.10 你知道吗？ (39)2.12 你知道吗？ (40)2.15 你知道吗？ (41)2. 测验和答案 (41)2.2 测验 (41)2.2 答案 (42)2.3 测验 (42)2.3 答案 (42)2.4 测验 (43)2.4 答案 (43)2.5 测验 (44)2.5 答案 (44)2.9 测验 (44)2.9 答案 (45)2.10 测验 (45)2.10 答案 (45)2.12 测验 (46)2.12 答案 (46)术语注释 (47)2. 卫星和传感器2.1 地面、空中与太空的传感器第一章中我们已经学习了与遥感相关的一些基本概念。
遥感
5 Transmission,teception,and processing(E)
• the energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image (hardcopy and/ or digital) .
1 Energy source or illumination （A）
• the first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest. • The primary source of electromagnetic energy that illuminates natural targets is the sun, although Earth itself can emit geothermal and man-made energy.
• Thank you for watching！
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4 Recording of energy by the sensor(D)
• after the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from the target , then the sensor ( remote — not in contact with the target) collects that reflected energy and records the observation ( the electromagnetic radiation) .
专业英语Lesson 14 Remote Sensing
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Spectrum in use
• • • • • • • • • • a solar spectrum 太阳光谱 spectrum analysis 光谱分析 the whole spectrum of industry 整个工业领域 absorption spectrum 吸收光谱, 吸收频谱 action spectrum 作用光谱 alpha-ray spectrumα 射线谱 amplitude spectrum 振幅谱 amplitude -frequency spectrum 振幅频谱 atomic spectrum 原子光谱 audible spectrum 声谱, 声频谱
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track in use
• track road 纤道
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Structure
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Reading/writing techniques
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Spectrum
in dictionary
• 【物】谱, 光[波, 能, 质]谱 • 【无】(射频, 无线电信号)频谱 • 【心理】(眼睛的)余象, 残象 • 范围, 领域, 系列
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Spectrum in text
地表沉降研究方法英语作文
Surface subsidence,a phenomenon where the ground level decreases due to various geological and human activities,has become a critical issue in urban areas and regions with intensive resource extraction.The study of surface subsidence is essential for urban planning,infrastructure management,and environmental protection.In this essay,we will explore various research methods used to investigate surface subsidence,drawing from the experiences of researchers and the application of modern technologies.One of the primary methods for studying surface subsidence is the analysis of historical data and records.By examining past land surveys,geological reports,and construction records,researchers can identify patterns and trends in ground level changes over time.This method provides a baseline understanding of the extent and rate of subsidence in a given area.For instance,in a study conducted in a rapidly urbanizing city,researchers discovered a significant correlation between the construction of highrise buildings and the rate of ground subsidence,indicating the need for stricter building regulations.Remote sensing technologies,such as satellite imagery and aerial photography,have revolutionized the way surface subsidence is monitored. These technologies allow for the collection of largescale,highresolution data over time,enabling researchers to detect even minor changes in the ground level.For example,the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR interferometry has been instrumental in identifying areas of subsidence in regions with underground water extraction,providing valuable information for resource management.Geophysical methods,including seismic reflection,electrical resistivity tomography,and groundpenetrating radar,offer insights into the subsurface conditions that contribute to surface subsidence.These techniques help researchers understand the geological structures and the distribution of materials beneath the surface,which can influence the rate and extent of subsidence.In one case,geophysical surveys revealed a network of underground cavities in a mining area,which was a significant factor in the observed ground subsidence.Numerical modeling is another essential tool in the study of surface subsidence.By inputting data on geological conditions,water levels,and human activities into computer models,researchers can simulate the behavior of the ground and predict future subsidence patterns.This method is particularly useful in areas where direct observation is difficult or dangerous,such as in regions with active oil and gas extraction.A recent study utilized numerical models to forecast the potential impact of increased groundwater pumping on the subsidence rate in an agricultural region,leading to the implementation of more sustainable water management practices.Field investigations and insitu measurements are crucial for validating the findings from other research methods.By conducting onsite inspections and collecting samples,researchers can verify the accuracy of their models and gain a more detailed understanding of the local conditions contributing to subsidence.For example,a team of researchers in a coastal city found that the combination of groundwater extraction and the naturalcompaction of sediments was causing the ground to sink,which was confirmed through field measurements and soil analysis.Public participation and community engagement are increasingly recognized as vital components of surface subsidence research.By involving local residents and stakeholders in the research process, scientists can gather valuable local knowledge and ensure that their findings are relevant and accessible to the community.In one project, researchers organized workshops and surveys to gather information on the impacts of subsidence on residents daily lives,which helped to inform the development of mitigation strategies.In conclusion,the study of surface subsidence is a multifaceted endeavor that requires the integration of various research methods.From historical data analysis to advanced geophysical techniques and community engagement,each method contributes to a comprehensive understanding of this complex phenomenon.As urbanization and resource extraction continue to exert pressure on the Earths surface,the need for robust and innovative research methods in the field of surface subsidence will only grow.By employing a diverse array of approaches,researchers can better predict,mitigate,and adapt to the challenges posed by ground level changes.。
the innovation geoscience 分区
the innovation geoscience 分区the innovation geoscience discourse partition.Introduction:Geoscience is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on understanding the Earth and its processes. Over the years, advances in technology have allowed scientists in this field to make groundbreaking discoveries and revolutionize our understanding of the planet. The innovation within geoscience has led to the development of various sub-disciplines, each focused on exploring different aspects of the Earth. In this article, we will delve into the discourse partition of innovation within geoscience and explore the different areas of research and development.1. Remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information System):Remote sensing and GIS have revolutionized the way geoscientists collect and analyze data. Remote sensing involves capturing information about objects or areas from a distance, typically using satellite or airborne sensors. This technology allows scientists to observe large-scale phenomena, such as climate patterns, landcover changes, and natural disasters, with unprecedented accuracy. GIS, on the other hand, involves the collection and organization of spatial data for analysis and visualization. By combining remote sensing data with GIS technology, geoscientists can gather vital information and make informed decisions on various environmental issues.2. Climate change research:Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges today. Geoscientists play a crucial role in studying and understanding the drivers and impacts of climate change. They use innovative techniques such as ice core analysis, ocean sediment sampling, and remote sensing to reconstruct past climates and predict future trends. By studying climate models and analyzing data, geoscientists can assess the factors influencing climate change and propose mitigation strategies for the future.3. Volcanology and seismology:The study of volcanoes and earthquakes falls under the purview of volcanology and seismology, respectively. Geoscientists in thesefields employ several innovative techniques to monitor volcanic and seismic activities. Satellite-based remote sensing helps in mapping volcanic eruptions and their effects, such as ash plumes and lava flows. Seismic monitoring networks, which consist of seismometers strategically placed around active fault lines, provide real-time data on earthquakes and help in understanding their causes and forecasting potential events. The ongoing innovation in these fields aids in better risk assessment and disaster management.4. Geological mapping and mineral exploration:Geological mapping and mineral exploration are crucial for assessing the Earth's resources and understanding its geological history. Advancements in satellite imagery and geophysical techniques have revolutionized these fields. High-resolution satellite data helps in creating detailed geological maps, identifying potential mineral deposits, and planning mining operations. Geophysical methods, such as gravity and magnetic surveys, electrical resistivity surveys, and seismic reflection, aid in characterizing subsurface structures and locating mineral resources. These innovative techniques have significantly increased theefficiency and accuracy of exploration efforts.5. Geoengineering and hazard response:Geoengineering refers to deliberate interventions in the Earth's natural systems to mitigate climate change or counteract its effects. Geoscientists play a crucial role in developing innovative techniques for geoengineering. Examples include carbon capture and storage, solar radiation management, and ocean iron fertilization. Additionally, geoscientists are involved in hazard response and mitigation, such as predicting and monitoring landslides, tsunamis, and other natural disasters. The innovations in these areas help in developing strategies to minimize the impacts of such events and protect vulnerable populations.Conclusion:The innovation within geoscience has transformed the way we study and understand the Earth. The discourse partition of geoscience encompasses various sub-disciplines, each making significant contributions to our knowledge and understanding.From remote sensing and GIS to climate change research, volcanology, seismology, geological mapping, and geoengineering, the innovative techniques and technologies developed within these sub-disciplines have revolutionized our understanding of the Earth's processes and helped us address pressing environmental concerns. As technology continues to advance, it is crucial to foster further innovation within geoscience to tackle the challenges of the future effectively.。
Navigating the Transition to Remote Learning
Navigating the Transition to Remote Learning The COVID-19 pandemic has forced an unprecedented shift in the education system, with schools and universities around the world transitioning to remote learning. The suddenness of the shift has created numerous challenges for both students and educators, and navigating this new terrain has been a daunting task for many. In this response, I will explore the challenges of transitioning to remote learning from multiple perspectives, including those of students, educators, and administrators.From the perspective of students, the transition to remote learning has been particularly challenging. Many students have struggled to adjust to the lack of face-to-face interaction with their teachers and classmates, and the absence of a physical classroom environment. This has made it difficult for them to stay motivated and engaged in their studies, and has led to a decline in academic performance for some. Additionally, many students have had to deal with the added stress of balancing their schoolwork with other responsibilities, such as caring for family members or working part-time jobs.From the perspective of educators, the transition to remote learning has presented a whole new set of challenges. Many teachers have had to quickly learn new technologies and teaching strategies in order to effectively deliver their lessons online. They have also had to find ways to engage their students and maintain a sense of community in a virtual classroom setting. This has required a significant amount of time and effort, and has often resulted in increased workload and stress for educators.Finally, from the perspective of administrators, the transition to remote learning has brought about a range of logistical and financial challenges. Schools and universities have had to invest in new technologies and infrastructure to support remote learning, and many have had to make difficult decisions about how to allocate limited resources. Additionally, administrators have had to find ways to ensure that students have access to the resources and support they need to succeed in a remote learning environment.Despite these challenges, there have also been some positive outcomes of the transition to remote learning. For example, many educators have found that the use oftechnology has enabled them to deliver their lessons in new and innovative ways, and has allowed them to reach a wider audience. Additionally, some students have found that remote learning has provided them with greater flexibility and autonomy in their studies, allowing them to better balance their academic and personal responsibilities.In conclusion, the transition to remote learning has been a challenging process for students, educators, and administrators alike. However, it has also presented opportunities for growth and innovation in the education system. As we continue to navigate this new terrain, it is important that we work together to address the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities presented by remote learning. By doing so, we can ensure that students receive the education they need to succeed in a rapidly changing world.。
ieee geoscience and remote sensing letters分区
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters1. IntroductionIEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters (GRSL) is a prestigious scientific journal that focuses on the fields of geoscience and remote sensing. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of GRSL, including its scope, impact factor, editorial board, publication process, and notable contributions to the field.2. ScopeGRSL covers a wide range of topics within the fields of geoscience and remote sensing. It publishes high-quality research articles, letters,and technical notes related to:•Remote sensing techniques and applications•Image processing and analysis•Data fusion and integration•Earth observation systems•Environmental monitoring•Climate change studies•Geospatial analysis•Radar remote sensing•Hyperspectral imaging•LiDAR technologyWith such a broad scope, GRSL provides a platform for scientists and researchers to share their latest findings in these areas.3. Impact FactorThe impact factor of a journal reflects its influence in the scientific community. As of the latest available data, GRSL has an impressiveimpact factor of X.XX. This demonstrates the significance of theresearch published in GRSL and its contribution to advancing knowledgein geoscience and remote sensing.4. Editorial BoardGRSL has a distinguished editorial board comprising leading experts from around the world. The board members are renowned researchers who ensure the quality and integrity of published articles. Their expertise covers various disciplines within geoscience and remote sensing.The editorial board plays a crucial role in reviewing submissions, providing feedback to authors, and making decisions on whether to accept or reject manuscripts for publication. Their expertise ensures that only high-quality research is published in GRSL.5. Publication ProcessAuthors interested in submitting their work to GRSL should carefully review the journal’s guidelines and submission instructions. Manuscripts should be prepared according to the prescribed format and submitted online through the journal’s submission portal.Upon submission, manuscripts undergo a rigorous peer-review process. This process involves evaluation by experts in the field who assess the scientific validity, novelty, and significance of the research. Based on their feedback, authors may be asked to revise their manuscripts before a final decision is made.Accepted articles are published online ahead of print and assigned a digital object identifier (DOI) for easy reference. They are then included in one of GRSL’s regular issues.6. Notable ContributionsOver the years, GRSL has featured numerous groundbreaking studies that have had a significant impact on geoscience and remote sensing. Some notable contributions include:•Development of advanced remote sensing techniques for accurate land cover classification•Application of machine learning algorithms for automated image analysis•Integration of multi-source satellite data for improved environmental monitoring•Use of radar remote sensing for mapping coastal changes and erosion•Exploration of LiDAR technology for precise topographic mappingThese contributions have not only advanced scientific knowledge but also provided valuable insights for various applications, including disaster management, urban planning, agriculture, and natural resource management.ConclusionIEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters (GRSL) is an esteemed journal that plays a vital role in advancing research within geoscience and remote sensing. Its broad scope, high impact factor, distinguished editorial board, rigorous publication process, and notable contributions make it an essential resource for scientists and researchers in these fields. By providing a platform for sharing innovative research findings, GRSL continues to drive progress in geoscience and remote sensing.。
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oscillating
mirror 震荡镜 simultaneously adv.同时地 cease v.停止, 终了 supersed vt.代替, 取代, 接替
dwell time停留时间 discrimination n.辨别, 识别力 bathymetry n.(海洋)深测术, 测海学
The data are received at the GRS in a raw digital format. They may then, if required, be processed to correct systematic, geometric and atmospheric distortions to the imagery, and be translated into a standardized format. The data are written to some form of storage medium such as tape, disk or CD.
twin adj.双胞胎的, 一对的, 相似的 high resolution visible (HRV) panchromatic (PLA) multispectral (MLA) off-nadir viewing 非天底观测，倾斜观测 stereoscopic 有立体感的 tremendous adj.极大的, 巨大的
Off-nadir viewing
Off-nadir viewing
Adjacent ground swaths
Unit twelve: Data reception,Transmission, and Processing
Vocabulary and phase
retrieve v.重新得到 Land vt.使上岸, 使登陆 urgently adv.迫切地, 急切地 Ground Receiving Station (GRS) relay vt.(消息, 货物等)分程传递, 转播 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) appropriate adj.适当的 CCRS 加拿大遥感中心
Ground receiving stations
Ground receiving stations
The combined coverage circles for these Canadian ground stations enable the potential for reception of real-time or recorded data from satellites passing over almost any part of Canada's land mass, and much of the continental United States as well. Other ground stations have been set up around the world to capture data from a variety of satellites.
optimize vt.使最优化 meteorological satellite 气象卫星 launch vt.使(船)下水, 掷(标枪等), 发射 (导弹、火箭等) NASA abbr.National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美国)国家航空和 宇宙航行局 ERTS =Earth Resources Technology Satellites 地球资源技术卫星[美]
address 从事于，忙于 Digital Elevation Models feature特征, 特色 In addition to 除……之外 steer v.驾驶, 掌舵 Multispectral Electro-optical Imaging Scanner active能起作用的 flight line n.飞行路线
Transmitting data
If this is not the case, the data can be recorded on board the satellite (B) for transmission to a GRS at a later time. Data can also be relayed to the GRS through the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) (C), which consists of a series of communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit. The data are transmitted from one satellite to another until they reach the appropriate GRS.
For many sensors it is possible to provide customers with quick-turnaround imagery when they need data as quickly as possible after it is collected. Near realtime processing systems are used to produce low resolution imagery in hard copy or soft copy (digital) format within hours of data acquisia acquired from satellite platforms need to be electronically transmitted to Earth, since the satellite continues to stay in orbit during its operational lifetime.
feasibility n.可行性, 可能性 unmanned adj.无人的, 无人居住的 NOAA abbr.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(美国)国家 海洋和大气局 tailored adj.剪裁讲究的,特制的 functional 功能的，实用的 swath width 条带宽度 revisit period 重访周期
The data are typically archived at most receiving and processing stations, and full libraries of data are managed by government agencies as well as commercial companies responsible for each sensor's archives.
Unit eleven:
Land Observation Satellite/Sensors
exercise
Please
read unit eleven Carefully , and write abstract no less than 200 words
Vocabulary and phrase
Data obtained during airborne remote sensing missions can be retrieved once the aircraft lands. It can then be processed and delivered to the end user.
Such imagery can then be faxed or transmitted digitally to end users. One application of this type of fast data processing is to provide imagery to ships sailing in the Arctic, as it allows them to assess current ice conditions quickly in order to make navigation decisions about the easiest/safest routes through the ice. Real-time processing of imagery in airborne systems has been used, for example, to pass thermal infrared imagery to forest fire fighters right at the scene.
oblique viewing倾斜观测 equatorial adj.近赤道的, 赤道的 convergence n.集中, 收敛 Pointable sensor 可指向的，可倾斜观测 的传感器 popularity 普及，流行 false-colour image 假彩色图像 sharpen 锐化
biomass n.(单位面积或体积内)生物的数量 delineation n.描绘 moisture n.潮湿, 湿气 soil moisture 土壤湿度 forest clearcutting 森林采伐 distributor 发行人 Successor n.继承者, 接任者, 后续的事物 pushbroom 推扫式
lifespan 寿命，预期使用期限 archive 档案文件 Facilitate vt.（不以人作主语的）使容易, 使便利, 推动, 促进 near-polar 近极地 sun-synchronous orbit 太阳同步轨道 Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS) Thematic Mapper (TM)