5 affirmation and negation

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高中英语常见副词

高中英语常见副词

在高中英语中,副词是一类非常重要的词性,它能够修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及整个句子,用来描述动作、状态、程度、方式等。

以下是高中英语中常见的副词:1. Adverbs of Manner(方式副词):这类副词用来描述动作或事件发生的方式。

例如:quickly(迅速地)、carefully(小心地)、loudly(大声地)等。

2. Adverbs of Time(时间副词):这类副词用来描述动作发生的时间。

例如:now(现在)、soon(不久)、yesterday(昨天)等。

3. Adverbs of Place(地点副词):这类副词用来描述动作发生的地点。

例如:here(这里)、there(那里)、everywhere(到处)等。

4. Adverbs of Frequency(频率副词):这类副词用来描述动作发生的频率。

例如:always(总是)、often(经常)、seldom(很少)等。

5. Adverbs of Degree(程度副词):这类副词用来描述动作或状态的程度。

例如:very(非常)、quite(相当)、extremely(极其)等。

6. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation(肯定和否定副词):这类副词用来表示肯定或否定的意思。

例如:yes(是)、no(不)、certainly(当然)等。

7. Adverbs of Comparison(比较副词):这类副词用来进行比较。

例如:more (更多地)、less(更少地)、better(更好地)等。

8. Adverbs of Reason(原因副词):这类副词用来表示原因或解释。

例如:therefore(因此)、because(因为)、so(所以)等。

9. Adverbs of Purpose(目的副词):这类副词用来表示目的或意图。

例如:to (为了)、in order to(为了)等。

10. Adverbs of Conjunction(连接副词):这类副词用来连接两个句子或短语。

正译与反译

正译与反译

表示否定的副词或副词短语: 表示否定的副词或副词短语: little, otherwise, too…to.. etc. 1. 显然他有不同的想法。 显然他有不同的想法。 He evidently thinks otherwise. 2. 他兴奋得说不出话来了。 他兴奋得说不出话来了。 He was too excited to speak.
反说法: 反译法 / 反说法: 用英语形式上否定的英语词表达汉语肯定的意义。 用英语形式上否定的英语词表达汉语肯定的意义。 1. 他这学期全勤。 他这学期全勤。 He has never missed a class this semester. 2. 开卷有益。 开卷有益。 One cannot read a book without leaning something. Reading is always beneficial 3. 我对你感激万分。 我对你感激万分。 I couldn’t thank you enough.
2011-12-31 4
表示否定的形容词或形容词短语: 表示否定的形容词或形容词短语:few, little, free from, far from, safe from, short of etc. 1. 他的作文中几乎没有语法错误。 他的作文中几乎没有语法错误。 There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition. 2. 那家伙极不诚实。 那家伙极不诚实。 That fellow is far from being honest. 3. 欲速则不达。 欲速则不达。 More haste, less speed. Haste makes waste. Haste brings no success. 2011-12-31 5

Lecture 7 Affirmation and negation 汉英翻译 教学课件

Lecture 7 Affirmation and negation 汉英翻译 教学课件
no, not, none, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor, etc.
2) “semi negatives”– 半否定
hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little, etc. 3) “partial negatives”— 部分否定
3. Such a chance was denied (to) me.
我没有得到这样一个机会。(negation)
4. I have read your article and expected to meet an older man.
拜读了你的大作,没想到你这样年轻。
2) Adverbs
(1) we may safely say so.
Negative words and structures sometimes should be readjusted in translation according to contexts. That is to say, depending on the context, we can use either negation or affirmation to translate negatives.
这些飞机留在后方保卫本岛,而没有(不是)用
在急需的地方。
5) Conjunctions
1. Little Emma would rather walk than take a bus.
小艾玛愿意走路而不愿意坐公交车。
2. I will not go unless I hear from him.
如果不接到他的信我就不去。
-- “If the weather holds a couple of days.”

Affirmation and negation

Affirmation and negation

Affirmation and negationI. Warm-up:由于语言习惯不同,英汉互译中往往出现分别从正面和反面表达同一概念的现象。

我们在处理译文时可以根据具体情况,将原文中从正面表达的句子翻译成从反面表达的句子(反译),或将原文中从反面表达的句子翻译成从正面表达的句子(正译)。

有时,同一个句子既可以翻译成从正面表达的句子,又可以翻译成从反面表达的句子。

这就需要译者根据语境选用一种能更准确、更忠实地传递原文信息的译文。

英语正面表达指的是不带否定词no, not , never ,否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less 等的句子。

汉语正面表达则是指不带“不”、“没有” “无” 、“非”、“未”、“否”、“休”、“勿”、“别“莫”、“毋” 等否定词语的句子;反之则是反面表达。

But we are getting ahead of the story可是我们已经说到故事的后面去了The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.J尽管深处苦难之中,但归国的念头一直萦绕在他的心头他一直想成为总经理的助手The thought of becoming an assistant to the general manager never deserted himMattie’s hand was underneath, and Ethan kept his clasp on it a moment longer than necessary.玛蒂的手在下面,伊坦把它握住没有立刻就放。

Once in a while, a tragedy occurs which touches even the most case-hardene d heart.悲剧不时发生连那些麻木不仁的人们也有所触动。

lecture 6 翻译技巧五 正说与反说法

lecture 6 翻译技巧五 正说与反说法

当史蒂夫被介绍给这对老年夫妇的时候,他们只是淡淡 地说:“我们看过你的文章,但没想到你这么年轻。” 3. The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.
归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。
C. Affirmation--Negation 4 .That’s a thing that might happen to any man. 原译:这样的事情可能发生在任何人身上。
技巧3/4-省译和增译练习:
1. We can not see sound waves as they travel through air. 2. The dog is stretching itself. 3. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast. 4. I can do it, and so can you. 5. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. 6. Where there is a will, there is a way. 7. A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue. 8. 他们开始研究敌情,分析敌情。 9. 礼拜天我们不上学。 10. 孩子就是孩子。
8. All graduates from the Foreign Languages Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work. [Version]
技巧5-正说反译、反说正译法练习答案:
1. 我没能说服他,让他知道自己的错误。

翻译第13讲affirmation&negation练习

翻译第13讲affirmation&negation练习

1)They had been in the capital for three days, but had remained in seclusion. 他们来首都已经三天,但一直没有露面。

2)Like hell I will agree. 见你的鬼!我才不会同意呢。

3)The spectacle was so dazzlingly beautiful that it beggared description. 这场面令人眼花缭乱,美得无法形容。

4)Take it or leave it. 买不买随便。

5)Some friend you are! Y ou won’t even lend me£2. 你太不够朋友,连2磅钱都不肯借给我。

6)His whole mission smells. 他的整个使命气味不对。

7)Herb may be dying somewhere, calling out for his mum and dad and only strangers roundhim。

赫布也许在某个地方奄奄一息,呼喊自己的父母亲,可是周围连一个亲人也没有。

8)After the quarrel she gave me the go-by. 吵架之后他就不理我了9)Please tender exact fare. 恕不找零10)He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the child. 他一件衣服都没脱就跳入水中去救那个孩子11)“I have read your articles.I expect to meet an old man.”“我读过你的文章,没想到你这样年轻。

”12)Oh stop fumbling. I’ll finish the top buttons for you. 别笨手笨脚的乱摸了。

我来替你把最上边的那个扣子扣好13)Don’t be a damned fool. Remember I’m not a gentleman. I know how to use my fists. 别犯傻,我可不是正人君子,我的拳头可不是吃素的14)I hate to get personal, but you are much older than Byron.我不想管别人的私事,不过你比拜伦年长多了15)My father will kill me when he finds it out, but I don’t care. 要是让我父亲发现了,他肯定饶不了我,不过我不在乎。

翻译技巧6

翻译技巧6

We should be aware of the fact that what is affirmative in form in one language may mean something negative in another language or vice versa.
1)The world today is far from peaceful. ) 今天的世界还很不安宁 不安宁。 今天的世界还很不安宁。 2)我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人 无愧于伟大的人 )我们的人民解放军无愧于 民军队的称号。 民军队的称号。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.
6. 无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 无论如何, 一位思维敏捷的学生。 原译: 原译:She can hardly be rated as a bright student. 改译: 改译:She is anything but a bright student. 7. 黄鼠狼给鸡拜年,不怀好心。 黄鼠狼给鸡拜年,不怀好心。 The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions. The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with an evil intention.
“I don’t think you’re right in this point.” 你是人,你不是东西。你是东西吗? 你是人,你不是东西。你是东西吗?你真不 是东西!?我认为你不是东西。 !?我认为你不是东西 是东西!?我认为你不是东西。你算什么东 西! You’re a person, not a thing. Aren’t you a person/a thing? Are you reliable/ some-thing? No, I don’t think so./Yes, I think so. What a creature you are! What a fool you are! You are a sheer idiot. I think you are an idiot. I don’t think you are trustworthy. You, really, are nothing. You think you are something. No, far from it.

反译法Affirmative & Negative

反译法Affirmative & Negative


I couldn't agree with you more. 我完全同意你。 The station is no distance at all. 车站近在咫尺。 You can not be too careful in proofreading. 校对时越仔细越好。
She couldn't find anywhere to live, though not for want of trying. 她四下里寻找住处,仍是找不到。 Don't lose time in handling in the exercise books. 立即把作业本交上来。 Don't lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。


二 Negative in English, but affirmative in Chinese. The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 虽经他一再解释,疑团仍然存在。 Such flight couldn't long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早总会被人发觉的。
Shallow and conceited, he is the last person our company wants. 我公司根本不需要象他这样浅薄又狂妄的 家伙。 She is the last person to trust with a secret. 她是最不能保守秘密的人。 Appearances are often deceptive. 外表往往是靠不住的。
It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签定这种合同。 If it works once, it can work twice. 一次得手,再次不愁。

英译汉技巧中的正反译法

英译汉技巧中的正反译法

反说正译 (二)双重否定正译。
• We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. • 我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。 • Such mistakes couldn’t long escape notice. • 这类错误迟早会被发觉的。 • He doesn’t lend his books to nobody • 他的书任何人都可以借 • One is never too old to learn. • 活到老,学到老。 • Nobody is without his faults • 人人都有缺点
• 突然,他听到背后有声音,意识到车库里还有别人。
• Our living conditions are no better than theirs • 我们的生活条件和他们的一样糟。
• I won’t be long. • 我一会儿就回来。
• There is no rule but has exceptions. • 凡规则总有例外。
• 即便如此,我仍坚持认为,对个人而言,最重要的莫过于这种根 植于个人心灵深处的是非感。
• I couldn’t feel better. • 我觉得身体好极了。
• I couldn’t agree with you more. • 我太赞成你的看法了。
反说正译 More
• Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage
many , not always • words with negative implication: hate, fail, deny, miss, lack,

英语副词知识点归纳

英语副词知识点归纳

英语副词知识点归纳Adverbs are an important part of the English language and play a crucial role in providing additional information about verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and even whole sentences. They help to express time, place, manner, degree, frequency, and many other aspects of an action or description.In this detailed analysis, we will discuss various types of adverbs, their functions, and how they are used in sentences. We will also explore common adverbial phrases and clauses, as well as some rules and exceptions related to their usage. By the end of this comprehensive explanation, you will have a strong understanding of adverbs and be able to use them effectively in your own English writing and speaking.1. Types of Adverbs:1.1 Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs describe how an action is performed or how something happens. They are often formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives. Examples include: slowly, quickly, happily, angrily, etc. For instance, "She walked slowly to the park."1.2 Adverbs of Time: These adverbs indicate when an action occurs or how often it happens. Examples include: now, then, soon, never, always, etc. For example, "I will see him tomorrow."1.3 Adverbs of Place: These adverbs indicate where an action occurs or where something is located. Examples include: here, there, everywhere, nowhere, etc. For instance, "The book is on the table."1.4 Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs to indicate the extent or intensity of an action or description. Examples include: very, quite, too, enough, etc. For example, "He is very tall."1.5 Adverbs of Frequency: These adverbs indicate how often an action occurs. Examples include: always, often, sometimes, rarely, etc. For instance, "She usually goes to the gym on weekends."1.6 Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: These adverbs express agreement or disagreement with a statement. Examples include: certainly, indeed, surely, not, never, etc. For example, "I will definitely attend the party."1.7 Interrogative Adverbs: These adverbs are used to ask questions about the manner, place, time, or reason of an action. Examples include: how, where, when, why, etc. For instance, "Where did you go yesterday?"2. Functions of Adverbs:2.1 Modifying Verbs: Adverbs can be used to modify verbs and provide more information about the action being performed. For example, "He runs quickly."2.2 Modifying Adjectives: Adverbs can modify adjectives to indicate the degree or intensity of a quality. For instance, "She is extremely beautiful."2.3 Modifying Adverbs: Adverbs can also modify other adverbs to provide additional information about the intensity or manner of an action. Examples include: "He plays the guitar very well."2.4 Modifying Whole Sentences: Adverbs can modify a whole sentence and provide information about the speaker's attitude or viewpoint. For example, "Fortunately, the weather improved."3. Adverbial Phrases and Clauses:3.1 Adverbial Phrases: These phrases function as adverbs and provide additional information about the action in the sentence. Examples include: in the morning, on the way, at the park, etc. For instance, "She walks to school every day."3.2 Adverbial Clauses: These clauses also function as adverbs and provide more detailed information about the action. They are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as when, before, after, while, if, etc. Examples include: "Before he left, he said goodbye."4. Rules and Exceptions:4.1 Placement of Adverbs: Generally, adverbs are placed either before the main verb or after the object in a sentence. However, there can be variations depending on the type of adverb and the emphasis intended. For example, "She carefully read the book" or "She read the book carefully."4.2 Formation of Adverbs: Most adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to the adjective form. However, some are irregular and do not follow this pattern. Examples include: well (instead of good), fast (instead of quickly), etc.4.3 Comparative and Superlative Forms: When comparing adverbs, the comparative form is used to indicate a higher degree, and the superlative form is used to indicate the highest degree. Examples include: faster (comparative of fast), fastest (superlative of fast), etc.4.4 Double Negatives:In English, when two negatives are used in a sentence, they cancel each other out and create a positive meaning. However, in certain cases, the use of double negatives can be considered acceptable or even emphasize the negative meaning. For example, "I don't have nobody to talk to" (colloquial) or "I cannot disagree with your point."In conclusion, adverbs play a significant role in English grammar by providing additional information about actions, descriptions, and viewpoints. They help to add depth and precision to our language and allow us to express ourselves more effectively. Understanding the different types of adverbs, their functions, and the rules and exceptions associated with their usage is essential for becoming a proficient English speaker and writer. Don't underestimate the power of adverbs in making your language more vibrant and expressive!。

英语翻译

英语翻译
We cannot believe that he is already over seventy years old.
Expression

We cannot believe that he is already over seventy years old. 我们难以相信他已年过古稀。

Expression
Expression
英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角 度不同而异。要克服这些差异,翻译时也 就常有必要把一种表达方式转换为另一种 表达方式,使译文符合目的语表达习惯。
Expression
英语中有一些计量词,如score, dozen, decade, quarter等,在汉语中没有相应的 表达方式,所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。
Sentence Constituents



In the first four years of the war, when in Great Britain two and a quarter million women had been placed in war production, only 182, 000 women had been employed in Germany. 在战争的头四年中,英国安排了225万妇 女从事战时生产,德国仅用了18.2万。 [状语转换为主语;主语转换为宾语]
Sentence Order
句子的自然语序是主语在前,谓语在 后。倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。英语中 使用倒装语序,主要是为了加强语气、突 出重点、平衡句子结构等;而汉语中使用 倒装语序相对较少,所以英译汉时,常常 得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。

Expression
During the first part of his life, Watt studied weather and storm.

课程教学大纲《英汉对比与翻译》

课程教学大纲《英汉对比与翻译》

课程教学大纲《英汉对比与翻译》(英文名称:English-Chinese Contrast and Translation)一、课程说明1、课程编码:05510131042、学分:2学时:363、课程类别:专业学位基础课4、开课学院:翻译学院5、课程简介:本课程是为翻译硕士(包括英语笔译和英语口译)专业开设的一门专业学位基础课。

课程力求以对比语言学、修辞学、文体学、语篇分析和跨文化交际等理论为基础,在全面梳理英语和汉语这两门语言文化各自的特征并进行对比的基础上,通过增加学生的双语语言和文化知识贮备,使学生基本掌握英汉语言文化的异同、增强对语言文化差异的敏感性,从而培养学生跨语言文化的沟通能力、进行双语转换的能力以及相应的研究能力。

6、预备知识:翻译概论、基础笔译7、教学目的与要求:学生通过该课程的学习,了解英汉语言文化的共性和差异及其对翻译的启发意义,具体包括两种语言在词汇、句子、篇章、文化和修辞等层面的上异同,并初步掌握在这些层面上进行语言转换的方法和技巧。

8、考核方法与要求:考核方法:考试9、教材与参考书:教材:秦洪武、王克非,《英汉比较与翻译》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010。

Xiao Liming. English-Chinese Comparative Studies and Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.参考书目:Chen Dezhang. Contrastive Linguistics between Chinese and English. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2011.陈志安,《英汉比较与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1991。

刘宓庆,《新编汉英对比与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2006。

正说与反说(新)

正说与反说(新)

4
Typical expressions
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
riot police 防暴警察 (即anti-riot police) crisis law 反危机法案 (即anti-crisis law) spy film 反谍影片 at a loss 不知所措 After you, sir. 先生,您先请。
视角转换
2
正说与反说
原文本来是正面表达,译文却从反面 着笔;或者,原文用肯定语气的,译 文不妨倒过来,采取双重否定或反义 词加否定语气。 原文从反面表达,译文却从正面表达, 也属于该范畴。
3
She is not a native. 她是外乡人。 She is a stranger at my students
will prove worthy of my trust. 我相信学生们不会辜负我的信任。 24. I‟ll be here for good this time. 这一次我再也不走了。 25. Wait, he is serious. 等等,他不是说着玩儿的。 26. Now, Clara, be firm with the boy! 听我说,克拉拉,对这孩子可不能心软。
6
11. Just make yourself at home. 12.
13.
14. 15.
不要客气。/别见外。 “Where‟s your brother?” “He‟s still in bed.” “你弟弟在哪里?” “还没起床。” He lay awake almost the whole night. 原译:他整晚醒着躺在那儿。 改译:他躺在那儿,几乎一夜没合眼。 Did I get your name right? 我没有弄错你的名字吧? That man is a total stranger to me. 我根本不认识那个人。

转换法(学习与复习材料)

转换法(学习与复习材料)

转换法Definition of Affirmation and Negation原文本来是正面表达,译文却从反面着笔;或者,原文用肯定语气的,译文不妨倒过来,采取双否定或换反义词加否定语气。

Some Idiomatic Expressions★ Keep off the lawn! 请勿践踏草地!★I couldn’t agree more with you. 我完全同意你的看法。

★ I lay awake almost the whole night.原译:我整晚醒着躺在那儿。

改译:我躺在那儿,几乎一夜没睡。

/几乎一夜没合眼。

★ He was the last man to say such things.他绝不会说这样的话。

★ They are non-local laborers in Beijing他们是在北京打工的外地民工。

★ We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我们要永远对生活抱乐观的态度。

★王先生这几年一直是全勤。

Mr. Wang has never missed a day’s wo rk for years.★ I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。

Purposes of Affirmation and Negation1.明确语义。

2.加强修辞。

3.符合译语习惯。

3. Examples for Affirmation1. Isn’t it funny!真逗!2. I am never at a loss for a word; Pitt is never at a loss for the word.原译:我要找一个词从不感到困难,可是皮特找个恰如其分的词却从不感到困难。

改译:我总是能凑合找个词儿说说,可是皮特什么时候都能找到恰如其分的词儿。

翻译-正反、反正法

翻译-正反、反正法
Lots of energy is at store. The problem has been to use the energy at a reasonable cost.
有许多能源尚未开发 尚未开发。 有许多能源尚未开发。问题始终是要以一合理的代价利用这些 能源。 能源。
He went into the insecure building.
他走进那所危楼。 他走进那所危楼。
Examples
A radar screen is not unlike a television.
雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。 雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。
Don’t stop working,” he said
Negation & Affirmation
Zhang Xiaowen An Qing Qi Yue Ding Xiaoyu
Iห้องสมุดไป่ตู้troduction
英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或 英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或 否定形式表达同一概念。 否定形式表达同一概念。但由于讲英语国家 的历史、地理、 的历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与 我国不同,因此这些国家人们的思维方式 思维方式与 我国不同,因此这些国家人们的思维方式与 我们有时存在很大差异。 我们有时存在很大差异。这种差别体现在语 言习惯上,便产生了两种语言各自独特的表 言习惯上, 达形式。 表示否定意义时, 达形式。在表示否定意义时,这种差异显得 尤为突出。 尤为突出。英语的否定表达是一个常见而又 比较复杂的问题。有的英语句子形式上是否 比较复杂的问题。有的英语句子形式上是否 定的而实质上肯定的,有的形式上是肯定的 定的而实质上肯定的,有的形式上是肯定的 而实质上是否定的。 而实质上是否定的。

翻译技巧-正反翻译

翻译技巧-正反翻译

F.连接词及其短语 1)I’ll do it now before I forget it. 我趁着还没忘记的时候就做吧。( before 可译为 “未…就”,”还没有…就”。) 2)Life may well turn out to be the true, rather than exception. 很可能生命是普遍存在的,而不是一种例外,这 一点很可能得到证实。 3)She is too careful not to have noticed it. 她那么细心,不会不注意到这一点的。
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由于讲英语国家的历史,地理,社会文化背景和生 活习惯与我国不同,因此他们的思维方式与我们有 很大差 异.这种差别体现在语言习惯上,便产生了 两种语言各自独特的表达形式. 在表达否定意义 时,这种差异显得尤为明显.英语的否定表达是一个 常见而又比较复杂的问题.在翻译时,对于中国学生 来说,某些否定句犹如陷阱,稍有不慎,就会掉入其 中.鉴于此,我们在翻译某些含有否定意义的句子时 , 应当把握两点:一﹑英语里有些从正面表达的词 或句子,译文可从反面来表达,即正说反译法;二﹑ 英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子,译文可从正面 来表达,即反说正译法.
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Unit Five 翻译技巧(四) ---正反翻译
合肥工业大学<<英汗翻译技巧>>
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Text Study
翻译即反译 英汉两种语言之间的翻译工作大部分时间就 是反其意而行之.翻译不仅仅是文字的转换, 更是头脑或思想的转换. 语言上英汉互为正反,阴阳倒错. 如:父母,听 说读写,姓名的顺序等. At first sight,Bush's doctrine of preemptive attack seems frightening. 乍看之下,布什纲领先发制人的袭击似乎挺 吓人。

语用功能的分类

语用功能的分类

语用功能的分类语用功能的分类语用功能是指汉语存在的一种话语行为,它不仅表现在言语表达的形式和定义上,还表现出语言使用者的意图、用来交换信息的意义。

一般来说,语用功能可以分为七大基本功能:表达、指示、提问、命令、肯定、否定、比较。

一、表达(Expression)表达功能是指语言用来表达说话者的感情、思想、态度或者对事物的看法、观点等,它通过词语的搭配、句子的结构来表达说话者的概念,它是一种最基本的语用功能。

表达功能可以有以下几种类型: 1、描述(Description)是指把事物或者事件的描述以及说话者的感受,用恰当的词语、语句来表达出来。

例如:这处自然风景美丽极了!2、决定(Decision)是指表达说话者对某件事情的决定或者做法,并表达自己的意图。

例如:我们决定今天晚上将会看电影。

3、评价(Evaluation)是指对某件事情、事件或者某人的行为赋予某种意义,给出对此的评价。

例如:你这个做法太不负责任了!二、指示(Reference)指示功能是指用来说明、表示某件事情的性质有多少,或者表示某件事情的位置在哪里,或者某个人在哪里。

也可以用来表示某件事情的词语或者用法。

例如:这本书你借给我吧!三、提问(Inquiry)提问功能是指说话者想要引起听话者注意某件事情,以便于知晓相关的信息,来得到自己想要的答案。

提问可以有以下几种:1、简单提问一般是表现在说话者的话语中,以问号结尾,用来取得确切的回答。

例如:你昨天去哪里了?2、专有提问是指用来获得某些特殊的信息,一般以谓语动词、介词或者描述词开头。

例如:什么时候开会?四、命令(Order)命令功能是指用来表示说话者的要求或者规定,只用于表达说话者对听话者的期望。

例如:你必须按时完成任务!五、肯定(Affirmation)肯定功能是指用来表达说话者对某件事情的认可或者赞同,表示对某件事情的良好评价。

例如:你所做的很棒!六、否定(Negation)否定功能是指用来表达说话者对某件事情的反对或者不认可,表示对某件事情的消极评价。

肯定与否定的辩证作文素材

肯定与否定的辩证作文素材

肯定与否定的辩证作文素材Affirmation and negation are two sides of the same coin. In life, we often encounter situations where we need to make affirmative or negative choices. Both affirmation and negation have their own advantages and disadvantages, and they both play an important role in our lives.英文回答,Affirmation and negation are both essentialin making decisions and shaping our lives. When we affirm something, we are expressing our approval or agreement with a certain idea or action. Affirmation can bring about a sense of confidence and optimism, and it can motivate us to pursue our goals and dreams. On the other hand, negation involves rejecting or denying something. Negation can help us set boundaries and protect ourselves from harmful or negative influences. It allows us to say "no" when necessary and to stand up for our beliefs and values.中文回答,肯定和否定在做决定和塑造我们的生活中都至关重要。

affirmative and negative covenants

affirmative and negative covenants

affirmative and negative covenants1. 引言1.1 概述在商业和法律领域中,人们经常遇到一些条款和条件,旨在确保合同的履行和保护各方的权益。

承诺是其中的一种常见形式,可以分为肯定性(affirmative)承诺和否定性(negative)承诺。

这两种承诺在合同中起着重要的作用,并对各方的权利和义务产生不同影响。

1.2 文章结构本文将探讨肯定性承诺和否定性承诺的定义、作用以及示例和应用场景。

文章将分为引言、正文、肯定性承诺、否定性承诺以及结论五个部分进行详细阐述。

1.3 目的本文旨在深入探讨肯定性承诺和否定性承诺在商业合同中的重要性以及它们所带来的不同影响。

通过理解这两种类型的承诺,读者可以更好地了解其定义、作用和限制范围,并能够在实践中更加灵活地运用它们。

此外,本文还将提供一些示例和应用场景,以便读者能够更清晰地理解肯定性承诺和否定性承诺在实际合同中的具体运用方式。

最后,文章将总结主要观点,并对未来发展提出展望。

以上是“1. 引言”部分的详细内容,希望能对您的长文撰写有所帮助。

如有其他问题,请随时追问。

2. 正文正文部分将对于affirmative and negative covenants进行详细的说明和解释。

本部分将探讨这两种契约类型的定义、作用以及适用场景。

Affirmative Covenants:Affirmative covenants是一种具有积极性质的契约条款,要求合同双方执行特定行为或采取特定措施。

这些契约旨在确保合同中规定的某些事项得到充分履行和实施。

这些契约条款可以包括各种责任和义务,如支付利息、偿还债务、提供必要的文件和报告、维护资产等等。

通过强制履行这些积极行动,affirmative covenants 旨在增加各方满足其合同义务的可信度。

Affirmative covenants 的重要性体现在以下几个方面:1. 维护信誉:通过遵守规定的积极行动,一方能够建立良好信誉,并表明其态度积极。

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那些年我们见过的神翻译…
这真真是极好的 搞笑版:this really really good enough. 正解:That is really good. 皇上万福金安 搞笑版:hope you 10000 lucky and safe with gold. 正解:Good morning, your majesty.
表达习惯需要而造成的正说反译, 反说正译
Adults only 少儿不宜 比较:只适合于成人 Keep Upright! 请勿倒置 比较:请保持向上 Agreeable Sweetness 甜而不腻 比较:甜得可口
立场、语气的需要
“还好(good)“, 与“不错(not bad)”等类似成对 的表达法实际上是有区别的,往往传递了说话者 微妙的情感和立场,而反面着笔对表达强弱轻重 的语气很起作用。
立场、语气的需要
You were the last man in the world whom I could ever marry.
哪怕天下的男人死光了,我也不愿意嫁给你。 你是我愿意嫁的最后一个男人。
立场、语气的需要
Though they praise the advantages of the country life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months. 虽然他们对乡村生活的种种优点赞不绝口,事实 上,他们中仅有一个人真正在乡村生活过,此人 不到半年就返回了城市。 比较: 此人六个月之内就返回了城市。
也未可知
那些年我们见过的神翻译…
贱人真是矫情 搞笑版:Bitch is so bitch. 正解: Bitch is so bitching/bitchy. la-di-da If you describe someone as la-di-da, you mean that they have an upperclass way of behaving,which you think seems unnatural and is only done to impress people.
那些年我们见过的神翻译… 赏你一丈红 搞笑版:Give you a 3.33333 meters red. 正解: Enjoy your slow torture to death.
那些年我们见过的神翻译…
古文译英做到得“意”忘“形”
古语翻译有没有什么诀窍?程灏然表示,翻译时牢记四个字: 得意忘形。“得意是指首先弄懂古语原本的意思,也就是先变成 现代汉语。忘形是指忘掉古语的韵,因为英语口语中,对仗、押 韵并没有严格要求,刻意去强加是费时又无意义的。”
译文二:所有雇员都强烈地反对公司 的新政策。
The problem was still unsolved after all the efforts. 虽然一再努力,但问题依 然存在
英语中带有否定词缀的单词
Hitler’s undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with worldwide condemnation. 希特勒对犹太人进行了赤裸裸的大肆迫害,这种 行为遭到了全世界人民的谴责。 His arrogance displeased everyone present at the conference. 他那傲慢的态度使得参加会议的所有人都感到气 愤。 We were waiting for the ending of the meeting with impatience. 我们当时正焦急地等待着会议结束。
英语中带有否定词缀的单词
英语中带有否定意义 词缀的单词绝大多数 可以从正面着笔进行 翻译。从正面着笔意 思将更加顺畅。
英语中带有no, not, never 类的反说 法
Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. 译文一:成功者不怕独立思考,不怕运用自己的知 识。 译文二:成功者敢于独立思考,敢于运用自己的知 识。 在一定的上下文中,英语中带有no, not, never之 类的反说法在汉语译文中采用正译的翻译办法非 常行之有效,相似的例子还有:
正说反译:原文是肯定形式表达,译文用否定形式 来表达 反说正译:原文是否定形式表达,译文用肯定形式 来表达
英语中带有否定词缀的单词
英语中带有否定意义 词缀的单词绝大多数 可以从正面着笔进行 翻译。从正面着笔意 思将更加顺畅。
否定前缀: un-: uninterested in-, im-, ir,: immoral impossible, inability, irregular non-: non-alcohol dis-: dislike, disapprove, disagree a-: atheist, atheistic de-: degenerate
He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 译文一:他并不是很鲜明地想 到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 译文二:他隐隐约约地想起了 自己的爸爸和妈妈。
No one knows where the shoe pinches like the wearer. 译文一:没有一个人会像穿鞋 者那样知道鞋子哪里夹脚。 译文二:鞋哪里夹脚,穿鞋人 自己最清楚。
立场、语气的需要
We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business.
译文一:我们不十分满意贵方做 生意的态度。 译文二:贵方做生意的态度有待 改进。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没有想到能在这里遇 见你。 You are missing the point here. 你没能注意到这一点。
含有隐形否定词的句子
英语中有很多词语,具有隐形否定的作用 (形式肯定,意义否定),常见的有: 动词:neglect, fail, refuse, lack, exclude, ignore, miss, overwork, withhold, cease, escape, refrain from, keep…from… 名词:neglect, failure, ignorance, refusal… absence, vacancy, deprivation, exclusion等 形容词或形容词短语:absent, afraid of ,far from, few, little, free from, ignorant of , last, short of
3.隐含的否定
汉语的否定
1.否定词: 无,非,不,没(有),未,否,别,休,莫, 勿,毋,绝不,毫无,否则,并非,没有,未 尝等 2.多重否定:
3.肯定和否定并用同义: 我差点摔了一跤。 VS 我差点没摔一跤。 过年家里好热闹。 VS 过年家里好不热闹
有次房东问我 did u eat anyting yet? 我说no. 她听后重复了一遍 so u didn’t eat anyting. 我说 yes... 房东老太太犹豫了下 又问did u eat ? 我说 no. 她接着说 so u didn’t eat . 我说 yes ......
表达习惯需要而造成的正说反译, 反说正译
例如:
Wet Paint!
油漆未干 湿油漆!
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
表达习惯需要而造成的正说反译,反说 正译
表达习惯需要而造成的正说反译, 反说正译
Admission by Invitation Only 译文一:只允许受邀请的人进入。 译文二:非请勿入 非诚勿扰: “If you are the one” Take me out/ Taken out
含有隐形否定词的句子
在翻译这些含有隐形否 定词的句子时,可以把 它们翻译成汉语中的否 定句式。
表达习惯需要而造成的正说反译,反说 正译
叙述同一件事或同一概念时,有时两种语言的表 达习惯差异很大,形成相对固定的表达模式,不 按这种模式表达,就感觉不顺,不自然。因此, 翻译时就必须“客从主”,进行适当的转换。
If you need any further help, don’t hesitate to contact us. 如需帮忙,请随时与我们 联系。
Don’t draw your conclusion before the end of the year. 年底之前不要下结论 到年底再下结论吧。
Affirmation and Negation in Translation
正说反译与反说正译
英汉语言中有两种 描述客观世界的方 法:用肯定语言的 描述和用否定语言 的描述。
英语的否定: 1. 带有否定意义的单词: de-, dis-, im-, in-, un-,less-等含有否 定意义前后缀的单词 2.含有NO, NOT, NEVER,NONE等否定 词的句子
否定后缀: less: careless, cheerless free: carefree proof: waterproof, idiot-proof idiot-proof instructions
All the employees strongly disapprove of the company’s new policy. 译文一:所有雇员都强烈地不认同公 司的新政策。
并非所有古汉语都能找到对应语,如人名、地名可以保留, 直接写拼音就可以了。如果担心外国人理解不了甄嬛的身份,可 以在电视开头,写出她的身份介绍,类似于皇帝的妃子,这种表 达是能够找到对应词的。再比如很多古语里的特有虚词,可以忽 略不计;而碰到古语里的省略句,要补充缺失的成分。
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