2008研究生期末考试题
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案7
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案7参考译文：达尔文认为，对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到智力，更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。
应用文范文Dear Bob,I am writing to express my apology to you.Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.Sincerely yours,Li Ming大作文范文As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-reaching picture reflects a commonphenomenon in today’s society: the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we may encounter various plights, where we would be at a loss rather than to seek for others’ assistance. Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in face of disasters.Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To begin with, the government should make laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.。
西安理工大学考研2008、2009、2010管理学研究生考试试题
2008一、名词解释题（每小题 4 分，共 20 分）1. 战略联盟2. 风险型决策3. 滚动计划法4. 非正式组织5. 期望理论二、单项选择题（每小题2分，共 30分）1、目标管理在指导思想上是：A．以X理论为基础B．以Y理论为基础C．以Z理论为基础D．以超Y理论为基础2、人际沟通中会受到各种“噪音干扰”的影响，这里所指的“噪音干扰”可能来自于：A．沟通的全过程B．信息传递过程C．信息解码过程D．信息编码过程3、职能部门化的一个主要缺点是：A．需要较多的综合管理人员B．易产生本位主义C．管理成本上升D．使高层管理部门增加了困难4、未担任领导职务的计算机专家所具有的权威和宗教领袖所具的权威通常主要来自于：A．制度权和法理权B．专长权和制度权C．专长权和个人影响权D．法定权和强制权5、王先生是一家公司的经理，他认为要使员工们实现公司的目标，必须采用强迫、控制、指挥、惩罚等方法，王先生的管理方式所依据的理论是：A．X理论B．Y理论C．需求理论维D．这是一种普遍的管理思6、公司“从内部提拔”的做法属于哪一种计划类型：A．公司政策B．公司的规章制度C．公司战略目标D．公司的经营哲学7、组织中主管人员监督管辖其直接下属的人数越是适当，就越是能保证组织的有效运行，这体现了组织工作的：A．目标－原理B．责权一致原理C．管理幅度原理D．集权与分权相结合的原理8、某公司有96名作业人员，如果基层管理幅度为8，高层管理人员的管理幅度为3，则该公司的管理层次应该是：A．3 B．4 C．5 D．29、领导常用“不想当元帅的士兵不是好士兵”这句话去激励下属，这是一种：A．关怀激励 B．兴趣激励 C．危机激励 D．目标激励10、一个尊重需要占主导地位的人，下列哪种激励措施最能产生效果：A．提薪 B．升职 C．解聘威胁 D．工作扩大化11、下述关于“激励”概念的理解中，哪种是正确的？A．激励就是要对被激励者多鼓励，少批评。
B．激励是指对被激励者的激发和鼓励。
2008年 研究生综合真题
绝密★启用前2008年攻读硕士学位全国联考工商管理硕士综合能力试卷考生须知1．选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷上的答案无效。
2．其他题一律用蓝色钢笔或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。
3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
2008年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试综合能力试题一、问题求解（本大题共15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
）1、24832234101(13)(13)(13)(13)(13)233333++++++=⨯⨯⨯⨯ A 10191332⨯+ B 19132+ C 19132⨯ D 9132⨯ E 以上都不对 2、若ABC ∆的三边为,,a b c 满足222a b c ab ac bc ++=++，则ABC ∆为（ ）A 等腰三角形B 直角三角形C 等边三角形D 等腰直角三角形E 以上都不是3、P 是以a 为边长的正方形，1P 是以P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，2P 是以1P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，i P 是以1i P -的四边中点为顶点的正方形，则6P 的面积是（ ） A 216a B 232a C 240a D 248a E 264a 4、某单位有90人，其中65人参加外语培训，72人参加计算机培训，已知参加外语培训而未参加计算机培训的有8人，则参加计算机培训而未参加英语培训的人数是（ ）A 5B 8C 10D 12E 155、方程2(10x x -=的两根分别为等腰三角形的腰a 和底b （a b <）,则该三角形的面积是（ ）A 4B 8C 4D 5E 86、一辆出租车有段时间的营运全在东西走向的一条大道上，若规定向东为正向，向西为负向。
植物生理学与生物化学历年研究生考试真题
植物生理学与生物化学历年研究生考试真题2008年全国硕士研究生人学统一考试植物生理学与生物化学植物生理学一、单项挑选题：1一15小题，每小题1分，共15分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，惟独一具选项是符合题目要求的。
1．下列元素缺乏时，导致植物幼叶首先浮现病症的元素是A．N B．P． C.Ca D．K 2．能诱导果实发生呼吸跃变的植物激素是A．ABA B．IAA C．ETH D．CTK 3．植物一生的生长进程中，其生长速率的变化规律是A．快一慢一快 B．快一慢 C．慢一快一慢 D．慢一快4．植物细胞中质子泵利用ATP水解释放的能量，逆电化学势梯度跨膜转运H+，这一过程称为A．初级主动运输 B．次级主动运输 C．同向共运输 D．反向共运输5．植物叶片中举行亚硝酸还原的要紧部位是A．线粒体 B．细胞基质 C．液泡 D．叶绿体6．高等植物光系统Ⅱ的作用中心群素分子是A．P680 B．P700 C．A0 D．Pheo7．植物光呼吸过程中，氧气汲取发生的部位是A．线粒体和叶绿体 B．线粒体和过氧化物酶体C．叶绿体和乙醛酸循环体 D．叶绿体和过氧化物酶体8．类胡萝卜素对可见光的汲取范围是A．680～700XXX B．600～680 XXX C．500～600 XXX D．400～500XXX 9．1mol NADH + H+经交替氧化途径将电子传给氧气时，可形成A．4molATP B．3molATP C．2.molATP D．1molATP 10．若某一植物组织呼吸作用释放C02摩尔数和汲取O2摩尔数的比值小于1，则该组织在此时期的呼吸底物要紧是A．脂肪B．淀粉C．有机酸D．葡萄糖11．某植物创造100g干物质消耗了75kg水，其蒸腾系数为A．750 B．75 C．7．5 D．0．75 12．下列蛋白质中，属于植物细胞壁结构蛋白的是A．钙调蛋白B．伸展蛋白C．G蛋白D．扩张蛋白13．在植物的光周期诱导过程中，随着暗期的延长A．Pr含量落低，有利于LDP开花 B．Pfr含量落低，有利于SDP开花C．Pfr 含量落低，有利于LDP开花D．Pr含量落低，有利于SDP开花14．依照花形态建成基因调控的“ABC模型”，操纵花器官中雄蕊形成的是A．A组基因B．A组和B组基因 C．B组和C组基因D．C组基因15．未完成后熟的种子在低温层积过程中，ABA和GA含量的变化为A．ABA升高，GA落低 B．ABA落低，GA升高C．ABA和GA均落低 D．ABA和GA均升高二、简答题：16—18小题，每小题8分，共24分。
北航数理统计期末考试题
材料学院研究生会学术部2011年12月2007-2008学年第一学期期末试卷一、（6分，A 班不做）设x 1，x 2，…，x n 是来自正态总体2(,)N μσ的样本，令)x x T -=，试证明T 服从t -分布t （2）二、（6分，B 班不做）统计量F-F(n,m)分布，证明111(,)F F n m αααα-的（0<<1）的分位点x 是。
三、（8分）设总体X 的密度函数为其中1α>-，是位置参数。
x 1，x 2，…，x n 是来自总体X 的简单样本，试求参数α的矩估计和极大似然估计。
四、（12分）设总体X 的密度函数为1x exp x (;) 0 , p x μμσσσ⎧⎧-⎫-≥⎨⎬⎪=⎭⎨⎩⎪⎩，其它，其中,0,μμσσ-∞<<+∞>已知，是未知参数。
x 1，x 2，…，x n 是来自总体X 的简单样本。
（1）试求参数σ的一致最小方差无偏估计σ∧； （2）σ∧是否为σ的有效估计？证明你的结论。
五、（6分，A 班不做）设x 1，x 2，…，x n 是来自正态总体211(,)N μσ的简单样本，y 1，y 2，…，y n 是来自正态总体222(,)N μσ的简单样本，且两样本相互独立，其中221122,,,μσμσ是未知参数，2212σσ≠。
为检验假设012112:, :,H H μμμμ=≠可令12, 1,2,..., , ,i i i z x y i n μμμ=-==-则上述假设检验问题等价于0111:0, :0,H H μμ=≠这样双样本检验问题就变为单检验问题。
基于变换后样本z 1，z 2，…，z n ，在显著性水平α下，试构造检验上述问题的t-检验统计量及相应的拒绝域。
六、（6分，B 班不做）设x 1，x 2，…，x n 是来自正态总体20(,)N μσ的简单样本，0μ已知，2σ未知，试求假设检验问题22220010:, :H H σσσσ≥<的水平为α的UMPT 。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. The boy stood on the bridge, _______ down into the river.A. to lookB. lookC. to be lookingD. looked2. When Peter was asked why he stayed rather than move to a bigger company, he simply said he _______ comfortable there.A. is feelingB. was feelingC. has been feelingD. had been feeling3. English is widely spoken, and _______ as the international language of business and diplomacy.A. usedB. has usedC. is usedD. use...（文章持续叙述完试题答案）Part V: Writing (25 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic "The Importance of Time Management". You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 时间管理的重要性a. 时间是有限的资源b. 时间管理对个人和职业发展的影响2. 时间管理的方法a. 制定明确的目标b. 分配时间优先级c. 避免时间的浪费和延迟3. 时间管理给人生带来的好处a. 提高工作效率b. 减少压力和焦虑c. 促进个人成长和提升Time management plays a crucial role in our lives and is often the differentiating factor between success and failure. With only 24 hours in a day, it is essential to make the most out of the limited time we have.First and foremost, time management is vital because time is a finite resource. No matter who we are or what we do, we are all limited by the same amount of time each day. Therefore, managing our time effectively becomes imperative for personal and professional development.There are several methods to practice time management. Firstly, it is crucial to set clear and specific goals. By setting achievable goals, we canallocate our time and resources accordingly. Additionally, prioritizing tasks and activities helps in managing time effectively. By identifying what requires immediate attention and what can be done later, we can ensure that important tasks are not neglected or delayed. Moreover, avoiding time wastage and procrastination is a critical aspect of time management. It is essential to use our time wisely, avoiding distractions and unnecessary activities that do not contribute to our personal or professional growth.The benefits of time management are numerous. Firstly, it improves work efficiency by allowing individuals to focus on essential tasks and eliminate time-consuming activities that do not contribute to the overall goal. Secondly, effective time management helps reduce stress and anxiety. When time is managed well, there is less pressure to meet deadlines, and individuals can complete tasks in a more organized manner. Lastly, time management promotes personal growth and development. By using time efficiently, individuals can allocate time for learning new skills, pursuing hobbies, or engaging in self-improvement activities.In conclusion, time management is of utmost importance for individuals to make the most out of their limited time. By setting goals, prioritizing tasks, and avoiding time wastage, individuals can improve work efficiency, reduce stress, and promote personal growth. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective time management skills in order to achieve personal and professional success.。
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题(写作)
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题（写作）61、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。
（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分，等等。
）甲：有人以中医不为西方人普遍接受为由，否定中医的科学性，我不赞同。
西方人普遍不能接受中医是因为他们不理解中国的传统文化。
乙：西医是以科学研究为根据的，科学研究的对象是普适的自然规律。
因此，科学没有国界，科学的发展不受民族和文化因素的影响。
把中医的科学地位归咎于西方科学界不认可中国文化，是荒唐的。
甲：“科学没有国界”是一个广为流传的谬误。
如果科学真的没有国界，为什么外国制药公司会诉讼中国企业侵犯其知识产权呢？乙：从科学角度讲，现代医学以生物学为基础，而生物学建立在物理、化学等学科基础之上。
中医不以这些科学为基础，因此它与科学不兼容，只能说是伪科学。
甲：中医在中国有几千年的历史，治好了很多人，怎么能说它是伪科学呢？人们为什么崇尚科学，是因为科学对人类有用。
既然中医对人类有用，凭什么说它不是科学？西医自然有长于中医的地方，中医也有长于西医之处。
中医体现了对人体完整系统的把我，整体观念、系统思维，就是西医所欠缺的。
乙：我去医院看西医，人家用现代科技手段从头到脚给我检查一遍，怎么没有整体观念、系统思维呢？中医在中国居于主导地位的时候，中国人的平均寿命只有三十岁左右，现在中国人平均寿命七十岁左右，完全拜现代医学之赐。
【参考范文】无效的中医科学性之辩在上述材料中，甲乙双方针对“中医的科学性”，进行了系列的辩论。
然而，该辩论过程存在一些缺陷，现分析如下：首先，甲认为：“如果科学真的没有国界，为什么外国制药公司会诉讼中国企业侵犯其知识产权呢？”这明显存在偷换概念的嫌疑。
2008年6月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案
General English Qualifying Test (2008-6)PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each)1. A. Composition is her favorite course.B. She prefers other courses to composition.C. She enjoys most of the courses.D. She doesn't like any course.2. A. She hasn't read the passage.B. She doesn't understand it either.C. She cannot read it in darkness.D. She suggests that the man read it.3. A. To guard her money.B. Not to go shopping downtownC. To look for a new wallet.D. Not to take the train.4. A. The working hours were too long.B. The job was not well-paid.C. He didn't like working in a companyD. The job was quite difficult.5. A. Steven is satisfied with his experiment.B. Steven couldn't enjoy the parties any moreC. Steven is a pleasure-seeker,D. Steven is worried about his experiments.6. A. To go to a concert with the man.B. To give the mall a lift to the countrysideC. To enjoy the sunshine.D. To have a short trip for pleasure.7. A. Fred keeps annoying other people.B. Fred looks very funny.C. Fred always makes other people laugh.D. Fred is a man of his word.8. A. To obey the established rules.B. To buy a new book for guidance.C. To try a new but safer experiment.D. To learn the methods from practice.9. A. Bob doesn't swim.B. Bob cannot be relied on.C. Bob cannot persist in doing anything.D. Bob won't be free.Section B (1 point each)Mini-talk one10. A. To find effects on the teaching of reading.B. To raise test scores in reading comprehension.C. To increase the teaching time for reading.D. To help all children read at or above grade level.11. A. Teachers.B. Critics.C. Congressmen.D. Federal officials12. A. Green Eggs and Ham.B. To Kill A Mockingbird.C. Of Mice and Men.D. A Child Called ‘It’.Mini-talk Two13. A. A scientistB. A forester.C. A school master.D. A farmer.14. A. He taught students to watch grass grow.B. He taught students how to manage forest.C. He got parents involved in their children's workD. He developed games about science.15. A. He wrote his own textbooks.B. He made students interested in their studies.C. He helped the students increase their scores.D. He made school activities creative.PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. Some scientists are trying to eliminate malaria by developing a GM mosquito that can't transmit thedisease.A. removeB. fabricateC. enhanceD. utilize22. A tall building is usually equipped with several elevators, so it doesn't matter if one of them is out oforder.A. in a messB. in bad conditionC. in short supplyD. in a hurry23. As the train service had been suspended, thousands of people had to wait for days at the station.A. elevated slightlyB. cancelled completelyC. delayed frequentlyD. stopped temporarily24. We can learn about the hazards of hunting big game in stories about their ancestors.A. adventuresB. pleasuresC. dangersD. consequences25. Novel drugs developed through biotechnologies can be expected to deliver a better effect.A. distributeB. produceC. liberateD. express26. The price of housing varies with demand, and the same rule seems to hold for automobiles.A. containB. fastenC. graspD. apply27. Some people are skeptical about the validity of Aristotle's argument that man is by nature a politicalanimal.A. efficiencyB. soundnessC. availabilityD. contribution28. Heart-broken and desperate, she was determined to leave this family for good.A. permanentlyB. alternativelyC. temporarilyD. desirably29. It is generally believed that money can always bring happiness, but studies and surveys have provedthat this is a myth.A. fairy taleB. absolute mythC. mistaken ideaD. big controversy30. The sight of these soldiers toiling along the expressway was extremely touching to a tender heart.A. sympatheticB. mildC. concernedD. feebleSection B (0.5 point each)31. Students of English are advised to try to ___________the meaning of a new word from the context.A. turn outB. figure outC. look outD. put out32. The drastic changes that have taken place in China have won worldwide __________.A. identificationB. realizationC. admissionD. recognition33. Bill Clinton rose to prominence after he was elected ________ of Arkansas at age 32 in 1978.A. presidentB. secretaryC. governorD. premier34. The finding of this experiment is __________ with what was previously reported.A. consistentB. constantC. coherentD. competent35. However, the nature of online ________ is such that we tend to be more honest, more intimate.A. interruptionsB. interpretationsC. imaginationsD. interactions36. Reading extensively can broaden our vision and extend our life into a new _________.A. perspectiveB. hierarchyC. layerD. dimension37. I was quite _______ to find my test score well below that of my tablemate.A. fascinatedB. dismayedC. amusedD. convinced38. An earthquake of 8- _________ struck some parts of this province, causing a death toll of over 30,000.A. altitudeB. aptitudeC. magnitudeD. gratitude39. Both linguists and psychologists are eager to learn more about the process of language ________.A. acquisitionB. attainmentC. possessionD. fulfillment40. An overseas market with a great growth potential is not easy to _________.A. break downB. break upC. break throughD. break intoPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), car crashes are the leading cause of death among children 41 5 and 14 years of age. Says NHTSA: "Over 50% of children who die in crashes are 42 by safety devices. 43 , 4 out of 5 children are improperly restrained."The NHTSA offers a number of safety tips and 44 for those who are accompanied by children while driving. Although laws 45 from country to country and even from state to state, these guidelines may 46 food for thought to many parents and guardians of children. Please check your local laws and do 47 you can to keep your precious baby safe.The safest place for all children is in the back seat. Infants should be 48 in a rear-facing safety seat in the backseat of the car. A child at least a year old and 49 at least 20 pounds may be placed in a forward-facing seat. At 40 pounds, the child can use a "booster seat", which is secured by one of the car'slap and shoulder 50 . At approximately 80 pounds and a height of about four feet nine inches, the child may begin using an adult safety belt.41. A. at B. between C. for D. about42. A. bound B. undefined C. unrestrained D. inhibited43. A. Of course B. On contrary C. Nevertheless D. In addition44. A. cautions B. forms C. notes D. concepts45. A. work B. vary C. enforce D. affect46. A. give way B. differ from C. serve as D. deal with47. A. whatever B. whichever C. that D. which48. A. tied B. stuck C. surrounded D. placed49. A. weight B. weighted C. weigh D. weighing50. A. stripes B. belts C. ribbons D. bowsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneAmericans are more socially isolated than they were 20 years ago, separated by work, commuting and the single life, researchers reported on Friday.Nearly a quarter of people surveyed said they had "zero" close friends with whom to discuss personal matters. More than 50 percent named two or fewer confidants, the researchers said.“This is a big social change, and it indicates something that's not good for our society,”said Duke University Professor Lynn Smith-Lovin. Smith-Lovin's group used data from a national survey of 1,500 American adults that has been ongoing since 1972.She said it indicated people had a surprising drop in the number of close friends since 1985. At that time, Americans most commonly said they had three close friends whom they had known for a long time, saw often, and with whom they shared a number of interests. They were almost as likely to name four or five friends, and the relationships often sprang from their neighborhoods or communities.Ties to a close network of friends create a social safely net that is good for society. Research has also linked social support and civic participation to a longer life, Smith-Lovin said.The data also show the social isolation trend mirrors other class divides: Non-whites Americans and the highly educated. That means that in daily life, personal emergencies and national disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, those with the lowest resources also have the lowest personal friends to call for advice and assistance."It's one thing to know someone and exchange e-mails with them. It's another thing to say, …Will you give me a ride out of town with all of my possessions and pets? And can I stay with you for a couple or three months?‟” Smith-Lovin said."Worrying about social isolation is not a matter of remembering a warm past. Real things are strongly connected with that," added Harvard University Public Policy Professor Robert Putnam. He suggested flexible work schedules would allow Americans to tend both personal and professional lives.51. One reason for the social isolation of Americans is ________.A. frequent relocationB. frequent travelingC. living aloneD. working flexible hours52. The percentage of people with more than two close friends is about________.A. 25%B. 50%C. 60%D. 75%53. According to the passage, close social ties among people are_______.A. a must for social progressB. beneficial for the familyC. a source of happinessD. good for people's health54. It is implied that ________ tend to live a more socially isolated life.A. people in the higher social ladderB. people in the lower social ladderC. people with a longer life spanD. people with a shorter life span55. According to Robert Putnam, ________.A. it is useless to worrying about social isolationB. social isolation is not necessarily bad for usC. it is time to do something about social isolationD. social isolation does not mean the end of society56. The passage is focused on _________.A. the new trend in American social lifeB. the urban problems in modem societyC. the ways to build a strong social networkD. the reasons for close interpersonal relationshipsPassage TwoFor years, France proudly resisted establishing domestic smoking bans. It held out longer than Britain, Spain and Italy, but on January 2, 2008, it finally forbid cigarettes in bars, cafes, restaurants and clubs.This was not a decision taken lightly. Magazines ran photo-spreads reminding us that French people look seriously cool with a cigar in their mouth. There were illustrations of Charles de Gaulle, the French president during World War II, Brigitte Bardot the 1950s famous fashionist, and the famous French philosopher and writer, Jean-Paul Sartre. Even the present President Nicolas Sarkozy, extremely image-conscious, posed for Paris Match magazine with a fat cigar.But now, France's traditional “cafe-clope” (morning coffee and cigarette) is only possible if people can bear the freezing temperatures outside.In the latter part of the 20th century, the health risks of second-bend tobacco smoke were made public. Then, in 1975, a modern wave of smoking bans started in Minnesota, the US. Since then, many countries and regions have joined in the movement. Among them, the US has been a pioneer, with California being the first in the world to ban indoor smoking at all public places, including bars and restaurants. Thus some French people call the non-smoking law issued on January 2 "a touch too American".However, studies before the ban showed that 70 percent of French people supported the enforcement. The public's positive response means that the smoking ban will be just one more US trend accepted by French society. Even among strong smokers, no one wants to risk a fine.French barman Jean-Michel, dressed in a leather waistcoat and a cowboy-style shoelace tie, complained harshly about the ban. Was be anticipating a smokers' revolt? "No," he said calmly. "People will respect it. I'll do what I did at school. I'll smoke in the toilets.”According to the non-smoking law, individuals who smoke in bars, cafes, restaurants or clubs can be fined up to 450 euros. The owners of these places can be fined up to 750 euros if they fail to stop customers from smoking.57. The law of banning smoking in public places was not made easily because _______.A. France proudly resists establishing new lawsB. French people like their images with a cigar in their mouthC. French people have had such a strong habit since World War IID. smoking has become fashionable for Frenchmen lately58. According to the passage, French President Nicolas Sarkozy _________.A. pays a great deal of attention to his own public imageB. has been a heavy smoker in public eyesC. strongly opposes the law of banning smokingD. is a model in the hearts of French people59. Which of the following is the first place in the world to ban indoor smoking at all public places?A. Minnesota.B. California.C. France.D. Britain.60. It is implied in the passage that _________.A. French people usually resist American trendsB. French people oppose the non-smoking law because it is too AmericanC. French people often follow American suitsD. French people respect the non-smoking law because it is from the US61. By saying "I'11 do what I did at school", Jean-Michel means that _______.A. he did not smoke when he was a school studentB. he had to smoke in the toilets when he was at schoolC. he olden anticipated revolts when he was at schoolD. smoking was not allowed in the toilets when he was at school62. What is the main idea of tiffs passage?A. It is difficult to establish new laws in France.B. How the non-smoking law was established?C. Non-smoking law is another American trend.D. France finally accepts smoking ban.Passage ThreeIt is the world's fourth-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice. It provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant. It is, of course, the potato.The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to reduce poverty and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that. But the potato's unusual history means it is well worth celebrating.Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by supporting the Industrial Revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, as people there specialized in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south concentrated on wheat production. By a happy accident, the concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role".In the form of French fries, served alongside burgers and Coca-Cola, potatoes are now a symbol of globalization. This is quite a change given the skepticism which first greeted them on their arrival in the Old World in the 16th century. They were variously thought to be fit only for animals, to be associated with the devil or to be poisonous. They took hold in 18th-century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat; people then realized just how useful and reliable they were. As Adam Smith, one of the potato's many admirers, observed at the time, "The very general use which is made of potatoes in these kingdoms as food for man is a convincing proof that the prejudices of a nation, with regard to diet, however deeply rooted, are by no means unconquerable." Mashed, fried, boiled and roast, a humble potato changed the world, and people everywhere should celebrate it.63. By making 2008 the Year of the Potato, the United Nations hopes that the potato could ________.A. enrich people's daily food supplyB. be used to replace other food cropsC. help deal with environmental issuesD. he a solution to some economic problems64. Paragraph 3 mainly describes _________.A. why the potato became popular in the north of EnglandB. why the potato was important in England's population growthC. how the potato contributed to England's industrial developmentD. how the potato helped improve England's working conditions65. Friedrich Engels's words show that he ________.A. thought highly of the potatoB. took the potato too seriouslyC. underestimated the role of the potatoD. lacked the basic knowledge of the potato66. Europeans began to eat potatoes in the 18th century because _________.A. there was a serious food shortageB. they realized that potatoes tasted goodC. food safety had been greatly improvedD. eating potatoes had become fashionable67. What Adam Smith said could be used to demonstrate the potato's _________.A. general useB. main featuresC. success storyD. bright future68. The best title for the passage is __________.A. 2008-- the Potato's New MissionB. In Praise of the PotatoC. The History of the PotatoD. The Potato and GlobalizationPassage FourYou need a new vacuum cleaner. Several are on display—different features—but there are no clerks to be found. Finally a guy in a store vest slips past. You begin to ask questions, but he knows even less about vacuum cleaners than you do.Robert Odom, shopping at the Southcenter Mall near Seattle, finds “it‟s harder to get waited on now. many stores have one person covering a tremendous area. You‟ve got to go looking to find a clerk.”Retailing is big business in the United States. Every day, billions of transactions take place in the nation‟s 1.4 million stores. Inventive technology speeds a staggering $2.5-trillion-a-year flow of purchases. But why do those bad encounters with salespeople continue to bother us so?When Yankelovich Partners asked 2500 shoppers what was "most important to you regarding customer service," people ranked courtesy, knowledgeability and friendliness at the top. Almost two out of three said that salespeople "don't care much about me or my needs.”The American Customer Satisfaction Index, developed in 1994 at the University of Michigan's National Quality Research Center, shows customer satisfaction declining about a point a year. Retailers now average a less-than-satisfactory 71 out of 100. Even top performers have slipped.What happened? John Goodman, president of Technical Assistance Research Programs, a customer-service consulting firm, told us, "To cut costs, many retailers made the mistake of trimming staff to the bone with obvious consequences."How good is the help once you find it? Carol Cherry, founder of Shop'n Chek, which monitors customer service for retailers and other clients, says, "One of the biggest problems we encounter is unknowledgeable and untrained salespeople." Bruce Van Kleeck, a vice president of the National Retail Federation, says, "We're not training as much as we used to," and urges more ongoing training for veteran salespeople.The sad fact is, stores can get away with poor customer service because customers let them. Customer-service expert John Goodman estimates that about half of customers continue to do business with firms they feel have mistreated them. This is "behavioral loyalty," explains Jeff Ellis of Maritz Marketing Research Inc. "We may bad-mouth a store after a bad experience, but we go back because it's close to our house or carries items we like."69. The example in paragraph 1 shows that the salesman needs improvement on___________.A. knowledgeB. politenessC. friendlinessD. communication70. According to the American Customer Satisfaction Index,_______________.A. customer satisfaction with retailers remains constantly lowB. customer satisfaction with even the best retailers is droppingC. customers complain most about the quality of the salespeopleD. customers put too high a demand on service these days71. What may be the "obvious consequences" mentioned in paragraph 6?A. The customers are not willing to buy from the retailers.B. The customers cannot get the help they need.C. The salespeople are not satisfied with their working condition.D. The salespeople do not receive enough training.72. Carol Cherry points out that the most serious problem is that ______________.A. the quality of the salespeople cannot be guaranteedB. the retailers do not care as much about training as they used toC. the salespeople do not fully understand the benefits of trainingD. the retailers cannot afford basic training for its employees73. Which of the following examples can demonstrate the "behavioral loyalty"?A. Customers frequent the store providing satisfactory service.B. Customers refuse to buy in the store after a bad experience there.C. Customers go to the store with good items no matter where it is.D. Customers keep visiting the store that has treated them badly.74. The passage mainly discusses_______________.A. how we can get good customer serviceB. why retailers should improve customer serviceC. why there is poor customer serviceD. what kind of customer service we needPassage FiveIn terms of lives lost and property destroyed, the Civil War was the most terrible armed conflict Americans have ever known, but that has not prevented them from remembering it with enduring fondness. The Civil War remains the most written-about period in American history, and it provides boundless entertainment in the United States and around the world. Instead of an object lesson in the dangers of political polarization, racial inequality, and human cruelty, fans consider their favorite war an exercise in nobility--a bloodbath that somehow forged the unbreakable bonds of American national identity.Most Civil War historians were reared in this romantic tradition, and they have yet to fully free themselves from it. They still view the struggle through rose-colored glasses, making excuses for flawed heroes who have the reputations they never deserved. With the publication of While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military prisons of the Civil War, Charles W. Sanders has distinguished himself as one of the few scholars capable of addressing the Civil War with utter frankness. His brilliantly researched book is a ringing accusation of the prisoner-of-war (POW) systems maintained by both sides of that war, as well as the politicians and soldiers who deliberately sent thousands of men to needless suffering and death. There are no heroes in this study, just too many unnecessary victims.Sanders sets his study in context by first tracing the evolution of POW policy during the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War. Americans knew that POWs were vulnerable to mistreatment, and the quickest way to improve their lot was to negotiate exchanges with the enemy. At the outset of the Civil War, neither side was prepared to cope with the many prisoners-of-war their armies captured, and prisoners inevitably suffered from inadequate housing, food, medical care, and other necessities. Abraham Lincoln delayed the implementation of general exchanges until July 1862 for fear it would allow rebellious southerners to claim actual recognition of the Southern sovereignty. Once implemented, the exchange system quickly emptied prisons in the North and South, but it began breaking down by the end of the year.75. Americans generally remember the Civil War with _______.A. sadnessB. suspicionC. horrorD. affection76. Most Civil War historians would agree that the Civil War may have _________.A. raised the awareness of the race issueB. weakened American national identityC. strengthened American national identityD. taught a useful lesson about human nature77. Civil War historians usually believe that "flawed heroes" ___________.A. ought to be criticizedB. could be forgivenC. should be studied furtherD. should be evaluated objectively78. According to Charles W. Sanders, the Civil War _______________.A. brought pointless miseryB. created various heroesC. started the first POW systemD. was brutal but inevitable79. At the beginning of the Civil War, ____________ .A. the POW exchanges were frequentB. the number of the POWs was smallC. the POWs were in difficult situationsD. both sides used the POWs for political purposes80. What does the passage say about the POW exchange during the Civil War?A. It should have started earlier.B. It lasted for many years.C. It became a successful model for later time.D. It raised the public awareness of the POW problem.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes. 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)Unlike the real world, where personalities are complex, motives unclear, and outcomes ambiguous, television presents a world of clarity and simplicity. In show after show, rewards and punishments follow quickly and logically. Crises are resolved, problems are solved, and justice always triumphs. The central characters in these dramas are clearly defined: dedicated or corrupt; selfless or ambitious; efficient or sentimental. To insure the widest acceptability and tell a story entertainingly, the plot lines follow the most commonly accepted notions of morality and justice, whether or not those notions bear much resemblance to reality. The long list of commercials between parts of the play sometimes drives you crazy. Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)中国一直有重视教育的传统，尤其是儿童的教育。
长大08研究生试卷A
长江大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：综合英语（A卷）（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其它地方无效）一．Complete the following:. （10分）1．Some people argue that the death_________does not necessarily reduce the number of murders.A) penaltyB) patternC) plotD) practice2．The most successful post-career athletes are those who can take the identity and life s kills they learned in sports and___________ them to another area of life.A) applyB) utilizeC) employD) exert3．.Many personnel managers say it is getting harder and harder to____________ honest applicants from the growing number of dishonest ones.A) dissolveB) disguiseC) discountD) distinguish4．.Almost all job applicants are determined to leave a good___________on a potential e mployer.A) illusionB) impressionC) reflectionD) reputation5．.Being out of work, Jane can no longer________friends to dinners and movies as she used to .A) treatB) appealC) urgeD) compel6．.Although they lost their jobs, savings and unemployment benefits allow the couple to _______their comfortable home.A) look forward toB) catch up withC) hold on toD) come in for7．With the increasing unemployment rate, workers who are 50 to 60 years old are usually the first to be _________.A) laid asideB) laid upC) laid outD) laid off8．.People's expectations about the future may have more influence on their sense of well-being than their_________state does.A) primitiveB) modernC) currentD) initial9．.___________by the superstars on television, the young athletes trained hard and played intensely.A) ImitatedB) InsuredC) ImposedD) Inspired10. The physical difference between men and women can be _______directly to our basic roles as hunters and child-bearers.A) switchedB) tracedC) pursuedD) followed二．Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences: （10分）1.The poor, sick man is (abused, tormented) by the policeman’s endless interrogation.2.Too much food (induces, tempts) sleepiness.3．She is a (snobbish, proud) person and does not live on charity.4 The incident was so bizarre that even though they saw it with their own eyes, when they relatedit later, they found it hardly (creditable, credible).5．Y ou have to be (reasonable, judicious), how can you expect him to work full time in the factory and at the same time get his M.A. degree in two years’ Time.6．Fred gave his father a special Christmas present—he (milked, nursed) all the cows for him on Christmas morning.7．The teacher said that if we believe that something was true and good we should (hold on, hold on to) it.8．After he won the championship, he was (burdened, loaded) with a lot of honors.9．It is a very monotonous and (tiresome, tiring) job to be on the watch the whole night.10．In 1972, he published his first book (devoted, dedicated) to his respected Professor David Lawrence三．The following sentences all contain some kind of figures of speech. Y ou are to identify them and give an English name. ( 10分)1．Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s. ( )2．We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. ( ) 3. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. ( )4．The defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town. ( )5．. Tin Pan Alley has moved to Nashville and Hollywood. ( )6．. The rebellion brought them nostalgic recollections. ( )7．. Ad so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. ( )8．But for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. ( )9．America laughed with Mark Twain. （）10．Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder. ( )四．Distinguish the following five pairs of words. （10 分）1．politician statesman2．intelligent clever3．booming flourishing4．preparedness preparations5．destroy demolish五．Rewrite the following sentences in simpler English: (20分)1．But since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar, there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where they do things better.2．Y ounger brothers and sisters of the war generation began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.3．We ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.4．Science is committed to the universal.5. From the discouragement of the mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.六．Explain the following: (10分)1．The Sad Y oung Men2．Greenwich V illage七．Reading Comprehension: (30分)Text 1It is plain common sense —the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.Peopl e might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you lessmiserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling — happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have als o begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.1. According to the text, it is true that［A］unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.［B］happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.［C］unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.［D］happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.2. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by［A］maintaining it at an average level.［B］escaping miserable occurrences in life.［C］pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.［D］realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.3. The phrase “To date” (Par.4) can be best replaced by［A］As a result.［B］In addition.［C］At present.［D］Until now.4. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?［A］One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.［B］They are independent but existing concurrently［C］One feels happy by participating in more activities.［D］They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.5. The sentence “That’s that” (Par. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad［A］and the situation cannot be altered.［B］and happiness remains inaccessible.［C］but they don’t think much about it.［D］but they remain unconscious of it.Text 2It’s possible that while you are at work, you may dream about a month of Sundays, but your boss wishes for a week of Tuesday. That’s because she/he probably knows that productivity is one of the main factors bolstering (supporting) a company’s growth. And a recent poll shows that workers are most productive on Tuesdays! Accountemps, an employment agency, conducted a national survey of office managers, which shows that by the middle of the week, they see a dramatic productivity decrease. While Monday is considered second in “productivity value,” only nine percent of office managers think Wednesday is the peak productivity day. Five percent believe it is Thursday. And Friday, well, you can just imagine! However, forty eight percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week.A close analysis of workweek rhythms would turn up some obvious reasons for those surveyresults. First of all, Monday is overloaded with meetings, designed to “get things moving,” and everybody knows meetings aren’t very productive. Wednesday is “hump day”—get over it as painlessly as possible, a worker thinks, and the week is more than halfway over. On Thursday, people are running out of steam; and Friday, everybody’s thinking about the weekend. There are reasons why the other days aren’t productive, but what makes Tuesday special? Tuesdays, employees hit peak performance because they are very focused on day-to-day activities. Also, it’s usually the first day of the week when they’re focused on their own task. They are not in meetings that take them away from their primary responsibilities. Actually, Tuesdays can be quite hectic. Workers are arriving at work fairly frantic. And so, in 10 hours, they’re doing 20-hour work. That’s productive, but it’s also tough.This does not mean that nothing happens on the last three days of the workweek. Things do not get so lax that people are sitting with their feet on desks, sipping coffee and talking on the phone all day, but there’s a definite lack of focus. The pace softens and the rhythm slows down. And this is not healthy: it produces fatigue and lowers productivity. To prevent this midweek slowdown, some management consultants suggest that employers avoid jamming so many meetings into Mondays. Work deadlines can be rescheduled to stretch out the work-flow. Variations in productivity are only natural, but both workers and bosses win when the peaks and valleys are less dramatic than they are now.6. According to the poll, which of the following days is most productive?［A］Thursday.［B］Friday.［C］Monday.［D］Wednesday.7. The peak productivity day of the week is marked by［A］violent excitement and activity.［B］due enthusiasm and creativity.［C］hurried and disordered movement.［D］full concentration and efficiency.8. The word “lax” in the last paragraph means［A］usually negligible.［B］lacking in control.［C］totally distractive.［D］worthy of relaxing.9. With respect to the changes in productivity, the text suggests that［A］work deadlines can be readjusted.［B］they are reasonable and expectable.［C］Monday meetings may be called off.［D］their differences are to be minimized.10. The author has explained all of the following EXCEPT［A］the steps taken to alter workweek rhythms.［B］the productivity on the 6th day of the week.［C］the reason why midweek slowdown takes place.［D］the concern bosses have about low productivity.Text 3Violence over civil rights in the 1960s, demands, marches, new sexual freedom, drugs, campus takeovers — these phenomena of the recent past represent drastic social changes. They signify a massive protest, mostly on the part of the young, against a society that fails to cope with its most critical problems. Young people, especially, lay much of the blame on the business system. It’s unresponsive and uncaring, they say.Naturally, businessmen deny this charge. They are proud of what the free enterprise system has do ne. They suspect that many protesters don’t grasp economic realities.Students and businessmen from all over the country jammed together in the lobby of a Washington hotel, waiting to register for “Business Tomorrow”, a three-day conference in which they would talk informally, get to know one another, and learn something about the difference in life-style and philosophy that so sharply divide them.The idea for the conference had originated with a group of students at Princeton University, who had formed an organization called the Foundation for Student Communication. The Foundation’s aim was to “foster better relations between students and businessmen.” These young people think that business should take more initiative and make better use of its resources in order to achieve a closer balance between profit and poverty in this country. The Foundation’s magazine, “Business Today,” is a professional-looking quarterly that goes to over 200,000 students.These Foundation members and other politically moderate students like them are the ones most likely to enter the business world when they graduate, and they are concerned about what their roles might be. They recognize, as business does, a need for the two groups to communicate and to understand each other.Students from over 160 universities were chosen by fellow students and university presidents to attend the meeting. Some were from schools of business, many from liberal arts colleges. This was to make a definite difference in the tone of the conference because, generally, students of humanities tend to emphasize the value of the individual, making them especially critical of conformity in the corporation.11. The severe social disturbance mentioned in the text stemmed from［A］the youths’ resentment at the irresponsibility of the business system.［B］the people’s anger at the gross violation of civil rights in the business world.［C］the masses’ strong objection to the evils caused by the business system.［D］the citizens’ disapproval of the society unable to tac kle its vital problems.12. According to the text, young people hold that［A］the world is full of injustice, poverty and war.［B］people in power ignore the important social problems.［C］decision-makers are ill-informed about the economic realities.［D］businessmen are mostly responsible for the great social unrest.13. As is stated by the author, the businessmen［A］feel doubt about the tr uth of the young people’s criticism.［B］reluctantly admit the evils of the free enterprise system.［C］refuse to make any change in the grounds they hold.［D］laugh off young people’s blame and condemnation.14. The conference “Business Tomorrow” aimed at［A］exchanging views about economic realities.［B］promoting mutual understanding.［C］taking measures to solve critical problems.［D］carrying on an open debate.15. The presence of students at the conference would make a difference in its tone because ［A］their views are revolutionary with respect to the economic realities.［B］they stress the importance of the individual and disapprove conformity.［C］they are familiar with the problems caused by the free enterprise system.［D］their insight into the balance between profit and poverty is remarkable.八．Composition: (50分)T ask One（20分）For this part, you are to write a short essay IN honour of teachers on the occasion of Teacher's Day. You should write at least 200 words following the outline given below:1,向老师表达节日祝贺2,从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3,我如何回报老师的关爱Teacher's DayT ask T wo（30分）For this part, you are to write a short essay The Importance of Reading Classics. You should write at least 300 words following the outline given below:1、阅读经典著作对人的成长至关重要2、现在人们越来越少阅读经典著作，原因是……3、作为大学生，你应该怎么做The Importance of Reading Classics考试科目：综合英语A卷第11页（共11页）。
西安交通大学研究生考试试题2008高等传热学
四、建立厚度为 2 的无限大平行平板在第三类边界条件下的非稳定导热微分方程式，并 写出其相应方程数值求解的离散化形式。如何进行导热问题的数值求解？
五、用相似理论导出无限大空间自由对流换热的通用准数方程，并设计出求出准数方程 Nu C(GrPr)n 式中常数 C 、 n 的实验方法。
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西安交通大学高等传热学试卷
制卷人签名
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
审核人签名
审核日期
考试科目
高等传热学
考生人数
考试形式 闭卷
适用专业 动力机械与工程热物理 适用年级 2008 试卷类别 A 卷
一、写出无内热源、不可压、牛顿型运动流体能量方程，指出其各项物理意义，并证明之。
写出无内热源的多层球壳导热计算公式，并用傅立叶导热定律证明之。
X1，2 X2，1 (2 D2 2 1 D2 ) D2 , D为直径与厚度之比
1 4
q对流 2.56 tw t f tw t f
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八、（1）证明逆流换热器的对数平均温差计算公式。 （2）逆流套管式换热器，外表绝热。流油内管 di 25mm，＝1.5mm, 109 W /(m K ) ，
a 1.0101
a
1.0063
a 0.4022
1 b 0.9188
A b 0.2575
2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题及解析
2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1～45 小题，每小题2 分，共90 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．将教育学的研究对象界定为教育现象及其规律，反映了人们在教育学建构中的A．科学取向 B．实践取向 C．规范取向 D．人文取向2．某班教师为了激发和保持学生的学习动机，开展了一系列学习竞赛活动。
结果如教师所料，学生的学习热情高涨，成绩明显提高。
但没有想到的是，学生之间相互猜忌、隐瞒学习资料等现象日趋严重。
上述事实表明教育A．既有正向显性功能，又有正向隐性功能B．既有负向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能C．既有正向隐性功能，又有负向隐性功能D．既有正向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能3．联合国教科文组织在《学会生存》中主张，建设学习化社会的关键在于A．改革正规教育 B．发展成人教育C．实施终身教育 D．推行回归教育4．涂尔干说：“教育是成年一代对社会生活尚未成熟的年轻一代所实施的影响。
其目的在于，使儿童的身体、智力和道德状况都得到激励与发展，以适应整个政治社会在总体上对儿童的要求，并适应儿童将来所处的特定环境的要求。
”这种论断正确地指出了A．教育具有社会性 B．教育是社会复制的工具C．教育要促进人的个性化 D．儿童对成人施加的影响不是教育5．一些事例显示，对“兽孩”进行的补救教育都不很成功。
这表明人的发展具有A．顺序性 B．可逆性 C．模仿期 D．关键期6．马克思主义教育学说认为，人的发展的根本动力是A．环境影响 B．教育作用 C．内在因素 D．实践活动7．义务教育的基本内涵是：国家与社会有义务确保全体适龄儿童接受法定年限的学校教育、家长有义务送适龄子女接受法定年限的学校教育和A．学校有义务为适龄儿童提供公平的教育B．适龄儿童有义务接受法定年限的学校教育C．公共机构有对适龄儿童开放并进行教育的义务D．企事业单位和个人不得雇用学龄儿童8．教育制度的核心部分是A．教育管理制度 B．国民教育制度C．义务教育制度 D．学校教育制度9．按照美国学者古德莱德的观点，课程可以分为五个层面，除理想的课程、正式的课程、领悟的课程之外，还有A．生活的课程和经验的课程 B．运作的课程和经验的课程C．隐性的课程和运作的课程 D．隐性的课程和生活的课程10．小明亲眼目睹欺负弱小的同学经常受到老师的严厉批评、处罚，而那些爱护弱小的同学则受到大家的喜爱。
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试-推荐下载
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对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电通，力1根保过据护管生高线产中0不工资仅艺料可高试以中卷解资配决料置吊试技顶卷术层要是配求指置，机不对组规电在范气进高设行中备继资进电料行保试空护卷载高问与中题带资2负料2，荷试而下卷且高总可中体保资配障料置各试时类卷，管调需路控要习试在题验最到；大位对限。设度在备内管进来路行确敷调保设整机过使组程其高1在中正资，常料要工试加况卷强下安看与全22过，22度并22工且22作尽22下可护都能1关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编工.写况保复进护杂行层设自防备动腐与处跨装理接置，地高尤线中其弯资要曲料避半试免径卷错标调误高试高等方中，案资要，料求编试技5写、卷术重电保交要气护底设设装。备备置管4高调、动线中试电作敷资高气，设料中课并技3试资件且、术卷料中拒管试试调绝路包验卷试动敷含方技作设线案术，技槽以来术、及避管系免架统不等启必多动要项方高方案中式；资，对料为整试解套卷决启突高动然中过停语程机文中。电高因气中此课资，件料电中试力管卷高壁电中薄气资、设料接备试口进卷不行保严调护等试装问工置题作调，并试合且技理进术利行，用过要管关求线运电敷行力设高保技中护术资装。料置线试做缆卷到敷技准设术确原指灵则导活：。。在对对分于于线调差盒试动处过保，程护当中装不高置同中高电资中压料资回试料路卷试交技卷叉术调时问试，题技应，术采作是用为指金调发属试电隔人机板员一进，变行需压隔要器开在组处事在理前发；掌生同握内一图部线纸故槽资障内料时，、，强设需电备要回制进路造行须厂外同家部时出电切具源断高高习中中题资资电料料源试试，卷卷线试切缆验除敷报从设告而完与采毕相用，关高要技中进术资行资料检料试查，卷和并主检且要测了保处解护理现装。场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案6
27.C 解析：从⽂章 本题的答案信息来源在⽂章的第⼆段。
第⼆段说到，互联使接触到科学结果成为⼀个现实。
OECD刚刚发布⼀个报告，描写了其深远的影响。
这份报告使到⽬前为⽌赢得不菲利润的很多出版商争相阅读(the report make heavy reading for publishers)。
第三段说到核⼼科学出版市场利润巨⼤，第四段说到，这种情况正在改变，也是在线出版可能让他们利润下滑，所以让他们有些不安，故答案为C。
28.A 解析：从⽂章结构看，⽂章第⼀段重点地介绍了传统的出版⽅式，这种⽅式使科学⼯作者只有订购了该科学杂志才可以获得科学的结果。
⽂章第⼆段介绍⼀种新型的出版⽅式——络出版，使得科技⼈员容易获得科学结果。
第三段谈到科学的价值和投资回报取决于杂志的发⾏量和易获得性。
第四段具体介绍了这⼀新趋势的主要出版模式。
从⽂章的中⼼是关于⼀种新的出版⽅式，以及它给科学杂志出版带来的影响——可以更⽅便的获得科学结果。
中⼼词含有access，反应中⼼的是解，可以确定答案为A。
29.A 解析：从⽂中“there is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author to pay for the paper to be publish”可知答案为A。
30.B 解析：正于28题分析的，本⽂中⼼介绍了⼀种出版新的趋势——络出版。
B正是这⼀观点的⾼度概括，故答案为B. Passage three 31. A ⽂中“…listed at over seven feet. If he had ….The bodies.. changed dramatically over the years”可以看出此段主要讲述NBA球员⾝⾼的变化；另外，从⽂章中⼼来看，可以排出B，C，D。
因此选A 32. C 从第三段“but as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have increased in height by…..”可以看出⽣活⽔平对于⾝体成长起着⾮常重要的作⽤；另外，A，B，D选项所涉及的genetic modification ,natural environment 和daily exercise ⽂中并没有提到； 33. B 题⼲中提到“most probably..”，通过排出法，可以确定B为选项。
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案3
Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合(代码311)真题及详解
A．敃育具有社会性 B．敃育是社会复制癿工具 C．敃育要促迚人癿个性化 D．儿童对成人斲加癿影响丌是敃育
7．丿务敃育癿基本内涵是：国家不社会有丿务确保全体适龄儿童接受法定年限癿学校 敃育、家长有丿务送适龄子女接受法定年限癿学校敃育和（ ）。
A．学校有丿务为适龄儿童提供公平癿敃育 B．适龄儿童有丿务接受法定年限癿学校敃育 C．公共机构有对适龄儿童廹放幵迚行敃育癿丿务 D．企亊业单位和个人丌得雇用学龄儿童
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
丿反映了人们在敃育学廸构中癿科学取向。因此，答案选 A。
2．某班敃师为了激发和保持学生癿学习劢机，廹展了一系列学习竞赛活劢。结果如敃 师所料，学生癿学习热情高涨，成绩明显提高。但没有想到癿是，学生乀间相于猜忌、隐瞒 学习资料等现象日趋严重。上述亊实表明，敃育（ ）。
A．既有正向显性功能，又有正向隐性功能 B．既有负向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能 C．既有正向隐性功能，又有负向隐性功能 D．既有正向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能
【考点】敃育癿功能 【答案】D 【解析】仍作用癿斱向上来看，敃育功能可分为正向功能和负向功能。正向敃育功能是 挃有劣二社会迚步和个体发展癿积极影响和作用；负向敃育功能是挃阻碍社会迚步和个体发 展癿消极影响和作用。仍作用癿呈现形廽看，敃育功能可分为显性功能和隐性功能。显性敃 育功能是挃依照敃育目癿，敃育在实际运行中所出现癿不乀相符合癿结果；隐性敃育功能是
2008年英语期末考试试卷(非艺术类研究生)
(非艺术专业)Final Test for Postgraduate Students of Grade 2008注意事项: 请把答案写在答题纸上Part One Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.(10points)2.Faced with a persist excess of ________over income, the school has decided to cut down thestudent number.3.His head ________with a table on the way down.4.Despite the economic________, private sponsors committed$20 million to complete the hugebuilding.5.He prided himself on being a very well _________ member of the British community, highlyrespected by his peers.6.Her bad temper was _________ , and she was often depicted with a beard and a bow andarrow, testifying to her warlike character.7.His friends no longer had a(n) _________ for further education, because they thought itsopportunity costs were too high.8.Colleagues and pupils thought of him as _________; a few found him frightening, a fewfound him affable.9.From July, all organically produced food must be _________ under EC regulations.10.They maintain an _________ body temperature by alternately moving from a hot spot to acooler one and back again throughout the day.Part Two Translation (20points)Section A (10 points)1.在文化普及率相对高的国家中,书籍对丰富人们的生活起着重要的作用.(literacy rate)2.在那场战斗中,由于食物严重短缺,许多士兵死于饥渴.(perish from)3.本项研究进一步证实礼花起源于中国.(originate in)4.像所说的那样,这一事件在我们大部分人中引起了好奇和惊惧.(as such)5.发展中国家许多才华横溢的年轻知识分子纷纷涌向美国,形成所谓的人才外流.(flock) Section B (10 points)1.According to Freud, the successful mind is one capable of love and of work, in that with suchcapability, one can produce something useful to society.2.Having to work to stay alive, to build a future, give one’s efforts a tough simplicity.3.Sales promotion may be used as a stimulus to magnify business people’s support as well asstimulating demand at the consumer level.4.Moreover, old age is the final scene, as it were, in life’s drama, from which we ought toescape when we grow weary and, certainly, when we have had our fill.5.Today’s situation, with everyone having instantaneous access to millions of sources, iswithout precedent.Part Three Reading Comprehenison (30points)Passage OneA Woman’s Work Is Never DoneMore and more women are now joining the paid labor force world-wide. They represent the majority of the workforce in all the sectors which are expanding as a result of globalization and trade liberalization—the informal sector, including subcontracting; export processing or free trade zones; homeworking; and the “flexible”, part-time, temporary, low-paid labor force. Even in countries which have low levels of women paid workers, such as the Arab countries, employment is rising.In South-East Asia, women represent up to 80 per cent of the workforce in the export processing zones, working mainly in the labor-intensive textile, toy, shoe and electronic sectors. In Latin American and the Caribbean, 70 per cent of economically active women are employed in services. Many women in South-East Asia are moving from manufacturing into services.Long excluded from many paid jobs and thus economically dependent on husbands or fathers, paid employment has undoubtedly brought economic and social gains to many women. For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies and prescriptions on women’s behavior.Any gains, however, should be seen in a wider context. Declining economic and social conditions throughout the world, in particular declining household incomes, have compelled many women to take any kind of paid work to meet their basic needs and those of their families. The jobs available to them are, in the main, insecure and low-paid with irregular hours, high levels of intensity, little protection from health and safety hazards and few opportunities for promotion. Women’s high participation in informal employment is partly due to the fact that many jobs in the formal economy are not open to them: they are actively excluded from certain kinds of work or lack access to education and training or have domestic commitments. The increase of women’s participation in the informal sector has been most marked in the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa where sharp economic decline and structural adjustment policies have reduced the official job market drastically.Job gains for some women have meant losses for others. Female employment in export production is increasing in Bangladesh, Vietnam and El Salvador, for instance, while women in Taiwan and Hong Kong are faced with redundancies as the industries which have relied on their labor for three decades (textile, clothing, shoe and electronics) relocate elsewhere. (In South Korea, industries which tend to employ men on steel, petrochemicals, electricity, automobiles, shipbuilding, machinery, have received government subsidies to stay put.)As domestic markets are opened up to international competition and quotas which restricted the quantity of imports from any one country are abandoned, cheap, subsidized foreign imports are threatening the livelihoods of many women small producers and entrepreneurs in “cottage industries”. In countries such as India and Bangladesh, for instance, more than 90 per cent of economically-active women work in the informal sector at jobs such hand loom weaving.Far from escaping patriarchal control, the industrial setting invariably replicates it, the head of the factory taking the place of husband or father. To attract investors, some Asian countries such as Malaysia and Thailand emphasize the “dexterity of the small hands of the Oriental women and traditional attitude of submission”.In general, women are paid less than men are, and women’s jobs pay less than men’s jobs. On average, most women earn 50 to 80 per cent of men’s pay, but there are considerable variations. In Tanzania, which ranks first in the world for pay equality, women earn 92 per cent of what men earn; in Bangladesh, they earn 42 per cent. Women also have less job security and fewer opportunities for promotion. Higher status jobs, even in industries which employ mostly women, tend to be filled by men.In addition, women usually have to continue their unpaid domestic and caring work, such as of children, the sick and the elderly, which is often regarded as women’s “natural”and exclusive responsibility. Even when they have full-time jobs outside the home, women take care of most household tasks, particularly the preparation of meals, cleaning and child care. When women become mothers, they often have no option other than to work part-time or accept home work.Complete the summary. Choose your answers from the list of wordsThe social and personal 1 women have made by entering the 2 must be offset against the losses. While they may have won greater freedom, their high level of 3 in the 4 has left them at a disadvantage. They do not have the 5 of men in full-time employment. 6 , they are further disadvantaged because of their inescapable 7 obligations.List of wordsdomestic paid labor force childrentrading official job market informal labor sectorbargaining power salaries lossesobligations freedom gainsglobal market place nowadays furthermorehoweverPassage TwoSome futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge(剧增)of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse(反面)of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriage. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postponemarriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises.Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife"s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising afamily"s standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family"s financial and emotional stability.Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union.Also, a major part of women"s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within the family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.8. The word “portend”(Line 2, Para.1) is closest in meaning to “_____”. A) defy B) signal C) suffer from D) result from9. It is said in the passage that when the economy slides,_____.A) men would choose working women as their marriage partnersB) more women would get married to seek financial securityC) even working women would worry about their marriagesD) more people would prefer to remain single for the time being10. If women find fulfillment through work outside the home,_____.A) they are more likely to dominate their marriage partnersB) their husbands are expected to do more houseworkC) their marriage ties can be strengthenedD) they tend to put their career before marriage11. One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that_____.A) they feel that they have been robbed of their freedomB) they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbandsC) they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectationsD) they tend to suspect their husbands?loyalty to their marriage12. Which of the following statements can best summarize the authors view in the passage?A) The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of thecountry.B) Even when economically independent, most women have to struggle for real equality inmarriage.C) In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and remainindependentD) The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case.Passage ThreeThe American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise，market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen，striving to make profits，produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen；and the profit motive，operating under competitive pressures，largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus，in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy，this mechanism is provided by a price system，a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand，the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If，on the other hand，producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost，this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers，which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus，price is the regulating mechanism in the America economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to own productive resources （private property），and they are permitted to hire labor，gain control over natural resources，and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy，the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights，including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.13.In Para. 1，“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means ___.A.Americans never feel satisfied with their incomes.B.Americans tend to overstate the amount of their incomes.C.Americans want to have their incomes increased.D.Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes.14.The first two sentences in the second paragraph clarity the idea to us that ___.A.producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production.B.consumers can express their demands through producers.C.producers decide the prices of products.D.supply and demand regulate prices.15.The word “embraces” in Para. 3 probably parallels ___.A.enfoldB.hugprehendD.support16.According to the passage，a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ___.A.private property and rights concerned.B.manpower and natural resources control.C.ownership of productive resourcesD.free contracts and prices.17.The passage is mainly talking about ___.A.how American goods are produced.B.how American consumers buy their goods.C.how American economic system works.D.how American businessman make their profits.Passage FourThere are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system，the administered system，and the traditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market，transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy，real goods such as automobiles，shoes，and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously，finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence，the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy，goods and services are bought or sold for money.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced，exchanged，and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan，drawn up by the government，shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production，consumption，and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional society，production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition；every person‘s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage，religion，and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition，too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons，provide them with food and shelter，care for their health，and provide for their education. Clearly，in a system whereevery decision is made on the basis of tradition alone，progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.18.What is the main purpose of the passage？A.To outline contrasting types of economic systems.B.To explain the science of economics.C.To argue for the superiority of one economic system.D.To compare barter and money-exchange markets.19.In the second paragraph，the word “real”in “real goods”could best be replaced by ___，A.high qualityB.concreteC.utterD.authentic.20.According to the passage，a barter economy can generate ___.A.rapid speed of transactions.B.misunderstandings.C.inflationD.difficulties for the traders.21.According to the passage，who has the greatest degree of control in the administered system？A.Individual householdsB.Small businesses.C.Major corporations.D.The government.22.Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person‘s position in a traditional society？A.Family backgroundB.AgeC.Religious beliefs.D.CustomPassage FiveAlexis de Tocqueville, the French political scientist, historian, philosopher and politician, is most famous for a four-volume book he wrote called “Democracy in America”. He came to America in 1831 to study the American form of democracy and what it might mean to the rest of the world. After a visit of only nine months, he wrote a remarkable book which is regarded as a classic. De Tocqueville had unusual powers of observation. He described not only the democratic system of government and how it operated, but also its effect on how Americans think, feel, and act. Many scholars believe he had a deeper understanding of traditional American beliefs and values than anyone else who has written about the United States. What is so remarkable is that many of these traits which he observed nearly 200 years ago, are still visible and meaningful today. His observations are also important because the timing of his visit, the 1830s, was before America was industrialized. This was the era of the small farmer, the small businessman, and the settling of the western frontier. It was the period of history when the traditional values of the new country were newly established. In just a generation, some 40 years since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution,the new form of government had already produced a society of people with unique values. He was, however, a neutral observer and saw both the good and bad sides of these qualities.The first part of “Democracy in America” was written in 1831-32 and published in 1835.A highly positive and optimistic account of American government and society, the book was very well received. He attempted to get a glimpse of the essence of American society, all the while promoting his own philosophy: the equaling of the classes and the inevitable depth of aristocratic privilege. The rest of the book he labored on for four years, and in 1840 the second part was published. This was substantially more pessimistic than the first, warning of the dangers despotism and governmental centralization, and applying his ideas and criticisms more directly to France. As a result, it was not received as well as the first part, except in England where it was acclaimed highly.23.What is the passage primarily about?A.Alexis de TocquevilleB.“Democracy in America”C.the progress achieved in America within about 40 years after adoptionof the U.S. ConstitutionD.the impact of the book “Democracy in America”24.All of the following fields of professional interest and activity are used to describe deTocqueville EXCEPTA.philosopherB.authorC.political scientistD.politician25.According to the passage, when did de Tocqueville visit AmericaA.1830sB.1831C.1831-32D.183526.The phrase “these traits” in lines 9-10 refers toA.observationsB.how Americans think, feel, and actC.traditional American beliefs and valuesD.visible and meaningful observations27.What in the passage is mentioned as being truly remarkable?A.many of his observations are still visible and meaningful todayB.the book was so detailed and thorough after only such a comparativelyshort visitC.that the second volume should be so pessimistic in comparison with thefirstD.de Tocqueville’s powers of observation28.The word “unique” in line 16 is closest in meaning toA..clearly identifiableB. outstandingC. unmatchedD.positive29.The word “neutral” in line 16 is closest in meaning toA.impartialB.carefulC.importantD.thorough30.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A.the English don’t like the FrenchB.the book was most important because it was the first time that Americanvalues had been clearly documentedC.de Tocqueville was a slow writerD.de Tocqueville was primarily motivated by an interest in his owncountryPart Four Writing (20points)Directions: Present an argumentative writing on “Immoral Behavior in Public”. You should write at least 200 words following the outline given below:1.我们经常在公共场合见到各种不道德的行为，叙述你的一次相关经历。
2008年研究生考试英语看图作文真题
2008年研究生考试英语看图作文真题English:
The bar chart depicts the sources of air pollution in a certain city in China in 2008. It shows that the biggest contributor to air pollution was industrial emissions, accounting for 45% of the total pollution. The second largest source was vehicle emissions, making up 30%. Dust and other sources contributed to the remaining 25%. This chart highlights the need for strict regulations on industrial and vehicle emissions to improve air quality in the city.
中文翻译:
这张柱状图描述了2008年中国某城市空气污染的来源。
图表显示，空气污染最主要的来源是工业排放，占总污染的45%。
第二大来源是车辆排放，占30%。
其余25%的污染来自尘埃和其他来源。
这张图表突显了需要对工业和车辆排放实施严格监管以改善该市的空气质量。
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2008研究生期末考试题
Part V Translation
1)It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, disabled and not disabled. Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of red states and blue states.We are, and always will be, the United States of America.
It's the answer that led those who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
2) The general definition of feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. It is based on social,political and economic equality for women. Feminists can be anyone in the population, men, women, girls or boys. Feminism can also be described as a movement, a revolution that includes women and man who wish the world to be equal without boundaries. These boundaries or blockades are better known as discrimination and blases against gender, sexual orientation,age, marital status and economic status.
3) Climate change is one of the biggest challenges currently facing the world. urgent, global action is needed to limit its consequences. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change focuses its climate change efforts on three main areas:
∙Supporting efforts by customers – particularly in utilities and industry – to cut greenhouse gas emissions
∙Raising energy efficiency within the company and its manufacturing processes
∙Strengthening the use of clean energy sources such as wind power
4) Globalization is a new kind of current prominent atmosphere all over the world since 1980s and also a basic feature in modern times. There is no uniform definition on globalization, but generally speaking, globalization materially refers to cross-territorial mobility of cargo and capital experiencing several stages such as cross-nationalization、partial-internationalization and globalization .Such mobility spurs economic competition especially tax competition. Many governments have responded to increased labor and capital mobility by cutting tax rates.
B）translate the following sentences into English:
1）受全球经济衰退和通货膨胀的影响，这个城市的许多小企业已经破产或者被大公司兼并，导致大量的工人陷入失业的困境。
2）精明的国家把国际税收竞争当做是一次机遇而不是一个威胁，他们采取实施低税收的战略方针来刺激和吸引国内外投资，其结果在经济上取得显著的成绩。
3）要解决环境危机，长远的办法就是要从无必要的依赖全球经济转向依靠地方经济，这就需要解决不需要依赖化石燃料的基础设施。
4）如果认为爱情是婚姻的结果，这就完全错了。
婚姻首先是个经济安排，一份保险合同。
婚姻与一般的人寿保险合同的不同之处仅在婚姻更具有约束力，更有索取性。
5）以满足21世纪经济发展的需求，世界各地的教育领导者在关注者教育的发展过程和教育实施的结果。
6）“绿色和平”组织的气候政策顾问Steve Sawyer 说：“这不是一幅美丽的图画。
全球变暖和天气模式的改变已经发生，大气层中的二氧化碳和其他温室气体足以加速未来几十年的气候变迁。
”
7）人生当中，每个人通常都要经历三种情感，即：亲情、友情和爱情。
如何处理好这三者之间的关系是一门人生哲学，学好这门哲学会对一个人事业的成功起到一种催化剂的作用。
8）当我们迈进21世纪，教育的动力会发生变化，其中教师的角色从知识的守门人转变为“思想的引导”和“学习的伙伴”。
9）如果说非典带来的恐慌积极的作用的话，那就是人们再次承诺要共同努力使我们远离病菌的袭击，究竟要多久我们才能成功仍然是个未知数。
10）数字显示政府采取的的驯服通货膨胀的措施是有效的,并且通货膨胀的压力有了很大的缓和"
”。