Tutorial Question for FOREX Market (Student Copy).doc

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国际经济学基础chapter11

国际经济学基础chapter11

3.Equilibrium Exchange Rates

(1)Equilibrium exchange rates (2)Foreign exchange rate quotations
(1) Equilibrium exchange rates

Assume two economies( the United States and the European Monetary Union), with the dollar as the domestic currency and the euro as the foreign currency. The exchange rate between the dollar and the euro is equal to the number of dollars needed to purchase one euro. R=$/€=?
Futures
Forward
本书的比较: 只交易几种货币 交易按照标准化的合约进行的; 只有几个特定的日子可以交割 交易只在几个特定的地点进行 期货合约通常比远期合约金额小 期货合约可以在到期之前在期货市场上卖掉,而远 期则不行

有效汇率:一国货币相对于该国最重要的一些贸易伙 伴国的货币的汇率的加权平均值,权重由这些国家与 本国贸易关系的重要程度而定。
Arbitrage

Make a profit The exchange rate between any two currencies is kept the same in different monetary centers by arbitrage. Two-point arbitrage:The exchange rate between any two currencies is kept the same in different monetary centers.

① The Ultimate Forex Trade Entry ‘Trick’ You Need To Master

① The Ultimate Forex Trade Entry ‘Trick’ You Need To Master

The Ultimate Forex Trade Entry ‘Trick’ You Need To Master 你必须掌握的外汇交易终极入场“诀窍”原文地址:/forex-trading-strategies/ultimate-forex-trade-entry-trickIf you’re a regular follower of my blog, you know I’ve written articles discussing “sniper” and “crocodile” trading and the benefits of this trading style. In today’s lesson, I am going to help you understand what this trading style is all about, and I’m going to show you exactly what it means to wait patiently like a crocodile for the ‘perfect’ trade entry to come to you. This trading approach is really the keystone that holds together my entire trading philosophy, and if you master it you will be one giant step closer to becoming a successful trader. Let’s get started…如果你是我博客的常客的话,你会知道我的文章也曾讨论过“狙击手”和“鳄鱼”等颇有益处的交易风格。

在今天的课程里,我将会帮助你们来弄明白这些个交易风格到底是怎么一回事,而且我要告诉你们怎么样才是像鳄鱼一样的耐心等待那个“完美”的入场点乖乖地出现在你的嘴边。

HintsforTutorialDiscussionQuestions

HintsforTutorialDiscussionQuestions

Answer Hints for ECON3110-Tutorial Discussion Questions #09 (Read chapter 22, 23)1.Notice that the interest rate differential is 0.52%: (i hk - i*sg)=(6.37 - 6.86)=-0.49, sothere is a 0.49% interest rate differential in favor of Singapore. However, the forward discount is 0.0396: (($4.4757-0.174)-$4.4789)/$4.4789=-0.0396The return of investment in HKG: 1.0637x HK$1,000,000 = HK$1,063,700The return of investment in Singapore:(HK$1,000,000/S$4.4789)*(1.0686)*(S$4.3017) = 1,026,323.673Therefore, you should invest in HKG rather than in Singapore make the highest return. If you don't have the 1 million, you may borrow from Singapore and invest in HKG. Unless the forward rate is 4.458, which means the forward rate points should be-156.3 rather than -174 points, and there is a forward premium.The return of investment in Singapore equals to the return from HKG:(HK$1,000,000/S$4.4789)*(1.0689)*(S$4.458) = HK$1,063,7002. (a) If everyone became risk-lover, there is no need to have forward contract, because everyone is a risk-taking speculator.(b) Refer to textbook p.441-448 for detail discussion.The interest rate should be adjusted to remain the 90-day forward rate unchanged according to the additional risk premium.There are many factors such as capital market imperfections, different transaction costs to affect the equilibrium result.2.(a) Under the monetary approach, an autonomous decline in the demand for moneywould have an excess supply of money. (e.g. M s > M d). Therefore, in the short run price adjust is fast than interest rate, so when the price adjusts and the real money supply will be decreased. And under PPP argument (i.e., e=P/P*), the exchange rate increases, e↑, according to the price rises.(M s/P)1si0Under the portfolio balance approach, money demand decreases; an excess supply of money would reduce the domestic interest rate. Then, the demand for domestic bond reduces (B ↓) and the demand for foreign bond rises (B*↑). So capital outflows, demand for foreign currency increases and pushes up the exchange rate, e ↑, (i.e., home currency depreciates).(b) Under the monetary approach, less home inflation in the future (i.e., increasing purchasing power) would cause an excess demand for domestic currencies. To hold the rule, price level drops and the real money supply rises. As a result, the exchange rate drops, e ↓, (i.e., home currency appreciates).Under portfolio approach, less home inflation pressure implies that home currency purchasing power would be increased. Then, as xa reduces, both home money demand and domestic bond demand would be increased. When foreigners and home residents like to purchase more of domestic bonds (B*↓, B ↑), it would cause the capital inflows and an excess demand for home currency , therefore, the exchange rate would drop, e ↓, (i.e., home currency would be appreciated). 4.e 1e 2i 0 i 1As long as the demand for foreign currency can be satisfied by the supply , then the exchange rate is no need to be devaluated. The BOP deficit could be come from any sources of the disequilibrium in the economy , such as trade deficit, capital outflows, insufficient real balance, and inefficient productivity in the output.Real balance effect and capital flows would have the important impact on short run devaluation, but the trade deficit and real output would have a long run impact on the devaluation.5. According to the monetary equation: M = kPY , as money supply decreases, the price level will be expected to decline in the next few periods when output is assumed to be constant in the short run. Therefore, according to the PPP argument, the spot exchange rate will also be expected to decline following by the inflation expectation, taking the expectation on e to fall, speculators will take action now and forces the e to go down.ii 0。

北美精算考试SOA第二门FM(Derivative Markets衍生品市场)知识点总结新

北美精算考试SOA第二门FM(Derivative Markets衍生品市场)知识点总结新

Premium received Asset price contingency: K>ST Maximum Loss: -K + FV(PP) Maximum Gain: FV(PP) Long with respect to underlying asset
but short with respect to derivative
price of underlying asset rises Premium received Asset price contingency: ST>K Maximum Loss: FV(PC) Maximum Gain: FV(PC)
Right, but not obligation, to sell a commodity at some future date
Profit graph is identical to that of a purchased put
Payoff graphs can be made identical by adding a zero-coupon bond to the purchased put
Long Index Payoff +
Name Long Forward
Graph
Short Forward
See above
Long Call (Purchased Call)
Short Call (Written Call)
Long Put (Purchased Put)
Description
Payoff
Profit
Comments
No premium Asset price contingency: Always Maximum Loss: Unlimited Maximum Gain: F

如何学会外汇技术英文作文

如何学会外汇技术英文作文

如何学会外汇技术英文作文## How to Learn Forex Technical English。

Intro:Learning forex technical English is crucial for traders aiming to navigate the complex financial markets. Understanding the jargon, terminology, and analytical tools used by forex professionals empowers traders to make informed decisions and enhance their trading strategies.Building a Solid Vocabulary:Immerse yourself in forex literature: Read books, articles, and market news to familiarize yourself with the vocabulary.Create a glossary: Note down unfamiliar terms and their definitions for easy reference.Utilize online resources: Websites like Investopedia and Forexlive offer comprehensive glossaries and tutorials.Engage with forex communities: Join online forums and social media groups to interact with fellow traders and expand your knowledge.Comprehending Technical Analysis:Master the basics: Understand the concepts of trend identification, support and resistance levels, and momentum indicators.Study different chart patterns: Identify candlesticks, price action patterns, and chart formations that provide valuable trading signals.Analyze technical indicators: Learn how to use moving averages, Bollinger Bands, and the Relative Strength Index (RSI) to gauge market sentiment and identify potential trading opportunities.Understanding Fundamental Analysis:Follow economic news and data releases: Stay informed about economic indicators, central bank announcements, and political events that influence currency values.Read financial reports and earnings calls: Analyze company performance and macroeconomic factors to assess the strength of certain currencies.Consider geopolitical events: Monitor international relations, trade disputes, and political crises that can impact currency markets.Developing Language Proficiency:Practice daily: Engage in conversations with other forex traders in English to improve your fluency.Watch financial news channels: Listen to Bloomberg or CNBC to immerse yourself in the language and learn from experts.Participate in forex webinars and seminars: Attend online or in-person events conducted in English to gain insights and connect with like-minded individuals.中文回答:如何学习外汇技术英语。

股票外汇技术分析英文()课程

股票外汇技术分析英文()课程

BUYING SIGNAL
Oscillators with Limits
• RSI • Stochastics
Relative Strength Indicator
• Market o s c i l l a t o r s between 0 (minimum) and 100 (maxim
HOWTO INTERPRET STOCHASTICS
1 . DIVERGENCES
2 . CROSSOVERS
"K" WILL OFTEN CROSSOVER "D" BEFORE "D" CHANGES DIRECTION (normal as "K" i s Kwicker)
THE INDICATOR IS STRONGER WHEN"K" CROSSES "D" AFTER "D" HAS CHANGED DIRECTION.
3 . WHENTHE "K-LINE" REACHES NEAR 100
WITH OVERBOUGHT READINGS IN OTHER INDICATORS AN EXTREMELY HIGH "K-LINE" WARNS YOU OF FURTHER STRENGTH ONCE THE INITIAL OVERBOUGHT LEVELS HAVE NEUTRALIZED.
THE ZERO LINE CORRESPONDS TO WHENTHE 2 MAARE IDENTICAL
WHENMACD>0
ST EMAi s above LT EMA
MACD CARACTERISTICS

fx-chapter2Spot and Forward FX Market

fx-chapter2Spot and Forward FX Market

1.2 Participants of the Spot Market
• Customers, mainly large companies, require foreign currency in the course of doing business or making investments. • Other types of customers are retail Clients includes smaller companies, individuals who buy foreign exchange to travel abroad or make purchases in foreign countries.
1.1 Introduction:
• Spot transaction: the foreign exchange transactions in the form of bank drafts, checks issued by a bank drawn on different currency-denominated bank accounts.
1.2 The organization of the Spot Market 1.3 The characteristics of the – Small spread: less than 0.1% interbank Market
• The efficiency of the foreign exchange market is revealed in the extremely narrow spreads between buying and selling prices. These spreads can be smaller than a tenth of a percent of the value of a contract .

股市最常用的英语

股市最常用的英语

股市最常⽤的英语the characteristic of legal right合法权⼒性shareholders’ congress股东⼤会members of the board of directors董事会成员negotiable securities有价证券share interest(dividend)股息bonus红利shareholder股东periodical revenue定期收⼊pledge抵押品the characteristic of universal circulation普遍流通性the characteristic of monetary speculation⾦融投机性the price of stock股票价格the characteristic of investment risk投资冒险性issue stocks发⾏股票subscribe stocks认购股票securities exchange证券交易所investor投资者stockbroker经纪⼈securities company证券公司to raise funds for the enterprise 为企业筹集资⾦to be conducive to the decentralization of proprietary rights 有助于所有权的分散to provide a means of equal distribution of social wealth 提供⼀种平等分配社会财富的⼿段to promote the long-term investment of international funds 促进国际资⾦的长期投资to accelerate the turnover of international capital 加速各国之间资⾦的周to further the advancement of world economy and international trade 促进世界经济和国际贸易的发展to coordinate international relations 协调国际经济关系executive director of board 执⾏董事concurrent director of board 兼职董事chairman of the board of directors (general director) 董事主席(董事长)director manager 董事经理permanent director of board 永久董事acting director of board代理董事ordinary shares (common stock) 普通股merit-based shares 优绩股developmental shares 成长股speculative shares 投机股preference shares 优先股accumulative preference shares 累积优先股non- accumulative preference shares⾮累积优先股transferable preference shares 可调换优先股accumulative- transferable preference shares 累积调换优先股substantial shares 实质股craze shares热门股the par value of shares 股票⾯值the net value of shares股票净值the market value of shares 股票市值the sum of shares 股份总数the money paid for shares 股⾦the serial number of shares 股票编号open an account with the stockbroker 开户completion of a business transaction 交割transferring ownership 过户liquidation of stocks 股票的清算crisscross deal 交叉交易selective shares deal 股票选择交易date declare 宣布⽇date of record 股权登记⽇date payable 派息⽇superior shares 优良股buying up 多头short sales (short position) 空头bull market ⽜市bear market 熊市opening price 开盘价closing price收盘价suspension of business in case of skyrocketing of stock prices 涨停板suspension of business in case of slump of stock prices 跌停板settlement and compensation 清偿spot transaction (over-the-counter deal) 现货交易credit deal 信⽤交易forward business (future trades) 期货交易investment trust company 投资信托公司petty investors with limited means ⼩户投资者principal quotation 主要⾏情secondary quotation 次要⾏情routine quotation (blackboard quotation) ⽇常⾏情(⿊板⾏情)reasonable quotation 合理⾏情irrational quotation不合理⾏情wavering quotation with undercurrent 隐含暗流的徘徊⾏情the characteristic of legal right合法权⼒性shareholders’ congress股东⼤会members of the board of directors董事会成员negotiable securities有价证券share interest(dividend)股息bonus红利shareholder股东periodical revenue定期收⼊pledge抵押品the characteristic of universal circulation普遍流通性the characteristic of monetary speculation⾦融投机性the price of stock股票价格the characteristic of investment risk投资冒险性issue stocks发⾏股票subscribe stocks认购股票securities exchange证券交易所investor投资者stockbroker经纪⼈securities company证券公司to raise funds for the enterprise 为企业筹集资⾦to be conducive to the decentralization of proprietary rights 有助于所有权的分散to provide a means of equal distribution of social wealth 提供⼀种平等分配社会财富的⼿段to promote the long-term investment of international funds 促进国际资⾦的长期投资to accelerate the turnover of international capital 加速各国之间资⾦的周to further the advancement of world economy and international trade 促进世界经济和国际贸易的发展to coordinate international relations 协调国际经济关系executive director of board 执⾏董事concurrent director of board 兼职董事chairman of the board of directors (general director) 董事主席(董事长)director manager 董事经理permanent director of board 永久董事acting director of board代理董事ordinary shares (common stock) 普通股merit-based shares 优绩股developmental shares 成长股speculative shares 投机股preference shares 优先股accumulative preference shares 累积优先股non- accumulative preference shares⾮累积优先股transferable preference shares 可调换优先股accumulative- transferable preference shares 累积调换优先股substantial shares 实质股craze shares热门股the par value of shares 股票⾯值the net value of shares股票净值the market value of shares 股票市值the sum of shares 股份总数the money paid for shares 股⾦the serial number of shares 股票编号open an account with the stockbroker 开户completion of a business transaction 交割transferring ownership 过户liquidation of stocks 股票的清算crisscross deal 交叉交易selective shares deal 股票选择交易date declare 宣布⽇date of record 股权登记⽇date payable 派息⽇superior shares 优良股buying up 多头short sales (short position) 空头bull market ⽜市bear market 熊市opening price 开盘价closing price收盘价suspension of business in case of skyrocketing of stock prices 涨停板suspension of business in case of slump of stock prices 跌停板。

Chapter 5 The Market for Foreign Exchange (FX or FOREX)

Chapter 5 The Market for Foreign Exchange (FX or FOREX)
The Market for Foreign Exchange (FX or FOREX)
Chapter 5
Lecture Objectives
• Introduce the institutional framework within which exchange rates are determined Lay the foundation for much of the discussion throughout the course
Structure of the FX Market
• The FX market is a two-tiered market:
Client Market (Retail)
• Non-financial companies; account about 17.8% in 2008. • Central banks, hedge funds, mutual funds, insurance companies, and pension funds account for 40.3%

Lecture Outline
• Structure of the FX Market • The Spot Market • The Forward Market
Structure of the FX Market
The FX market
• Involves market participants buying and selling of different currencies all over the world. • A worldwide network of traders, connected by telephone lines and computer screens – there is no central headquarters. Trading also occurs around the clock. • Includes trading currencies spot and forward, bank deposits of foreign currencies, foreign trade financing, trading in currency options, futures and swaps.

Forex product 说明书

Forex product 说明书

October 2023◚⯎Range of Markets 3Currencies & Precious Metals 4 Stocks 17 Indices 19 Commodities 24 Bonds 28Trading Conditions Guide 301. Pips 312. Transaction sizes 313. Trading Hours 314. Swap rates 315. Overnight costs and borrowing fees for Stock CFDs 326. Cash adjustments 327. Leverage & Margin Requirements 328. Cash dividends on Stock CFDs 339. Handling of corporate actions 3310. Stop Out Level 34Currencies & Precious MetalsCurrencies and precious metals are among the most popular trading assets. Swissquote’s offer comprises major, minor and emerging currency pairs as well as precious metals, allowing you to trade around the clockand take advantage of opportunities all over the world.We also provide exclusive research on these assetsto help you optimize your strategy.Currency Pairs Trading ConditionsFOREX Transaction Sizes*The table below displays the value of 1 lot for FOREX transactions.Minimum transaction sizes of 1’000 lot / 1’000 base currency only apply for the standard pricing tier.Currency Pairs Trading HoursCurrency Pairs Trading Hours (continued)Precious Metals Trading ConditionsPrecious Metals Transaction Sizes*The table below displays the value of 1 lot for each precious metal.Minimum transaction sizes of 1’000 lot / 1’000 base currency only apply for the standard pricing tier.Precious Metals Trading HoursStocksTrade on the movements of all the main global stocks and enjoy transparent and simple pricing tailored to your individual trading level.CFDs Stocks Trading Conditions:*same amount in base currency for accounts in CHF/EUR/GBP. For other currencies, an equivalent of the amount in USD will be charged. See the full list of Stock CFDs.CFDs Stocks Trading Hours:IndicesSwissquote’s FX platforms also allow you to trade on the movements of all the main European and American indices, as well as Japan’s. Most of these CFDs are available both as Forward (with an expiration date) or Spot/Synthetic (no expiration date, overnight rollover/ swap interest applies).The table below shows the details for each type of CFD, as well as which platform they are available on.CFDs Indices Trading ConditionsIndex Transaction Sizes*• Spot and Synthetic contracts, the value of 1 lot is the lot amount x index price except for #NIK225 in Metatrader.• Forward contracts on Advanced Trader, the value of 1 lot is the lot amount x index price.• Forward contracts on Meta Trader, please refer to the table below for the value of 1 lot for each stock index:CFDs Indices Trading HoursCFDs Indices Trading Hours (continued)Forward expiration dates are available on the website: /forex/pricingCommoditiesCommodities such as oil, gas and copper are often used in strategies to diversify portfolios. With Swissquote, you can trade on major commodities through different types of contracts.The table below shows the details for each type of CFD, as well as which platform they are available on.CFDs Commodities Trading ConditionsTransactions sizes for Forward contracts are given in lots and the value of a lot varies depending on the traded commodity:CFDs Commodities Trading HoursForward expiration dates are available on the website: /forex/pricingBondsTreasury bond prices go up when interest rates decrease and go down when interest rates increase, making them a vital tool in hedging strategies. Swissquote’s primary treasury products are the US T-Bond, the British Long Gilt and the German Bund.The table below shows the details for each type of CFD as well as the platform they are available on.CFDs Bonds Trading ConditionsCFDs Bonds Trading Hours*Transactions sizes are given in lots. Value of 1 lot equals 100’000 term currency.A pip is the smallest price change that any currency or financial instrument can make. For most currency pairs, it is equal to a 0.0001 price change in the quote currency. In currencies with low unit price, a pip can represent 0.01 units, one notable example being the Japanese Yen.1. PipsSwap rates, also known as overnight or rollover rates, are either earned or paid for holding a position overnight. Swissquote settles overnight positions at 23:00 CET using the applicable formula and swap rates table below.4. Swap ratesSwissquote offers flexible transaction sizes throughout all of its trading platforms. In addition, whenever the markets are open, our trading desk is available to assist you in placing orders, including transaction sizes greater than the ones stated in the conditions tables above.2. Transaction sizesSwissquote maintains a 24 hour trading operation available for you by telephone or through all of its trading platforms whenever the markets are open, starting from 23:00 CET Sunday to 23:00 CET Friday.3. Trading HoursTrading Conditions GuideBy opening and closing a CFD position within the same day, you avoid overnight costs. However, if you hold a CFD position overnight, your CFD position will be credited of debited for keeping your positions open from one day to the next. Finally, a borrowing fee will apply when holding a short CFD position overnight.5. Overnight costs and borrowing fees for Stock CFDsWhen any underlying stock that is part of a Spot Stock Index goes ex-dividend, the Spot Stock Index will be price adjusted to reflect this dividend. The weighted proportion of the applicable dividend within the Spot Stock Index will be credited (Long Positions) or debited (Short Positions) as a cash adjustment on your account on the Ex-date reflecting the market price movement on the Ex-dividend date. Only open positions held overnight on ex-dividend date are subject to dividend cash adjustments.Please note: Spot Germany 30 is a Total Return Index, meaning the index is automatically adjusted for dividends.6. Cash adjustmentsStock CFDs may be subject to dividend adjustments credited to the client’s account for long positions or debited from the client’s account for short positions. Dividends are booked on the execution date and payed on the next day. The table below shows the final percentage of dividends received by the client after withholding taxes.7. Cash dividends on Stock CFDsBy default, Swissquote has an initial margin requirement of 3.33% on most popular FX instruments, meaning that you need collateral on your account equal to 3.33% of the notional value of the position you want to open. In other words, your positions can be leveraged up to 30 times.8. Leverage & Margin RequirementsLeverage ExampleIn order to buy 100’000 EUR/USD at an ask price of 1.10, you would need 110’000 USD. With a leverage of 100:1 you only need to have the equivalent of 1’100 USD of available cash on your account (1% of the notional value of 110’000 USD) to open the position.A. Advanced Trader Margin Level CalculationAt 16:00 CET. Trader X has a 10’000 USD balance with an unrealized P&L of +1’000 USD. The open position is long 10 DAXEUR. Total open position is 496’310.78 USD (10 DAXEUR x margin factor (4) x index price (9960.00) x EURUSD rate (1.24576).((10’000 USD + 1’000 USD)/496’310.78 USD) x 100 = 2.2% Margin LevelTotal Open Position in Reference Currency = Trade amount x margin factor x market price x exchange rate.If initial margin rate = 1%, then margin factor is 1If initial margin rate = 2%, then margin factor is 2B. Meta Trader Margin Level Calculation Example((Account Balance + Unrealized P&L)/Margin requirement on net open position) x 100 = Margin LevelTrader X has a 10’000 USD balanced with an unrealized P&L of +1’000 USD. The open positions include long 300’000 USDCHF and short 200’000 USDCHF. Net open position is 100’000 USDCHF ((10’000 USD + 1’000 USD)/1000 USD) x 100 = 1’100% Margin LevelThe following corporate actions will cause your positions to be automatically closed on your behalf. We strongly recommend closing them before any such corporate action:• Splits & Reverse Splits • Acquisitions & Mergers • Spin-offs•Some specific stock dividends9. Handling of corporate actionsSubject to the limitations set forth in the General Terms and Conditions, the Risk Disclosure Statement and the Special Terms and Conditions for Forex to which we draw your attention. Swissquote’s trading platforms are designed to automatically trigger a liquidation of open positions when the Margin Level ([equity/used margin] x 100) reaches the Stop Out level which varies depending on the technology you are using (the “Automatic Liquidation System”).The Automatic Liquidation System has been set up for the sole benefit of Swissquote Ltd. While the Automatic Liquidation System aims at avoiding that the Client is losing more than the Forex Margin and while Swissquote Ltd will ensure that in the vast majority of cases the Automatic Liquidation System is activated as soon as the Liquidation Percentage is reached it is entitled but not obliged to do so. No warranty is given by Swissquote Ltd in this regard.10. Stop Out LevelInactivity FeeThe inactivity fee will be charged if you have no open positions and have not been trading on your account(s) during a period of 6 months or more.The inactivity fee amounts to a maximum of 10 units of your base currency* (irrespective of the number of accounts you hold) or to the equivalent of your remaining balance.The inactivity fee will be deducted on a monthly basis until you resume your trading activity, close your account(s) or the balance of your account(s) is reduced to zero. (The fee may reduce your balance to zero, but will not take it into the negative.)The inactivity fee applies to retail clients only. The following clients are exempt from the fee:• Introducing brokers• Money Managers• Institutional clients• Corporate clients*valid for accounts in CHF, USD, EUR or GBP – For other currencies, equivalent of CHF 10 will be chargedRisk WarningSwissquote Ltd is authorised and regulated in the United Kingdom by the Financial Conduct Authority, FCA number 562170.The content of this guild is published solely for information purposes and constitutes neither an offer nor a recommendation to make any kind of investment decision. This guild is in particular not directed at U.S. persons or any person/s who, based on their nationality, place of business, domicile or for any other reasons, is/are subject to legal provisions which prohibit foreign financial services providers from engaging in business activities in these jurisdictions, or which prohibit or restrict legal entities or natural persons from accessing websites of foreign financial services providers.CFDs and Forex are leverages products; trading on margin carries a high degree of risk and losses can exceed your deposits. It is not suitable for everyone; please ensure you understand all the risks and read the Risk Disclosure Statement available on Swissquote Ltd’s website.CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 79.96% of retailinvestor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider.You should consider whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.◚⯎。

市场点差分析报告:行情分析与趋势预测。

市场点差分析报告:行情分析与趋势预测。

市场点差分析报告:行情分析与趋势预测。

Market Spread Analysis Report: Market Analysis and Trend ForecastIntroductionMarket spread analysis is an important tool used by traders to identify market trends and make informed decisions. In this report, we will analyze the market spread for various financial instruments such as forex, commodities, and stocks. We will also provide a trend forecast for the coming months.Market Spread AnalysisThe market spread is the difference between the bid and ask price of a financial instrument. It represents the cost of trading and is an important factor to consider when making trading decisions.A low spread indicates high liquidity and a tight market, while a high spread indicates low liquidity and a volatile market.ForexThe forex market is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily trading volume of over 5 trillion. The most traded currency pairs are EUR/USD, GBP/USD, and USD/JPY. The spread for these pairs is typically low, ranging from 0.1 to 1 pip. However, during times of high volatility, the spread can widen significantly, making trading more expensive.CommoditiesCommodities such as gold, silver, and oil are traded on the futures market. The spread for these instruments is typically higher than the forex market, ranging from 5 to 20 cents. The spread can also vary depending on the type of commodity and the time of day.StocksStocks are traded on stock exchanges such as the NYSE and NASDAQ. The spread for stocks can vary significantly, depending on the liquidity of the stock and the time of day. Blue-chip stocks such as Apple and Microsoft have a low spread, while penny stocks can have a spread of several cents.Trend ForecastBased on our analysis, we predict that the forex market will continue to be the most liquid market, with a low spread for major currency pairs. However, with the ongoing trade tensions between the US and China, we expect the spread for the USD/CNH pair to widen.In the commodities market, we expect the spread for gold to remain relatively stable, while the spread for oil may increase due to geopolitical tensions in the Middle East.For stocks, we predict that the spread will remain low forblue-chip stocks, while the spread for technology stocks may increase due to concerns over regulation and data privacy.ConclusionIn conclusion, market spread analysis is an important tool for traders to make informed decisions. By analyzing the spread for various financial instruments, traders can identify market trends and adjust their trading strategy accordingly. Our trend forecastprovides insights into the expected spread for the coming months, helping traders to stay ahead of the market.市场点差分析报告:行情分析与趋势预测介绍市场点差分析是交易员用来识别市场趋势并做出明智决策的重要工具。

FX匹配市场数据指南(2019年3月)说明书

FX匹配市场数据指南(2019年3月)说明书

© Refinitiv2019. All Rights Reserved. Republication or redistribution of Refinitiv content, including by framing or similar means, is prohibited without the prior written consent of Refinitiv. Refinitiv and the Refinitiv logo are trademarks of Refinitiv and its affiliated companies.ContentsAbout This Document (4)Service and Support (4)Feedback (4)Your Personal Information (4)Introduction to MatchingMatching packages (5)Matching Market Data Standard SpotsWhere is the data (6)When is the data available (6)Matching Market Data Standard ForwardsWhere is the data (7)When is the data available (7)Matching Prices with Volumes Daily (D5)What's available (8)Where to get the data (10)When is the data available (10)Data field format (11)About This DocumentTick History offers unparalleled access to historical high frequency data across global asset classes from 1996 with a standardized naming convention based on RIC symbology. Tick History clients are able to effectively manage compliance requirements in today's fluid regulatory environment, perform quantitative research and analytics and employ real-time algorithmic trading strategies in a cost efficient manner.This guide describes the Matching Offerings subscription available in Tick History.Service and SupportThe Refinitiv Statement of Service is available on MyRefinitiv.MyRefinitiv is the Refinitiv portal that provides a single access point for timesaving support services, along with billing, user management, and information. For support using Tick History, please raise a query by accessing Help & Support at MyRefinitiv.You are encouraged to subscribe to the following support channels to keep informed of changes to products and data, and to be notified of any service issues or changes:∙Change Notifications∙Product Change Notifications (PCNs) detail new, enhanced, or changed functionality, which may require your action, in products that you use.∙Content Notifications (DNs) alert you to upcoming changes to real-time and historical data across all asset classes that are relevant to you.∙RIC Change Events inform you of planned changes to Reuters Instrument Codes.∙Service AlertsAlert you about planned maintenance and unplanned service issues affecting your products and services, and be notified via SMS or email.∙DocumentationYou can access product documentation at MyRefinitiv.∙RedistributionYou can access redistribution policies at MyRefinitiv.FeedbackWe invite your comments, corrections, and suggestions about this document: access the Feedback option under Help & Support at MyRefinitiv. Your feedback helps us continue to improve our user assistance.Your Personal InformationRefinitiv is committed to the responsible handling and protection of personal information. We invite you to review our Privacy Statement, which describes how we collect, use, disclose, transfer, and store personal information when needed to provide our services and for our operational and business purposes.Introduction to MatchingMatching was the first electronic CLOB (central limit order books) for spot FX and is one of the world’s leading anonymous electronic trade matching service for foreign exchange. It provides executable prices for global Spot currency pairs and FX Swap currency pair runs containing tenors, each ranging from overnight to one year.Tick History offers the following Matching packages –- Matching Market Data Standard Spots (FXD3)- Matching Market Data Forwards- Matching Prices with Volumes Daily (D5)Matching Market Data Standard Spots (FXD3)The package carries executed trades and top-of-book executable quotes for global spots and cross currency pairs sourced from the Matching system with coverage dating back to January 1996. The package however does not carry volume (trade size, bid size, and ask size) data and is offered only as a ‘custom’ service i.e. there are no venue-by-day files for D3.Users purchasing the D3 package are also provided access to =D4 RICs (e.g. EUR=D4) which carry “indicative” quotes only.Where is the dataThese are shown on xxx=D3 RICs, for example <EUR=D3>. There are numerous composite displays, the main tile is <D3FX=>. There are regional displays <D3AFX=> for Asia, <D3EFX=> for Europe and <D3NFX=> for the Americas. When is the data availableData for Matching Market Data Standard Spots is released with following UTC cycles.Each of the above releases/ cycles carries data up to 2 hours old. In other words, the release at 1130 UTC carries data up until 09:29:59.999 UTC as illustrated in the above table.Cycle TimeZone Time Cut-off U1UTC 11:30 9:30 U2 UTC 19:30 17:30 U3 UTC 0:00 22:00 U4UTC 3:00 1:00Matching Market Forward DataThe package carries executed trades and top-of-book executable quotes for global currency Forwards with tenors ranging from overnight to one year, data sourced from the Matching system with coverage dating back to November 2003. The package however does not carry volume (trade size, bid size, and ask size) data and is offered only as a ‘custom’ s ervice i.e. there are no venue-by-day files for D3.Forward Rates on currencies such as AUD, CAD, CHF, EUR, GBP, JPY, RUB, and Euro currency pairs such as EURAUD, EURCAD, EURCHF, EURGBP, EURJPY, etc. are included.Forward Tiles are of the format – 3 letter ISO Code + “F” + =D3. E.g. AUDF=D3, GBPF=D3.Cross Forward Tiles are of the format – 3 letter ISO Code of the first currency + 3 letter ISO Code of the first currency + “F” + =D3. E.g. EURAUDF=D3, EURGBPF=D3.Where is the dataA complete list of D3 Forward chains can be found in the navigation chain <0#D3FORWARDS>. All the forwards againstthe Euro are available in the chain <0#EURFWDS=D3> whereas the USD forwards are available under<0#USDFWDS=D3>When is the data availableSimilar to the Matching Market Data Standard Spots package, data for Matching Market Forwards is made available via the 4 UTC cycles. Please refer to the above table for the release times.Matching Prices with Volumes Daily (D5)This content is offered exclusively as a venue-by-day (FXD5) file, it carries executed trades with volumes (expressed in million) and top-of-book executable quotes with size (bid size and ask size in million) for global spots and cross currency pairs sourced from the Matching system with coverage dating back to 2006.Below are the RICs available in this service.AUD=D5 20060224CAD=D5 20060224CHF=D5 20060224EUR=D5 20060224EURGBP=D5 20060224GBP=D5 20060224JPY=D5 20060224ILS=D5 20060526EURCZK=D5 20070727EURDKK=D5 20070727EURNOK=D5 20070727EURSEK=D5 20070727NZD=D5 20070727SGD=D5 20070727ZAR=D5 20070727HKD=D5 20080303AUDNZD=D5 20090506EURHUF=D5 20090506EURPLN=D5 20090506EURRON=D5 20090506MXN=D5 20090506THB=D5 20090506TRYTOM=D5 20090506AED=D5 20110727Where to get the dataRolling 30 days daily files can be found in the FXD5 package under ‘TRTH Venue by Day’ drop down ofthe UI.Historical data going back to 2006 is available under FXD5H or the FXD5 consolidated historylocated under the ‘TRTH Venue Consolidated History’ drop down of the GUI. The consolidatedhistory file is published daily at 01:50 UTC with current days data.Please refer to the Tick History User Guide and Tick History REST API User Guide for instructions on how to pull the VBDs using the API interface.When is the data availableFiles are made available daily at 1:50:00 UTC.Data field formatOnly the relevant data field from the data file is included in the table below.© Refinitiv 2019. All Rights Reserved. Republication or redistribution of Refinitiv content, including by framing or similar means, is prohibited without the prior written consent of Refinitiv. Refinitiv and the Refinitiv logo are trademarks of Refinitiv and its affiliated companies.For more information visit us at 。

用于汇率风险管理的衍生产品:货币期货与期货市场

用于汇率风险管理的衍生产品:货币期货与期货市场

Short $s
+€40 millionv€/$L Nhomakorabeang $s
s€/$
精选ppt
Forward Market
2. Non-Deliverable Forward Contracts a. New type
A non-deliverable forward contract (NDF) does not result in an actual exchange of currencies. Instead, one party makes a net payment to the other based on a market exchange rate on the day of settlement. b. Frequently used for currency in emerging markets c. No delivery required d. One party to the agreement makes a payment to the other party based on the exchange rate at the future date.
- Delta hedges for maturity mismatches - Cross hedges for currency mismatches - Delta-cross hedges for currency and maturity mismatches
精选ppt
Forward Market
+€40 million -$40 million
Net position
The forward contract provides a perfect hedge because the size and timing of the hedge transaction exactly offsets the size and timing of the underlying exposure.

第三章 外汇市场与外汇交易

第三章 外汇市场与外汇交易
1) 概念 又称为现汇交易,是指外汇买卖成交后在 两个营业日内办理有关货币收付交割的 外汇业务。 虽然在成交后第二个营业日交割是即期 外汇交易的普遍做法,但各个外汇交易 中心又有一些约定成俗的做法。例如:
2)即期外汇交易的动机
a. 向进出口商和其他客户提供国际汇兑业 务,此类型的交易被称为被动性外汇交 易。汇入汇款和出口收汇都是向银行提 供外汇,银行买、客户卖 b. 满足本身资金调整和头寸平衡的需要。 c. 从事外汇投机等等。此二者被称为主动 性交易 空头,多头
EXAMPLES
某一英国进口商从美国进口一批货物,价值1 亿美元,合5000万英镑,那么3个月以后的汇率 是多少? 如果3个月后汇率是1镑等于1.7美元,英国商人 就要支付5882英镑;如果汇率变成1英镑等于 1.6美元,则要支付6250英镑。 他在与美国出口商正式签订合同的同时,便向 银行按该约定的远期汇率买进3个月后的美元 这种远期外汇买卖叫做抵消或抵补保值,其目 的是为了避免风险和不确定性,抵补保值的交 易者既是那些想要避免风险的人
2.远期外汇交易 forward exchange transaction
1)概念:买卖双方在成交时先就交易的币种,汇率, 数额,交割日等达成协议,并以合约确定下来。在 规定的交割日再由双方履行合约,结清有关货币金 额的收付 a. 所依据的汇率称为远期汇率,有远期外汇的供求关 系确定。 b. 买卖双方现在签订契约,规定交易的数额、汇率等; c. 有效期内必须履行,不得反悔; d. 规定远期外汇交易的合同称为远期合约; e. 一般的交割日期为 1个月,2个月,3个月,6个月和 一年,3个月的外汇交易最为普遍。
5. Market Maker
6. Properties of FOREX Market

MarketValidationGuidelines:市场验证准则

MarketValidationGuidelines:市场验证准则

Market Validation1.Definition“Market Validation is a process applied to the unstructured, serendipitous task of doing a complete evaluation of the market for a product before the product is built.”Rob Adams, If You Build It Will They Come?2.Time and CostTime: 60 daysCost: 10% of the expected cost of developing the product3.PhilosophyFail fast by testing whether your proposed product/service will work in the market before you build/create it.4.The Process – The World in Three StagesA.ReadyTwo day triage of your idea to determine if more time and effort is required.B.AimThis 60 day process uses primary research to develop a product with unique, differentiating features that will compel customers to purchase.C.FireThere is no time limit associated with this stage but it needs to be accomplished as soon as possible to take advantage of the identified opportunity. It is dependent on management’s ability to take the market data collected and turn it into product features that allow theproduct/service to be quickly shipped.5.Stage 1 - Ready (2 Days)This stage involves extensive use of secondary research about the market from standardindustry publications and analyst reports from the major brokerage houses and major players in the overall market. This research can also involve industry specific reports prepared by third party consulting firms that are available for sale. Primary research using a convenience sample of identified potential customers can also be used especially if the underlying concept is based on the work experience of the lead entrepreneur. The purpose of this stage is to quickly identify if there is sufficient cause in terms the available opportunity to undertake an in-depth analysis under Stage 2 – Aim.A.Topics to Covera.Domain Knowledgeb.Market size and growth ratec.Lifecycles and trendspetitive analysise.External data sourcesB.Domain Knowledgea.Describe how you developed the basic function of your proposed product or serviceb.Discuss if the proposed product or service is based on your work/job experience orc.Discuss if the proposed product or service is based on your experience as a consumerd.Demonstrate that you understand what it takes to make money in your proposed sectorin terms of target market size, sales volume and margins keeping in mind that:i.Consumer goods are expensive to market and have tight marginsii.Medical and IT, high gross margins do not necessarily lead to successrge markets do not always lend themselves to large salesC.Market Size and Growth Ratea.What is the size of the overall market in both dollar and number of customers?b.What are the sub-markets? How did you determine these sub-markets?c.What are the sizes of these sub-markets in dollar terms and number of customers?d.What is the growth rate of the overall market? Each of the identified sub-markets?e.Which sub-market are you attempting to reach? Why did you select this market?f.What is the growth rate of the overall market?g.Is your sub-market growing above, at or below the overall market?h.Is this growth rate expected to increase, hold steady or decrease over the next fiveyears? How did you establish this fact?D.Lifecycles and Trendsa.What is the lifecycle of the proposed market in years?b.At what stage is the market currently at – Innovator, Early Adopter, Late Adopter, etc?c.What are the key external trends impacting your market?i.Populationii.Expanding and contracting industry sectorsiii.Technology adoptionpetitiond.What is the primary business model used by the industry? How was this modelidentified?i.Consumerii.Manufacturingiii.Life Sciencesiv.Technologyv.Servicespetitive Analysisa.According to potential customers, who are the competitors?b.According to potential customers, why are these competitors successful?c.According to the competitors’ customers, what do they do best? Where do they needto improve?d.According to potential customers, what are other potential substitutes for yourproduct/service?e.From a potential customer’s perspective, what are the economics involved in using theproposed product? This should consider the payback period involved and the total costof ownership that includes any modifications to the facility or operations the customerwill have to make. Typically customers expect a payback period of 12 months or lessand don’t like having to make changes to their physical plant or operations.f.Provide an indication of how much effort is involved in getting the customer to part withtheir money, i.e. beating the “do nothing” competitor. One way to accomplish this is toreference the last time the industry adopted a new innovation and the issues and timeinvolved in introducing this innovation.F.External Sources of Dataa.Do any analysts from the major brokerage houses cover the market?b.If yes, who are they? What firms do they work for?c.According to these analysts, what is the estimated size of the market in terms of dollarsand customers?d.What are the major trends these analysts have identified in your proposed market?How do these compare with the trends you’ve identified?e. If not, why not? Is the market not mature enough to warrant an analyst? Not largeenough? Is there any indication an analyst will eventually be warranted? When?f.Are there other sources of data that can be drawn upon to provide credibility for yourmarket?g.How does one go about obtaining a copy of the reports produced by the analysts andother sources?6.Stage 2 – Aim (60 days)Now that a market has been identified and that it has an unmet need or needs, the next task is to develop a product/service that provides a sufficient value proposition for potential customers to consider your product/service. This stage begins with a primary research study involving potential customers. These potential customers will become the basis of the beta group used in Stage 3 – Fire to refine your product/service and your set of launch customers. Once the data is collected it needs to be analyzed by a market research professional and turned into actionable information management can use to design the product/service as well as the accompanying launch program. As few start-ups possess the necessary skills to perform this analysis on their own, an outside firm will need to be hired. This requires the firm knowing how to select and work with a market research firm to develop the methodology, questions and data analysis. The final step in this stage is using the information produced to develop a strategy to get the market ready for the product/service.A.Topics to Covera.Primary market researchb.Selecting who to interviewc.Conducting the interviews, interpreting the data and analysis of resultse of outside firmse.Preparing the market for your productB.Primary Market Researcha.Description of the type of data to be collected. At this stage, you are looking tocollect data on the following:i.Market segments in your overall market and their relative sizes in terms ofnumber of customersii.Addressable market, i.e. the market you can reach given the resourcesavailable to you at the current timeiii.An estimate of how much each customer intends to spend in the comingyear on products/services like yoursiv.An identification of light, medium and heavy users in the addressablesegmentv.An identification of the shortcomings members of the addressable market see in the current product/service offeringsvi. A rating of these shortcomings in terms of importance to the potential customersvii.An identification of the purchase decision process involvedviii.Identification of the number of potential customers looking to make a change within the next yearb. A discussion of the types surveys that will be used to conduct this researchi.Qualitative – Executive interviews or focus groups. These are usually donewith a select group of potential customers to ensure the ideas andassumptions being used by the new venture and the same as those held bythe potential customer base. At this stage, open ended questions are usedto elicit the broadest response and these are summarized into similar topics.ii.Quantitative – This type of research involves formal questionnaires, conducted in-person or electronically, being used. The questions aretypically based on the information gathered during the qualitative phaseand are closed-ended to aid in the data analysis.c.Types of questionsi.Open ended – These questions are designed to obtain the broadest opinionsfrom the interviewee. This type of question is typically used during thequalitative stage to provide the guidelines for the closed ended questionsdiscussed in the next section. An example of this type of question is: “Basedon your experience, what products are available to solve XXXX problem?”The benefit of initially using such questions is they allow the potentialcustomer to identify the characteristics and set the boundaries. Thedownside of such questions is the responses are difficult to analyze as thesample size gets larger.ii.Closed ended – These questions give the user a set number of options from which to choose. These responses to these questions are easier to analyzeas the data falls into clearly defined “buckets” but if the incorrect questionis asked the responses will not provide useful information. An example ofsuch a question isBased on your experience, which of the following products can be used tosolve problem XXXX?Product AProduct BProduct CProduct DOther (List)Noned.Developing an interview methodologyi.Initial Interviews – These are usually done with market or opinion leaders toget a broad sense of the problems, their severity, options underconsideration and an assessment of the competition. These interviews willform the basis of the questions. A small sample size of potential customersshould also be tested with the completed questionnaire to test theeffectiveness of the questions.ii.Mid-stage interviews - These are conducted with enough potential customers to develop a reasonably sized data set to perform the necessarydata analysis on market size and customer segmentation. These interviewscan also be used to refine the questionnaire.te stage interviews – These are conducted with the final group of potential customers required to complete the data analysis.e.Selecting interview subjectsThe goal should be to complete a minimum of 35 but preferably 100 interviews with potential customers. When completing this process, it’s important to think of it in the same terms as obtaining a sale, i.e. a funnel approach. At the top of the funnel is the total number of potential customers or target market. Lists of members from this group can be obtained by purchasing data bases from associated trade or industry groups. This group should be identified by the secondary research previously conducted and verified by the executive interviews.The second group is the interested market identified as those willing to take part in the survey. Based on this group the original list will be further reduced to those that express an interest in the opportunity identified by the management team and expressed in the survey. Further reducing the number of participants is the number seeking a solution to this problem. The number is further reduced by measuring those willing to pay for a solution and what conditions need to be in place to get them to purchase.f. Interviewing, Interpreting and Analyzing ResultsUnless experienced in the research process, this is best done by an outside contractor like a market research house or consulting group. When selecting the right option it’s important to locate a partner with experience conducting similar studies, experience with your industry and access to the necessary resources. In addition to the experience provided by the outside party, you are also using them to provide a level of objectivity to the evaluation as they do not have a personal connection with the project.The analysis of the results will yield two key pieces of information: the minimum features sought in the first edition of your product or service and which group to target as your launch customers.g.Preparing the MarketA major part of this stage is getting the market ready for the venture’s product. Theprocess used is similar to the sales process and involves moving down the funnelbeginning with an identification of the target market and proceeding on to locatesuspected members of this group willing to purchase and the identification of theprospects most likely to act and finally developing a list of companies to close on.h.Customer Use and Success StoriesWhen possible, the report should include case studies of successful customers andreferences from beta customers. Such backup material adds tremendous credibility tothe document.i.Press and Industry AnalysisProvide any press articles or coverage received from analysts regarding the venture toshow the industry, particularly prospective customers, understand the proposedproduct/service. Such coverage also documents that others understand the proceduresused for evaluating the market.7.Stage 3 – Fire (No set time limits)A.Quick ReleaseThe cornerstone of this stage is the identification of tightly targeted, narrow markets and a product/service with a minimum feature set based on the research conducted in Stage 2. The company must have the resources to reach these markets and have a developed marketing plan to capture customers. The first customers captured under this strategy are the ones with the greatest unmet problem and are willing to accept a basic product that addresses this problem.The venture must also include plans to make fast product iterations based on feedback received from the launch customers. This requires the development and implementation of a feedback system.B.Written SpecificationsThis stage of the market validation will contain the written product/service specifications to make it easier for suppliers and customers to understand what problems the product/service addresses and the component parts involved.In addition, written schedules will be provided detailing such areas as the marketing plan, procuremen t schedule and the venture’s proposed sales cycle. This section will also include adescription of the feedback system to be used to ensure customer feedback reaches the development team on a timely basis. By adding this process, the venture is able to kill features early in the development process before large amounts of time and capital are committed.C.Design Partner ProgramsThis is a subset of the target market selected to provide the venture with information on the product/service’s usage and des ign. Typically, this group is selected from those customers expressing the greatest need to address the identified problem. This group can also serve as the venture’s early sales pipeline and provide the case studies previously identified.D.Advisory Board ProgramsThe purpose of this group is also to provide information on the usage and support system required by the venture. This group however contains industry experts, representatives from all parts of the buying process (user, influencer, buyer, budget owner, etc.) so the venture has a more in-depth look at the process. Members of this group can also provide the case studies cited earlier as well as form the basis of the initial sales pipeline.unchA sample budget must be developed for the initial year of operations. Based on the information collected during the previous two steps, this budget shows the key development, marketing, sales and feedback expenditures for the first year of operations. For businesses at this stage of development, the budget is the most crucial tool for measuring the success of the strategy and estimating the financial cost of missed milestones.Based on best practices of successful start-ups and existing companies, the budget for the first year’s sales and marketing must equal for development.8.For More InformationPlease contact:Robert WarrenDirector of Capital MarketsManitoba Jobs and the EconomyEmail: ********************.caPhone: (204) 945-5839。

Solutions for Introduction to Derivative Securities Week 01

Solutions for Introduction to Derivative Securities Week 01

Tutorial 1Textbook: Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets by John C. Hull. Pearson new International Edition. Ed 8. ISBN number: 978-1-29204-190-2Note: Questions with * must be covered in tutorial classProblem 1.10.Explain why a futures contract can be used for either speculation or hedging.If an investor has an exposure to the price of an asset, he or she can hedge with futures contracts. If the investor will gain when the price decreases and lose when the price increases, a long futures position will hedge the risk. If the investor will lose when the price decreases and gain when the price increases, a short futures position will hedge the risk. Thus either a long or a short futures position can be entered into for hedging purposes. If the investor has no exposure to the price of the underlying asset, entering into a futures contract is speculation. If the investor takes a long position, he or she gains when the asset’s price increases and loses when it decreases. If the investor takes a short position, he or she loses when the asset’s price increases and gains when it decreases.Problem 1.13.Suppose that a March call option on a stock with a strike price of $50 costs $2.50 and is held until March. Under what circumstances will the holder of the option make a gain? Under what circumstances will the option be exercised? Draw a diagram showing how the profit on a long position in the option depends on the stock price at the maturity of the option.The holder of the option will gain if the price of the stock is above $52.50 in March. (This ignores the time value of money.) The option will be exercised if the price of the stock is above $50.00 in March. The profit as a function of the stock price is shown in Figure S1.1.Problem 1.25*A trader sells a put option with a strike price of $40 for $5. What is the trader’s maximum gain and maximum loss? How does your answer change if it is a call option?The trader’s maximum gain from the put option is $5. The maximum loss is $35, corresponding to the situation where the option is exercised and the asset price is zero. If the option were a call, the trader’s maximum gain would still be $5, but there would be no bound to the loss as there is in theory no limit to how high the asset price could rise.Problem 2.10.Explain how margin protect investors against the possibility of default.Margin is money deposited by an investor with his or her broker. It acts as a guarantee that the investor can cover any losses on the futures contract. The balance in the margin account is adjusted daily to reflect gains and losses on the futures contract. If losses are above a certain level, the investor is required to deposit further margin. This system makes it unlikely that the investor will default. A similar system of margin accounts makes it unlikely that the investor’s broker will default on the contract it has with the clearing house member and unlikely that the clearing house member will default with the clearing house.Problem 2.11*A trader buys two July futures contracts on frozen orange juice. Each contract is for the delivery of 15,000 pounds. The current futures price is 160 cents per pound, the initial margin is $6,000 per contract, and the maintenance margin is $4,500 per contract. What price change would lead to a margin call? Under what circumstances could $2,000 be withdrawn from the margin account?There is a margin call if more than $1,500 is lost on one contract. This happens if the futures price of frozen orange juice falls by more than 10 cents to below 150 cents per lb. $2,000 can be withdrawn from the margin account if there is a gain on one contract of $1,000. This will happen if the futures price rises by 6.67 cents to 166.67 cents per lb.Problem 2.12. *Show that, if the futures price of a commodity is greater than the spot price during the delivery period, then there is an arbitrage opportunity. Does an arbitrage opportunity exist if the futures price is less than the spot price? Explain your answer.If the futures price is greater than the spot price during the delivery period, an arbitrageur buys the asset, shorts a futures contract, and makes delivery for an immediate profit. If the futures price is less than the spot price during the delivery period, there is no similar perfect arbitrage strategy. An arbitrageur can take a long futures position but cannot force immediate delivery of the asset. The decision on when delivery will be made is made by the party with the short position. Nevertheless companies interested in acquiring the asset will find it attractive to enter into a long futures contract and wait for delivery to be madeProblem 2.13.Explain the difference between a market-if-touched order and a stop order.A market-if-touched order is executed at the best available price after a trade occurs at a specified price or at a price more favorable than the specified price. A stop order is executed at the best available price after there is a bid or offer at the specified price or at a price less favorable than the specified price.Problem 2.14.Explain what a stop-limit order to sell at 20.30 with a limit of 20.10 means.A stop-limit order to sell at 20.30 with a limit of 20.10 means that as soon as there is a bid at 20.30 the contract should be sold providing this can be done at 20.10 or a higher price.Problem 2.16.On July 1, 2013, a Japanese company enters into a forward contract to buy $1 million with yen on January 1, 2014. On September 1, 2013, it enters into a forward contract to sell $1 million on January 1, 2014. Describe the profit or loss the company will make in dollars as a function of the forward exchange rates on July 1, 2013 and September 1, 2013.Suppose 1F and 2F are the forward exchange rates for the contracts entered into July 1, 2013 and September 1, 2013, respectively. Suppose further that S is the spot rate on January 1, 2014. (All exchange rates are measured as yen per dollar). The payoff from the first contract is 1()S F - million yen and the payoff from the second contract is 2()F S - million yen. The total payoff is therefore 1221()()()S F F S F F -+-=- million yen.Problem 2.24Explain how CCPs work. What are the advantages to the financial system of requiring all standardized derivatives transactions to be cleared through CCPs?A CCP stands between the two parties in an OTC derivative transaction in much the same way that a clearing house does for exchange-traded contracts. It absorbs the credit risk but requires initial and variation margin from each side. In addition, CCP members are required to contribute to a default fund. The advantage to the financial system is that there is a lot more collateral (i.e., margin) available and it is therefore much less likely that a default by one major participant in the derivatives market will lead to losses by other market participants. There is also more transparency in that the trades of different financial institutions are more readily known. The disadvantage is that CCPs are replacing banks as the too-big-to-fail entities in the financial system. There clearly needs to be careful oversight of the management of CCPs.Problem 9.9. *Suppose that a European call option to buy a share for $100.00 costs $5.00 and is held until maturity. Under what circumstances will the holder of the option make a profit? Under what circumstances will the option be exercised? Draw a diagram illustrating how the profit from a long position in the option depends on the stock price at maturity of the option .Ignoring the time value of money, the holder of the option will make a profit if the stock price atmaturity of the option is greater than $105. This is because the payoff to the holder of the option is, in these circumstances, greater than the $5 paid for the option. The option will be exercised if the stock price at maturity is greater than $100. Note that if the stock price is between $100 and $105 the option is exercised, but the holder of the option takes a loss overall. The profit from a long position is as shown in Figure S9.1.Problem 9.10. *Suppose that a European put option to sell a share for $60 costs $8 and is held until maturity. Under what circumstances will the seller of the option (the party with the short position) make a profit? Under what circumstances will the option be exercised? Draw a diagram illustrating how the profit from a short position in the option depends on the stock price at maturity of the option.Ignoring the time value of money, the seller of the option will make a profit if the stock price at maturity is greater than $52.00. This is because the cost to the seller of the option is in these circumstances less than the price received for the option. The option will be exercised if the stock price at maturity is less than $60.00. Note that if the stock price is between $52.00 and $60.00 the seller of the option makes a profit even though the option is exercised. The profit from the short position is as shown in Figure S9.2.Problem 9.13.*Explain why an American option is always worth at least as much as a European option on the same asset with the same strike price and exercise date.The holder of an American option has all the same rights as the holder of a European option and more. It must therefore be worth at least as much. If it were not, an arbitrageur could short the European option and take a long position in the American option.Problem 9.15.Explain carefully the difference between writing a put option and buying a call option.Writing a put gives a payoff of min(0)T S K -,. Buying a call gives a payoff of max(0)T S K -,. In both cases the potential payoff is T S K -. The difference is that for a written put the counterparty chooses whether you get the payoff (and will allow you to get it only when it is negative to you). For a long call you decide whether you get the payoff (and you choose to get it when it is positive to you.)Problem 9.16.The treasurer of a corporation is trying to choose between options and forward contracts to hedge the corporation’s foreign exchange risk. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.Forward contracts lock in the exchange rate that will apply to a particular transaction in the future. Options provide insurance that the exchange rate will not be worse than some level. The advantage of a forward contract is that uncertainty is eliminated as far as possible. The disadvantage is that the outcome with hedging can be significantly worse than the outcome with no hedging. Thisdisadvantage is not as marked with options. However, unlike forward contracts, options involve an up-front cost.。

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Tutorial Question for FOREX Market (Student Copy).docTutorial Question1] The number of units of foreign currency that can be acquired with one unit of domestic moneyis called the ________________.AExchange rate. BBalance of payments. CInternational finance. DNone of the aboveRM3.10 = USD12] If US dollar appreciates relative to the yen, which of the following is true?A The dollar’s purchasing power in terms of yen has increasedB The dollar’s purchasing power in terms of yen has decreasedC A dollar previously worth 100 yen, would now be worth less than 100 yenD both b and cOrigin USD$1 = Yen$1Appreciation in USD meansUSD$1 = Yen$1.43] If the US dollar depreciates relative to the yen, which of the following is true?A The dollar’s purchasing power in terms of yen has increasedB The dollar’s purchasing power in terms of yen has decreasedC A dollar previously worth 100 yen, would now be worth more than 100 yenD both b and cOrigin USD$1 = Yen$1Depreciation in USD meansUSD$1 = Yen$0.94] Adepreciation of US dollar will _____________.A Lower the foreign currency price of U.S. goods in foreign markets.B Increase the foreign currency price of U.S. goods in foreign markets.CLower the dollar price of foreign goods in the United StatesDBoth b and c5] The supply of dollar-denominated funds (USD)comes from the ___________.AForeign demand for American-made goods, services, and securities. BAmerican demand for American-made goods, services, and securities. CAmerican demand for foreign-made goods, services, and securities DForeign demand for foreign-made goods, services, and securities.6] The demand for dollar-denominated funds (USD) comes from the_______________.A Foreign demand for American-made goods, services, and securities.B American demand for American-made goods, services, and securities.C American demand for foreign-made goods, services, and securitiesD Foreign demand for foreign-made goods, services, and securities.7] If an American-made handbag cost USD$129.00 and the dollarappreciated , foreign price of the handbag would tend to _____________.A Remain the same.B Increase.C Decrease.D None of the aboveOrigin USD$1 = RM 3.10Appreciation of USD means USD$1 = RM3.20MalaysiaSingaporeThailandMalaysiaSingaporeThailand8] As US dollar appreciates, prices in terms of US dollar of foreign goods (Toyota sold in New York) __________ .A.Decrease.B.Increase.C.Remain the same.D.Increase, holding all foreign exchange constant.Origin USD$1 = Yen$1After appreciation of USDIt means USD$1 = Yen$1.1Import price in US USD$0.909 = Yen$1Implication = Appreciation of USD, Foreign products will be cheaper = import increaseDepreciation expensive = export increase9] When the US dollar depreciates, which of the following generally occurs? Exports to Malaysia increase. Imports from Malaysia decrease. Imports from Malaysia increase.D.Both a and bOrigin USD$1 = RM3.10Depreciation in USD meansUSD$1 = RM?10] The record of transactions between the United States and its trading partners in the rest of the world over a particular period of time is called the _________.A.Balance of goods and services.B.Balance of capital account.C.Balance of current account.D.Balance of payments.11] The difference between merchandise exports and imports is called the _________.A.Trade deficit.B.Trade surplus.C.Trade balance.D.Capital account surplus.12] If US dollar appreciates, foreigners will tend to respond by __________.A.Decreasing the quantity demanded of American-made goods.B.Increasing the quantity demanded of American-made goods.C.Decreasing the demand of American-made goods.D.Increasing the demand of American-made goods.11] The balance of goods and services plus net unilateral transfers is called the ____________.A.Trade balance.B.Balance on capital account.C.Balance on current account.D.Balance of payments.12] When U.S. merchandise imports are greater than exports, the United States is running a ______.A.Trade deficit.B.Trade surplus.C.Trade balance.D.Capital account surplus.13] When US dollar appreciates relative to foreign currencies, __________.A. A trade surplus resultsB.U.S. exports and imports become more expensive.C.U.S. exports become more expensive and U.S. imports become cheaper.D.United States experiences a balance of payments deficit.。

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